GDinr  DIP 
Provost 


Plate  II. 


I.  Tmperator.      2.  Legatus.     j.   Centurio.      4.  Lictor.     5.  Signiferi. 
6.  Bucinator.     7.    Ti'Mcen.     8.    Vexiiiutn.     9.  Aquila. 


Plate  III. 


W'S^M?:'^ 


I.  Slinger.      2.  Light-arnitd  Soldier,      j.  Soldier  of  the  Legion. 
A.    Sarcitiae.         c.    Cavalrv. 


i 


Plate  IV. 


/.   Clipeus.       2,  2.  Eagle  of  the  Legion.       3.  Scutum,       4,  Parma. 
J,  J.  Cassis.     6.  Pilum.     7.  Arcus,  Sagitta.     8.  Sacellum, 


Plate  V. 


7.    Testudo  arietaria.       2.  Fire-signal  Tower.       j.    Tabernaculum. 

4.   Order  of  Battle,    j.  Falx  Muralis.     6    Testudo.     7.   Onager.     8.  Ballista. 

g.   Clans  fusili  ex  Argilla.       10.   Ttstudo  fossaria. 


Plate  VI. 


por^ 


I.  Ccesa^'s  Intrenchments  before  Alesia  (VII.  70);  la,  Cippi,  \b,  Lilia,  Ic,  Stimuli 

2.  Agger,  etc.    3.  Gallic  City  Wall.    4,S-^l«f^i'    ^-  Vallum  with  Passage-ivays 

.,„v  'r%7r,*,-r       '7     Tur-ris   Anihulatoria.     8.   Cataiulta.     Q.    Viftea, 


I  \' 


JUNIOR    LATIN    BOOK 


WITH 

NOTES,  EXERCISES,  AND    VOCABULARIES 

BY 

JOHN    C.    ROLFE,    Ph.D. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 
AND 

WALTER   DENNISON,   Ph.D. 

SWARTHMORE   COLLEGE 


Itebigeti  lEtiituin 


ALLYN    AND    BACON 

Uoston  antr  CJjtcago 


^^l 


0.^ 


COPYRIGHT,  1808,  1911,  and  1912, 
By  JOHN    CAREW    ROLFE 
AND   WALTER   DENNISON. 


NartoooD 

J.  8.  Cnshing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 
Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


»  ^gl^ 


PREFACE   TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  in  answer  to  the  demand  of 
a  large  number  of  teachers  throughout  the  country,  who  wish 
a  substitute  for  the  four  books  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  whi(;li 
are  required  for  admission  to  most  colleges.  The  Fables  and 
the  Roman  History  have  been  taken  from  Jacobs  and  Doring's 
Lateinisclies  Elementarbuch,  with  a  few  unimportant  changes. 
The  Fables  are  really  not  so  easy  Latin  as  the  Roman  History 
which  follows  them,  but  their  brevity  and  their  familiar  theme 
make  them  favorites  with  many  teachers.  Moreover,  they  can 
easily  be  omitted,  since  the  Roman  History  has  been  annotated 
without  reference  to  them.  In  the  selections  from  Viri  Romae 
and  Nepos  we  have  used  the  text  of  my  editions.  We  are  under 
great  obligations  to  Professor  Kelsey  for  permission  to  make 
use  of  the  introduction,  text,  notes,  and  vocabulary  of  his 
edition  of  the  Oallic  War. 

John  C.  Kolfe. 

Ann  Arbob,  Michigan,  1898. 


NOTE   TO   THE   EEVISED   EDITION. 

In  this  revision,  the  addition  of  selections  from  Caesar's 
Civil  War  admirably  adapts  the  book  to  the  recent  require- 
ments in  Latin.  With  the  same  purpose,  the  Exercises  for 
Translation  into  Latin  have  been  based  on  the  first  two  books 
of  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (see  the  Note  on  page  357).  The  quan- 
tity of  the  Latin  vowels  has  been  changed  throughout  to  con- 
form with  recent  scholarship. 

May,  1912. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

I.     The  Fables,  The  Roman  History,  Viri  Romae  ...  1 

II.    The  Life  and  Works  of  Cornelius  Nepos  ....  3 
III.     Introduction  to  the  Selections  from  Caesar's  Gallic  War. 

1.  The  Roman  Art  of  War  in  the  Time  of  Caesar         .  9 

2.  The  Theatre  of  the  Gallic  War         ....  25 


TEXT. 

Fables    

Roman  History     . 
Viri  Romae. 

I.    Gains  IGlius  Caesar  . 
II.     Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 


27 
30 

53 

61 


III.     Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus 67 


Cornelius  Nepos. 

I.  Miltiades    . 

II.  Themistocles 

III.  Pausanias  . 

IV.  Epaminondas 
V.  Hamilcar   . 

VI.  Hannibal   . 

VII.  Cat5  . 


75 

81 

89 

93 

100 

102 

111 


Caesar. 

The  Gallic  War.     Book  I 114 

Book  II 151 

The  Civil  War.      Selections  from  Books  I,  II,  III    .        .         .  170 

V 


Yi  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


Rules  for  the  Pronunciation  op  Proper  Names        .        .         .  213 

Hints  to  the  Pupil 215 

NOTES 217 

Exercises  for  Translation  into  Latin 367 

VOCABULARIES. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PLATE 

I.  Attack  on  a  Besieged  City. 

II.     Officers.     Standards  and  Musical  Instraments. 

III.  Soldiers  of  the  Roman  Army. 

IV.  Weapons.     Plan  of  the  Roman  Camp. 

V.  Military  Engines.     Testudo,  etc. 

VI.     Siege  Works.     Rampart  of  Camp,  etc. 

MAPS. 
Imperium  Romanum Frontispiece 

FACING  PAGB 

Ancient  Italy 30 

Rome  and  Environs 63 

Graecia  cum  Insulis  et  Oris  Maris  Aegaei 75 

Asia  Citerior 93 

Gallia 114 

PLAKS. 

L  Caesar's  Line  of  Works  along  the  Rhone  below  Geneva  .        .  117 

II.  The  Battle  with  the  Helvetii 129 

IIL  The  Battle  between  Caesar  and  Ariovistus       ....  148 

IV.  The  Battle  at  the  Aisne 154 

V.     The  Battle  at  the  Sambre 161 

VI.  The  Siege  of  the  Stronghold  of  the  Aduatuci    .        .        .        .166 


INTRODUCTION. 


L    THE  FABLES,  THE  ROMAN  HISTORY, 
VIRI  ROMAE. 

The  Fables  are  a  prose  paraphrase,  dating  from  the  Middle 
Ages,  of  the  various  metrical  versions  of  the  so-called  Aesopian 
fables.  Of  Aesop  himself  but  little  is  known.  He  appears  to 
have  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  and  to  have  been  a  slave  by  birth.  Upon  gain- 
ing his  freedom  he  was  sent  by  Croesus,  the  famous  Lydian 
king,  to  distribute  a  sum  of  money  among  the  people  of  Delphi. 
When  the  Delphians  objected  to  the  principle  of  division,  Aesop 
refused  to  give  them  the  money,  whereupon  they  took  ven- 
geance upon  him  by  throwing  him  over  a  precipice.  The 
details  of  his  history  are  obscure  and  mythical,  and  his  very 
existence  has  been  called  in  question. 

The  Roman  History  is  simplified  Latin,  based  for  the  most 
part  upon  the  texts  of  Livy  and  Eutropius. 

The  legends  of  the  founding  of  Rome  and  of  the  reigns  of 
the  seven  kings,  although  believed  in  by  the  Romans  them- 
selves, and  generally  accepted  in  modern  times  until  the  publi- 
cation of  the  first  volume  of  Niebuhr's  Histoi-y  of  Borne,  in  1811, 
cannot  be  accepted  as  history.  They  are  largely  aetiological, 
that  is,  many  of  the  stories  have  been  invented  to  explain 

1 


i 


INTRODUCTION. 


QiifttjtfKis*  aiid  jng^itjitions  which  were  already  in  existence  at 
the Tae'gi'unjug'ot'i^ .historical  period;  and  many  of  them  may 
be  traced  to  Greek  sources.  The  dates  were  traditional  with 
the  Romans  themselves,  and  are  not  to  be  relied  on.  Accord- 
ing to  Lewis  (On  the  Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History) ^  a 
trustworthy  history  of  Rome  does  not  begin  until  the  war  with 
Pyrrhus.  In  this  statement  he  undoubtedly  goes  too  far ;  but 
the  history  of  the  period  before  the  destruction  of  the  city  by 
the  Gauls  in  390  b.c,  while  it  narrates  some  historical  facts, 
cannot  be  accepted  as  genuine  in  the  form  in  which  it  has 
come  down  to  us. 

For  an  excellent  discussion  of  the  historical  value  of  these 
legends,  see  Ihne's  Early  Rome. 

The  ViRi  RoMAE  was  compiled  by  Charles  Francois  Lho- 
mond.  Professor  Emeritus  of  the  University  of  Paris,  who 
lived  from  1727  to  1794.  Lhomond  was  an  enthusiastic 
teacher  of  younger  pupils,  and  refused  many  brilliant  posi- 
tions in  order  to  devote  himself  to  his  chosen  work.  His  Viri 
RoMAE  was  a  labor  of  love,  especially  designed  to  meet  the 
difficulties  of  the  early  stages  of  Latin  study.  It  is  not  manu- 
factured Latin,  but  a  compilation  from  Cicero,  Livy,  Valerius 
Maximus,  and  other  Roman  writers.  In  his  preface  he  tells  us 
that  he  shortened  sentences  which  were  too  long,  and  slightly 
changed  the  order  of  the  Latin  words  in  some  cases ;  that  in 
the  selection  of  his  material  he  aimed  to  stimulate  the  curiosity 
and  influence  the  character  of  his  pupils  by  giving  the  prefer- 
ence to  acts  of  valor,  of  mercy,  of  unselfishness,  of  nobility  of 
character,  and  of  kindness. 

The  text  used  in  this  book  is  that  of  the  tenth  edition  of 
C.  Holzer  (Stuttgart,  1889),  with  a  few  changes  in  orthography 
and  punctuation.  Holzer  revised  Lhomond's  original  text  by 
following  more  closely  the  phraseology  of  the  Latin  authors 
from  whom  the  selections  are  made.  He  also  omitted  some 
passages  and  inserted  others,  mainly  interesting  anecdotes. 


LIFE  OF  NEPOS.  3 

II.   THE  LIFE  AND  WORKS  OF  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

I.   Life  op  Nepos. 

Cornelius  Nepos  was  born  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  native 
country  of  Catullus,  Virgil,  and  Livy.  The  elder  Pliny  speaks 
of  him  as  Padi  acedia  ;  and  since  we  know  that  he  was  a  native 
of  that  part  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  which  was  called  Insubria,  it 
has  been  assumed  with  considerable  probability  that  his  birth- 
place was  Ticinum,  the  modern  Pavia. 

The  dates  of  his  birth  and  death  are  not  certainly  known, 
but  he  appears  to  have  lived  from  99  to  24  b.c.  We  know  that 
he  survived  Atticus,  who  died  in  32  b.c,  and  that  he  lived  to 
a  good  old  age.     His  praenomen  is  unknown. 

Nepos  took  up  his  residence  at  Rome  early  in  life.  He 
seems  to  have  had  an  independent  fortune  and  to  have  devoted 
his  whole  attention  to  literary  pursuits.  He  took  no  part  in 
politics ;  at  least,  we  know  from  one  of  Pliny's  letters  that  he 
was  not  of  senatorial  rank,  and  therefore  that  he  had  not  held 
even  a  quaestorship. 

He  was  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Cicero,  Atticus,  and 
Catullus.  Catullus  dedicated  his  book  of  poems  to  Nepos  in 
the  following  complimentary  lines : 

Cul  dono  lepidum  novum  libellum 
Arido  modo  pumice  expolitum  ? 
Cornell,  tibi;  nam  que  tu  solebas 
Meas  esse  aliquid  putare  nugas, 
lam  turn  cum  ausus  es  unus  Italorum 
Omne  aevum  tribus  explicare  chartis, 
Doctis,  luppiter,  et  laboriosis ! 
Quare  habe  tibi  quidquid  hoc  libelli 
Qualecumque,  quod,  o  patrona  virgo, 
Plus  uno  maneat  perenne  saeclo.i 

1  Translated  as  follows  by  Theodore  Martin,  *'  The  Poems  of  Catullus, 
Translated  into  English  Verse,"  Edinburgh  and  London,  1876: 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

n.   The  Works  of  Nepos. 

Nepos  was  a  prolific  writer  in  several  different  departments 
of  literature.  Most  of  his  works  have  been  lost  and  are  known 
to  us  only  through  references  to  them  by  other  writers.  They 
included  the  following : 

1.  Love  poemSj  spoken  of  by  the  younger  Pliny  in  the  letter 
mentioned  above. 

2.  Ghronicay  referred  to  by  Catullus  in  his  dedication  to 
Nepos.  This  work  comprised  in  three  books  an  outline  of 
the  world's  history  from  the  earliest  times  until  the  author's 
own  day.  It  was  probably,  like  the  AnnaUs  of  Atticus,  of  a 
chronological  character. 

3.  Exempla,  a  moral  treatise  in  at  least  five  books,  drawing 
a  comparison  between  the  manners  and  customs  of  early  Rome 
and  those  of  his  own  day. 

4.  A  Life  of  Cato,  mentioned  by  Nepos  himself. 

5.  A  Life  of  Cicero,  a  panegyric,  apparently  composed  after 
the  death  of  the  orator. 

6.  A  Treatise  on  Geography,  of  which  little  or  nothing  is 
known. 

7.  De  Viris  Illiistrihus,  his  last  and  greatest  work.  This 
consisted  of  at  least  sixteen  books.  He  arranged  his  biog- 
raphies in  classes  or  groups,  giving  two  books  to  each  class. 
The  first  book  of  every  class  included  the  distinguished  men 
of  foreign  nations,  mostly  of  Greece ;  while  the  second  treated 


Whom  shall  I  give  this  pretty  little  book  to, 

New  and  fresh  from  the  polish  of  the  grit-stone  ? 

Thee,  Cornelius!    For  often  thou  hast  said,  these 

Trifles  of  mine  were  not  without  their  merit  — 

Thou,  who  hast  dared,  alone  of  all  Italians, 

This  world's  tale  in  volumes  three  to  trace  out ; 

Jove  !    What  research,  what  marvels  there  of  learning  ! 

Therefore,  such  as  it  is,  this  little  booklet. 

Take,  friend ;  and  then,  oh  tutelary  Virgin, 

Centuries  to  come  may  find  it  still  surviving. 


THE  STYLE  OF  NEPOS.  5 

those  of  Borne.  The  following  outline  of  Nipperdey,  though 
open  to  question  in  some  particulars,  gives  a  good  idea  of  the 
scope  and  arrangement  of  the  work : 

I.  De  Begihus  Exterdrum  Gentium. 

II.  De  Begibus  Bomdnorum. 

III.  De  Excellentibus  Ducibus  Exterdrum  Gentium, 

IV.  De  Excellentibus  Ducibus  Bomdnorum, 
V.  De  Eiria  Cdnsultls  GraecU. 

YI.  De  luris  Consultla  BomdnU, 

VII.  De  Ordtoribus  Graecis. 

VIII.  De  Ordtoribus  BomdnU. 

IX.  De  Poetls  Graecis. 

X.  De  Poetls  Latinis. 

XI.  De  Historicis  Graecis. 

XII.  De  Historicis  Latlnx*. 

XIII.  De  Philosophls  GraecU, 

XIV.  De  Philosophls  Latlnls. 
XV.  De  Grammaticis  Graecis. 

XVI.   De  Grammaticis  Latlnls. 

Of  this  work  we  have  the  entire  book  DS  Excellentibus  Duci- 
bus Exterarum  Gentium,  and  two  lives  from  the  book  De  His- 
toricis Latinis.  The  former  was  for  a  long  time  believed  to 
be  the  work  of  Aemilius  Probus,  a  grammarian  of  the  time 
of  Theodosius,  on  account  of  an  epigram  of  his  which  appears 
in  the  manuscripts  after  the  life  of  Hannibal.  In  this  epigram 
Probus  dedicates  a  work  to  Theodosius,  which  was  assumed  to 
be  the  collection  of  biographies  which  preceded  it.  That  view 
is  now  generally  rejected  and  is  altogether  untenable,  especially 
on  stylistic  grounds. 

III.   His  Style. 

The  style  of  Nepos  is  simple  and  pleasing.  His  vocabulary 
is  limited,  and  he  expresses  himself  as  a  rule  in  short  sentences. 
When  he  occasionally  attempts  longer  periods,  it  is  evident 
that  he  is  not  at  home  in  them.  He  shows  considerable  skill 
and  taste  in  the  order  of  his  words.     He  is  sometimes  careless, 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

especially  in  the  omission  of  pronouns,  but  as  a  rule  is  very 
clear. 

Although  he  was  a  contemporary  of  Caesar,  his  Latinity  is 
not  so  strictly  classical  as  that  of  the  author  of  the  Commen- 
taries. He  is  not  free  from  archaism  and  colloquialisms,  and 
his  language  sometimes  has  a  poetic  coloring  which  reminds 
one  of  Livy. 

The  deviations  of  Nepos  from  classical  usage  have  been 
unduly  exaggerated  by  those  who  have  endeavored  to  prove 
that  Probus  was  the  author  of  the  Lives.  Many  of  his  irregu- 
larities may  be  paralleled  in  Caesar  and  Cicero,  and  still  more 
in  Livy.  As  Nipperdey  says,  we  must  remember  that  Caesar 
and  Cicero  represent  the  highest  literary  perfection  of  their 
time ;  a  period  which  includes  Varro,  and  the  writers  of  the 
Bellum  Africdnum  and  Bellum  Hispdniense,  also  has  room  for 
a  stylist  like  Cornelius  iN'epos.  His  Latin  is  pure  enough  to 
prove  beyond  question  that  the  Lives  could  have  been  written 
only  in  the  Classical  Period. 

Since  it  is  desirable  that  beginners  in  Latin  writing  use  only 
regular  constructions,  the  important  deviations  of  Nepos  from 
good  classical  usage  are  pointed  out  in  the  Notes. 

IV.   Nepos  as  a  Historian. 

As  history  the  work  of  Nepos  is  not  of  great  value.  His 
list  of  generals  is  not  remarkably  well  chosen,  for  we  miss 
some  great  names,  such  as  Brasidas,  Aratos,  Philopoemen,  and 
Cleomenes;  and  the  space  allotted  to  each  is  by  no  means 
proportionate  to  the  importance  of  the  subject  of  the  biog- 
raphy. Nepos  is  inclined  to  exaggeration,  and  he  lacks  the 
critical  faculty.  It  has  been  said  that  his  work  does  more 
credit  to  his  heart  than  to  his  head,  and  this  is  notably  the 
case  in  his  biography  of  his  friend  Atticus. 

For  his  lives  of  generals  of  foreign  nations  he  had  an  abun- 
dance of  good  authorities  at  his  command,  many  of  whom  he 


NEPOS  AND   HIS   SOURCES.  7 

mentions  by  name ;  but  he  seems  not  always  to  have  chosen 
wisely  among  them,  and  sometimes  to  have  misunderstood 
them.  He  is  careless  in  details :  his  chronology  is  confused, 
he  makes  mistakes  in  history  and  geography,  and  his  work  is 
marred  by  contradictions  and  omissions.  On  the  other  hand, 
he  touches  on  most  points  of  interest  in  Grecian  history,  and 
for  that  reason,  as  well  as  on  account  of  their  simple  style, 
I  the  Lives  are  well  adapted  for  use  as  a  school  text-book. 
Some  allowance  should  be  made  for  his  shortcomings  in  view 
of  the  fact,  that  in  his  day  the  Romans  were  just  beginning 
to  cultivate  the  writing  of  history  as  an  art ;  and  because  he 
was  the  first  Roman  writer  to  treat  the  history  of  foreign 
nations. 

V.   His  Sources. 

The  authorities  whom  Nepos  cites,  or  appears  to  have  con- 
sulted, are  the  following ; 

1.  Herodotus,  the  *  father  of  history '  (about  484  to  425  B.C.). 
His  History  gives  an  account  of  the  struggle  between  the 
Greeks  and  Persians,  with  numerous  digressions  in  which  the 
history  of  other  nations  is  treated.  Nepos  does  not  mention 
Herodotus,  and, although  he  sometimes  agrees  with  the  History, 
it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  he  consulted  it  at  all.  In  his 
life  of  Miltiades  he  is  at  variance  with  Herodotus  in  several 
details. 

2.  Thucydides  (about  455  to  400  b.c.)  undertook  a  History 
of  the  Peloponnesian  War,  of  which  eight  books,  describing  the 
course  of  events  until  411  b.c,  were  completed.  Nepos  cites 
Thucydides  in  his  life  of  Themistocles,  and  says  that  he  fol- 
lowed him  in  preference  to  *many  other  writers'  whom  he 
consulted ;  but  he  differs  from  him  in  several  particulars.  In 
his  lives  of  Pausanias,  Cimon,  and  Alcibiades,  Nepos  follows 
Thucydides  more  closely,  but  he  does  not  appear  on  the  whole 
to  have  recognized  the  importance  of  the  Peloponnesian  War 
as  an  authority. 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

3.  Xenophon  (from  about  434  until  after  359  B.C.).  His 
Hellenica,  in  seven  books,  narrates  the'  history  of  Greece  from 
411  B.C.  —  at  which  point  the  work  of  Thucydides  ends  — 
until  the  battle  of  Mantinea  in  362  b.c.  This  work  Nepos 
seems  not  to  have  consulted ;  he  is  in  direct  conflict  with  it  in 
several  of  his  lives. 

4.  Philistus,  of  Syracuse,  a  contemporary  of  the  Dionysii, 
is  mentioned  by  Nepos  in  his  life  of  Dion,  and  may  very  likely 
have  been  one  of  his  authorities. 

5.  Ephorus,  of  Cyme  in  Aeolia  (died  about  340  B.C.).  He 
wrote  the  first  Universal  History  of  Greece,  in  thirty-eight 
books,  beginning  with  the  return  of  the  Heracleidae  and  end- 
ing with  the  siege  of  Perinthus  in  340  b.c.  Nepos  does  not 
mention  Ephorus,  but  his  work,  which  was  widely  read, 
although  of  secondary  value  as  an  authority,  seems  to  have 
been  one  of  our  author's  chief  sources  of  information. 

6.  Theopompus,  of  Chios  (born  about  380  b.c).  He  wrote 
the  Hellenica,  in  twelve  books,  which  was,  like  the  Hellenica 
of  Xenophon,  a  continuation  of  the  work  of  Thucydides,  cov- 
ering the  period  from  410  b.c.  until  the  battle  of  Cnidos  in 
394  B.C. ;  and  also  the  Fhilippica,  in  fifty-eight  books,  a  his- 
tory of  the  reign  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  but, with  numerous 
digressions,  in  the  course  of  one  of  which  he  devoted  three 
books  to  the  history  of  Sicily.  Theopompus  seems  to  have 
lacked  the  impartiality  which  should  characterize  the  historian. 
Nepos,  who  cites  him,  calls  him  maledicentissimus  scnptor,  and 
Polybius  censures  his  partiality  in  his  account  of  King  Philip. 
He  was,  however,  a  valuable  authority,  and  was  much  used  by 
Nepos. 

7.  Timaeus,  of  Tauromenium  in  Sicily  (about  352  to  256  b.c). 
He  wrote  a  History  of  jSicily,  in  thirty-eight  books,  from  the 
earliest  times  until  264  b.c,  with  numerous  digressions.  He 
was  a  careful  historian,  and  a  good  authority,  but  had  the  same 
failing  as  Theopompus ;  Nepos  couples  him  with  Theopompus 
as  a  maledicentissimus  scriptor,  and  among  the  Greeks  he  was 


THE   ROMAN  ART  OF   WAR.  9 

known  as  'ETriTt/xaio?,  *  the  Carper/  Our  author  seems  to  have 
made  considerable  use  of  Timaeus  in  his  lives  of  Alcibiades, 
Dion,  and  Timoleon. 

8.  Dinon  wrote  a  History  of  Persia  down  to  340  B.C.,  which 
Nepos  cites  as  of  great  value. 

9.  Polybius,  of  Megalopolis  (205  to  123  b.c),  one  of  the  very- 
best  Greek  historians.  His  Universal  History,  in  forty  books, 
seems  to  have  been  the  chief  authority  for  the  lives  of  Hamil- 
car  and  Hannibal,  although  Nepos  does  not  always  agree  with 
him. 

In  some  of  his  lives  Nepos  makes  statements  which  are  not 
supported  by  any  of  our  authorities,  and  must  have  been 
derived  from  some  unknown  source.  In  his  life  of  Epami- 
nondas,  he  says  that  *  very  many  writers '  wrote  biographies  of 
illustrious  men,  and  these  he  very  probably  had  before  him. 

Two  well  known  writers  of  later  times  to  some  extent  de- 
scribed the  same  events,  and  used  the  same  sources  as  Nepos. 
These  are  Diodorus  Siculus,  who  in  the  time  of  Augustus 
wrote  a  Universal  History  in  forty  books ;  and  Plutarch  (46- 
120  A.D.),  from  whom  we  have  forty-six  Parallel  Lives  of  illus- 
trious Greeks  and  Romans.  With  these  writers  Nepos  is 
frequently  in  conflict,  although  sometimes  he  agrees  with  them 
against  the  testimony  of  the  earlier  authorities. 

III.  .  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE    SELECTIONS    FROM 
CAESAR'S  GALLIC  WAR.^ 

L    THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR  IN  CAESAR'S  TIME. 

I.   Composition  op  the  Army. 

1.  The  legion.  — The  strength  of  the  Roman  army  lay  in  the 
legions  (legiones).  These  in  Caesar's  time  were  composed  ex- 
clusively of  Roman  citizens,  brought  into  the  service  by  means 

1  For  the  life  of  Caesar  see  Viri  Romae,  Selection  I.,  p.  63. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

of  levies  (dilectus),  which  were  now  held  in  other  parts  of  Italy 
as  well  as  in  Rome.  Conscription  was  no  longer  limited  to  the 
higher  classes,  and  those  who  had  means  could  employ  substi- 
tutes; probably  the  legionary  soldiers  Qegidndril  milites,  or 
simply  mllites)  of  Caesar  were  mainly  volunteers,  who  were 
willing  to  enlist  for  the  regular  term  of  twenty  years  on  ac- 
count of  the  certainty  of  the  pay,  and  of  provision  for  their 
old  age  in  case  they  lived  beyond  the  period  of  service.  Citi- 
zens were  liable  to  be  called  out  at  any  time  between  the  ages 
of  seventeen  and  forty-six ;  Eomans  of  the  upper  classes  who 
wished  to  serve  in  the  army,  or  found  themselves  unable  to 
evade  conscription,  were  employed  as  officers,  or  attached  to 
the  body-guard  of  the  commander. 

The  number  of  men  in  a  legion  varied  according  to  circum- 
stances; for  the  killed  or  disabled  were  not  replaced  by  re- 
cruits enrolled  in  the  same  legion,  but  when  an  accession  of 
strength  was  received,  either  new  legions  were  formed,  or  the 
recruits  were  placed  in  a  separate  corps.  The  longer  a  legion 
remained  in  service  the  smaller  it  became.  The  normal 
strength  of  a  legion  at  the  end  of  the  Eepublic  was  6000  men ; 
but  the  average  number  of  men  in  Caesar's  legions  probably 
did  not  exceed  3600.  The  legion  was  divided  into  ten  cohorts 
(cohortes),  averaging,  in  Caesar's  army,  about  360  men  each; 
the  cohort  was  divided  into  three  maniples  (manipuli)  of  120 
men;  the  maniples  into  two  centuries  (prdines).  In  legions 
having  a  full  complement  of  men  each  century  would  contain 
100 ;  in  Caesar's  army  the  number  could  hardly  have  averaged 
more  than  60. 

The  legions  that  had  seen  long  service  (not  less  than  nine  or 
ten  years),  were  called  ^  veteran '  (legiones  veterdnae) ;  the  rest, 
<last  levied,'  or  raw  (legiones  proxime  conscriptae,  or  legiones 
tlronum).  The  different  legions  were  designated  by  number. 
In  the  first  year  of  the  Gallic  War  Caesar  had  four  veteran 
legions,  numbered  vii.,  viii.,  ix.  (these  three  apparently 
brought  from   the   vicinity    of  Aquileia),   and   x.,    the    last 


COMPOSITION  OF  THE  ARMY.  H 

mentioned  having  been  in  *  the  Province '  at  the  time  of  his 
arrival ;  after  he  learned  that  the  Helvetians  proposed  to  go 
through  the  country  of  the  Sequani  and  Aedui,  he  hastily 
raised  two  legions  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which  were  num- 
bered XI.  and  XII.  With  these  six  legions  he  gained  two 
of  his  most  brilliant  victories,  over  the  Helvetians  and  over 
Ariovistus. 

2.  The  infantry  auxiliaries.  —  Besides  the  legions,  a  Roman 
army  contained  bodies  of  infantry  and  cavalry  drawn  from 
allied  and  subject  peoples,  or  hired  outright  from  independent 
nations  (auxilia).  These  in  some  cases  retained  their  native 
dress,  equipment,  and  mode  of  fighting,  in  others  were  armed 
and  trained  after  the  Roman  fashion.  To  the  former  class 
belong  the  light-armed  troops  {milites  levis  armdturae),  includ- 
ing especially  the  slingers  and  bowmen.  In  the  Gallic  War 
Caesar  availed  himself  of  the  help  of  slingers  from  the  Balearic 
Islands,  bowmen  from  Crete  and  from  Numidia,  and  light-armed 
German  troops.  He  utilized  also  contingents  from  Illyricum 
and  from  the  Gallic  States  that  he  subdued.  In  52  b.c.  he 
had  a  force  of  10,000  Aeduans.  Caesar,  as  other  Roman 
writers,  is  generally  not  careful  to  state  the  exact  number  of 
the  auxiliary  troops ;  they  were  regarded  as  relatively  unim- 
portant. The  officers  of  the  auxiliaries,  both  infantry  and 
cavalry,  were  Romans. 

3.  The  cavalry.  —  In  the  early  organization  of  the  Roman 
army  a  troop  of  cavalry  accompanied  each  legion.  While  the 
evidence  is  not  conclusive,  it  is  probable  that  Caesar  had  con- 
tingents of  cavalry  in  connection  with  his  legions,  averaging 
200  to  300  men  each.  These  horsemen  were  foreigners,  serving 
for  pay;  they  were  drawn  from  Spain,  from  Germany,  and 
from  Gaul.  Apart  from  the  legionary  contingents,  Caesar  had 
a  force  of  cavalry  raised  from  the  Gallic  States  subject  op 
friendly  to  Rome,  which  was  reckoned  as  a  single  body,  num- 
bering under  ordinary  circumstances  about  4000  men. 

The  cavalry  was  divided  into  squads  (turmae),  of  about 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

30  horsemen.  Probably  the  squad  contained  three  decuries 
(decuriae),  of  10  men  each,  under  the  command  of  decurions 
(decuriones).  The  higher  ofldcers  were  called  cavalry  prefects 
(praefecti  equitum). 

4.  The  non-combatants.  —  Of  these  there  were  two  classes, 
slaves  employed  for  menial  services,  and  free  men,  or  freed- 
men.  In  the  former  class  were  included  the  officers'  servants 
and  tent-servants  (calones),  as  well  as  the  drivers  and  muleteers 
with  the  heavy  baggage  (muliones) ;  to  the  latter,  citizens  or 
others  who  were  allowed  to  accompany  the  army,  but  were 
obliged  to  find  quarters  outside  of  the  camp,  as  the  traders 
(merccUores),  and  the  camp-followers  (lixae). 

Artisans  (fabri)  were  not  enrolled  as  a  separate  corps,  but 
were  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  the  legionary  soldiers  whenever 
needed. 

d.  The  baggage-train.  —  The  heavy  baggage  (impedimenta) 
comprised  tents,  hand-mills  for  grinding  grain,  artillery,  extra 
weapons,  and  other  military  stores,  as  well  as  supplies  of  food. 
Each  legion  had  a  separate  baggage-train.  When  accompanied 
by  this  on  the  march  it  was  called  ^encumbered'  (legio  im- 
pedita) ;  when  without  the  baggage, '  unencumbered '  (expedlta). 
From  the  baggage  of  the  legion,  or  heavy  baggage,  the  baggage 
of  the  soldiers,  carried  in  individual  packs  (sarcinae),  should 
be  carefully  distinguished. 

n.  The  Officebs. 

The  general  was  technically  called  ^  leader '  (dux)  until  he 
had  won  a  victory ;  after  the  first  victory  he  had  a  right  to  the 
title  imperdtor,  '  commander.'  Caesar  used  this  title  from  the 
time  that  he  defeated  the  Helvetii  (b.c.  58)  until  his  death. 

Next  in  rank  came  the  lieutenants  (legdti)^  who  were  fre- 
quently placed  by  Caesar  in  command  of  separate  legions,  or 
of  corps  containing  more  than  one  legion.  When  acting  in 
the  absence  of  the  general  the  lieutenant  became  lieutenant 


THE   OFFICERS.  18 

in  the  general's  place'  (legdtus  pro  praetor e),  and  exercised 
unusual  authority.  The  quaestor  was  properly  charged  with 
the  care  of  the  military  chest  and  of  the  supplies,  but  was 
sometimes  clothed  with  purely  military  authority,  and  assumed 
the  functions  of  a  lieutenant.  The  quaestor  and  the  lieutenr 
ants  belonged  to  the  staff  of  the  general,  and  had  with  him 
the  distinction  of  a  body-guard  (cohors  praetoria),  composed  of 
picked  soldiers  and  of  young  men  of  rank  who  wished  to 
acquire  military  experience. 

The  military  tribunes  (tribuni  militum)  numbered  six  to  a 
legion.  In  earlier  times  these  officers  commanded  the  legion 
in  turn.  In  Caesar's  army  they  appear  to  have  received  ap- 
pointment for  personal  rather  than  military  reasons;  as  the 
command  of  the  legions  had  been  given  over  to  the  lieutenants, 
the  military  tribunes  were  intrusted  with  subordinate  services, 
such  as  the  leading  of  troops  on  the  march,  the  command  of 
detachments  smaller  than  a  legion,  the  securing  of  supplies, 
and  the  oversight  of  the  watches.  Only  one  military  tribune 
(Gains  Volusenus)  is  mentioned  by  Caesar  in  terms  of  praise. 

In  marked  contrast  with  the  higher  officers,  who  were  of 
good  social  position,  were  the  captains,  or  centurions  (centuri- 
ones,  ordinSs).  These  were  often  of  the  humblest  origin ;  they 
had  been  promoted  from  the  ranks  simply  on  account  of 
bravery  and  military  efficiency.  At  the  drill,  on  the  march, 
and  in  battle,  they  were  at  the  same  time  the  models  and  the 
leaders  of  the  soldiers.  As  each  century  had  a  centurion, 
there  were  60  in  the  legion.  The  first  in  rank  was  the  first 
centurion  of  the  first  cohort  (primipilus) ;  but  how  the  other 
centurions  stood  related  in  respect  to  authority,  and  what  the 
order  of  promotion  was,  from  present  evidence  it  is  impossible 
to  determine. 

Below  the  centurions,  but  ranking  above  the  common  sol- 
diers, were  the  privileged  soldiers,  who  were  relieved  from 
picket-duty  as  well  as  work  on  fortifications  and  other  manual 
labor.      Such  were  the  veteran  volunteers  (evocdti),  soldiers 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

who  had  served  their  full  time  but  had  regnlisted  at  the 
general's  request;  the  orderlies  (benejicidrii),  who  performed 
various  services  for  the  higher  officers ;  the  adjutants  (optidnes), 
or  substitutes  chosen  by  the  centurions ;  the  musicians,  and  the 
standard-bearers. 

III.  Provisioning  and  Pay  op  the  Soldiers. 

Caesar  took  every  precaution  to  have  ample  supplies  always 
at  hand.  The  care  of  the  stores  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
quaestor,  with  his  staff.  Not  bread  or  flour,  but  grain  (fru- 
mentum),  usually  wheat,  was  served  out  to  the  soldiers  for 
rations.  This  they  themselves  ground  with  hand-mills  (molae 
manuales)  and  prepared  for  food,  by  boiling  into  a  paste  or  by 
making  into  bread  without  yeast.  The  grain  was  portioned 
out  every  fifteen  days,  and  on  the  march  each  soldier  carried 
his  share  in  a  sack.  The  amount  furnished  does  not  seem 
large  when  we  reflect  that  the  men  lived  almost  exclusively 
on  a  vegetable  diet.  The  allowance  for  the  fifteen  days  was 
two  Eoman  pecks  {modil),  about  half  a  bushel  by  our  measure. 
As  the  weight  of  this  was  not  far  from  thirty  pounds,  the  sol- 
dier had  about  two  pounds  per  day.  On  difficult  or  forced 
marches  extra  rations  were  served  out. 

Previous  to  Caesar's  time  the  pay  (stipendium)  of  the  legion- 
ary soldier  was  120  denarii  per  year,  which  amounted  to  about 
6J  cents  per  day ;  the  centurion  received  twice  as  much.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  Caesar  doubled  this,  so  that 
the  soldiers  received  (under  the  new  coinage)  225  denarii  a 
year,  or  about  12i  cents  per  day,  the  centurion  25  cents,  not 
far  from  $46  and  $92  per  year  respectively.  Out  of  this  sum 
the  soldier  had  to  provide  for  his  own  clothing  and  equipment, 
and  other  expenditures ;  but  the  purchasing  power  was  much 
greater  than  that  of  an  equivalent  amount  to-day. 

In  successful  campaigns  soldiers  had  a  share  of  the  booty 
(praeda)^  consisting  largely  of  captives,   who   were   sold   as 


DRESS  AND  EQUIPMENT.  15 

slaves.  These  were  bought  up  on  the  spot  by  the  traders, 
and  thus  readily  turned  into  cash. 

At  the  close  of  his  period  of  service  (twenty  years),  or  on 
reaching  his  fiftieth  year,  the  soldier  who  had  served  well  was 
entitled  to  an  honorable  discharge  (missio  honesta),  together 
with  an  allotment  of  land,  or  a  payment  of  money,  which  under 
the  Empire  amounted  to  3000  denarii.  When  released  on  ac- 
count of  sickness  or  wounds  he  received  an  invalid's  discharge 
(missio  causdria).  The  general  sometimes  granted  a  discharge 
by  favor  (missio  grdtiosd).  When  convicted  of  cowardly  or  dis- 
graceful conduct  the  soldier  was  deprived  of  his  weapons  and 
driven  from  camp,  or  in  extreme  cases  put  to  death. 

Eegarding  the  pay  of  the  higher  officers  and  the  auxiliaries 
definite  information  is  not  at  hand. 

IV.   Dress  and  Equipment. 

The  legionary  soldier  wore  a  thick  woollen  undergarment 
reaching  nearly  to  the  knees  (tunica).  His  cloak  (sagum), 
which  served  also  as  a  blanket,  was  likewise  of  undyed  wool, 
and  fastened  by  a  clasp  (fibula)  on  the  right  shoulder,  so  as  not 
to  impede  the  movement  of  the  right  arm.  The  soldier's  half- 
boots  (caligae)  were  much  like  a  sandal,  with  heavy  soles,  held 
on  by  straps  over  the  ankle.  A  uniform  in  the  modern  sense 
was  unknown  in  antiquity.  The  cloak  of  the  commander 
(paluddmentum)  differed  from  that  of  the  soldier  only  in  being 
more  ample,  of  finer  quality,  and  ornamented ;  it  was  ordinarily 
scarlet  in  color,  and  often  fringed. 

The  weapons  were  of  two  kinds,  defensive  and  offensive. 
As  defensive  weapons,  the  legionary  soldier  had : 

1.  A  helmet  of  metal  (cassis  or  galea),  ornamented  with  a 

crest  (crista). 

2.  A  cuirass,  or  coat  of  mail  (Idnca)  of  leather  or  of  leather 

strengthened  with  strips  of  metal,  or  of  metal,  very 
strong  and  heavy. 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

3.  A  shield,  ordinarily  rectangular  {scutum),  but  in  some 
cases  probably  oval  (dipeus),  made  of  two  layers  of 
boards  fastened  together,  strengthened  on  the  outside 
by  layers  of  linen  and  of  leather,  and  at  the  edges  by 
a  rim  of  metal. 

His  offensive  weapons  were : 

1.  A  pike  (pllum),  a  heavy  and  formidable  javelin.     It  con- 

sisted of  a  square  shaft  of  wood  four  feet  long,  into  the 
end  of  which  was  carefully  fitted  a  long  iron  point,  sug- 
gestive of  a  bayonet,  projecting  two  feet  beyond  the  end 
of  the  wood.  The  weight  of  the  whole  was  not  far 
from  ten  or  eleven  pounds,  about  the  same  as  that  of 
the  guns  furnished  by  modern  nations  to  their  infantry. 
Pikes  could  be  thrown  only  about  75  feet;  but  they 
were  sent  with  such  skill  and  force  that  the  first  hurling 
often  decided  the  battle. 

2.  A  sword,  called  'Spanish'  (gladiu^  Hispdnus)  because 

made  according  to  a  pattern  brought  from  Spain  after 
the  Second  Punic  War.  The  ^  Spanish  sword '  was 
short,  broad,  two-edged,  and  pointed,  better  adapted 
for  stabbing  than  for  slashing,  though  used  for  both 
purposes. 

The  dress  and  equipment  of  the  light-armed  soldiers  varied 
greatly,  and  our  information  on  many  points  is  incomplete. 
They,  as  well  as  the  cavalry,  seem  generally  to  have  had  a 
round  shield,  about  three  feet  in  diameter  (parma).  The 
cavalry  had  light  lances,  or  darts,  for  hurling  (trdgulae,  tela), 
and  a  longer  sword  than  that  used  by  the  infantry. 

V.  The  Standards  and  Musical  Instruments. 

The  movements  of  the  Eoman  army  were  directed  largely 
by  means  of  ensigns  and  of  signals  given  on  wind-instruments. 
While  the  ancient  battle  lacked  the  roar  and  smoke  of  cannon 


THE  STANDARDS  AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS.        17 

and  of  smaller  arms  characteristic  of  modern  engagements, 
great  clouds  of  dust  were  raised  and  obscured  the  movements 
of  the  combatants;  the  standards  were  more  numerous  and 
had  a  relatively  more  important  place  than  the  flags  of  to-day. 
The  ensigns  of  Caesar's  army  were : 

1.  The  legion-eagle  (aquila)  of  silver,  carried  in  battle  on 

the  end  of  a  pole,  and  intrusted  to  the  especial  care 
of  the  first  centurion  (pnmipilus).  In  camp  it  was 
kept  in  a  little  shrine  (sacellum).  It  was  the  standard 
of  the  legion  as  a  whole,  and  its  loss  was  the  deepest 
disgrace  that  could  be  incurred.  The  bearer  of  the 
eagle  was  called  aqidlifer. 

2.  The  standards  (stgnd),  one  to  each  maniple.     These  seem 

to  have  manifested  a  considerable  variety  of  detail. 
One  type,  known  from  a  coin  struck  in  49  B.C.,  had 
small  streamers  attached  to  the  end  of  the  pole,  under- 
neath which  were  two  half-moons  (probably  for  good- 
luck),  one  just  above  the  other ;  below  these  were  two 
disks  of  metal  {phalerae),  no  doubt  presented  to  the 
maniple  for  meritorious  conduct,  and  last  of  all  a 
square  piece  of  cloth  (vexilhim),  indicating  by  a  letter 
the  place  of  the  maniple.  There  was  no  separate 
standard  for  the  cohort. 

3.  The  banners  {vexilla),  rectangular  flags  of  different  sizes 

used  for  a  variety  of  purposes.  A  large  red  mxillum 
was  the  especial  ensign  of  the  general.  Smaller  ban- 
ners were  used  by  special  detachments  not  formed  of 
regular  maniples,  or  attached  to  the  standards  of  the 
maniples. 

The  musical  instruments  were : 

1.  The  trumpet  (tuba),  about  three  feet  long,  with  a  funnel- 

shaped  opening ;  it  had  a  deep  tone. 

2.  The  horn  (comu),  a  large  curved  instrument,  with  shriller 

note. 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

3.  The  shell-horn  (bucina),  an  instrument  having  a  slight 
resemblance  to  the  large  shells  still  in  use  about  Naples 
as  dinner-horns ;  it  had  a  hoarse  tone,  apparently  of  a 
higher  pitch  than  that  of  the  trumpet,  and  was  used 
especially  in  camp  for  giving  the  signals  to  change  the 
watches. 

As  the  maniple  was  the  unit  of  military  movement,  signals 
were  addressed  to  the  standard-bearers  {sujniferT).  The  order 
^  to  advance '  or  *  to  retreat '  was  conveyed  by  the  general  to 
the  trumpeters  (tuhidnes;  cf.  Bel.  Gal.  ii.  20);  their  signal 
was  taken  up  by  the  horn-blowers  (cornicines),  of  whom  there 
was  one  to  each  maniple.  The  notes  of  the  instruments  could 
be  heard  above  the  din  of  battle  much  more  clearly  than  the 
orders  of  the  officers. 

On  the  march  the  standard  was  at  the  front,  in  battle  near 
the  rear,  of  the  maniple.  From  the  immediate  association  of 
the  manipular  standards  with  military  movements  arose  several 
idiomatic  expressions.  Such  are :  slgna  inferre,  *  to  advance ' ; 
s^gna  referre^  '  to  retreat ' ;  sfgna  convertere,  '  to  face  about ' ; 
signa  effeire, '  to  leave  camp ' ;  ad  slgna  convemre,  ^  to  assemble.' 

VI.   The  Army  on  the  March. 

Great  attention  was  paid  by  Roman  generals  to  the  order 
and  discipline  of  the  march ;  but  Caesar  made  his  marches  a 
strategic  element  of  prime  importance  in  determining  the  issues 
of  war. 

The  army  advanced  ordinarily  in  three  divisions.  At  the 
front  (prlmum  agmen)  came  the  cavalry,  with  perhaps  a  divi- 
sion of  light-armed  troops,  sent  ahead  to  spy  out  the  country, 
and  in  case  of  meeting  an  enemy,  to  hold  him  at  bay  until 
the  rest  of  the  army  could  prepare  for  action.  Next  came 
the  main  force,  the  arrangement  of  which  varied  according 
to  circumstances ;  for  while  ordinarily  each  legion  was  accom- 
panied by  its  baggage-train,  when  there  was  danger  of  attack 


THE   ARMY    IN   CAMP.  19 

the  legions  marched  in  single  column,  with  the  baggage  of  the 
whole  army  united.  The  rear  (novissimum  agmen)  might  in 
case  of  danger  be  formed  of  one-fourth  of  the  legionary  force, 
the  baggage  being  between  the  rear  and  the  main  body. 

The  regular  day's  march  (iustum  iter)  was  from  six  to  seven 
hours  long.  The  start  was  usually  made  at  sunrise;  but  in 
special  emergencies  the  army  got  under  way  at  midnight,  or 
two  or  three  o'clock  in  the  morning.  The  distance  ordinarily 
traversed  was  about  16  English  miles;  on  forced  marches 
(itinera  magna)  much  greater  distances  were  made,  as  25  or  30 
English  miles.  Caesar's  forced  marches  were  many  in  number, 
and  manifested  astonishing  powers  of  endurance  on  the  part 
of  his  soldiers. 

On  the  march  the  soldier  carried,  besides  his  food-supply, 
his  cooking  utensils  {vasa),  his  arms,  blanket,  and  one  or  two 
rampart  stakes  (vdlli).  The  luggage  was  done  up  in  a  tight 
bundle  {sarcina^e),  which  was  fastened  to  a  forked  pole,  and 
thus  raised  over  the  shoulder.  This  arrangement  was  intro- 
duced by  Marius,  in  memory  of  whom  soldiers  so  equipped 
were  called  "  mules  of  Marius  "  {muli  Mariani).  The  helmet 
was  hung  by  a  cord  from  the  neck,  the  other  weapons  disposed 
of  in  the  most  convenient  way.  When  it  rained,  the  oblong 
shields  (scuta)  could  be  put  over  the  head  like  a  roof.  The 
entire  weight  of  each  legionary  soldier's  burden  must  have 
been  at  times  as  much  as  sixty  pounds,  —  and  still  more  than 
this  when,  on  special  service,  rations  were  served  out  for  an 
unusual  period.  The  infantry  of  our  day  are  not  expected  to 
carry  more  than  forty  pounds  apiece.  When  preparing  for 
battle  the  legionary  soldiers  freed  themselves  from  their  lug- 
gage, either  leaving  it  in  camp  or  depositing  it  in  heaps  in  a 
guarded  place. 

VII.     The  Army  in  Camp. 

The  Eoman  camp  was  laid  out,  fortified,  and  guarded  with 
great  care.     Even  when  the  army  was  to  remain  in  a  place  but 


20  INTRODUCTIOJNI. 

a  single  night  the  same  precautions  were  ordinarily  taken  as 
if  a  stay  of  weeks  was  intended.  While  the  army  was  on  the 
march,  men  were  sent  forward  to  choose  a  suitable  location  for 
a  camp  and  measure  it  off  (castra  metari) ;  whenever  possible, 
a  site  was  selected  on  a  slight  elevation  (locus  superior),  with 
abundance  of  water  and  of  wood  for  fuel  near  at  hand.  The 
proximity  of  a  dense  forest  or  overhanging  mountain  was 
avoided,  that  a  favorable  opportunity  of  attack  might  not  be 
given  to  the  enemy.  When  possible,  the  rear  or  one  side  was 
placed  parallel  with  a  river.  The  camp  was  usually  square 
or  oblong ;  in  a  few  cases  there  were  camps  of  other  shapes, 
adapted  to  the  nature  of  the  ground. 

First  an  embankment  was  thrown  up  on  all  sides.  Outside 
of  this  was  a  trench,  from  which  the  earth  for  the  embankment 
was  taken.  On  the  outer  edge  of  the  embankment  a  row  of 
strong  stakes  or  palisades  (vaLli)  was  driven  firmly  in.  The 
rampart  thus  made  {vallum)  was  several  feet  high  and  wide 
enough  for  the  soldiers  to  stand  on  behind  the  palisades. 
The  ditch  (fossa)  was  from  12  to  18  feet  wide,  and  from 
7  to  10  feet  deep.  When  the  army  expected  to  remain  in 
the  same  place  for  a  long  time  (castra  hlberna,  castra  stativa), 
sometimes  watch-towers  were  added  at  certain  intervals,  and 
the  intervening  spaces  further  protected  by  a  roof.  The  labor 
of  fortifying  a  camp  was  prodigious ;  the  ease  and  quickness 
with  which  the  work  was  done  are  a  further  evidence  of  the 
endurance  of  the  Eoman  soldiers.  The  system  was  in  every 
way  productive  of  the  best  results.  It  lessened  greatly  the 
chances  of  successful  night  attacks  by  the  enemy;  and  it 
made  the  army  more  independent,  ready  to  stand  wholly  on 
the  defensive  if  need  be. 

The  camp  had  four  gates.  That  in  the  direction  of  the 
advance,  toward  the  enemy,  was  called  the  porta  praetoria; 
the  one  opposite  to  this,  at  the  rear,  porta  decumdna  ;  those  on 
the  right  and  left  side  respectively,  as  one  faced  the  front, 
porta  prtncipdlis  dextra  and  porta  principalis  sinistra.     The  last 


THE   ARMY   IN  CAMP.  21 

two  were  connected  by  the  chief  street  {via  principalis).  Inside 
the  rampart,  between  it  and  the  tents,  a  vacant  space  two  hun- 
dred feet  wide  was  left  on  all  sides.  The  remaining  room  in 
the  enclosure  was  systematically  divided,  so  that  every  mani- 
ple, decuria,  and  body  of  light-armed  troops  knew  its  place 
and  could  find  its  quarters  at  once;  but  the  details  of  the 
arrangement  in  Caesar's  time  are  not  known. 

The  tents  were  of  leather.  Each  was  calculated  to  hold  ten 
men ;  but  a  cent\irion  seems  generally  to  have  had  more  room 
to  himself  than  the  soldiers.  In  a  hostile  region  a  strong 
guard  was  always  kept  before  the  gates;  and  the  entrances 
were  made  more  easily  defensible  by  an  approach  so  arranged 
that  an  enemy  attempting  to  enter  would  expose  the  right  side, 
unprotected  by  a  shield. 

The  night,  from  sunset  to  sunrise,  was  divided  into  four 
watches  (yigiliae),  numbered  prima,  ending  at  9  o'clock;  se- 
cunda,  ending  at  midnight ;  tertia,  from  midnight  to  3  a.m.  ; 
and  qudrta,  from  3  o'clock  to  sunrise.  In  the  earlier  times, 
and  probably  in  Caesar's  army,  the  password  of  the  sentinels, 
different  each  night,  was  written  on  slips  of  wood,  which  were 
given  by  the  commander  to  the  military  tribunes,  and  passed 
by  these  to  the  men  on  duty. 

The  winter-quarters  (hlbema,  or  ca^stra  hlbema)  were  made 
more  comfortable  than  the  ordinary  encampments,  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  straw-thatched  huts  (casae)  for  tents.  Many  Ko- 
man  camps  became  the  nucleus  of  permanent  settlements, 
which  exist  still  in  cities  of  to-day.  In  several  towns  which 
originated  thus  the  plan  of  the  Roman  camp  can  be  clearly 
seen  in  the  arrangement  of  streets  and  the  surrounding  wall. 
A  marked  instance  is  the  city  of  Chester,  England,  the  name 
of  which  is  derived  from  castra  ;  so  Rochester  comes  from 
Bodolphl  castra,  and  all  names  of  English  towns  ending  in 
-Chester  point  to  Roman  encampments. 


22  INTRODUCTION. 


VIII.     The  Army  in  Battle  Array. 

When  the  Roman  force  was  far  outnumbered  by  the  enemy, 
the  legionary  soldiers  were  arranged  in  a  double  line  (duplex 
acies) ;  or  even  in  a  single  line  (simplex  acies).  Under  ordi- 
nary circumstances  Caesar  drew  up  his  legions  in  a  triple  line 
(triplex  acies),  as  in  the  battles  with  the  Helvetii  and  with 
Ariovistus ;  probably  also  in  the  battles  with  the  Belgae  and 
the  Nervii.  Exactly  what  this  arrangement  was  cannot  be 
determined.  The  explanation  which  seems  on  the  whole 
freest  from  objection  is  this : 

Four  cohorts  of  each  legion  stood  in  the  first  line  ;  about  160 
feet  behind  them  stood  three  cohorts,  the  remaining  three 
cohorts  of  the  legion  being  posted  farther  back  as  a  reserve. 
On  the  assumption  that  a  legion  contained  the  full  quota  of 
6000  men,  the  first  line  of  the  triplex  acies  would  have  2400 
men,  standing  in  4  cohorts,  or  12  maniples,  10  ranks  deep; 
the  second  and  third  lines  would  each  have  1800  men  in  9 
maniples  of  the  same  depth.  The  first  rank  of  the  legion 
would  thus  contain  240  men,  and  extend  about  720  feet ;  by 
leaving  intervals  between  legions  six  legions  might  be  formed 
in  a  triple  line  of  battle  a  mile  or  a  mile  and  a  half  long.  If 
a  legion  were  of  less  than  the  normal  size,  the  depth  or  front, 
perhaps  both,  would  be  correspondingly  reduced;  there  is 
some  reason  for  supposing  that  in  Caesar's  army  the  men  stood 
8  ranks  deep.  The  soldiers  in  each  battle-line  stood  about 
three  feet  apart  each  way.  As  the  first  line  went  into  action 
the  second  followed  closely  behind ;  as  the  men  of  the  first  fell 
or  withdrew  exhausted,  those  of  the  second  pressed  forward 
and  took  their  places;  in  case  of  need  the  third  line  ad- 
vanced and  in  like  manner  relieved  the  combined  first  and 
second.  At  the  battle  with  the  Helvetii  the  whole  third  line 
faced  about  and  repelled  an  attack  on  the  rear. 

When  circumstances  required  it,  soldiers  were  massed  in 
serried  ranks,  as  in  a  wedge-shaped  column,  or  under  a  tortoise- 


OPERATIONS   AGAINST  FORTIFIED   PLACES.  23 

cover  (see  Vocab.,  testudo).     For  defence  sometimes  a  force  was 
formed  into  a  circle,  corresponding  with  our  hollow  square. 

The  place  of  the  light-armed  troops  and  cavalry  was  ordi- 
narily at  first  in  front  of  the  triplex  acieSj  or  on  the  wings. 
They  opened  the  engagement  by  skirmishing,  prevented  flank 
movements  of  the  enemy,  drew  the  brunt  of  the  attack  if  the 
legions  wished  to  take  another  position,  and  were  employed  in 
various  other  ways  as  occasion  demanded.  The  cavalry  were 
utilized  especially  to  cut  down  the  fleeing. 

IX.   Operations  against  Fortified  Places. 

The  taking  of  walled  towns  was  accomplished  either  by 
sudden  storming  without  long  preparation  {repentina  oppugna- 
tio) ;  by  siege-blockade  (obsidio,  obsessio),  which  aimed  to  repel 
all  attempts  of  the  enemy  to  escape,  and  to  reduce  him  by 
starvation ;  or  by  siege  (longinqua  oppugndtio),  with  the  help 
of  appliances  to  break  down  the  enemy's  fortifications  and  gain 
admission  to  the  city. 

The  siege  was  begun  by  extending  a  line  of  works  {drcum- 
vdlldtio),  in  case  the  nature  of  the  site  allowed,  entirely  around 
the  place  to  be  reduced.  Then  a  '  mole,'  a  high  and  wide 
embankment  of  timber  and  earth  (agger),  was  begun  just  out- 
side the  reach  of  the  enemy's  weapons,  gradually  prolonged 
toward  the  city  wall,  and  raised  until  at  the  front  the  top  was 
on  a  level  with  the  wall,  or  even  higher.  In  the  mole  there 
were  passageways  through  which  the  materials  for  the  struct- 
ure could  be  safely  carried. 

The  workmen  at  the  front  were  protected  by  movable  breast- 
works (plutei),  or  by  arbor-sheds  (vlneae),  made  of  timber  or  of 
thick  wickerwork,  with  raw-hides  stretched  over  the  outside 
as  a  protection  against  fire.  Rows  of  arbor-sheds  were  placed 
along  the  sides  of  the  mole  to  afford  passageways  to  the  front. 
Movable  towers  (turres  ambiddtoriae),  filled  with  soldiers,  were 
brought  up  near  the  walls.  The  highest  tower  mentioned  in 
the  narrative  of  the  Gallic  War  was  of  ten  stories.     In  the 


24  INTRODUCTION. 

lowest  story  of  the  movable  tower,  or  under  a  separate  roof, 
was  the  battering-ram  (aries),  an  enormous  beam  with  a  metal- 
lic head  swung  against  the  walls  with  terrific  force. 

For  throwing  heavy  missiles  the  Romans  had  several  kinds 
of  artillery,  called  *  torsion-hurlers '  (tormenta).  Of  these  the 
most  important  were : 

a.  The  catapult  (catapultd)  for  shooting  large  arrows  or 
darts.     A  small  catapult  is  called  *  scorpion '  by  Caesar. 

b.  The  ballista  (balUsta),  which  cast  stones,  the  trough  being 
sharply  inclined,  while  that  of  the  catapult  was  more  nearly 
horizontal. 

The  other  operations  of  the  siege  varied  according  to  circum- 
stances. Where  the  ground  allowed,  the  walls  were  undermined 
and  tunnels  run  under  the  town.  Meanwhile,  of  course,  the 
besieged  were  not  idle.  Mines  they  met  by  counter-mines. 
With  great  hooks  they  tried  to  catch  the  head  of  the  battering- 
ram  and  hold  it,  or  let  down  masses  of  wood  or  wickerwork 
along  the  side  of  the  wall  to  deaden  the  force  of  the  blow,  or 
drew  the  wall-hooks  over  into  the  city  with  windlasses.  By 
frequent  sallies  (eruptidnes)  they  endeavored  to  destroy  the 
works  of  the  besiegers,  drove  the  workmen  from  their  posts, 
and  hurled  firebrands  into  the  sheds  and  towers.  Owing  to 
the  amount  of  wood  used  the  danger  from  fire  was  great. 
Sometimes  even  the  mole  was  burned.  When  a  breach  had 
been  made  in  the  wall,  or  a  gate  battered  down,  an  attack  was 
begun  wherever  it  was  thought  possible  to  force  an  entrance. 
The  mole  and  towers  were  connected  with  the  top  of  the  wall 
by  means  of  planks  and  beams  thrown  across.  Detachments 
of  soldiers,  holding  their  oblong  shields  close  together  above 
their  heads,  formed  a  tortoise-cover,  under  which  they  marched 
up  close  to  the  walls  and  tried  to  scale  them,  or  entered  the 
breach.  So  carefully  planned*  were  their  works,  so  powerful 
their  military  engines,  and  so  irresistible  their  onset,  that  the 
Romans  rarely  failed  to  reduce  a  city  which  they  had  deter- 
mined to  take. 


GAUL  AND  ITS  PEOPLE.  25 

n.     THE  THEATRE   OF  THE   GALLIC   WAB. 

L   Gaul. 

The  word  Oallia  was  used  by  the  Romans  in  three  different 
ways.  a.  In  its  broadest  sense  it  included  Oallia  Ciaalpina, 
north  Italy,  and  Oallia  Trdnsalpina,  a  vast  region  which  com- 
prised all  of  France,  the  greater  part  of  Switzerland,  and 
the  western  portion  of  Germany,  with  Holland  and  Belgium. 

b.  In  a  narrower  sense  Oallia  embraced  only  Oallia  Trdnsalpina. 

c.  In  its  most  restricted  use  Oallia  was  applied  to  the  land  of 
the  Oallif  the  middle  part  of  Gaul. 

Transalpine  Gaul,  according  to  Caesar,  falls  into  three  parts : 
a.  The  land  of  the  Belgae,  in  the  northeast,  between  the  Seine, 
the  Marne,  and  the  Rhine,  b.  The  land  of  the  Celtae,  or  Galli, 
in  the  central  part  between  the  Seine,  the  Marne,  and  the 
Garonne,  c.  The  land  of  the  Aquitani,  in  the  south,  between 
the  Garonne  and  the  Pyrenees.  Besides  these  divisions,  how- 
ever, properly  belonging  to  Gaul,  but  before  Caesar's  time 
already  subject  to  the  Romans,  was  '  the  Province '  (provincia) 
lying  along  the  southeast  coast,  and  extending  for  some  dis- 
tance back  into  the  interior.     See  Map. 

When  Caesar  came  to  Gaul  he  found  the  many  states  (ctvi- 
tales)  constantly  at  war  with  one  another,  the  stronger  striving 
to  extend  their  sway,  the  weaker  to  regain  or  maintain  their 
independence.  In  each  state  usually  there  were  two  factions, 
each  contending  for  the  mastery.  Changes  of  rulers  were  very 
frequent.  The  power  was  everywhere  in  the  hands  of  the 
nobles  and  the  Druid  priests.  The  common  folk  were  in  a 
condition  little  better  than  slavery.  This  unsettled  state  of 
society  enabled  Caesar  not  infrequently  to  further  his  own 
ends,  by  setting  one  people  or  one  party  against  the  other. 

The  Druids  had  great  influence.  Above  the  individual, 
above  the  state,  as  endowed  with  authority  from  the  unseen 
world  they  awed  into  submission  the  fierce  spirit  of  a  people 


26  INTRODUCTION. 

that  acknowledged  no  other  control.  To  the  Druids  was  in- 
trusted the  administration  of  justice.  Whoso  obeyed  not  their 
decrees  was  ever  after  treated  as  an  outcast.  Once  a  year 
Druids  from  all  parts  of  Gaul  met  in  the  land  of  the  Carnutes, 
and  settled  difficulties  between  states  as  well  as  individuals. 
In  Caesar's  time  the  great  stronghold  of  Druidism,  however, 
was  not  Gaul  but  Britain.  The  Gauls  were  then  degenerating. 
The  growth  of  towns  and  the  increase  of  wealth  had  made  the 
distinctions  of  classes  very  marked,  while  the  decline  of  society 
was  hastened  by  corrupting  contact  with  the  Greeks. 

After  the  conquest  many  Roman  colonies  were  settled  in 
Gaul.  The  country  was  rapidly  Romanized.  It  was  divided 
by  Augustus  into  four  provinces:  a.  Narhonensis,  which  in 
territory  was  the  same  as  the  former  Provincia ;  capital,  Narbo, 
now  Narbonne.  b.  LugdunensiSj  which  included  most  of  the 
central  and  the  eastern  parts  of  Gaul ;  capital,  Lugdunum,  now 
Lyons,  c.  AquUania,  covering  not  merely  the  old  land  of  the 
Aquitani,  but  the  country  north  as  far  as  the  Loire,  d.  Bel- 
gica,  comprising  the  rest  of  Gaul  not  belonging  to  the  other 
provinces.  The  original  speech  was  replaced  by  the  Latin. 
Roman  institutions  became  everywhere  established.  The  re- 
mains of  Roman  structures,  —  amphitheatres,  theatres,  aque^ 
ducts,  and  the  like,  —  in  South  France  particularly,  are  most 
imposing. 

II.   Germany. 

Before  Caesar's  time  Germany  (Germdnia)  was  to  the  Romans 
an  unknown  land.  Caesar  himself  has  left  but  little  informa- 
tion about  it.  According  to  him  its  boundaries  were  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.  Through  the  whole  country  stretched  a  great 
forest  (Silva  Hercynia),  sixty  days'  journey  long  and  nine  days' 
journey  wide. 

Some  victories  over  the  German  tribes  were  gained  under 
Augustus  and  others  of  the  early  Emperors,  but  the  country 
was  never  subdued  by  the  Romans,  except  the  borders  along 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube. 


JUNIOK  LATIN  BOOK. 

I.    FABLES. 

1.     ACCIPITER   ET   COLUMBAE. 

Columbae  mllvl  raeta  accipitrem  rogav6runt,  ut  eas  d6- 
fenderet.  Ille  animit.  At  in  columbarium  receptus,  uno 
die  maiorem  stragem  edidit,  quam  rallvus  longo  tempore 
potuisset  edere. 

Fabida  docet,  malorum  patrocinium  vitaudura  esse.  6 

2.  Mus  ET  MiLVus. 

Mllvus  laquels  irrfitltus  mtlsculum  exOravit,  ut  eum,  cor- 
rosls  plagis,  llberaret.  Quo  facto,  milvus  liberatus  murem 
arripuit  et  d6voravit. 

Haec  fabula  ostendit,  quam  gratiam  mall  pro  beneficils 
reddere  soleant.  ic 

3.  Grus  et  Pavo. 

Pavo,  coram  grue  pennas  suas  explicans,  "Quanta  est," 
inquit,  "  f ormositas  mea  et  tua  deformitas ! "  At  grus  6vo- 
lans,  "  Et  quanta  est,"  inquit,  "  levitas  mea  et  tua  tarditas ! " 

Monet   haec   fabula,  n6   ob  aliquod  bonum,  quod  nobis 
natura  tribuit,  alios   contemnamus,  quibus   nattira  alia  et  15 
fortasse  maiora  dedit. 

27 


28  FABLES. 

4.    Pavo. 

Pavo  graviter    conquerebatur  apud  lunonem,  dominam 

suam,  quod  vocis  suavitas  sibi  negata  esset,  diim  luscinia, 

avis   tarn   parum   decora,   cantu   excellat.     Cui   luno,   "  et 

merito,"  inquit,  "non  enim  omnia  bona  in  imum  conferri 

5  oportuit." 

5.   Anseres  et  Grues. 

In  eodem  quondam  prato  pascebantur  anseres  et  grues. 
Adveniente  domino  pratT,  gru6s  facile  avolabant;  sed  an- 
seres, impediti  corporis  gravitate,  deprehensi  et  mactati 
sunt. 
10  Sic  saepe  pauperes  cum  potentioribus  in  eodem  crimiae 
deprehensi,  soli  dant  poenam,  dum  illi  salvi  evaduut. 

6.    Capra  et  Lupus. 

Lupus  cap  ram  in  alta  rupe  stantem  conspicatus,  "Ctir 

non,"  inquit,  ^'relinquis  nuda  ilia  et  sterilia  loca,  et  liuc 

descendis   in  herbidos   campos,  qui  tibi   laetum  pabulum 

15  offerunt  ?  "     Cui  respondit  capra,  "  Mibi  non  est  in  animo, 

dulcia  ttitis  praeponere." 

7.   Canis  et  Boves. 

Canis  iacebat  in  praesaepi,  bovesque  latrando  a  pabulo 
arcebat.  Cui  unus  boum,  "Quanta  ista,"  inquit,  "invidia 
est,  quod  non  pateris,  ut  eo  cibo  vescamur,  quem  tti  ipse 
20  capere  nee  veils  nee  possis !  '^ 

Haec  fabula  invidiae  indolem  declarat. 

8.   Boves. 
In  eodem  pratO  pascebantur  tres  bov5s  in  maxima  Con- 
cordia, et  sic  ab  omnI  ferarum  incursione  tuti  erant.     Sed, 


FABLES.  29 

discidio  inter  illos   orto,  singull  a  feris   petlti  et  laniati 
sunt. 

Fabula  docet,  quantum  boni  sit  in  concordia. 

9.   AsiNus. 

Asinus  pelle  leOnis  indutus  territabat  homings  et  bSstias, 
tamquam  leO  esset.    Sed  forte,  dum  s6  celerius  movet,  aur6s  6 
6min6bant;    unde  agnitus  in   plstrinum   abductus   est,  ubi 
poenas  petulantiae  dedit. 

Haec  fabula  stolidos  notat,  qui  immeritis  honOribus  su- 
perbiunt. 

,10.     MULIER  ET    GaLLINA. 

Mulier  quaedam  habebat  galllnam,  quae  el  cottldiS  ovum  lo 
pariebat  aureum.     Hinc  suspicarl  coepit,  illam  auri  massam 
intus  celare,  et  galllnam  occidit.     Sed  nihil  in  ea  repperit, 
nisi  quod  in  aliis  galllnis  reperlrl  solet.     Itaque  dum  maio- 
ribus  divitils  inhiabat,  etiam  minorfis  perdidit. 

11.    VULPES   ET   UVA. 

Vulp6s  tivam  in  vlte  conspicata,  ad  illam  subsiluit  omnium  is 
virium  suarum  contentione,  si  eam   forte  attingere  posset. 
Tandem  d^fatlgata  inani  labore  disc6dens  dixit,  "  At  nunc 
etiam  acerbae  sunt,  nee  eas  in  via  repertas  tollerem." 

Haec  fabula  docet,  multos  ea  contemnere,  quae  s6  assequi 
posse  d6sp6rent.  20 

12.   Lupus  et  Grus. 

In  faucibus  lupl  os  inhaeserat.  Mercede  igitur  conducit 
gruem,  qui  illud  extrahat.  Hoc  grus  longitudine  colli  facile 
efpgcit.  Cum  autem  mercedem  postularet,  subrldens  lupus 
et  dentibus  inf pendens,  "  Num  tibi,"  inquit,  "  parva  merces 
videtur,  quod  caput  incolume  ex  lupi  faucibus  extraxisti  ?  "  25 


II.    ROMAN  HISTORY. 

Early  ItaJian  Bulers  •    Aeneas  comes  to  Italy. 
1.   Antiquissimis  temporibus  Saturnus  in  Italiam  venisse 
dicitur.     Ibi  baud  procul  a  laniculo  arcem  coiididit,  eamqiie 
Saturniam  appellavit.      Hie  Italos   primus   agri  culturam 
docuit. 
5       2.   Postea  Latlnus  in  illis  regionibus  imperavit.     Sub  hoc 
rege  Troia  in  Asia  eversa  est.   Hinc  Aeneas,  Ancblsae  filius, 
cuin  multls  Troianis,  quibus  ferrum  Graecorum  pepercerat, 
aufugit,  et  in  Italiam  pervenit.     Ibi  Latin  us  rex  ei  benign  e 
recepto  flliain  Laviniam   in   matrimonium    dedit.     Aeneas 
10  urbem  condidit,  quam  in  honorem  coniugis  Lavlnium  ap- 
pellavit. 

The  Alb  an  kings. 

3.  Post  Aeneae  mortem  Aseanius,  AenSae  filius,  rggnum 
accepit.  Hic  sedem  regnl  in  alium  locum  transtulit,  urbem- 
que  condidit  in  monte  Albano,  eamque  Albam  Longam  nun- 

15  cupavit.  Eum  secutus  est  Silvius,  qui  post  Aeneae  mortem 
a  Lavlnia  genitus  erat.  Eius  poster!  omnes  usque  ad  Ro- 
mam  conditam  Albae  regnaverunt. 

4.  IJnus  horum  regum,  Romulus  Silvius,  se  love  maiorem 
esse  dicebat,  et,  cum  tonaret,  mllitibus  imperavit,  ut  clipeos 

20  hastis  percuterent,  dicebatque  hunc  sonum  multo  clariorem 
esse  quam  tonitrum.  Fulmine  ictus,  et  in  Albanum  lacum 
praecipitatus  est. 

5.  Silvius  Proca,  r6x  Albanorum,  duos  filios  reliquit, 
Numitorem   et   Amulium.     Horum    minor   natu,  Amulius, 

30 


'/;//y, 


ROMULUS  AND   REMUS.  31 

fratri  optionem  dedit,  utrum  regniim  habere  vellet,  an  bona, 
quae  pater  reliquisset.  Numitor  paterna  bona  praetulit; 
Amtllius  rggnum  obtinuit. 

Romulus  and  JRemus  ;  founding  of  Rome. 

6.  Amulius,  ut  regnum  firmissimg  possidfiret,  Numitoris 
fllium  per  insidias  intergmit,  et  flliam  fratris  Eheam  Sil-  5 
viam  Vestalem  virginem  f6cit.  Nam  his  Vestae  sacerdoti- 
bus  non  licet  viro  nubere.  Sed  haec  a  Marte  geminos  fllios 
Romulum  et  Remum  peperit.  Hoc  cum  Amulius  compe- 
risset,  matrem  in  vincula  conificit,  pueros  autem  in  Tiberim 
abici  iussit.  10 

7.  Forte  Tiberis  aqua  ultra  ripam  s6  effuderat,  et,  cum 
puerl  in  vado  essent  positi,  aqua  reflugns  eos  in  sicco  rell- 
quit.  Ad  eorum  vagitum  lupa  accurrit,  eOsque  tiberibus 
suls  aluit.  Quod  videns  Faustulus  quidam,  pastor  illius  re- 
gionis,  pueros  sustulit,  et  uxor!  Accae  Larentiae  nutrien-  16 
dos  dedit. 

8.  Sic  Romulus  et  Remus  pueritiam  inter  pastores  trans- 
eggrunt.  Cum  adolevissent,  et  forte  comperissent,  quis 
ipsorum  avus,  quae  mater  fuisset,  Amtilium  interfecerunt, 

et  Numitori  avo  rggnum  restitueri^nt.     Tum  urbem  condi-  20 
derunt  in  monte  Aventino,  quam  Romulus  a  suo  nomine 
Romam  vocavit.     Haec  cum  moenibus  circumdaretur,  Re- 
mus occisus  est,  dum  fratrem  irridens  moenia  transilit. 

The  war  xoith  the  Sabines. 

9.  Romulus,  ut  civium  numerum  augeret,  asylum  pate- 
fScit,  ad  quod  multi  ex  civitatibus  suis  pulsi  accurrerunt.  25 
Sed  novae  urbis  civibus  coniuges  deerant.     Festum  itaque 
Nepttini  et  Itidos  Instituit.     Ad  hos  cum  multl  ex  finitimis 


32  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

populis  cum  mulieribus  et  liberls  venissent,  Romani  inter 
ipsos  Itidos  spectantes  virgines  rapuerunt. 

10.  Populi  illi,  quorum  virgines  raptae  erant,  bellum  ad- 
versus  raptores  susceperunt.     Cum  E-omae  appropinquarent, 

5  forte  in  Tarpeiam  virginem  inciderunt,  quae  in  arce  sacra 
procurabat.  Hanc  rogabant,  ut  viam  in  arcem  monstraret, 
eique  permiserunt,  ut  munus  sibi  posceret.  Ilia  petiit,  ut 
sibi  darent,  quod  in  sinistrls  manibus  gererent,  anulos 
aureos  et  armillas  significans.     At  hostes  in  arcem  ab  ea 

10  perducti  sctitis  Tarpeiam  obruerunt;  nam  et  haec  in  sini- 
strls manibus  gerebant. 

11.  Tum  Romulus  cum  hoste,  qui  montem  Tarpeium 
tenebat,  pugnam  conseruit  in  eo  loco,  ubi  nunc  forum  Ro- 
manum  est.     In  media  eaede  raptae  processerunt,  et  hinc 

15  patres,  hinc  coniuges  et  soceros  complectebantur,  et  roga- 
bant,  ut  caedis  finem  facerent.  Utrique  his  precibus  com- 
moti  sunt.  Romulus  foedus  icit,  et  Sabinos  in  urbem 
recepit. 

Division  of  citizens;  death  of  Bomulus. 

12.  Postea  civitatem  descripsit.     Centum  senatores  legit, 
20  eosque  cum  ob  aetatem  tum  ob  reverentiam   els   debitam 

patrgs  appellavit.  Plebem  in  triginta  curias  distribuit, 
easque  raptarum  nominibus  ntincupavit.  Anno  regnl  trice- 
simo  septimo,  cum  exercitum  lustraret,  inter  tempestatem 
ortam  repente  oculis  hominum  subductus  est.  Hinc  alii  eum 
25  a  senatoribus  interfectum,  alii  ad  deos  sublatum  esse  existi- 
maverunt. 

Numa  Pompilius,  the  lawgiver. 

13.  Post  Romull  mortem  tinius  anni  interregnum  fuit. 
Qu5  exacto,  Numa  Pompilius  Curibus,  urbe  in  agro  Sabi- 
norum,   natus   rex   creatus   est.      Hie   vir   bellum   quidem 


TULLUS   HOSTILIUS.  88 

nulliiin  gessit;  nee  minus  tamen  civitati  profuit.  Nam  et 
leges  dedit,  et  sacra  plurima  Instituit,  ut  popiill  barbari  et 
bellicosi  mores  molliret.  Omnia  autem,  quae  faciebat,  se 
nymphae  Egeriae,  coniugis  suae,  iussu  f acere  dicebat.  Morbo 
decessit,  quadragesimo  tertio  imperi  anno,  6 

•  Tullus  Hostilius,  the  warrior. 

14.  ISTumae  successit  Tullus  Hostilius,  cuius  avus  s6  in 
bello  adversus  Sablnos  fortem  et  strenuum  virum  praesti- 
terat.  Rex  creatus  bellum  Albanls  indlxit,  idque  trigemi- 
norum  HoratiOrum  et  Ctiriatiorum  certamine  finivit.  Albam 
propter  perfidiam  MettT  Fflfetl  diruit.  Cum  triginta  duos  10 
annos  regnasset,  fulmine  ictus  cum  domo  sua  arsit. 

Ancus  Marcius. 

15.  Post  hunc  Ancus  Marcius,  Numae  ex  filia  nepos,  sus- 
cepit  imperium.  Hic  vir  aequitate  et  religione  avo  similis. 
Latinos  bello  domuit,  urbem  ampliavit,  et  nova  el  moenia 
circumdedit.  Carcerem  primus  aedificavit.  Ad.  Tiberis  15 
ostia  urbem  condidit,  Ostiamque  vocavit.  Vicesimo  quarto 
amio  iiiiperi  morbo  obiit. 

Tarquinius  Priscus ;  his  public  works. 

16.  Deinde  regnum  Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus  accgpit, 
Demarati  filius,  qui  tyrannos  patriae  CorinthI  fugiens  in 
Etruriam  venerat.  Ipse  Tarquinius,  qui  nomen  ab  urbe  20 
Tarquinils  accepit,  aliquando  Romam  profectus  erat.  Ad- 
venientl  aquila  pilleum  abstulit,  et,  postquam  alt6  evolavit 
reposuit.  Hinc  Tanaquil  coniunx,  mulier  auguriorum 
perlta,  regnum  el  portendl  intellexit. 

17.  Cum  Romae  commoraretur,  And  regis  familiaritatem  25 


34  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

consectitus  est,  qui  eum  flliorum  suomm  ttitorem  reliquit. 
Sed  is  pupillis  regnum  intercepit.  Senatoribus,  quos  Eo- 
mulus  creaverat,  centum  alios  addidit,  qui  minorum  gentium 
sunt  appellati.  Plura  bella  fellciter  gessit,  nee  paucos 
5  agros,  hostibus  ademptos,  urbis  territorio  adiunxit.  Primus 
triumphans  urbem  intravit.  Cloacas  fecit;  Capitoliuni 
incohavit.  Tricesimo  octavo  imperi  anno  per  Ancl'filios, 
quibus  regnum  eripuerat,  occisus  est. 

Servius  Tullius;  the  census.     Murder  of  the  king. 

18.  Post  hunc  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium,  genitus 
10  ex  nobili  femina,  captiva  tamen  et  famula.     Cum  in  domo 

TarquinI  Prlsci  educaretur,  flamma  in  eius  capite  visa  est. 
Hoc  prodigio  Tanaquil  el  summam  dignitatem  portendl 
intellexit,  et  coniugl  persuasit,  ut  eum  sicuti  llberos  suos 
educaret.  Cum  adolevisset,  rex  el  filiam  in  matrimonium 
15  dedit. 

19.  Cum  Prisons  Tarquinius  occisus  esset,  Tanaquil  de 
superiore  parte  domus  populum  alloctita  est,  dicens,  regem 
grave  quidem  sed  non  letale  vulnus  accepisse ;  eum  petere, 
ut  populus,  dum  convaluisset,  Servio  Tullio  oboedlret.     Sic 

20  Servius  regnare  coepit,  sed  bene  imperium  administra^it. 
Montes  tres  urbl  adiunxit.  Primus  omnium  censum  ordi- 
navit.  Sub  eo  Roma  habuit  capitum  octoginta  tria  milia 
civium  Komanorum  cum  his,  qui  in  agrls  erant. 

20.  Hic  rex  interfectus  est  scelere  flliae  Tulliae  et  Tar- 
25  quini    Superbl,    fill    eius    regis,    cui    Servius    successerat. 

Nam  ab  ipso  Tarquinio  de  gradibus  curiae  delectus,  cum 
domum  fugeret,  interfectus  est.  Tullia  in  forum  propera- 
vit,  et  prima  coniugem  regem  salutavit.  Cum  domum  redl- 
ret,  aurlgam  super  patris  corpus  in  via  iacens  carpentum 
30  agere  iussit. 


TARQUINIUS   SUPERBUS.  36 

Tarquinius  Superbus,  the  last  of  the  kings ;  his  banishment. 

21.  Tarquinius  Superbus  cognomen  moribus  meruit. 
Bello  tamen  strenuus  pltires  flnitimoruni  populomm  vicit. 
Templum  lovis  in  Capitolio  aedificavit.  Postea,  dum  Ar- 
deara  oppiignat,  nrbem  Lati,  imperium  perdidit.  Nam 
cum  filius  eius  Lucretiae,  nobilissimae  feminae,  coniugl  5 
Tarquini  Collatini,  vim  fecisset,  haec  se  ipsa  occidit  in 
(;6nspectu  marltl,  patris,  et  amicorum,  postquam  eos  obte- 
stata  est,  ut  banc  iniuriam  ulciscerentur. 

22.  Hanc  ob  causam  L.  Brutus,  Collatinus,  alilque  non- 
nulll  in  exitium  regis  coniurarunt,  populoque  persuaserunt,  lo 
ut  el  portas  urbis  clauderet.  Exercitus  quoque,  qui  civita- 
tem  Ardeam  cum  rege  ojipugnabat,  eum  reliquit.  Fugit 
itaque  cum  uxore  et  liberls  suls.  Ita  Romae  regnatum  est 
per  septem  reges,  annos  ducentos  quadraginta  tres. 

Creation  of  the  consuls;  war  with  Tarquinius. 

23.  Tarquinio  expulso,  consules  coepere  pro  uno  rege  15 
duo  crearl,  ut,  si  unus  malus  esset,  alter  eum  coerceret. 
Annuum  eis  imperium  tribtitum  est,  ne  per  dititurnitatem 
potestatis  msolentiores  redderentur.  Fuerunt  igitur  anno 
primo,  expulsis  regibus,  consules  L.  lunius  Brutus,  acerri- 
mus  libertatis  vindex,  et  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  maritus  20 
Lucretiae.  Sed  Collatino  paulo  post  dignitas  sublata  est. 
Placuerat  enim,  ne  quis  ex  Tarquiniorum  familia  Eomae 
mangret.     Ergo  cum  omnI  patrimonio  suo  ex  urbe  migravit, 

et  in  eius  locum  Valerius  Publicola  consul  factus  est. 

24.  Commovit  bellum  urbi  rex  Tarquinius.      In  prima  25 
pugna    Brutus    consul,    et    Arruns,    Tarquini    filius,    sese 
invicem  occlderunt.     Bomani  tamen  ex  ea  pugna  victores 
recesserunt.     Brutum  Eomanae  matronae,  quasi  commtinem 


86  KOMAN  HISTORY. 

patrem,  per  annum  luxerunt.  Valerius  Publicola  Sp.  Lu- 
cretium,  Lucretiae  patrem,  collegam  sibi  fecit;  qui  cum 
morbo  exstmctus  esset,  Horatium  Pulvlllum  sibi  collegam 
stimpsit.     Ita  primus  annus  quinque  consules  habuit. 

War  with  Porsena^  king  of  the  Etruscans. 

5  25.  Secund5  quoque  anno  iterum  Tarquinius  bellum 
E-omanis  intulit,  Porsena,  rege  Etrusc5rum,  auxilium  ei 
ferente.  In  illo  bell5  Horatius  Cocl6s  solus  pontem  li- 
gneum  defendit  et  host^s  coliibuit,  dOnec  pons  a  tergo 
ruptus  esset.     Tum  se  cum  armis  in  Tiberim  coniecit  et  ad 

10  suos  tran5,vit. 

26.  Dum  Porsena  urbem  obsidet,  Q.  Mucins  Scaevola, 
iuvenis  fortis  animi,  in  castra  hostis  se  contulit,  eo  consilio, 
ut  regem  occideret.  At  ibi  scrlbam  rggis  pro  ipso  rege 
interfecit.     Tum  a  r6giis  satellitibus  comprehensus  et  ad 

15  regem  deductus,  cum  Porsena  eum  ignibus  allatis  terreret, 
dextram  arae  accensae  imposuit,  d5nec  flammis  consumpta 
esset.  Hoc  facinus  rex  miratus  iuvenem  dimisit  incolu- 
mem.  Tum  hic  quasi  beneficium  refer^ns  ait,  trecentos 
alios  iuvenes  in  eum  conitirasse.     Hac  r6  territus  Porsena 

20  pacem  cum  Romanis  fecit,  Tarquinius  autem  Tusculum  se 
contulit,  ibique  privatus  cum  uxore  consenuit. 

The  secession  of  the  plehs. 

27.  Sexto  decimo  anno  post  reges  exactos,  populus 
Romae  seditionem  fecit,  questus  quod  tributis  et  militia  a 
senatti  exhaurirgtur.     Magna  pars  plebis  urbem  reliquit,  et 

25  in  montem  trans  Anienem  amnem  s6cessit.  Tum  patres 
turbati  Menenium  Agrippam  miserunt  ad  plebem,  qui  earn 
senatui  conciliaret.  Hic  els  inter  alia  fabulam  narravit  de 
ventre  et  membris  humani  corporis ;  qua  populus  commotus 


THE   STORY  OF   CORIOLANUS.  37 

est,  ut  in  urbem  rediret.  Turn  primum  tribuni  plebis  creati 
sunt,  qui  plebem  adversum  nobilitatis  superbiam  defen- 
derent. 

The  story  of  Coriolanus. 

28.  Octavo  decimo  anno  post  exactos  reges,  On.  Marcius, 
Coriolanus  dictus  ab  urbe  Volscorum  Coriolls,  quam  bello  5 
cgperat,  plebl  invlsus  fieri  coepit.     Qua  rg  urbe  expulsus  ad 
Volscos,  acerrimos  RomanOrum  hostes,  contendit,  et  ab  eis 
dux  exercittls  factus  Romanos  saepe  vicit.     lam  usque  ad    • 
quintum  miliarium  urbis  accesserat,  nee  allis  civium  suorum 
Iggationibus  fleet!  poterat,  ut  patriae  parceret.      Denique  lo 
Veturia  mater  et  Volumnia  uxor  ex  urbe  ad  eum  v6n6runt ; 
quarum  fletti  et  precibus  commotus  est,  ut  exercitum  re- 
movSret.     Quo  facto    a  Volscis  ut  prOditor  occlsus  esse 
dicitur. 

War  with  the  people  of  Veii. 

29.  Eomani  cum  adversum  Veientes  bellum  gererent,  15 
familia  Fabiorum  sola  hoc  bellum  suscepit.  Profecti  sunt 
trecenti  sex  nobilissimi  homines,  duce  Fabio  consule.  Cum 
saepe  hostes  vicissent,  apud  Cremeram  fluvium  castra  posue- 
runt.  Ibi  Veientes  dolo  usi  eos  in  insidias  pellexerunt.  In 
proelio  ibi  exorto  omnes  perierunt.  Unus  superfuit  ex  20 
tanta  familia,  qui  propter  aetatem  puerilem  dtici  non 
potuerat  ad  pugnam.  Hie  genus  propagavit  ad  Q.  Fabium 
Maximum  ilium,  qui  Hannibalem  prudenti  cunctatione 
debilitavit. 

The  story  of  Virginia. 

30.  Anno  trecent^simo  et  altero  ab  urbe  condita  decern-  25 
viri  creati  sunt,  qui  civitati  leges  scriberent.     Hi  primo 
anno  bene  egerunt;  secundo  autem  dominationem  exercere 
coeperunt.     Sed  cum  tinus  eorum  Appius  Claudius  virginem 


38  ROMAIC    Hi»TORY. 

ingenuam,  Verginiam,  Vergmi  centurionis  filiam,  corrum- 
pere  vellet,  pater  earn  occidit.  Turn  ad  mllites  profugit, 
eosque  ad  seditionem  commovit.  Sublata  est  deceinvirls 
potestas,  ipslque  omnes  aut  inorte  aut  exsilio  puniti  sunt. 

The  Siege  of  Falerii;  tears  with  the  Gauls. 

5      31.   In  bello  contra  Veientanos  Furius  Camillus  urbem 

Falerios  obsidebat.     In  qua  obsidione  cum   ludi  litteraril 

.    magister  principum  fllios  ex  urbe  in  castra  hostium  dtixis- 

set,    Camillus    hoc     donum    non    accepit,    sed    scelestum 

hominem,    manibus   post   tergum    vinctis,   puerls   Falerios 

10  reducendum  tradidit;    virgasque  els  dedit,  quibus  prodito- 

rem  in  urbem  agerent. 

32.  Hac  tanta  animi  nobilitate  commoti  Falisci  urbem 
Romanis  tradiderunt.  Camillo  autem  apud  Romanos  crl- 
minl  datum  est,  quod  albls  equis  triumphasset,  et  praedam 

15  inique  divlsisset ;  damnatusque  ob  earn  causam,  et  civitate 
expulsus  est.  Paulo  post  Galli  Senones  ad  urbem  venerunt, 
Romanos  apud  flumen  Alliara  vicerunt,  et  urbem  etiam  occu- 
parunt.  lam  nihil  praeter  Capitolium  defendl  potuit.  Et 
iam  praesidium  fame  laborabat,  et  in  eo  erant,  ut  pacem  a 

20  Gallis  auro  emerent,  cum  Camillus  cum  manti  mllitum  su- 
perveniens  liostes  magno  proelio  superaret. 

33.  Anno  trecentesimo  nonagesimo  quarto  post  urbem 
conditam  Galli  iterum  ad  urbem  accesserant,  et  quarto 
mlliario  trans  Anienem  fluvium  consederant.     Contra  eos 

25  missus  est  T.  Quinctius.  Ibi  Gallus  quidam  eximia  cor- 
poris magnitudine  fortissimum  Romanorum  ad  certamen 
singulare  provocavit.  T.  Manlius,  nobilissimus  iuvenis, 
provocationem  accepit,  Galium  occidit,  eumque  torque  aureo 
spoliavit,  quo  ornatus  erat.     Hinc  et  ipse  et  poster!  eiua 

30  TorquatI  appeilati  sunt.     Galli  fugam  capessiverunt. 


THE   SAMNITE   WARS.  39 

34.  Novo  bello  cum  Gallis  exorto,  anno  urbis  quadringen- 
tSsimo  sexto,  iterum  Gallus  processit  robore  atque  armis 
insignis,  et  provocavit  unum  ex  Romanis,  ut  secum  armis 
decerneret.  Turn  se  M.  Valerius,  tribunus  militum,  obtulit ; 
et,  cum  processisset  armatus,  corvus  ei  supra  dextrum  brae-  5 
chium  sedit.  Mox,  commissa  pugna,  hic  corvus  alls  et  un- 
guibus  Galll  oculos  verberavit.  Ita  factum  est,  ut  Gallus 
facili  negotio  a  Valerio  interficerfitur,  qui  hinc  Corvlni 
nomen  accepit. 

The  Samnite  wars;  battle  of  the  Caudine  Forks. 

35.  Postea  RomanI  bellum  gesserunt  cum  Samnltibus,  iq 
ad  quod  L.  Paplrius  Cursor  cum  honore  dictatoris  profectus 
est.  Qui  cum  negoti  cuiusdam  causa  Romam  ivisset,  prae- 
cepit  Q.  Fabio  Rulliano,  magistro  equitum,  quem  apud  exer- 
citum  reliquit,  ne  pugnam  cum  hoste  committeret.  Sed  ille 
occasionem  nactus  fglicissime  dimicavit,  Samnites  delevit.  15 
Ob  banc  rem  a  dictatore  capitis  damnatus  est.  At  ille  in 
urbem  confugit,  et  ingenti  favore  militum  et  populi  libera- 
tus  est;  in  Papirium  autem  tanta  exorta  est  seditio,  ut 
paene  ipse  interficeretur. 

36.  Duobus  annis  post  T.  Veturius  et  Spurius  Postumius  20 
consules  bellum  adversum  Samnites  gerebant.  Hi  a  Pontio, 
duce  hostium,  in  Tnsidias  induct!  sunt.  Nam  ad  Furculas 
Caudinas  Romanos  pellexit  in  angustias,  unde  s6se  expedire 
non  poterant.  Ibi  Pontius  patrem  suum  Herennium  rogavit, 
quid  faciendum  putaret.  Ille  respondit,  aut  omnes  occi-  25 
dendos  esse,  ut  Romanorum  virgs  frangerentur,  aut  omnes 
dimittendos,  ut  beneficio  obligarentur.  Pontius  utrumque 
consilium  improbavit,  omnesque  sub  iugum  misit.  Samnites 
denique  post  bellum  undequinquaginta  annorum  superati 
sunt.  30 


40  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

War  with  Pyrrhus^  king  of  Epirus. 

37.  Devictis  Samnltibus,  Tarentinis  bellum  indictum  est, 
quia  legatls  Romanorum  iniuriam  fecissent.  Hi  Pyrrhum, 
Epiri  regem,  contra  Romanos  auxilium  poposcerunt.  Is 
mox  in  Italiam  venit,  tumque  primum  E-omani  cum  trans- 

5  marino  hoste  pugnaverunt.  Missus  est  contra  eum  consul 
P.  Valerius  Laevmus.  Hic,  cum  exploratores  Pyrrhl  cepis- 
set,  iussit  eos  per  castra  duel,  tumque  dimitti,  ut  rentinti- 
arent  Pyrrlio,  quaecunque  a  Romanis  agerentur. 

38.  Pugna  commissa,  Pyrrlius  auxilio  elephantorum  vl- 
10  cit.     Nox  proelio  finem  dedit.     Laevmus  tamen  per  noctem 

ftigit.  Pyrrlius  Romanos  mille  octingentos  cepit,  eosque 
summo  honore  tractavit.  Cum  e6s,  qui  in  proelio  interfecti 
erant,  omnSs  adversis  vulneribus  et  truci  vultu  etiam 
mortuos  iac6re  vid^ret,  tulisse  ad  caelum  mantis  dicitur 
15  cum  hac  voce,  "Ego  cum  talibus  virls  brevi  orbem  terrarum 
subigerem." 

39.  Postea  Pyrrlius  Romam  perrSxit;  omnia  ferro  Tgne- 
que  vastavit;  Campaniam  depopulatus  est,  atque  ad  Prae- 
neste  venit  miliario  ab  urbe  octavo  decimo.     Mox  terrore 

20  exercitus,  qui  cum  consule  sequebatur,  in  Campaniam  se 
recepit.  Legati  ad  Pyrrhum  dg  captivis  redimendis  missi 
honorifice  ab  eo  suscepti  sunt ;  captlvos  sine  pretio  reddidit. 
Unum  ex  legatls,  Pabricium,  sTc  admiratus  est,  ut  ei  quartam 
partem  r6gni  sui  promitteret,  si  ad  s6  transiret ;  sed  a  Fabri- 

25  cio  contemptus  est. 

40.  Cum  iam  Pyrrhus  ingenti  Romanorum  admiratione 
ten6r6tur,  l6gatum  misit  Cineam,  praestantissimum  virum, 
qui  pacem  peteret  ea  condicione,  ut  Pyrrlius  eam  partem 
Italiae,   quam   armls   occupaverat,   obtingret.     Romftnl  re- 

30  sponderunt,  eum  cum  Romanis  pacem  habere  non  posse,  nisi 


THE   FIRST   PUNIC   WAR.  41 

ex  Italia  recessisset.  Cineas  cum  rediisset,  Pyrrho  eum 
interroganti,  qualis  ipsi  K-oma  visa  esset,  respondit,  se  reguin 
patriam  vidisse. 

41.  In  altero  proelio  cum  rege  Epirl  commisso  Pyrrhus 
vulneratus  est,  elephanti  interfecti,  viginti  milia  hostium  5 
caesa  sunt.  Pyrrhus  Tarentum  fugit.  Interiecto  anno, 
Fabricius  contra  eum  missus  est.  Ad  hunc  medicus  Pyrrhi 
nocte  venit  promittens,  se  Pyrrhum  veneno  occlsurum,  si 
munus  sibi  daretur.  Hunc  Fabricius  vinctum  reduci  iussit 
ad  dominum.  Tunc  rex  admiratus  ilium  dixisse  fertur:  ifl 
"  Ille  est  Fabricius,  qui  difficilius  ab  honestate,  quam  sol  a 
cursu  suo  averti  potest."  Paulo  post  Pyrrhus,  tertio  etiam 
proelio  fusus,  a  Tarento  recessit,  et,  cum  in  Graeciam  re- 
diisset,  apud  Argos,  Peloponnesi  urbem,  interfectus  est. 


The  First  Punic  War;  the  story  of  liegulus. 

42.  Anno  quadringentesimo  n6nag6sim5  post  urbem  con-  15 
ditam  Romanorum  exercitus  prlmum  in  Siciliam  traiecerunt, 
regemque  Syracusarum  Hieronem,  Poenosque,  qui  multas 
civitates  in  ea  Insula  occupaverant,  superaverunt.  Quinto 
anno  huius  belli,  quod  contra  Poenos  gerebatur,  prlmum 
ROmani,  C.  Dullio  et  Cn.  Cornelio  Asina  consulibus,  in  20 
marl  dimicaverunt.  Dullius  Carthaginienses  vicit,  triginta 
naves  occupavit,  quattuordecim  mersit,  septem  milia  hostium 
cepit,  tria  milia  occldit.  Nulla  victoria  Romanis  gratior 
fuit.  Dullio  concessum  est,  ut,  cum  a  cena  redlret,  puerl 
funalia  gestantes  et  tiblcen  eum  comitarentur.  25 

43.  Panels  amiTs  interiectis,  bellum  in  Africam  transla- 
tum  est.  Hamilcar,  Carthaginiensium  dux,  pugna  navali 
superatur;  nam  perditis  sexaginta  quattuor  navibus  se 
recepit ;  RomanI  viginti  duas  amiserunt.     Cum  in  Africam 


42  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

venissent,  Poenos  in  pluribus  proeliis  vicerunt,  magnam  vim 
hominum  ceperunt,  septuaginta  quattuor  civitates  in  fidem 
acceperunt.  Turn  victi  Carthaginienses  pacem  a  Romanis 
petierunt.  Quam  cum  M.  Atllius  E,egulus,  Romanorum 
5  dux,  dare  nollet  nisi  durissimis  condicionibus,  Carthaginien- 
ses auxilium  petierunt  a  Lacedaemonils.  Hi  Xanthippum 
miserunt,  qui  Romanum  exercitum  magno  proelio  vicit. 
Regulus  ipse  captus  et  in  vincula  coniectus  est. 

44.  Non  tamen  ubique  fortuna  Carthaginiensibus  favit. 
10  Cum  aliquot  proeliis  victi  essent,  Regulum  rogaverunt,  ut 

Romam  proficisceretur,  et  pacem  captlvorumque  permuta- 
tionem  a  Romanis  obtineret.  Hie  cum  Romam  venisset, 
inductus  in  senatum  dixit,  se  desiisse  Romanum  esse  ex  ilia 
die,  qua  in  potestatem  Poenorum  venisset.     Tum  Romanis 

15  suasit,  ne  jjacem  cum  Carthaginiensibus  facerent :  illos  enim 
tot  casibus  f ractos  spem  nullam  nisi  in  pace  habere :  tanti 
non  esse,  ut  tot  milia  captlvorum  propter  se  tinum  et  pau- 
cos,  qui  ex  Romanis  capti  essent,  redderentur.  Haec  sen- 
tentia  obtinuit.     Regressus  igitur  in  Africam  crudelissimis 

20  supplicils  exstlnctus  est. 

45.  Tandem,  C.  Lutatio  Catulo,  A.  Postumio  consulibus, 
anno  belli  Punici  vicesimo  tertio  magnum  proelium  navale 
commissum  est  contra  Lilybaeum,  promunturium  Siciliae. 
In    eo    proelio    septuaginta    tres    Carthaginiensium    naves 

25  captae,  centum  viginti  quinque  demersae,  trlginta  duo 
mIlia  hostium  capta,  tredecim  milia  occisa  sunt.  Statim 
Carthaginienses  pacem  petierunt,  elsque  pax  tribtita  est. 
Captlvi  Romanorum,  qui  tenebantur  a  Carthaginiensibus, 
redditi  sunt.     PoenI  Sicilia,  Sardinia,  et  ceteris  Insulls,  quae 

30  inter  Italiam  Africamque  iacent,  decess6runt,  omnemque 
Hispaniam,  quae  citra  Iberum  est,  Romanis  permls6runt. 


THE   SECOND   PUNIC    WAR.  43 

Conflicts  with  the  Gauls;  the  battle  at  Clusium. 

46.  Anno  quingentesimo  tindetricesimO  ingentSs  Gallo- 
runi  copiae  Alpes  transierunt.  Sed  pro  Eomanis  tota 
Italia  cons6nsit;  traditumque  est  octingenta  milia  homi- 
num  ad  id  bellum  parata  esse.  Res  prospere  gesta  est 
apud  Clusium ;  quadraginta  milia  hominum  interfecta  sunt.  5 
Aliquot  annis  post  pugnatum  est  contra  Gallos  in  agro 
Insubrum,  flnltumque  est  bellum  M.  Claudio  Marcello, 
Cn.  Cornelio  Scipione  consulibus.  Tum  Marcellus  regem 
Gallorum,  Yiridomarum,  manu  sua  occldit  et  triumphans 
spolia  Galll,  stipiti  imposita,  umeris  suis  vexit.  10 

The  Second  Punic  War  begun;  the  Bomans  are  defeated  at  the 
Trebia ;  at  Lake  Trasimenus ;  at  Cannae. 

47.  Paulo  post  Punicum  bellum  renovatum  est  per  Han- 
nibalem,  Carthaginiensium  ducem,  quem  pater  Hamilcar 
noveni  annos  natum  aris  admoverat,  ut  odium  perenne  in 
Komanos  iuraret.  Hic  annum  agens  vicesimum  aetatis 
Saguntum,  Hispaniae  civitatem,  Eomanis  amicam,  oppu-  16 
gnare  aggressus  est.  Huic  KomanI  per  legatos  denuntiave- 
runt,  ut  bello  abstineret.  Qui  cum  legatos  admittere  nollet, 
RomanI  Carthaginem  miserunt,  ut  mandaretur  Hannibali, 
ne  bellum  contra  socios  populi  Eomani  gereret.  Dura 
responsa  a  Carthaginiensibus  reddita.  Saguntlnis  interea  20 
fame  victis,  Roman!  Carthaginiensibus  bellum  indlxerunt. 

48.  Hannibal,  fratre  Hasdrubale  in  Hispania  rellcto, 
Pyrenaeos  et  Alpes  transiit.  Traditur  in  Italiam  octo- 
ginta  milia  peditura,  et  vigintl  milia  equitum,  septem  et 
triginta  elephantos  addtixisse.  Interea  multi  Ligures  et  25 
Galli  Hannibali  se  coniunxerunt.  Primus  ei  occurrit  P. 
Cornelius   Sclpio,  qui,  proelio   ad   Ticlnum   commisso,  su- 


44  ROMAN   HISTORY. 

peratus  est,  et,  vulnere  accepto,  in  castra  rediit.  Turn  Sem« 
pronius  Longus  conflixit  ad  Trebiam  amnem.  Is  quoque 
vincitur.  Multl  populi  se  Haiinibali  dedideruiit.  Inde  in 
Etruriam  progressus  Flaminium  consulem  ad  Trasumenum 
6  lacum  superat.  Ipse  Flaminius  interemptus,  Eomanorum 
vigintl  quinque  milia  caesa  sunt. 

49.  Qulngentesimo  et  duodequadragesimo  anno  post  urbem 
conditam  L.  Aemilius  Paulus  et  P.  Terentius  Varro  contra 
Hannibalem  mittuntur.     Quamquam  intellectiim  erat,  Han- 

10  nibalem  non  aliter  vinci  posse  quam  mora,  Varro  tamen 
morae  impatiens  apud  vicum,  qui  Cannae  appellatur,  in 
Apulia  pugnavit ;  ambo  consules  victi,  Paulus  interemptns 
est.  In  ea  pugna  consulares  aut  praetorii  viginti,  senatores 
triginta  capti  aut  occisi ;  militum  quadraginta  milia ;  eqni- 

15  turn  tria  milia  et  quingenti  perierunt.  In  his  tantis  malls 
nemo  tamen  pacis  mentionem  facere  dignatus  est.  Servi, 
quod  numquam  ante  factum,  manumissi  et  milites  fact!  sunt. 

Operations  in  Sicily  and  in  Spain. 

50.  Post  eam  pugnam  multae  Italiae  civitates,  quae  Ro- 
manis  paruerant,  se  ad  Hannibalem  transtulerunt.     Hanni- 

20  bal  Eomanis  obtulit,  nt  captivos  redimerent ;  responsumque 
est  a  senatti,  eos  elves  non  esse  necessarios,  qui  armati  cap! 
potuissent.  Hos  omnes  ille  postea  variis  suppliciTs  inter- 
fecit,  et  tres  modios  aureorum  anulorum  Carthaginem  misit, 
quos  manibus  equitum  Eomanorum,  senatorum,  et  militum 

25  detraxerat.  Interea  in  Hispania  frater  Hannibalis,  Ha- 
sdrubal,  qui  ibi  remanserat  cum  magno  exercitu,  a  duobus 
Scipionibus  vincitur,  perditque  in  pugna  triginta  quinque 
milia  hominum. 

51.  Anno  quarto  postquam  Hannibal  in  Italiam  venerat, 
80  M.  Claudius  Marcellus  consul  apud  Nolam,  civitatem  Cam- 


OPERATIONS   IN   SICILY  AND   IN  SPAIN.  46 

paniae,  contra  Hannibalem  bene  pugnavit.  lllo  tempore 
Philippus,  Demetri  filius,  rex  Macedoniae,  ad  Hannibalem 
legates  mittit,  eiqiie  auxilia  contra  Eomanos  poUicetur. 
Qui  Iggati  cum  a  Romanis  capti  essent,  M.  Valerius  Laevl- 
nus  cum  navibus  missus  est,  qui  r6gem  impediret,  quo  5 
minus  copias  in  Italiam  traiceret.  Idem  in  Macedoniam 
penetrans  regem  Philippum  vicit. 

52.  In  Sicilia  quoque  res  prospere  gesta  est.  Marcellus 
magnam  huius  insulae  partem  cepit,  quam  Poeni  occupa- 
verant;  Syractisas,  nobilissimam  urbem,  expugnavit,  et  ic 
ingentem  inde  praedam  Romam  misit.  Laevinus  in  Mace- 
donia cum  Philippo  et  multis  Graeciae  populis  amicitiam 
fecit ;  et  in  Siciliam  profectus  Hannonem,  Poenorum  ducem, 
apud  Agrigentum  c6pit ;  quadraginta  civitates  in  dSditionem 
accgpit,  vigintl  sex  expugnavit.  Ita  omni  Sicilia  recepta,  15 
cum  ingenti  gloria  Romam  regressus  est. 

53.  Interea  in  Hispaniam,  ubi  duo  Sclpiones  ab  Hasdru- 
bale  interfecti  erant,  missus  est  P.  Cornelius  Scipi5,  vir 
Romanorum  omnium  fer6  primus.  Hic,  puer  duod6viginti 
annorum,  in  pugna  ad  Ticinum,  patrem  singularl  virttite  20 
servavit.  Deinde  post  cladem  Cannensem  multos  nobilissi- 
morum  iuvenum  Italiam  dfiserere  cupientium,  auctoritate 
sua  ab  hoc  consilio  deterruit.  Viginti  quattuor  annorum 
iuvenis  in  Hispaniam  missus,  die,  qua  venit,  Carthaginem 
Novam  cepit,  in  qua  omne  aurum  et  argentum  et  belli  25 
apparatum  Poeni  habebant,  nobilissimos  quoque  obsides, 
quos  ab  Hispanis  acceperant.  Hos  obsides  parentibus 
reddidit.  Qua  re  omnes  fere  Hispaniae  civitates  ad  eum 
uno  animo  transierunt. 


46  ROMAN   HISTORY. 

Hasdrubal  defeated  and  killed  at  Sena ;  the  battle  of  Zama. 

54.  Ab  eo  inde  tempore  res  Romanorum  in  dies  laetiores 
factae  sunt.  Hasdrubal  a  fratre  ex  Hispania  in  Italiam 
evocatus,  apud  Senam,  Umbriae  civitatem,  in  insidias  incidit, 
et  strenue  pugnans  occisus  est.     Plurimae  autem  civitates, 

5  quae    in   Bruttils   ab  Hannibale  tenebantur,   E-omanis   se 
tradiderunt. 

55.  Anno  decimo  quarto  postquam  in  Italiam  Hannibal 
venerat,  Sclpio  consul  creatus,  et  in  Africam  missus  est. 

.Ibi  contra  Hannonem,  ducem  Carthaginiensium,  prospere 
10  pugnat,  totumque  eius  exercitum  delet.  Secundo  proelio 
tindecira  milia  hominum  occldit,  et  castra  cepit  cum  quat- 
tuor  mllibus  et  quingentis  militibus.  Syphacem,  Numidiae 
regem,  qui  se  cum  Poenis  coniunxerat,  cepit,  eumque  cum 
nobilissimls  Numidls  et  infimtls  spoliis  RomammTsit.  Qua 
15  re  audita,  omnis  fere  Italia  Hannibalem  deserit.  Ipse  a 
Carthaginiensibus  in  Africam  redire  iubetur.  Ita  anno 
decimo  septimo  Italia  ab  Hannibale  llberata  est. 

56.  Post  plures  pugnas  et  pacem  plus  semel  frustra  tenta- 
tam,  pugna  ad  Zamam  committitur,  in  qua  peritissimi  duces 

20  copias  suas  ad  bellum  educebant.  Sclpio  victor  recedit; 
Hannibal  cum  panels  equitibus  evadit.  Post  hoc  proelium 
pax  cum  Carthaginiensibus  facta  est.  Sclpio,  cum  Romam 
rediisset,  ingenti  gloria  triumphavit,  atque  Africanus  appel- 
latus  est.     Sic  finem  accepit   secundum   Punieum   bellum 

25  post  annum  undevlcesimum  quam  coeperat. 

Wars  with  Philip;  with  Antiochus ;  with  Perseus. 

57.  Finito  Punico  bello,  sectitum  est  Macedonicum  contra 
Philippum  regem.  Superatus  est  rex  a  T.  Quinctio  Pla- 
minino  apud  Cynoscephalas,  paxque  ei  data  est  his  legibus ; 


WARS   WITH   PHILIP.  47 

n6  Graeciae  civitatibus,  quas  Komani  contra  eum  defende- 
rant,  bellum  mferret;  ut  captivos  et  transfugas  redderet; 
quinquaginta  solum  naves  haberet ;  reliquas  Romanis  daret ; 
mllle  talenta  praestaret,  et  obsidem  daret  f Ilium  Demetrium. 
T.  Qumctms  etiam  Lacedaemoniis  intulit  bellum,  et  ducem  5 
eorum  Nabidem  vicit. 

68.  Finito  bello  Macedonico,  secutum  est  bellum  Syria- 
cum  contra  Antiochum  r^gem,  cum  quo  Hannibal  se  iun- 
xerat.  Missus  est  contra  eum  L.  Cornelius  Scipio  consul, 
cui  frater  eius  Scipio  Africanus  legatus  est  additus.  Han-  10 
nibal  navali  proelio  victus,  Antiochus  autem  ad  Magnesiam, 
Asiae  civitatem,  a  Cornelio  Scipione  consule  ingenti  proelio 
fusus  est.  Tum  r6x  Antiochus  pacem  petit.  Data  est  ei 
hac  lege,  ut  ex  Europa  et  Asia  recederet,  atque  intra  Tau- 
rum  se  contineret,  decem  milia  talentorum  et  vTginti  obsides  15 
praeberet,  Hannibalem,  concitorem  belli,  dederet.  Scipio 
Romam  rediit,  et  ingenti  gloria  triumphavit.  Nomen  et 
ipse,  ad  imitationem  fratris,  Asiatic!  accepit. 

59.   Philippo,  rege  Macedoniae,  mortuo,  filius  eius  Per- 
seus rebellavit,  ingentibus  copiTs  paratis.     Dux  Romanorum,  20 
P.  Licinius  consul,  contra  eum  missus,  gravi  jjroelio  a  rege 
victus  est.     Rex  tamen  pacem  petebat.     Cui  Roman!  cam 
praestare  noluerunt,  nisi  his  condicionibus,  ut  se  et  suos 
Romanis  dederet.    Mox  L.  Aemilius  Paulus  consul  regem  ad 
Pydnam   superavit,  et  viginti  milia  peditum  eius  occidit.  25 
Equitatus  cum  rege  fugit.     Urbes  Macedoniae  omnes,  quas 
rex  tenuerat,   Romanis    se   dediderunt.      Ipse   Perseus   ab 
amicls  desertus   in   Paul!   potestatem   venit.     Hic,   multls 
etiam  aliis  rebus  gestis,  cum  ingenti  pompa  Romam  rediit 
in    nave    PerseT,    inusitatae    magnittidinis ;    nam    sedecim  30 
remorum  ordines  habuisse   dicitur.     Triumphavit  magniii- 
centissime   in    curru    aureo,    duobus    fllils   utroque   latere 


48  ROMAN    HISTORY. 

astantibus.     Ante  curnim  inter  captives  duo  regis  fllil  et 
ipse  Perseus  ducti  sunt. 

The  Third  Funic  War;  Carthage  is  destroyed. 

60.  Tertium  deinde  bellum  contra  Carthaginem  suscep- 
tum  est  sescentesimo  et  quinto  anoo  ab  urbe  condita,  anno 

5  quinquagesimo  primo  postquam  secundum  bellum  Punicum 
transactum  est.  L.  Marcius  Censorinus  et  M'.  Manilius 
consules  in  Africam  traiecerunt,  et  oppugnaverunt  Cartha- 
ginem. Multa  ibi  praeclare  gesta  sunt  per  Scipionem,  Sci- 
pionis  African!  nepotem,  qui  tribunus  in  Africa  militabat. 
10  Huius  apud  omnes  ingens  metus  et  reverentia  erat,  neque 
quidquam  magis  Carthaginiensium  duces  vitabant,  quam 
contra  eum  proelium  committere. 

61.  Cum  iam  magnum  esset  Seipionis  nomen,  tertio  anno 
postquam  Romani  in  Africam  traiecerimt,  consul  est  creatus, 

15  et  contra  Carthaginem  missus.  Is  hanc  urbem  a  civibus 
acerrime  defensam  cepit  ac  diruit.  Ingens  ibi  praeda  facta, 
plurimaque  inventa  sunt,  quae  multarum  civitatum  excidils 
Carthago  collegerat.  Haec  omnia  Scipio  civitatibus  Italiae, 
Siciliae,   Africae   reddidit,   quae   sua  recognoscebant.     Ita 

20  Carthago  septingentesimo  anno  postquam  condita  est, 
deleta  est.     Scipio  nomen  Africani  iunioris  accepit. 

Mummius  destroys  Corinth;  three  great  triumphs  celebrated. 

62.  Interim  in  Macedonia  quidam  Pseudophilippus  arma 
movit,  et  P.  luventium,  Komanorum  ducem,  ad  interne- 
cionem  vicit.     Post  eum  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  dux  a  Roma- 

5J5  nis  contra  Pseudophilippum  missus  est,  et,  viginti  quin- 
que  milibus  ex  militibus  eius  occisis,  Macedoniam  recepit ; 
ipsum  etiam  Pseudophilippum  in  potestatem  suam  ledegit. 
Corinthiis  quoque  bellum  indictum  est,  nobilissimae  Grae- 


WARS   IN  SPAIN.  49 

ciae  cTvitatT,  propter  iniuriam  Romanis  legatTs  illatam. 
Hanc  Mummius  consul  cepit  ac  diruit.  Tres  igitur  Eomae 
sinrnl  celeberrimi  triumph!  fuerunt;  Scipionis  ex  Africa, 
ante  cuius  currum  ductus  est  Hasdrubal ;  Metelli  ex  Mace- 
donia, cuius  currum  praecessit  Andriscus,  qui  et  PseudopM-  5 
lippus  dicitur ;  Mumml  ex  Corintho,  ante  quern  signa  aenea 
et  pictae  tabulae  et  alia  urbis  clarissimae  ornamenta  prae- 
lata  sunt. 

Wars  in  Spain. 

63.  Anno  sescentesimo  -  decimo  post  urbem  conditam 
Viriathus  in  Lusitania  bellum  contra  Romanos  excitavit.  lo 
Pastor  primo  fuit,  mox  latronum  dux;  postrgmo  tantos  ad 
bellum  populos  concitavit,  ut  vindex  liber tatis  Hispaniae 
existimargtur.  Dfinique  a  suls  interf ectus-  est.  Cum  inter- 
fectores  eius  praemium  a  Caepione  consule  peterent,  respon- 
sum  est,  numquam  Eomanis  placuisse,  imperatorem  a  15 
militibus  suls  interfici. 

64.  Deinde  bellum  exortum  est  cum  Numantinis,  clvi- 
tate  Hispaniae.     Victus  ab  his  Q.  Pompeius,  et  post  eum 
C.  Hostllius  Mancinus  consul,  qui  pacem  cum  eis  fecit  infa- 
mem,  quam  populus  et  senatus  iussit  infringi,  atque  ipsum  20 
Mancinum  hostibus  tradi.      Tum  P.   ScTpio  Africanus  in 
Hispaniam  missus  est.      Is   primum  militem  ignavum  et 
corruptum  correxit ;  tum  multas  Hispaniae  civitates  partim 
bello  cepit,  partim  in  deditionem  accepit.     Postremo  ipsam     . 
Kumantiam  fame  ad  deditionem  coegit,  urbemque  evertit;  23 
reliquam  provinciam  in  fidem  accepit. 

War  with  Jugurtha. 

65.  P.  Scipione  Nasica  et  L.  Calpurnio  Bestia  consul!- 
bus,  lugurthae,  Numidarum  regi,  bellum  illatum  est,  quod 
Adherbalem  et  Hiempsalem,  Micipsae  filios,  patrueles  suos, 


50  ROMAN   HISTORY. 

interemisset.  Missus  adversus  eum  consul  Calpurnins  Bestia 
corruptus  regis  pectinia  pacem  cum  eo  fiagitiosissimam  fecit, 
quae  a  senatu  improbata  est.  Denique  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus 
consul  lugurtham  variis  proeliis  vicit,  elephantos  eius  occi- 
5  dit  vel  cepit,  multas  civitates  ipslus  in  deditionem  accepit. 
El  successit  C.  Marius,  qui  bello  terminum  posuit,  ipsumque 
lugurtham  cepit.  Ante  currum  trinmphantis  Marl  lugurtha 
cum  duobus  filiis  ductus  est  vinctus,  et  mox  iussti  consulis 
in  carcere  strangulatus. 

The  Cimbri  and  Teutones  defeated  by  C.  Marius. 

10  66.  Dum  bellum  in  Numidia  contra  lugurtham  geritur, 
Cimbri  et  Teutones  aliaeque  Germanorum  et  Gallorum 
gentes  Italiae  minabantur,  pluresque  Romanorum  exercittis 
fuderunt.  Ingeus  fuit  Romae  timor,  ne  iterum  Galli  urbem 
occuparent.     Ergo  Marius  consul  creatus  eique  bellum  con- 

15  tra  Cimbros  et  Teutones  decretum  est;  belloque  protracto, 
tertius  ei  et  quartus  consulatus  delatus  est.  In  duobus 
proeliis  cum  Cimbris  ducenta  milia  hostium  cecidit,  octo- 
ginta  milia  cepit,  eorumque  regem  Teutobodum;  propter 
quod  meritum  absens  quintum  consul  creatus  est.     Interea 

20  Cimbri  et  Teutones,  quorum  copia  adhtic  Infinlta  erat,  in 
Italian!  transierunt.  Iterum  a  C.  Mario  et  Q.  Catulo  con- 
tra eos  dlmicatum  est  ad  Veronam.  Centum  et  quadra- 
ginta  milia  aut  in  pugna  aut  in  fuga  caesa  sunt ;  sexaginta 
milia  capta.     Tria  et  triginta  Cimbris  signa  sublata  sunt. 

The  Social  Wars. 

25       67.    Sescentesimo  sexagesimo  quarto  anno  ab  urbe  con- 

dita  in  Italia  gravissimum  bellum  exarsit.     Nam  Picentes, 

MarsT,  Paelignique,  qui  multos  annos  populo  Romano  oboe- 

dierant,  aequa  cum  illis  iura  sibi  darl  postulabant.     Perni- 


THE   CIVIL   WAR   BETWEEN   MARIUS  AND   SULLA.         61 

ciosum  admodum  lioc  bellum  fuit.  P.  Rutilius  consul  in  eo 
occlsus  est  j  pltires  exercitus  ftisi  fugatique.  Tandem  L. 
Cornelius.  Sulla  cum  alia  egregie  gessit,  turn.  Cluentium, 
hostium  ducem,  cum  magnis  copiis,  fudit.  Per  quadrien- 
nium  cum  gravl  utriusque  partis  calamitate  hoc  bellum  5 
tractum  est.  Quinto  demum  anno  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  ei 
imposuit  finem.  Komani  tamen,  id  quod  prius  negaverant, 
ius  civitatis,  bello  finlto,  sociis  tribuerunt. 

The  civil  war  between  Marius  and  Sulla. 

68.  Anno  urbis  conditae  sescentesimo  sexagesimo  sexto 
primum  E-omae  bellum  civile  exortum  est;  eodem  anno  IG 
etiam  Mitbridaticum.  Causam  bello  civlli  C.  Marius  dedit. 
Nam  cum  Sullae  bellum  adversus  Mithridatem  regem  Ponti 
decretum  esset,  Marius  ei  hunc  honorem  eripere  conatus  est. 
Sed  Sulla,  qui  adhuc  cum  legionibus  suis  in  Italia  morabatur, 
cum  exercitu  Romam  venit,  et  adversaries  cum  interfecit,  15 
tum  fugavit.  Tum  rebus  Romae  utcumque  compositis,  in 
Asiam  profectus  est,  pltiribusque  proeliis  Mithridatem  coe- 
git,  ut  pacem  a  Pomanis  peteret,  et  Asia,  quam  invaserat, 
rellcta,  regni  sui  finibus  contentus  esset. 

69.  Sed  dum  Sulla  in  Graecia  et  Asia  Mithridatem  vin-  20 
cit,  Marius,  qui  fugatus  erat,  et  L.  Cornelius  Cinna,  tinus  ex 
consulibus,  bellum  in  Italia  repararunt,  et  ingress!  Romam 
nobilissimos  ex  senatu  et   consular6s  viros  interf ecerunt ; 
multos   proscripserunt ;   ipsius    Sullae   domo   eversa,  filios 

et  uxorem  ad  fugam  compulerunt.  Universus  reliquus  25 
senatus  ex  urbe  fugiens  ad  Sullam  in  Graeciam  venit,  orans 
ut  patriae  subveniret.  Sulla  in  Italiam  traiecit,  hostium 
exercitus  vicit,  mox  etiam  urbem  ingressus  est,  quam  caede 
et  sanguine  civium  replevit.  Quattuor  milia  inermium,  qui 
se  dediderant,  interfici  iussit;  duo  milia  equitum  et  sena-  30 


52  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

toruin  proscripsit.  Turn  de  Mithridate  triumphavit.  Duo 
haec  bella  fuuestissima,  Italicum,  quod  et  sociale  dictum 
est,  et  civile,  constimpserunt  ultra  centum  et  qumquagintS 
milia  hominum,  viros  consulares  vlginti  quattuor,  prae- 
6  torios  septem,  aedilicios  sexaginta,  senatores  fere  ducentos. 


0        %        H.        %       MMile 


BiJ>.  Serross,  Engir^  N,^ 


U  IM  V  ,  V' 


III.    VIRI  ROMAE. 
I.   Glius  liJLius  Caesar. 

Caesar  defies  Sulla. 

C.  luiius  Caesar,  nobilissima  luliorum  genitus  familia, 
annum  agens  sextuin  et  decimum  patrem  amisit.  Corne- 
liam,  Cinnae  filiam,  dtixit  uxorem;  cuius  pater  cum  esset 
Sullae  inimicissimus,  is  Caesarem  voluit  compellere,  ut  eam 
repudiaret ;  neque  id  potuit  efficere.  Qua  re  Caesar,  bonis  5 
spoliatus,  cum  etiam  ad  necem  quaereretur,  mtitata  veste 
nocte  urbe  elapsus  est,  et  quamquam  tunc  quartanae  morbo 
laborabat,  prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commtitare 
cogebatur ;  et  comprehensus  a  Sullae  liberto,  ne  ad  SuUam 
perduceretur,  vix  data  pectinia  evasit.  Postremo  per  pro-  10 
pinquos  et  affines  suos  veniam  impetravit.  Satis  constat, 
Sullam,  cum  deprecantibus  amicissimis  et  ornatissimis  viris 
aliquamditi  denegasset  atque  ill!  pertinaciter  contenderent, 
expugnatum  tandem  proclamasse,  vincerent,  dum  modo 
sclrent,  eum,  quem  incolumem  tantopere  cuperent,  ali-  15 
quando  optimatium  partibus,  quas  secum  simul  defen- 
dissent,  exitio  futurum ;  nam  Caesari  multos  Marios  inesse. 

He  is  captured  hy  pirates;  his  revenge. 

Stipendia  prima  in  Asia  fecit.  In  expugnatione  MitylS- 
narum  corona  civica  donatus  est.  Mortuo  Sulla,  Ehodum 
secedere  statuit,  ut  per  otium  ApoUonio  Moloni,  tunc  Claris-  20 

68 


54  VIRI  ROMAE. 

simo  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret.  Hue  durn  traicit,  S 
praedonibus  captus  est  mansitque  apud  eos  prope  quadra- 
ginta  dies.  Per  omne  autem  illud  spatium  ita  se  gessit,  ut 
piratls  pariter  terrorl  venerationlque  esset.  Comites  interim 
5  servosque  ad  expediendas  pecunias,  qiiibus  redimeretur, 
dimisit.  Vlgintl  talenta  piratae  postulaverant ;  ille  quinqua- 
ginta  dattirum  se  spopondit.  Quibus  numeratis,  cum  exposi- 
tus  esset  in  litore,  confestim  Miletum,  quae  urbs  proxime 
aberat,  properavit  ibique  contracta  classe,  invectus  in  eum 
10  locum,  in  quo  ipsi  praedones  erant,  partem  classis  fugavit, 
partem  mersit,  aliquot  naves  cepit  piratasque  in  potestatem 
redactos  eo  supplicio,  quod  illis  saepe  minatus  inter  iocum 
erat,  affecit  cruclque  sufflxit. 

Caesar's  ambition;  his  extravagance. 

'  Quaestor!  ulterior  Hispania  obvenit.  Quo  profectus  cum 
15  Alpes  transiret  et  ad  conspectum  pauperis  cuiusdam  vici 
comites  per  iocum  inter  se  disputarent,  num  illlc  etiam  esset 
ambition!  locus,  serio  dixit  Caesar,  malle  se  ibi  primum 
esse,  quam  Romae  secundum.  Dominationis  avidus  a  pr!ma 
aetate  regnum  concupiscebat  semperque  in  ore  habebat  hos 
20  Eur!pidis,  Grace!  poetae,  versus ; 

Nam  si  violandum  est  ius,  regnandi  gratia- 
Violandum  est,  aliis  rebus  pietatem  colas. 

Cumque  Gades,  quod  est  Hispaniae  oppidum,  venisset, 
animadversa  apud  Herculis  templum  magn!  Alexandrl 
25  imagine  ingemuit  et  quasi  ignaviae  eum  pertaederet,  quod 
nihildum  a  se  memorabile  actum  esset  in  ea  aetate,  qua  iam 
Alexander  orbem  terrarum  subegisset,  missionem  continue 
efflagitavit  ad  captandas  quam  primum  maiorum  rerum  oc- 
casiones  in  urbe. 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAE.  55 

Aedilis  praeter  Comitium  ac  Forum  etiam  Capitolium 
ornavit  porticibus.  Venationes  autem  ludosque  et  cum 
collega  L.  B!bulo  et  s6paratim  edidit;  quo  factum  est,  ut 
communium  quoque  impensarum  solus  gratiam  caperet. 
His  autem  rebus  patrimonium  effudit  tantumque  conflavit  5 
aes  alienum,  ut  ipse  diceret,  sibi  opus  esse  milieus  sester- 
tium,  ut  haberet  nihil. 

The  consulship;  Caesar's  arhitrai'y  conduct. 

Consul  deinde  creatus  cum   L.    Bibulo,  societatem  cum 
Gnaeo  Pompeio  et  Marco  Crasso   itinxit   Caesar,  ne  quid 
ageretur  in  re  publica,  quod   displicuisset   uUl  ex  tribus.  lo 
Deinde  legem  tulit,  ut   ager  Campanus  plebl  divideretur. 
Cui  legi  cum  senatus  repugnaret,  rem  ad  populum  detulit. 
Bibulus  collega  in  Forum  venit,  ut  legi  obsisteret,  sed  tanta 
in  eum   commota  est   seditio,  ut   in   caput   eius  cophinus 
stercore  plenus  effunderetur  fascesque  ei  frangerentur  atque  15 
adeo  ipse  armis  Foro  expelleretur.     Qua  re  cum  Bibulus 
per  reliquum  anni  tempus  domo  abditus  curia  abstineret, 
unus  ex  eo  tempore  Caesar  omnia  in  re  publica  ad  arbitrium 
administrabat,  ut  nonntilli  urbanorum,  si  quid  testandi  gra- 
tia signarent,  per  iocum  non,  ut  mos  erat,  consulibus  Caesare  20 
et  Bibulo  actum  scriberent,  sed  lulio  et  Caesare,  unum  con- 
sulem  nomine  et  cognomine  pro  duobus  appellantes. 

The  conquest  of  Gaul;  Caesar'' s  valor. 

Functus   consulatu  Caesar   Galliam  provinciam   accepit. 
Gessit  autem  novem   annis,  quibus  in  imperio  fuit,  haec 
fere:    Galliam  in  provinciae   formam   redegit;    Germanos,  25 
qui  trans  Ebenum  incolunt,  primus  E/omanorum  ponte  fabri- 
cate aggressus   maximis   affecit   cladibus.      Aggressus   est 


66  VIRI  ROMAE. 

Britannos,  ignotos  antea,  superatlsque  pectinias  et  obsidea 
imperavit.  Hic  cum  multa  Eomanorum  mllitum  insignia 
narrantur,  turn  illud  egregium  ipsius  Caesaris,  quod  nutante 
in  fugam  exercitu,  rapto  fugientis  6  manu  scuto,  in  primam 

5  volitans  aciem  proelium  restituit.  Idem  alio  proelio  legionis 
aquiliferum  ineundae  fugae  causa  iam  conversum,  faucibus 
comprehensum,  in  contrariam  partem  detraxit  dextramque 
ad  hostem  tendens,  "Quorsum  tu,"  inquit,  "abis?  Illic 
sunt,  cum  quibus  dimicamus."     Qua  adhortatione  omnium 

10  legionum  trepidationem  correxit  vincique  paratas  vincere 
docuit. 

The  civil  war;  Caesar  crosses  ths  Bubicon, 

Interfecto  interea  apud  Partbos  Crasso  et  deftincta  lulia, 
Caesaris  filia,  quae,  nupta  Pompeio,  generi  socerique  con- 
cordiam  tenebat,   statim   aemulatio   erupit.      Iam   pridem 

15  Pompeio  suspectae  Caesaris  opes  et  Caesarl  Pompeiana 
dignitas  gravis,  nee  hic  ferebat  par  em,  nee  ille  superior  em. 
Itaque  cum  Caesar  in  Gallia  detineretur,  et,  ne  imperfecta 
bello  discederet,  postulasset  ut  sibi  liceret,  quamvis  absent!, 
alterum  consulatum  petere,  a  senatu,  suadentibus  Pompeio 

20  eiusque  amicis,  negatum  ei  est.  Hanc  initiriam  acceptam 
vindicaturus,  in  Italiam  rediit  et  bellandum  ratus  cum  ex- 
ercitti  Rubiconem  flumen,  qui  provinciae  eius  finis  erat, 
transiit.  Hoc  ad  flumen  paulum  constitisse  fertur,  ac  repu- 
tans,  quantum  moliretur,  con  versus  ad  proximos,  "Etiam 

25  nunc,"  inquit,  "regredi  possumus;  quod  si  ponticulum 
transierimus,  omnia  armis  agenda  erunt."  Postremo  autem, 
"lacta  alea  esto!"  exclamans,  exercitum  traici  iussit  pluri- 
misque  urbibus  occupatis  Brundisium  contendit,  quo  Pom* 
peius  consulSsque  conftigerant. 


GAIUS  lULIUS   CAESAR.  67 

The  battle  of  Pharsalia ;  victories  in  Pontus  and  in  Africa. 

Qui  cum  inde  in  Epirum  traiecissent,  Caesar  eos  secutus 
Brundisio  DyrrhacMum  inter  oppositas  classes  gravissima 
hieme  transmisit;  copiisque,  quas  subsequi  iusserat,  dititius 
cessantibus,  cum  ad  eas  arcessendas  frtistra  misisset,  mirae 
audaciae  facinus  edidit.  Morae  enim  impatiens  castris  5 
noctti  egreditur,  clam  naviculam  conscendit,  obvoluto  capite, 
ne  agnosceretur,  et  quamquam  mare  saeva  tempestate  intu- 
mescebat,  in  altum  tamen  protinus  dirigl  navigium  iubet  et 
gubernatore  trepidante,  "  Quid  times  ? ''  inquit,  "  Caesarem 
veMs ! "  neque  prius  gubernatorem  cedere  adversae  tempe-  10 
stati  passus  est,  quam  paene  obrutus  esset  fltictibus. 

Deinde  Caesar  in  Epirum  profectus,  Pompeium  Pharsa- 
lico  proelio  fudit,  et  fugientem  persectitus,  ut  occisum  co- 
gnovit, Ptolemaeo  regl,  Pompel  interfectorl,  a  quo  sibi 
quoque  insidias  tendi  vide  ret,  bellum  intulit ;  quo  victo,  in  15 
Pontum  transiit  Pharnacemque,  Mithridatis  filium,  rebel- 
lantem  et  multiplici  successti  praeferocem  intra  quintum  ab 
adventu  diem,  quattuor,  quibus  in  conspectum  venit,  horis 
una  profligavit  acie,  more  fulminis,  quod  uno  eodemque 
moments  venit,  percussit,  abscessit.  Nee  vana  de  se  prae-  20 
dicatio  est  Caesaris,  ante  victum  hostem  esse  quam  visum. 
Pontico  postea  triumpho  trium  verborum  praetulit  titulum : 
"  Veni,  vidi,  vici."  Deinde  Scipionem  et  lubam,  Numidiae 
regem,  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium  in  Africa  refo- 
ventes,  devicit.  25 

Caesar  defeats  the  Pompeians  in  Spain;  his  narrow  escape. 

VictSrem  Africani  belli  Gaium  Caesarem  gravius  excepit 
Hispaniense,  quod  Cn.  Pompeius,  Magni  filius,  adulescens 
fortissimus,  ingens  ac  terribile  conflaverat,  undique  ad  eum 


68  VIRl  ROMAE. 

auxilils  paterni  nominis  magnitudinem  sequentium  ex  totO 
orbe  confluentibus.  Sua  Caesarem  in  Hispaniam  comitata 
fortuna  est;  sed  nullum  umquam  atrCcius  periculosiusque 
ab  eo  initum  proelium ;  adeo  ut,  plus  quam  dubio  Marte, 

5  descenderet  equo  consistensque  ante  recedentem  suorum 
aciem,  increpans  Forttinam,  quod  se  in  eum  servasset 
exitum,  dentintiaret  militibus,  vestigio  se  non  recesstirum ; 
proinde  viderent,  quern  et  quo  loco  imperatorem  deserturi 
essent.    Verecundia  magis  quam  virttite  acies  restituta  est. 

10  Cn.  Pompeius  victus  et  interemptus  est.  Caesar,  omnium 
victor,  regressus  in  urbem  omnibus,  qui  contra  se  arma  tu- 
lerant,  ignovit  et  quinquiens  triumphavit. 

Caesar  becomes  ruler  of  Borne ;  the  conspiracy. 

Bellis  civilibus  confectis,  conversus  iam  ad  ordinandum 
rei  ptiblicae  statum,  fastos  correxit  annumque  ad  cursum 

15  solis  accommodavit,  ut  trecentorum  sexaginta  quinque 
dierum  esset  et,  intercalario  mense  sublato,  tinus  dies  quarto 
quoque  anno  intercalaretur.  lus  laboriosissime  ac  severis- 
sime  dixit.  Repetundarum  convictos  etiam  ordine  sena- 
torio   movit.      Peregrinarum   mercium    portoria    Instituit; 

20  legem  praecipue  sumptuariam  exercuit.  De  ornanda  instru- 
endaque  urbe,  item  de  tuendo  ampliandoque  imperio  pltira 
ac  maiora  in  dies  destinabat ;  imprimis  ius  civile  ad  certum 
modum  redigere  atque  ex  immensa  legum  copia  optima 
quaeque  et  necessaria  in  paucissimos  conferre  libros ;  bibli- 

25  othecas  Graecas  et  Latlnas,  quas  maximas  posset,  publicare, 
siccare  Pomptinas  paltides ;  viam  mtlnire  a  Marl  Supero  per 
Appennlnl  dorsum  ad  Tiberim  usque ;  Dacos  qui  se  in 
Pontum  efftiderant,  coercere;  mox  Parthls  bellum  inferre 
per  Armeniam. 

30      Haec  et  alia  agentem   et  meditantem  mors   praevenit 


GAIUS  lULIUS   CAESAR.  59 

Dictator  enim  in  perpetuum  creatus  agere  insolentius  coe- 
pit;  senatum  ad  se  venientem  sedens  excepit  et  quendam, 
ut  adsurgeret,  monentem  Irato  vultu  respexit.  Cum  Anto- 
nius,  Caesaris  in  omnibus  bellis  comes  et  tunc  consulattis 
collega,  capiti  eius  in  sella  aurea  sedentis  pro  rostris  dia-  6 
dema,  insigne  regium,  imposuisset,  id  ita  ab  eo  est  repulsum 
ut  non  offensus  videretur.  Qua  re  conitiratum  in  eum  est  a 
sexaginta  amplius  viris,  Cassio  et  Bruto  ducibus,  dScre- 
tumque  eu.m  Idibus  Martiis  in  senatii  confodere. 

He  is  assassinated;  Nemesis  overtakes  the  conspirators. 

Pltirima  indicia  futtirl  pericull  obtulerant  dil  immortales.  10 
Uxor  Calpurnia,  territa  nocturno  visti,  ut  Idibus  Martiis 
domi  subsisteret  orabat,  et  Sptirinna  liaruspex  praedixerat 
ut   proximos   dies   triginta   quasi   fatales  caveret,  quorum 
nltimus  erat  Idtis  Martiae.      Hoc  igitur  die  Caesar  Spti- 
rinnae,  "  Ecquid  scis,"  inquit,  "  Idus  Martias  iam  venisse  ?  "  is 
et  is,  "  Ecquid  scis,  illas  nondum   praeterisse  ? "      Atque 
cum  Caesar  eo  die  in  senatum  venisset,  assidentem  coniu- 
rati  specie  offici  circumsteterunt  ilicoque  tiniis,  quasi  ali- 
quid   rogattirus,  propius   accessit   renuentique   ab  utroque 
umero  togam  apprehendit.     Deinde  clamantem,  "Ista  qui-  20 
dem  vis  est,"  Casca,  unus  e  coniuratis,  adversum  vulnerat 
paulum  Infra  iugulum.     Caesar  Cascae  bracchium  arreptum 
graphic  traiecit  conatusque  prosilire  alio  vulnere  tardatus 
est.     Dein  ut  animadvertit,  undique  se  strictis  ptigionibus 
peti,  toga  caput  obvolvit  et  ita  tribus  et  vigintl  plagTs  con-  25 
fossus  est.     Cum  Marcum  Brutum,  quem  fili  loco  habebat, 
in  se  irruentem  vidisset,  dixisse  fertur:    "Tu  quoque,  mi 
fill ! " 

Illud  inter  omnes  fere  constitit,  talem  ei  mortem  paene 
ex  sententia  obtigisse.     Nam  et  quondam  cum  apud  Xeno-  30 


60  VIRI  ROMAE. 

phontem  legisset,  Cyrum  ultima  valetudine  mandasse  quae-^ 
dam  de  funere  suo,  aspernatus  tam  lentum  mortis  genus, 
subitam  sibi  celeremque  optaverat;  et  pridie  quam  occide- 
retur,  in  sermone  nato  super  cenam,  quisnam  esset  finis 

5  vitae  commodissimus,  repentinum  inoplnatumque  praetule- 
rat.  Percussorum  autem  neque  triennio  quisquam  amplius 
supervlxit  neque  morte  necessaria  periit.  Damnati  omnes 
alius  alio  casti  perierunt,  pars  naufragio,  pars  proelio;  non- 
ntilli  semet  eodem  illo  pugione,  quo  Caesarem  violaverunt, 

10  interemerunt. 

His  personal  characteristics. 

Quo  rarior  in  regibus  et  prmcipibus  viris  moderatio,  hoc 
laudanda  magis  est.  C.  Itilius  Caesar  victoria  civili  clemen- 
tissime  usus  est;  cum  enim  scrinia  deprehendisset  epistu- 
larum  ad  Pompeium  missarum  ab  eis,  qui  videbantur  aut 

15  in  diversis  aut  in  neutris  fuisse  partibus,  legere  noluit,  sed 
combussit,  ne  forte  in  multos  gravius  consulendi  locum 
darent.  Cicero  banc  laudem  eximiam  Caesari  tribuit,  quod 
nihil  oblivisci  soleret  nisi  initirias.  Simultates  omn^s, 
occasione  oblata,  libens  deposuit.      Ultro  ac  prior  scripsit 

20  C.  Calvo  post  famosa  eius  adversum  se  epigrammata.  Va- 
lerium  Catullum,  cuius  versiculis  famam  suam  laceratam 
non  ignorabat,  adhibuit  cenae.  C.  Memml  suffragator  in 
petitione  consulatus  fuit,  etsi  asperrimas  fuisse  eius  in  se 
oratiSnes  sciebat. 

25  Fuisse  traditur  excelsa  statura,  ore  paulo  pleniore,  nigris 
vegetisque  oculis,  capite  calvo ;  quam  calviti  def ormitatem, 
quod  saepe  obtrectatorum  iocis  obnoxia  erat,  aegre  f erebat. 
Ideo  ex  omnibus  decretis  sibi  a  senatu  populoque  honoribus 
non  alium  aut  recepit   aut  usurpavit   libentius   quam  itis 

80  laureae  perpetuo  gestandae.     Vini  parcissimum  eum  fuisse 


MAKCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO.  61 

n6  inimlcT  quidem  negaverunt.  Verbum  Catonis  est,  anum 
ex  omnibus  Caesarem  ad  evertendam  rem  publicam  sobrium 
accessisse.  Armorum  et  equitandi  perltissimus,  labOris 
ultra  fidem  patifins ;  in  agmine  nCnnumquam  equo,  saepius 
pedibus  anteibat,  capita  dStSctO,  seu  sol,  seu  imber  erat.  5 
Longissimas  vias  incr6dibill  celeritate  conficiebat,  ut  per- 
saepe  nuntios  d6  sS  praevenlret;  neque  eum  morabantur 
fltimina,  quae  vel  nando  vel  innlxus  inflatls  titribus  trai- 
ciebat. 

n.  Marcus  Tullius  CicerS. 

€flcero*8  early  life  and  education, 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestrl  genere,  Arplnl,  quod  est  10 
Volscorum  oppidum,  natus  est.    Ex  eius  avis  Unus  verrucam 
in  extr6m5  nasO  sitam  habuit,  ciceris  grano  similem;  inde 
cognomen  Ciceronis  genti  inditum.     Suadentibus  quibus- 
dam,  ut  id  nomen  mutaret,  "DabO  operam,"  inquit,  "ut  istud 
cognomen   nobilissimOrum   nQminum   splendorem   vincat."  16 
Cum   a  patre   Eomam  missus,  ubi  celeberrimorura   magi- 
strorum  scbolis  interesset,  eas  artSs  disceret,  quibus  aetas 
puerilis   ad   humanitatem   solet  informari,  tantO  succeesfl 
tantaque   cum  praeceptorum  tum  ceterorum  discipul&?um 
admiratione  id  fScit,  ut,  cum  fama  dS  CicerOnis  ingenio  et  20 
doctrina  ad  alios  manasset,  nOn  pauci,  qui  eius  videndi  et 
audiendi  gratia  scbolas  adirent,  repertl  esse  dicantur. 

Cum  nulla  r6  magis  ad  summos  in  r5  publica  honorSs 
viam  munirl  posse  intellegeret  quam  arte  dicendl  et  file-. 
quentia,  toto  animo  in   eius    studium    incubuit;    in  quO  25 
quidem  ita  versatus  est,  ut  non  solum  eos,  qui  in  Foro  et 
iudiciis  causas  perorarent,  studiOse  sectarStur,  sed  prlvfttim 
quoque  dlligentissimS  se  exerceret. 


62  VIRI   ROMAE. 

He  withdraws  to  Greece.     The  quaestorship. 

Primum  eloqueiitiam  et  libertatem  adversus  Sullanos 
ostendit.  Nam  cum  E-oscium  quendam,  parricidi  accQsa- 
tum,  ob  Chrysogoni,  Sullae  liberti,  qui  in  eius  adversariis 
erat,  potentiam  nemo  defendere  auderet,  tanta  eloquentiae 

5  vi  eum  defendit  Cicero,  ut  iam  turn  in  arte  dicendl  ntillus 
ei  par  esse  videretur.  Ex  quo  invidiam  veritus,  Athenas 
studiorum  gratia  petiit,  ubi  Antiochum  pbilosophura  studi- 
ose  audlvit.  Inde  eloquentiae  causa  Khodum  se  contulit, 
ubi  Molonem,  Graecum  rhetorem  turn  disertissimum,  magi- 

10  strum  babuit.  Qui  cum  Ciceronem  dicentem  audivisset, 
flevisse  dicitur,  quod  per  hunc  Graecia  eloquentiae  laude 
prlvaretur. 

Romam  reversus  quaestor  Siciliam  habuit.  Nulllus  vero 
quaestura  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit ;  cum  magna  tum  esset 

15  annonae  difficultas,  initio  molestus  erat  Siculis,  quos  cogeret 
irumenta  in  urbem  mittere;  postea  vero,  dlligentiam  et 
itistitiam  et  comitatem  eius  expert!,  maiores  quaestor!  suo 
honores  quam  till!  umquam  praetor!  detulerunt.  E  SiciliS 
reversus  Eomam,  in  caus!s   dicendis  ita  floruit,  ut  inter 

20  omnes  causarum  patronos  et  esset  et  haberetur  pr!nceps. 

Conspiracy  of  Catiline;  brilliant  career  of  Catiline'* s  great- 
grandfather. 

Consul  deinde  factus,  L.  Serg!  Catilinae  coniurationem 
singular!  virttite,  constantia,  cura  compressit.  Catil!nae 
proavum,  M.  Sergium,  incrgdibil!  fortitudine  fuisse  Pl!nius 
refert.  Stipendia  is  f^cit  secundo  bello  Punico.  Secundo 
25  st!pendiO  dextram  manum  perdidit;  st!pendi!s  duobus  ter 
et  viciens  vulneratus  est;  ob  id  neutrS  mantl,  neutro  pede 
satis  utilis,  plurimisque  postea  stipendiis  debilis  miles  erat 


MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO.  68 

Bis  ab  Hannibale  captus,  bis  vinculorum  eius  profugus, 
viginti  mensibus  nullo  non  die  in  catenis  aut  compedibus 
custoditus.  Sinistra  manti  sola  quater  pugnavit,  duobus 
equls  insidente  eo  suffossls.  Dextram  sibi  ferream  fecit 
eaque  religata,  proeliatus  Cremonam  obsidione  exemit,  5 
Placentiam  ttitatus  est,  duodena  castra  hostium  in  Gallia 
cepit.  "  Ceteri  prof ecto,"  Plinius  addit,  "  victores  hominum 
fuere,  Sergius  vicit  etiam  fortunam." 

Cicero  drives  Catiline  from  the  city, 

Singularem  huius  viri  gloriam  foede  dehonestavit  prone- 
potis  scelus.     Hic  enim  rei   familiaris,  quam   profuderat,  10 
inopia  multorumque  scelerum  conscientia  in  furorem  actus 
et  dominandi  cupiditate  incensus  indignatusque,  quod  in 
petitione   consulatus   repulsam   passus   esset,   coniuratione 
facta  senatura  confodere,  consules  trucidare,  urbem  incen- 
dere,  diripere  aerarium  constituerat.     Actum  erat  de  pul-  15 
cherrimo   imperio,    nisi    ilia   coniuratio    in   Ciceronem   et 
Antonium  consules  incidisset,  quorum  alter  industria  rem 
patefecit,  alter  manii  oppressit.     Cum  Cicero  habito  senatu 
in  praesentem  reum  perorasset,  Catilina,  incendium  suum 
ruina  se  restincturum  esse  minitans,  Koma  profugit  et  ad  20 
exercitum,   quern    paraverat,   proficiscitur,    signa   illaturus 
urbi.     Sed   socil  eius,  qui  in  urbe  reman serant,   compre- 
hensi,  in  carcere  necati  sunt.     A.   Fulvius,  vir   senatoril 
ordinis  filium,  iuvenem  et  ingenio  et  forma  inter  aequales 
nitentem,  pravo  consilio  Catilinae  amicitiam  sectitum  inque  25 
castra  eius  ruentem,  ex  medio  itinere  retractum  supplicio 
mortis  affecit,  praefatus,  non  se  Catilinae  ilium  adversus 
patriam,  sed  patriae  adversus  Catilinam  genuisse. 


64  VIRI  ROMAE. 

Defeat  and  death  of  Catiline;  his  desperate  valor. 

Neque  eo  magis  ab  incepto  Catilina  destitit,  sed  infestis 
signis  Komam  petens  Antoni  exercitti  opprimitur.  Quam 
atrociter  dimicatum  sit,  exitus  docuit;  nemo  hostium  bello 
siiperf uit ;  quern  quisque  in  pugnando  ceperat  locum,  eum 

5  amissa  anima  tegebat.  Catilina  longe  a  suis  inter  hostium 
cadavera  repertus  est;  pulcherrima  morte,  si  pro  patria 
SIC  concidisset!  Senatus  populusque  Eomanus  Ciceronem 
patrem  patriae  appellavit.  Cicero  ipse  in  oratione  pro  Sulla 
palam  praedicat,  consilium  patriae  servandae  f  uisse  iniectum 

10  sibi  a  diis,  cum  Catilina  conitirasset  adversus  eam.  "  0  dii 
immortales,"  inquit,  "vos  profecto  incendistis  tum  animum 
meum  cupiditate  conservandae  patriae.  Vos  avocastis  me 
a  cogitationibus  omnibus  ceteris  et  convertistis  ad  salutem 
tinam  patriae.     Vos  denique  praetulistis  menti  meae  claris- 

15  simum  lumen  in  tenebrls  tantis  erroris  et  inscientiae.  Tri- 
buam  enim  vobis,  quae  sunt  vestra.  Nee  vero  possum  tantum 
dare  ingenio  meo,  ut  dispexerim  sponte  mea  in  tempestate 
ilia  turbulentissima  rei  ptiblicae,  quid  esset  optimum  f  actu." 

•  Cicero'^s  exile  and  recall. 

Panels  post  annis  Ciceroni  diem  dixit  Clodius  tribunus 
20  plebis,  quod  elves  Romanos  indicta  causa  necavisset.  Sena- 
tus maestus,  tamquam  in  publico  luctu,  veste  inutata  pro  eo 
deprecabatur.  Cicero,  cum  posset  armis  salutem  suam  de- 
fendere,  maluit  urbe  cedere,  quam  sua  causa  caedem  fieri. 
Proficlscentem  omnes  boni  flentes  prosectiti  sunt.  Dein 
25  Clodius  edictum  proposuit,  ut  Marco  Tullio  Ignl  et  aqua 
interdlceretur ;  illlus  domum  et  villas  incendit.  Sed  vis 
ilia  non  diuturna  fuit;  mox  enim  totus  fere  populus  Eo- 
manus ingenti  deslderio  Ciceronis  reditum  flagitare  coepit, 


MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO.  65 

et  maximo  omnium  ordinum  studio  Cicero  in  patriam  revo- 
catus  est.  Nihil  per  totam  vitam  Ciceroni  itinere,  quo  in 
patriam  rediit,  accidit  iticundius.  Obviam  el  redeunti  ab 
universis  itum  est;  domus  eius  publica  pecunia  restittita 
est.  5 

Cicero  arraigns  Antony.    Murder  of  Cicero. 

Gravissimae  ilia  tempestate  inter  Caesarem  et  Pompeium 
ortae  sunt  inimicitiae,  ut  res  nisi  bello  dirimi  non  posse 
videretur.  Cicero  quidem  summo  studio  enltebatur,  ut  eos 
inter  se  reconciliaret  et  a  belli  civilis  calamitatibus  deter- 
reret,  sed  cum  neutrum  ad  pacem  ineundam  permovere  lO 
posset,  Pompeium  secutus  est.  Sed  vie  to  Pompeio,  a  Caesare 
victore  veniam  ultro  accepit.  Quo  interfecto,  Octavianum, 
Caesaris  heredem,  fovit,  Antonium  impugnavit  effecitque, 
ut  a  senatu  bostis  iudicarStur. 

Sed  Antonius,  inita  cum  Octaviano  societate,  Ciceronem  15 
iam  diti  sibi  inimlcum  proscripsit.     Qua  re  audita,  Cicero 
trans versis  itineribus  in  vlllam,  quae  a  marl  proxime  aberat, 
fugit  indeque  navem  conscendit,  in  Macedoniam  transiturus. 
Unde  aliquotiens  in  altum  provectum  cum  modo  venti  ad- 
versi  rettulissent,  modo  ipse  iactationem  maris  pati  non  20 
posset,  taedium  tandem  eum  et  fugae  et  vitae  cepit  regres- 
siisque  ad  viUam,  "Moriar,"  inquit,  "in  patria  saepe  ser- 
vata."     Satis  constat,  adventantibus  percussoribus,  servos 
fortiter  fideliterque  paratos  fuisse  ad  dimicandum,  ipsum 
deponi  lecticam  et  quietos  pati,  quod  sors  iniqua  cogeret,  25 
iussisse.     ProminentI  ex  lectlca  et  immotam  cervlcem  prae- 
benti  caput  praecisum  est.     Mantis  quoque  absclsae ;  caput 
relatum  est  ad  Antonium  eiusque  iussu  cum  dextra  manti  in 
rostris  positum. 


66  Vmi  ROMAE. 

Cicero^ s  patriotism  ;  his  philosophical  works. 

Quam  diu  res  publica  Komana  per  eos  gerebatur,  quibus 
se  ipsa  commiserat,  in  earn  ctiras  cogitationesque  fere  omiies 
suas  conferebat  Cicero  et  plus  operae  ponebat  in  agendo 
quam    in    scribendo.     Cum    autem    dominatu    unius    lull 

6  Caesaris  omnia  tenerentur,  non  se  angoribus  dedidit  nee 
indigms  bomine  docto  voluptatibus.  Fugiens  conspectum 
Fori  urbisque  rtira  peragrabat,  abdebatque  se  quantum  lice- 
bat,  et  solus  erat.  Nihil  agere  autem  cum  animus  non  posset, 
existimavit  honestissime  molestias  posse  deponi,  si  se  ad 

10  philosopbiam  rettulisset,  cui  adulescens  multum  temporis 
tribuerat,  et  omne  studium  curamque  convertit  ad  scri- 
bendum;  atque  ut  civibus  etiam  otiosus  aliquid  prodesse 
posset,  elaboravit,  ut  doctiores  fierent  et  sapientiores,  pltira- 
que  brevi  tempore  eversa  re  publica  scripsit,  quam  multis 

15  annis  ea  stante  scripserat.  Sic  facundiae  et  Latinarum  lit- 
terarum  parens  evasit  paruitque  virorum  sapientium  prae- 
cepto,  qui  docent  non  solum  ex  mails  eligere  minima  oportere, 
sed  etiam  excerpere  ex  his  ipsis,  si  quid  insit  boni. 

Specimens  of  his  wit. 

Multa  exstant  facets  ab  eo  dicta.     Cum  Lentulum,  gene- 
20  rum  suum,  exiguae  ^taturae  hominem,  vidisset  longo  gladio 
accinctum,  "Quis,"   inquit,   "generum   meum    ad   gladium 
alligavit  ?  " 

Matrona  quaedam,  iuniorem  se  quam  erat  simulans,  die- 
titabat  se  triginta  tantum  annos  habere ;  cui  Cicero,  "  Veruir 
25  est,''  inquit,  "  nam  hoc  viginti  annos  audio." 

Caesar,  altero  consule  mortuo  die  Decembris  ultima.  Cam 
nium  consulem  hora  septima  in  reliquam  die!  partem  re- 
ntintiaverat;  quem  cum  plerique  Irent  salutatum  de  more, 


CAESAR   OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  67 

"Festinemus,"  inquit  Cicero,  "  priusquam  abeat  magistratu/' 
De  eodein  Canlnio  scrlpsit  Cicero :  "  Fuit  mirifica  vigilantia 
Canlnius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatti  somnum  non  viderit." 


III.   Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus. 

His  parentage.     The  siege  of  Mutina. 

Octavianus,  Itiliae,  Gai  Caesaris  sororis,  nepos,  quartum 
annum  agens  patrem  amisit.     Ab  avunculo  adoptatus,  pro-  5 
fectum  eum  in  Hispanias  adversus  Gnael  Pompei  liberos 
sectitus  est.     Deinde  ab  eo  Apolloniam  missus  studils  vaca- 
vit.     Utque  primum  occisum  Caesarem  heredemque  se  com- 
perit,  in  urbem  regressus  hereditatem  adiit,  noraen  Caesaris 
sumpsit   collgctoque   veteranorum   exercitu,   opem   Decimo  10 
Bruto  tulit,  qui   ab  Antonio  Mutinae  obsidebatur.      Cum 
autem   urbis   aditti   prohiberetur,  ut   Brtitum   de   omnibus    • 
rebus  certiorem  faceret,  primo  litteras  misit  plumbeis  lami- 
nis  mscrlptas,  quas  ad  bracchium  religatas  urlnatores  Scul- 
tennam  amnem  tranantes  ad  Brtitum  deferebant.      Quin  et  15 
avibus  internuntiis  utebatur.     Columbis  enim,  quas  inclusas 
ante  fame  affecerat,  epistulas  ad  collum  religabat  easque  a 
proximo  moenibus  loco  emittebat.     Illae,  Iticis  cibique  avi- 
dae,  altissima  aedificiorum  petentes  excipiebantur  a  Decimo 
Bruto ;  qui  eo  modo  de  omnibus  rebus  certior  fiebat,  utique  20 
postquam,  disposito  quibusdam  locis  cibo,  columbas  illuc 
devolare  instituit. 

The  triumvirate;  the  merciless  proscriptions. 

Bellum  Mutinense  Octavianus  duobus  proeliTs  confecit; 
quorum  in  altero  non  ducis  modo,  sed  mllitis  etiam  functus 
est  officio  atque  in  media   dimicatione,  aquilifero  legionis  25 


68  VIRI  ROMAE. 

suae  graviter  sau^io,  aquilam  umerls  subTsse  diuque  fertur 
portasse.  Postea  reconciliata  cum  Antonio  gratia  iunctis- 
que  cum  eo  copils,  ut  Gai  Caesaris  necem  ulcisceretur,  ad 
urbem  hostlliter  accessit  misitque,  qui  nomine  exercitus  sibi 
5  consulatum  deposcerent.  Cunctante  senatu,  centurio  prln- 
ceps  legationis  reiecto  sagulo,  ostendens  gladi  capulum  non 
dubitavit  in  curia  dicere :  "  Hic  f aciet,  si  vos  non  f eceritis." 
Ita  cum  Octavianus  vicesimo  aetatis  anno  consulatum 
invasisset,  pacem  fecit  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido,  ita  ut  trium- 

10  viri  rei  ptiblicae  constituendae  per  quinquennium  essent 
ipse  et  Lepidus  et  Antonius,  et  ut  suos  quisque  inimlcos 
proscriberent.  Quae  proscrlptio  Sullana  longe  crtidelior 
fuit.  Exstant  autem  ex  ea  multa  vel  extremae  impietatis 
vel  mirae  fidel  ac  constantiae  exempla.     T.  Toranius,  trium- 

15  virorum  partes  sectitus,  proscrlpti  patris  sui,  praetoril  et 
ornati  viri,  latebras,  aetatem  notasque  corporis,  quibus  ag- 
noscl  posset,  centurionibus  edidit,  qui  eum  persecuti  sunt. 
Alius  quidam  cum  proscrlptum  s6  cognovisset,  ad  clientem 
suum  conf ugit ;  sed  f ilius  eius,  per  ipsa  vestigia  patris  mlli- 

20  tibus  ductis,  occidendum  eum  in  conspectu  suo  obiScit. 

Cum  C.  Plotius  Plancus  a  triumvirls  proscrlptus  in 
regione  Salernitana  latSret,  servl  eius  comprehgnsi  mul- 
tumque  ac  diti  torti  negabant  s6  scire,  ubi  dominus  esset. 
Kon   sustinuit   deinde   Plancus    tam  fid6l6s   tamque  boni 

25  exempli  servos  ulterius  cruciarl^  sed  processit  in  medium 
iugulumque  gladils  mllitum  obiecit.  Senaforis  cuiusdam 
servus  cum  ad  dominum  proscrlptum  occidendum  mllit6s 
advenisse  cognosset,  commutata  cum  eo  veste,  permutato 
etiam  anulo,  ilium  postico  clam  emisit,  s6  autem  in  cubi- 

30  culum  ad  lectulum  recepit  et  ut  dominum  occldl  passus  est. 
"QuantI  viri  est,"  addit  Seneca,  "cum  praemia  proditionis 
ingentia  ostendantur,  praemium  fidei  mortem  concuplscere  ! " 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  69 

The  war  against  Brutus  and  Cassius. 

Octavianus  deinde  M.  Brutum,  interfectorem  Caesaris, 
bello  persectitus,  id  bellum,  quamquam  invalidus  atque 
aeger,  duplici  proelio  transegit;  quorum  priore  castris 
exutus,  vix  fuga  evasit.  Victor  acerbissime  se  gessit;  in 
nobilissimum  quemque  captivum  non  sine  verborum  con-  6 
tumelia  saeviit.  Unl  suppliciter  sepulturam  precanti  re- 
spondisse  dicitur,  iam  istam  in  volucrum  fore  potestate. 
Alios,  patrem  et  filium,  pro  vita  rogantes,  sortlri  fertur 
iussisse,  ut  alterutri  concederetur,  ac  cum,  patre,  quia  s6 
obtulerat,  occlso,  filius  quoque  voluntaria  occubuisset  nece,  lo 
spectasse  utrumque  morientem.  Orare  veniam  vel  excusare 
s6  conantibus  una  voce  occurr6bat,  moriendum  esse.  Scrl- 
bunt  quidam,  trecentos  ex  dediticils  electos  ad  aram  divo 
lulio  exstructam  Idibus  Martiis  hostiarum  more  mactatos. 

Octavian  defeats  Antony  and  Cleopatra  at  Actium. 

Abalienatus   postea   est  ab  Antonio,  quod  is  repudiata  15 
Octavia    sorore    Cleopatram,    Aegypti    reginam,    diixisset 
uxorem;  quae  quidem  mulier  cum  Antonio  luxti  et  delicils 
certabat.      Una  se  cena  centiens  sestertium  absumpttiram 
aliquando  dixerat.      Cupiebat   discere  Antonius,  sed   fieri 
posse  non  arbitrabatur.     Postero  igitur  die  magnificam  alias  20 
cenam,  sed  cottidianam  Antonio  apposuit,  irridenti,  quod 
promisso  stare  non  potuisset.     At  ilia  Inferri  mensam  se- 
cundam  iussit.     Ex  praecepto  ministri  tinum  tantum  vas 
ante  eam  posuere  aceti,  cuius  asperitas  visque  margarltas 
resolvit.     Exspectante  igitur  Antonio,  quidnam  esset  actura,  25 
margaritam,  quam  auribus  gerebat,  detraxit  et  aceto  lique- 
factam  absorbuit.     Victum  Antonium  omnes,  qui  aderant, 
prontintiaverunt. 


70  VIRI  ROMAE. 

Octavianus  cum  Antonio  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  est  in 
EpTro,  navali  proelio  dimicavit.  Victum  et  fugientem  per- 
sectitus  Aegyptum  petiit,  et  Alexandream,  quo  Antonius 
cum  Cleopatra   confugerat,   obsedit.      Antonius   in  ultima 

5  rerum  desperatione,  cum  habitu  regis  in  solio  regali  sedis- 
set,  mortem  sibi  ipse  consclvit.  Cleopatra,  quam  Octa- 
vianus, Alexandrea  in  potestatem  redacta,  magnopere 
cupiebat  vivam  comprehend!  triumphoque  servarl,  aspidem 
sibi  afferendam  curavit  eiusque  morsu  periit.     Cleopatrae 

10  mortuae  commtinem  cum  Antonio  sepulturam  tribuit. 

Octavian  becomes  absolute  ruler ;  he  receives  the  title  of  Augustus. 

Tandem  Octavianus,  hostibus  victis  solus  imperio  potl- 
tus,  clementem  se  exhibuit.  Omnia  posthac  in  eo  plena 
mansuetudinis  et  liumanitatis.  Multis  ignovit  vel  eis,  qui 
saepe  graviter  eum  offenderant.     Keversus  in  Italiam  trium- 

16  phans  E-omam  ingressus  est.  Tum  bellls  toto  orbe  com- 
positis,  lani  gemini  portas  sua  manu  clausit,  quae  bis  tantum 
antea  clausae  erant,  primum  sub  Numa  rege,  iterum  post 
primum  Punicum  bellum.  Tunc  omnes  praeteritorum  ma- 
lorum   oblivio   cepit    populusque   E-omanus   praesentis    oti 

20  laetitia  perfruebatur.  Octaviano  maximi  honores  a  senatu 
delati  sunt.  Ipsi  Augusto  cognomen  datum,  et  in  honorem 
eius  mensis  Sextilis  eodem  nomine  appellatus  est,  quod  illo 
mense  bellis  civilibus  finis  esset  impositus.  Patris  patriae 
cognomen  universi  maximo  consensu   detulerunt   ei.     De- 

25  ferentibus  lacrimans  respondit  Augustus  his  verbis  :  "  Com- 
pos factus  votorum  meorum,  patres  conscriptl,  quid  habeo 
aliud,  quod  deos  immortales  precer,  quam  ut  hunc  consen- 
sum  vestrum  ad  ultimum  vitae  f Inem  mihi  perf erre  liceat ! " 


CAESAR    OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  71 

His  moderate  use  of  his  power ;  his  simple  habits. 

Dictaturam  magna  vi  offerente  populo  deprecatus  est. 
Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit  eamque  sibi  tribul 
edicto  vetuit.  Immo  de  restituenda  re  ptiblica  non  semel 
cogitavit,  sed  reputans  et  se  privatum  non  sine  periculo 
fore,  et  rem  publicam  pltirium  arbitrio  commissum  irl,  sum-  5 
mam  retinuit  potestatem,  id  vero  studuit,  ne  quern  novl 
status  paeniteret.  Bene  d6  els  etiam,  quos  adversaries  ex- 
pertus  erat,  et  sentiebat  et  loquebatur.  Legentem  aliquando 
tinum  6  nepotibus  invenit;  cumque  puer  territus  volumen 
Ciceronis,  quod  manu  tenebat,  veste  tegeret,  Augustus  li-  10 
brum  cepit  eoque  statim  reddito,  "Hic  vir,"  inquit,  "flli 
mi,  doctus  fuit  et  patriae  amans.'' 

Pedibus  saepe  per  urbem  incedebat  summaque  comitate 
adeunt^s  excipiebat.  Conv6nit  aliquando  eum  veteranus 
miles,  qui  vocatus  in  ius  perlclitabatur,  rogavitque,  ut  sibi  15 
adesset ;  statim  Augustus  tinum  e  comitatu  suo  elegit  ad- 
vocatum,  qui  litigatorem  commendaret.  Turn  veteranus 
exclamavit,  "At  non  ego,  te  perlclitante  bello  Actiaco, 
vicarium  quaeslvi,  sed  ipse  pro  te  pugnavl,"  simulque 
detexit  cicatrices.  Erubuit  Augustus  atque  ipse  venit  in  20 
advocationem. 

The  talking  birds. 

Cum  post  Actiacam  victoriam  Octavianus  Romam  rever- 
tergtur,  occurrit  el  inter  gratulantes  opifex  quidam  corvum 
tenens,  quern  instituerat  haec  dicere :  "  Ave,  Caesar,  victor, 
imperator !  "  Miratus  Caesar  officiosam  avem  viginti  mili-  25 
bus  nummorum  emit.  Socius  opificis,  ad  quem  nihil  ex 
ilia  liberalitate  perv^nerat,  afflrmavit  Caesarl  habere  ilium 
et  alium  corvum,  quem  ut  afferre  cogeretur  rogavit.  Allatus 
verba,  quae  didicerat,  expressit :  "  Ave,  AntonT,  victor,  im- 


72  VIRI  ROMAE. 

perator!"  Nihil  exasperatus  Caesar  satis  dtixit,  inhere 
ilium  dividere  donativum  cum  contuhernali.  Salutatus 
similiter  a  psittaco  emi  eum  iussit. 

Exemplum  sutorem  pauperem  sollicitavit,  ut  corvum 
6  Institueret  ad  parem  saltitationem.  Qui  impendio  exhaustus 
saepe  ad  avem  non  respondentem  dicere  solehat:  "Opera 
et  impensa  periit ! "  Aliquando  tamen  corvus  coepit  dicere 
dictam  salutationem.  Hac  audita,  dum  transit,  Augustus 
respondit :  "  Satis  domi  talium  salutatorum  haheo."  Super- 
10  fuit  corvo  memoria,  ut  et  ilia,  quihus  dominum  querentem 
solehat  audire,  suhtexeret,  "  Opera  et  impensa  periit."  Ad 
quod  Caesar  risit  emique  avem  iussit,  quanti  ntillam  ante 
emerat. 

Further  instances  of  clemency  and  good-nature, 

Solehat  Graeculus  quidam  d6scendenti  6  palatio  Caesarl 

15  honorificum  aliquod  epigramma  porrigere.  Id  cum  frustra 
saepe  fecisset  et  tamen  rtirsus  eum  idem  factHrum  duxisset 
Augustus,  hreve  sua  manti  in  charta  exaravit  Graecum 
epigramma  et  GraeculQ  advenienti  ohviam  misit.  Ille  inter 
legendum  laudare  mirarique  tarn  voce  quam  vultti  gestuque. 

20  Deinde  cum  accessisset  ad  sellam,  qua  Caesar  veliehatur, 
demissa  in  pauperum  crumenam  manti,  paucOs  dSnarios 
protulit,  quos  prmcipi  daret,  dixitque,  se  plus  daturum 
fuisse,  si  plus  hahuisset.  Secuto  omnium  risti,  dispensato- 
rem  Caesar  vocavit,  et   satis  grandem   pecuniae   summam 

25  numerari  Graeculo  iussit. 

Augustus  fere  null!  se  invltanti  negahat.  Exceptus 
igitur  a  quodam  cena  satis  parca  et  paene  cottidiana,  hoc 
tantum  msusurravit,  "  Non  putaham  me  tihi  esse  tam  f amili- 
arem."     Cum  aliquando  apud  PoUionem  quendam  cenaret 

30  fregissetque  Onus  e  servis  vas  crystallinum,  rapi  eum  ad 


CAESAR   OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  78 

mortem  Pollio  iussit  et  obici  muraenis,  quas  ingens  piscina 
continebat.  Evasit  e  manibus  puer  et  ad  pedes  Caesaris 
confugit  nihil  aliud  petlturus,  quam  ut  aliter  perlret  nee 
esca  piscium  fieret.  Motus  est  novo  crtidelitatis  genere 
Caesar  et  ilium  quidem  mitti,  crystallina  autem  omnia  5 
coram  se  frangi  iussit  complerlque  piscinam. 

Augustus  in  quadam  villa  aegrotans,  noctes  inquietas 
agebat,  rumpente  somnum  eius  crebro  noctuae  cantti.  Qua 
molestia  cum  liberari  se  vehementer  cupere  significasset, 
miles  quidam,  aucupi  peritus,  noctuam  prehendendam  ctira-  10 
vit,  vivamque  Augusto  attulit,  spe  ingentis  praemi.  Cui 
cum  Augustus  mille  nummos  dari  iussisset,  ille  minus 
dignum  praemium  existimans  dicere  ausus  est,  "Malo  ut 
vivat,"  et  avem  dimisit.  Imperatori  nee  ad  irascendum 
causa  deerat  nee  ad  ulciscendum  potestas;  banc  tamen  15 
initiriam  aequo  animo  tulit  Augustus  bominemque  impuni- 
tum  abire  passus  est. 

His  personal  characteristics. 

Augustus  amicitias  neque  facile  admlsit  et  constantissime 
retinuit.  Imprimis  familiarem  habuit  Maecenatem,  equitem 
Eomanum ;  qui  ea,  qua  apud  principem  valebat,  gratia  ita  20 
semper  usus  est,  ut  prodesset  omnibus,  quibus  posset,  noceret 
nemini.  Itis  aliquando  dicebat  Augustus  et  multos  capite 
damnattirus  videbatur.  Aderat  tum  Maecenas,  qui  per  cir- 
cumstantium  turbam  perrumpere  et  ad  tribunal  propius 
accedere  conabatur.  Quod  cum  frustra  tentasset,  haec  verba  26 
in  tabella  scripsit,  "  Surge  tandem,  carnif  ex ! "  eamque  ta- 
bellam  ad  Augustum  proiecit.  Qua  lecta,  is  statim  surrexit 
neque  quisquam  est  morte  multatus. 

Habitavit  Augustus  in  aedibus   modicis,  neque   laxitate 
neque  cultti  conspicuis,  ac  per  annos  amplius  quadraginta  30 


74  VIRI   ROMAE. 

in  eodem  cubiculo  hieme  et  aestate  mansit.  Supellex  quoque 
eius  vix  privatae  elegantiae  erat.  Raro  veste  alia  usus  est 
quam  confecta  ab  iixore,  sorore,  filia  neptibusque.  Item 
tamen  Romam,  quain  pro  maiestate  imperi  non  satis  ornar 

5  tarn  inveneratj  adeo  excoluit,  ut  iure  gloriaretur,  marmoream 
se  relinquere,  quam  laterlciam  accepisset. 

Forma  fuit  Augustus  eximia  et  per  omnes  aetatis  gradus 
venustissima.  Erat  tamen  omnis  lenocinl  neglegens,  et  in 
capite   comendo  tam   incuriosus,  ut  eo  ipso  tempore,  quo 

10  illud  tonsoribus  committeret,  aut  legeret  aliquid  aut  etiam 
scriberet. 

The  defeat  of  Varus.    Death  of  Augustus. 

Panels  annis  antequam  moreretur,  gravissimam  in  Germa- 
nia  accepit  cladem,  tribus  legionibus  cum  duce  Varo  lega- 
tisque  et  auxiliis  omnibus  caesis.     Hac  nuntiata  excubias 

15  per  urbem  indixit,  ne  quis  tumultus  exsisteret,  et  magnos 
ludos  lovi  Optimo  maximo  vovit,  si  res  ptiblica  in  meliorem 
statum  vertisset.  Adeo  denique  consternatum  ferunt,  ut, 
per  continuos  menses  barba  capilloque  summisso,  caput  in- 
terdum  f  oribus  illideret,  vocif erans,  "  Quinctili  Yare,  legiones 

20  redde ! "  diemque  cladis  quotannis  maestum  habuerit  ac 
iugubrem. 

Tandem  afflicta  valettidine  in  Campaniam  concessit,  ubi, 
remisso  ad  otium  animo,  nullo  hilaritatis  genere  abstinuit. 
Supremo  vltae  die,  petito  speculo,  capillum  sibi  com!  iussit 

25  et  amicos  circumstantes  percontatus,  ecquid  eis  vidergtur 
mimum  vitae  commode  transegisse,  adiecit  solitam  clausu- 
1am,  "  Edite  strepitum  vosque  omn6s  cum  gaudio  applaudite." 
Obiit  Nolae  sextum  et  septuagesimum  annum  agens. 


iECIA  CUM  I5SULI1 

ET 

ilS  MARIS  AEGAEI 

SCALE  OF  MILES  

80  40  60  80  100 


f'  ,\'  1 1^  II 


IV.    CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

I.     MiLTIADES. 

The  expedition  to  Chersonesus. 

I.  Miltiades,  Cimonis  filius,  Atheniensis,  cum  et  antiqui- 
tate  generis  et  gloria  maiorum  et  sua  modestia  tinus  omnium 
maxim e  floreret  eaque  esset  aetate  ut  non  iam  solum  de  eo 
bene-  sperare,  sed  etiam  confidere  Gives  possent  sui,  talem 
eum  futurum  qualem  cognitum  itidicarunt,  accidit  ut  Athe-  5 
nienses  Chersonesum  colonos  vellent  mittere.  Cuius  generis 
cum  magnus  numerus  esset  et  multl  eius  demigrationis 
peterent  societatem,  ex  eis  delecti  Delphos  deliberatum 
missi  sunt,  quo  potissimum  duce  uterentur.  Namque  tum 
Thraeces  eas  regiones  tenebant,  cum  quibus  armis  erat  10 
dimicandum.  His  consulentibus  nominatim  Pythia  prae- 
cepit,  ut  Miltiadem  imperatorem  sibi  stimerent:  id  si  fe- 
cissent,  incepta  prospera  futiira.  Hoc  oraculi  responso 
Miltiades  cum  delecta  manu  classe  Chersonesum  profectus, 
cum  accessisset  Lemnum  et  incolas  eius  insulae  sub  pote-  15 
statem  redigere  vellet  Atheniensium,  idque  ut  Lemnii  sua 
sponte  facerent  postulasset,  illi  irrldentes  responderunt 
tum  id  se  facttiros,  cum  ille  domo  navibus  profectus  vento 
aquilone  venisset  Lemnum;  hie  enim  ventus,  ab  septen- 
trionibus  oriens,  adversum  tenet  Athenis  proficiscentibus.  20 
Miltiades,  morandi  tempus  non  habens,  cursum  direxit  quo 
tendebat,  pervenitque  Chersonesum. 

76 


76  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

II.  Ibi  brevi  tempore  barbarorum  copiis  disiectis,  tota 
regione  quam  petierat  potitus,  loca  castellls  idonea  com- 
mtiniit,  multitudinem  quam  secum  duxerat  in  agris  collo- 
cavit  crebrisque  excursionibus  locupletavit.     Neque  minus 

5  in  ea  re  prudentia  quam  felicitate  adititus  est;  nam  cum 
virtute  militum  devlcisset  hostium  exercitus,  summa  aequi- 
tate  res  constituit  atque  ipse  ibidem  manere  decrevit.  Erat 
enim  inter  eos  dignitate  regia,  quamquam  carebat  nomine, 
neque  id  magis  imperio  quam  iustitia  consectitus;   neque 

10  eo  setius  Atheniensibus,  a  quibus  erat  profectus,  officia 
praestabat.  Quibus  rebus  fiebat  ut  non  minus  eorum 
voluntate  perpetuum  imperium  obtineret  qui  miserant, 
quam  illorum  cum  quibus  erat  profectus.  Cbersoneso 
tali  modo  constituta,  Lemnum  revertitur  et  ex  pacto  postu- 

15  lat  ut  sibi  urbem  tradant  —  ill!  enim  dixerant,  cum  vento 
borea  domo  profectus  eo  pervenisset,  sese  dedituros  —  se 
enim  domum  ChersonesI  habere. 

Cares,  qui  turn  Lemnum  incolebant,  etsi  praeter  opini- 
onem  res  ceciderat,  tamen  non  dicto,  sed  secunda  forttina 

20  adversariorum  capti,  resistere  ausi  non  sunt  atque  ex  insula 
dSmigrarunt.  Pari  felicitate  ceteras  insulas,  quae  Cyclades 
nominantur,  sub  Atheniensium  redegit  potestatem. 

Darius  invades  Scythia;  Miltiades  attempts  his  destruction. 

III.  Eisdem  temporibus  Persarum  rex  Dareus,  ex  Asia 
in  Europam  exercitu  traiecto,  Scytbis  bellum  inferre  de- 

25  crevit.  Pontem  fecit  in  Histro  flumine,  qua  copias  tradu- 
ceret.  Eius  pontis,  dum  ipse  abesset,  custodes  rellquit 
prmcipes  quos  secum  ex  Ionia  et  Aeolide  duxerat ;  quibus 
singularum  urbium  perpetua  dederat  imperia.  Sic  enim 
facillime  putavit  se  Graeca  lingua  loquentes   qui  Asiam 

30  incolerent   sub   sua   retenttirum   potestate,   si   amicis   suis 


MILTIADESL  77 

oppida  tuenda  tradidisset;  quibus,  se  oppresso,  nulla  sp6s 
salutis  relinqueretnr.  In  hoc  fuit  turn  numero  Miltiades. 
Hic,  cum  crebri  afferrent  nuntii  male  rem  gerere  Dareum 
premique  a  Scythis,  hortatus  est  pontis  custodes,  ne  a  for- 
ttina  datam  occasionem  llberandae  Graeciae  dimitterent.  6 
Nam  SI  cum  eis  copiis,  quas  secum  transportarat,  interlsset 
Dareus,  non  solum  Europam  fore  tutam,  sed  etiam  eos  qui 
Asiam  incolerent  Graecl  genere  liberos  a  Persarum  futures 
dominaij^one  et  periculo.  Id  facile  effici  posse :  ponte  enim 
rescisso,  regem  vel  hostium  ferro  vel  inopia  panels  diebus  10 
interiturum.  Ad  hoc  consilium  cum  plerique  accederent, 
Histiaeus  Mllesius  ne  res  conficeretur  obstitit,  dicens  non 
idem  ipsis,  qui  summas  imperi  tenerent,  expedire  et  multi- 
ttidini,  quod  Darei  regno  ipsorum  niteretur  dominatio ;  quo 
exstmcto,  ipsos  potestate  expulsos  civibus  suls  poenas  15 
dattiros.  Itaque  adeo  se  abhorrere  a  ceterorum  consilio, 
ut  nihil  putet  ipsis  titilius  quam  confirmari  regnum 
Persarum. 

Huius  cum  sententiam  plurimi  assent  sectiti,  Miltiades 
non  dubitans  tam  multis  consciis  ad  regis  aures  consilia  20 
sua  perventura,  Chersonesum  reliquit  ac  rursus  Athenas 
demigravit.  Cuius  ratio  etsi  non  valuit,  tamen  magno 
opere  est  laudanda,  cum  amicior  omnium  libertati  quam 
suae  fuerit  dominationl. 

Darius  invades  Greece ;  the  battle  of  Marathon, 

IV.  Dargus  autem,  cum  ex  Europa  in  Asiam  redisset,  25 
hortantibus  amicis  ut  Graeciam  redigeret  in  suam  pote- 
statem,  classem  quingentarum  navium  comparavit  eique 
Datim  praefecit  et  Artaphernem,  elsque  ducenta  peditum, 
decem  equitum  milia  dedit,  causam  interserens  se  hostem 
esse  Atheniensibus,  quod  eorum  auxilio  lones  Sardis  ex-  30 


78  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

pugnassent  suaque  praesidia  interfecissent.  111!  praefecti 
regii,  classe  ad  Euboeam  appulsa,  celeriter  Eretriam  cepe- 
runt  omnesque  eiiis  gentis  cives  abreptos  in  Asiam  ad 
regem  miserunt.  Inde  ad  Atticam  accesserunt  ac  suas 
6  copias  in  campnm  Marathona  deduxerunt;  is  abest  ab 
oppido  circiter  mllia  passuum  decern. 

Hoc  tumultti  Athenienses  tarn  propinquo  tanique  magno 
permoti,  auxilium  misquam  nisi  a  Lacedaemonils  petive- 
runt   Phldippuraque,  cursorem   eius   generis,    qui   hemero- 

10  dromoe  vocantiir,  Lacedaemonem  miserunt,  ut  ntintiaret 
quam  celerrimo  opus  esse  auxilio.  Doini  autem  creant 
decern,  praetores,  qui  exercitui  praeessent,  in  eis  Miltia- 
dem ;  inter  quos  magna  fuit  contentio,  utrum  moenibus 
s§   defenderent,    an    obviara    Trent    hostibus    acieque    de- 

15  cernerent.  Unus  Miltiades  maxim e  nitebatur  ut  prim  6 
quoque  tempore  castra  fierent:  id  si  factum  esset,  et 
civibus  animum  accesstirum,  cum  viderent  de  eorum  vir- 
tute  non  desperari,  et  hostes  eadem  re  fore  tardiorgs,  si 
animadverterent    auderi    adversus    se   tam   exiguis   copils 

20  dimicarl. 

V.  Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  civitas  Atheniensibus  auxilio 
fuit  praeter  Plataeenses ;  ea  mille  misit  militum.  Itaque 
horum  adventti  decem  milia  armatorum  completa  sunt, 
quae  manus   mlrabili  flagrabat   pugnandi   cupiditate;  quo 

25  factum  est  ut  plus  quam  collegae  Miltiades  valeret. 

Eius  ergo  auctoritate  impulsT,  Athenienses  copias  ex 
urbe  eduxerunt  locoque  idoneo  castra  fecerunt.  Dein 
postero  die  sub  montis  radicibus  acie  regione  mstructa 
non  apertissima  —  namque  arbores  multis  locis  erant  rarae 

30  — proelium  commiserunt  hoc  consilio,  ut  et  montium 
altittidine  tegerentur  et  arborum  tractti  equitatus  hostium 
impediretur,  ne  multitudine  clauderentur.     Datis  etsi  non 


MILTIADES.  79 

aequum  locum  viclebat  suis,  tamen  fretus  immero  copi- 
ariim  suaruni  confllgere  cupiebat,  eoqiie  magis  quod, 
priusquam  Lacedaemonii  subsidio  venirent,  dimicare  utile 
arbitrabatur.  Itaque  in  aciem  peditum  centum,  equitum 
decern  milia  produxit  proeliumque  commisit.  In  quo  5 
tanto  plus  virttite  valuerunt  Athenienses,  ut  decemplicem 
numerum  hostium  profligarint,  adeoque  eos  perterruerunt, 
ufc  Persae  non  castra,  sed  naves  petierint.  Qua  pugna 
nihil  adhuc  exstitit  nobilius ;  nulla  enim  umquam  tarn 
exigua  manus  tantas  opes  prostravit.  10 

The  honors  conferred  on  Miltiades. 

VI.  Cuius  victoriae  non  alienum  videtur  quale  praemium 
Miltiadi  sit  tribtitum  docere,  quo  faciliiis  intellegi  possit 
eandem  omnium  civitatum  esse  naturam.  Ut  enim  populi 
RomanI  honores  quondam  fuerunt  rari  et  tenues  ob  eamque 
causam  gloriosi,  nunc  autem  efftisi  atque  obsoleti,  sic  olim  15 
apud  Athenienses  fuisse  reperimus.  Namque  huic  Miltiadi, 
qui  Athenas  totamque  Graeciam  liberarat,  talis  honos  tribu- 
tus  est,  in  porticu  quae  Poecile  vocatur  cum  pugna  depinge- 
retur  Marathonia,  ut  in  decem  praetorum  numero  prima 
eius  imago  poneretur  isque  hortaretur  milites  proeliumque  20 
committeret.  Idem  ille  populus,  postea  quam  mains  impe- 
rium  est  nactus  et  largitione  magistratuum  corruptus  est, 
trecentas  statuas  Demetrio  Phalereo  decrevit. 

His  unsuccessful  expedition  in  the  Aegean ;  he  is  accused  of  treason. 

VII.  Post   hoc    proelium    classem    septuaginta    navium 
Athenienses  eidem  Miltiadi  dederunt,  ut  insulas  quae  bar-  25 
baros    adiuverant   bello    persequeretur.      Quo    in    imperio 
plerasque  ad  officium  redlre  coegit,  nonnullas  vi  expugna- 
vit.     Ex  his  Parum  insulam  opibus  elatam  cum  oratione 


80  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

reconciliare  non  posset,  copias  e  navibus  eduxit,  urbem 
operibus  clausit  omnique  commeatti  privavit;  dein  vineis 
ac  testudinibus  constitutis,  propius  muros  accessit.  Cum 
iam  in  eo  esset  ut  oppido  potiretur,  procul  in  continent! 

5  Iticus,  qui  ex  insula  conspiciebatur,  nescio  quo  casu  noc- 
turno  tempore  incensus  est.  Cuius  flamma  ut  ab  oppidanis 
et  oppugnatoribus  est  visa,  utrisque  venit  in  opinionem, 
signum  a  classiariis  regiis  datimi.  Quo  factum  est  ut  et 
Parii  a  deditione   deterrerentur   et  Miltiades,   timens   ne 

10  classis  regia  adventaret,  incensis  operibus  quae  statuerat, 
cum  totidem  navibus  atque  erat  profectus  Athenas  magna 
cum  offensione  civium  suorum  rediret. 

Accusatus  ergo  est  proditionis,  quod,  cum  Parum  expu- 
gnare  posset,  a  rege  corruptus  infectis  rebus  discessisset. 

15  Eo  tempore  aeger  erat  vulneribus,  quae  in  oppugnando  op- 
pido acceperat.  Itaque  cum  ipse  pro  se  dicere  non  posset, 
verba  fecit  frater  eius  Stesagoras. 

Causa  cognita,  capitis   absoltitus   pectinia  multatus  est, 
eaque  lis  quinquaginta  talentis  aestimata  est,  quantus  in 

20  classem  stimptus  factus  erat.  Hanc  pectiniam  quod  solvere 
in  praesentia  non  poterat,  in  vincla  ptiblica  coniectus  est 
ibique  diem  obiit  supremum. 

VIII.   Hie  etsi  crimine  Pario  est  accusatus,  tamen  alia 
causa    fuit    damnationis.      Namque   Athenienses    propter 

25  Pisistrati  tyrannidem,  quae  paucis  annis  ante  fuerat,  ni- 
miam  civium  suorum  potentiam  extimescebant.  Miltiades, 
multum  in  imperiis  magistratibusque  versatus,  non  videba- 
tur  posse  esse  privatus,  praesertim  cum  consuetudine  ad 
imperi  cupiditatem  trabi  videretur.     Nam    in  Chersoneso 

30  omnes  illos  quos  babitarat  annos  perpetuam  obtinuerat  domi- 
nationem,  tyrannusque  fuerat  appellatus,  sed  iustus.  Non 
erat  enim   vi   consecutus,   sed   suorum   voluntate,  eamque 


THEMISTOCLES.  S\ 

potestatem  bonitate  retinebat.  Omnes  autem  et  dicuntur 
et  habentur  tyranni,  qui  potestate  sunt  perpetua  in  ea 
civitate  quae  libertate  tisa  est.  Sed  in  Miltiade  erat  cum 
summa  humanitas  turn  mira  communitas,  ut  nemo  tam 
humilis  esset,  cui  non  ad  eum  aditus  pateret ;  magna  aucto-  5 
ritas  apud  omnes  civitates,  nobile  nomen,  laus  rei  militaris 
maxima.  Haec  populus  respiciens  maluit  ilium  innoxium 
plecti  quam  se  diutius  esse  in  timore. 

II.   Themistocles. 

His  parentage  and  early  life. 

I.   Themistocles,  Neocli  fllius,  Atheniensis.     Huius  vitia 
ineuntis   adulescentiae   magnis    sunt   emendata  virttitibus,  10 
adeo  ut  anteferatur  huic  nemo,  pauci  pares  putentur.     Sed 
ab    initio    est    ordiendus.      Pater   eius   Neocles   generosus 
fuit.     Is  uxorem  Acarnanam  civem  dtixit,  ex  qua  natus  est 
Themistocles.     Qui  cum  minus  esset  probatus  parentibus, 
quod  et  liberius  vivebat  et  rem  familiarem  neglegebat,  a  15 
patre  exheredatus  est.     Quae  contumelia  non  fregit  eum, 
sed  erexit;  nam  cum  iudicasset  sine  summa  industria  non 
posse   eam   exstingui,  totum   se  dedidit  rel  ptiblicae,  dili- 
gentius  amicis  famaeque  serviens.     Multum  in  iudiciis  pri- 
vatis  versabatur,  saepe  in  contionem  popull  prodibat ;  nulla  20 
res  maior  sine  eo  gerebatur ;  celeriter  quae  opus  erant  reperie- 
bat,  facile  eadem  oratione  explicabat,  neque  minus  in  rebus 
gerendis  promptus  quam  excogitandis  erat,  quod  et  de  In- 
stantibus,  ut  ait  Thucydides,  verissime  iudicabat  et  de  futu- 
rls  callidissime  coniciebat.    Quo  factum  est  ut  brevi  tempore  25 
illustraretur. 


82  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Xerxes  invades  Greece;  the  advice  of  Themistocles. 

II.  Primus  autem  gradus  fuit  capessendae  rel  ptiblicae 
bello  Corcyraeo ;  ad  quod  gerendum  praetor  a  populo  factus, 
non  solum  praesenti  bello,  sed  etiam  reliquo  tempore  fero- 
ciorem  reddidit  civitatem.  Nam  cum  pecunia  ptiblica,  quae 
5  ex  metallis  redibat,  largltione  magistratuum  quotannis  inte- 
riret,  ille  persuasit  populo  ut  ea  pecunia  classis  centum 
navium  aedificaretur.  Qua  celeriter  effecta,  primum  Corcy- 
raeos  fregit,  deinde  maritimos  praedones  consectando  mare 
tutum  reddidit.     In  quo  cum  divitiis  ornavit,  tum   etiam 

10  peritissimos  belli  navalis  fecit  Atbenienses.  Id  quantae 
saluti  f uerit  universae  Graeciae,  bello  cognitum  est  Persico. 
Nam  cum  Xerxes  et  marl  et  terra  bellum  universae  Inferret 
Europae,  cum  tantis  copils  earn  invasit,  quantas  neque  ante 
nee  postea  habuit  quisquam:   huius  enim   classis  mllle  et 

15  ducentarum  navium  longarum  fuit,  quam  duo  milia  onerari- 
arum  sequebantur;  terrestris  autem  exercitus  septingenta 
peditum,  equitum  quadringenta  mIlia  fuerunt. 

Cuius  de  adventu  cum  fama  in  Graeciam  esset  perlata  et 
maxime  Athenienses  peti  dicerentur  propter  pugnam  Marar 

20  thoniam,  mlserunt  Delphos  consultum,  quidnam  facerent  de 
rebus  suis.  Deliberantibus  Pythia  respondit,  ut  moenibus 
ligneis  se  munirent.  Id  responsum  quo  valeret  cum  intelle- 
geret  nemo,  Themistocles  persuasit  consilium  esse  Apollinis, 
ut  in  naves  se  suaque  conf  errent :  eum  enim  a  deo  significari 

25  murum  ligneum.  Tali  consilio  probato,  addunt  ad  superi- 
ores  totidem  naves  triremes  suaque  omnia  quae  mover! 
poterant  partim  Salamina,  partim  Troezena  deportant; 
arcem  sacerdotibus  paucisque  maioribus  natu  ad  sacra  pro- 
curanda  tradunt,  reliquum  oppidum  relinquunt. 


THEMISTOCLES.  83 

Battles  at  Thermopylae  and  off  Artemisium. 

III.  Huius  consilium  plerisque  civitatibus  displicebat  et 
in  terra  dimicari  magis  placebat.  Itaque  niissi  sunt  delecti 
cum  Leonida,  Lacedaemoniorum  rege,  qui  Therniopylas  occu- 
parent  longiusque^barbaros  progredi  non  paterentur.  Il  vim 
hostium  non  sustinuerunt  eoque  loco  omnes  interierunt.  At  5 
classis  communis  Graeciae  trecentarum  navium,  in  qua  du- 
centae  erant  Atheniensium,  primum  apud  Artemisium  inter 
Euboeam  continentemque  terram  cum  classiariis  regiis  con- 
flixit.  Angustias  enim  Themistocles  quaerebat,  ne  multi- 
tudine  circumlretur.  Hinc  etsi  pari  proelio  discesserant,  lo 
tamen  eodem  loco  non  sunt  ausi  manere,  quod  erat  perlcu- 
lum,  ne,  si  pars  navium  adversariorum  Euboeam  superasset, 
ancipiti  premerentur  perlculo.  Quo  factum  est  ut  ab  Arte- 
mlsio  discederent  et  exadversum  Atbenas  apud  Salamina 
classem  suam  constituerent.  15 

Xerxes  takes  and  burns  Athens.     The  battle  of  Salamis. 

IV.  At  Xerxes,  Thermopylis  expugnatis,  protinus  acces- 
sit  astu  idque  nullls  defendentibus  interfectls  sacerdotibus, 
quos  in  arce  invenerat,  incendio  delevit.  Cuius  flamma 
perterriti  classiarii  cum  manere  non  auderent  et  plurimi 
hortarentur  ut  domos  suas  discederent  moenibusque  se  20 
defenderent,  ThemistoclSs  unus  restitit  et  universos  pares 
esse  posse  aiebat,  disperses  testabatur  peritiiros;  idque 
Eurybiadi,  regi  Lacedaemoniorum,  qui  tum  summae  im- 
peri  praeerat,  fore  affirm abat.  Quern  cum  minus  quam 
vellet  moveret,  noctti  de  servis  suis  quem  habuit  fidelissi-  25 
mum  ad  regem  misit,  ut  ei  nuntiaret  suls  verbis,  adversaries 
eius  in  fuga  esse  :  qui  si  discessissent,  maiore  cum  labore 

et  longinquiore  tempore  bellum  confecturum,  cum  singulos 
coii&ectarl  cogeretur ;    quos   si   statim   aggrederetur,  brevi 


84  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

universos  oppressiirum.  Hoc  eo  valebat,  ut  ingratiis  ad 
depugnandum  omnes  cogerentur.  Hac  re  audita,  barbarus, 
nihil  doll  subesse  credens,  postridie  alienissimo  sibi  loco, 
contra  opportunissimo  hostibus,  adeo  angusto  marl  conflixit, 
6  ut  eius  multittido  navium  explicari  non  potuerit.  Victus 
ergo  est  magis  etiam  consilio  Themislocli  quam  armis 
Graeciae. 

V.  Hic  etsi  male  rem  gesserat,  tamen  tantas  habebat 
reliquias    copiarum,   ut   etiam   turn    els   opprimere    posset 

10  bostes.  Iterum  ab  eodem  gradti  depulsus  est.  Nam  The- 
mistocles,  verens  ne  bellare  perseveraret,  certiorem  eum 
fecit  id  agl,  ut  pons,  quem  ille  in  Hellesponto  fecerat, 
dissolveretur  ac  reditu  in  Asiam  excltideretur,  idque  ei 
persuasit.      Itaque  qua  sex  mensibus  iter  fecerat,   eadem 

15  minus  diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  reversus  est,  seque  a  The- 
mistocle  non  superatum,  sed  conservatum  iudicavit.  Sic 
•Qnius  viri  prudentia  Graecia  liberata  est  Europaeque  succu- 
buit  Asia.  Haec  altera  victoria,  quae  cum  Marathonio 
possit  comparari  tropaeo.     Nam  pari  modo  apud  Salamina 

20  parvo  numero  navium  maxima  post  hominum  memoriam 
classis  est  dSvicta. 

Themistocles  outicits  the  Lacedaemonians,  and  fortifies  Athens. 

VI.  Magnus  hoc  bello  Themistocles  fuit  neque  minor  in 
pace.  Cum  enim  Phalerico  portu  neque  magno  neque  bono 
Athenienses  uterentur,  huius  consilio  triplex  Pirael  portus 

25  constittitus  est  eisque  moenibus  circumdatus,  ut  ipsam 
urbem  dignitate  aequiperaret,  utilitate  superaret.  Idem 
muros  Atheniensium  restituit  praecipuo  suo  perlculo. 
Namque  Lacedaemonii  causam  idoneam  nacti  propter  bar- 
barorum  excursiones,  qua  negarent  oportere  extra  Pelopon- 

30  nesum  tillam  urbem  muros  habere,  ne  essent  loca  munita, 


THEMISTOCLES.  85 

quae  hostes  possiderent,  Athenienses  aedificantes  prohibfire 
sunt  conati.  Hoc  longe  alio  spectabat  atque  videri  vol6- 
bant.  Athenienses  enim  duabus  victorils,  Marathonia  et 
Salammia,  tantain  gloriam  apud  omnes  gentes  erant  con- 
secuti,  ut  intellegerent  Lacedaemonil  de  principatu  sibi  5 
cum  eis  certamen  fore.  Qua  re  eos  quam  infirmissimos 
esse  volebant.  Postquam  autem  audierunt  mtiros  strui, 
legates  Athenas  miserunt,  qui  id  fieri  vetarent.  His  prae- 
sentibus  desierunt  ac  se  de  ea  re  legates  ad  eos  missuros 
dixerunt.  Hanc  legationem  suscepit  Themistocles  et  solus  10 
primo  prof ectus  est ;  reliqui  legati  ut  turn  exirent,  cum  satis 
alti  tuendo  mtirl  exstructi  viderentur,  praecepit:  interim 
omnes,  servi  atque  liberi,  opus  facerent  neque  ulli  loco 
parcerent,  sive  sacer  sive  privatus  esset  sive  publicus,  et 
undique,  quod  idoneum  ad  mtiniendum  putarent,  congere-  15 
rent.  Quo  factum  est  ut  Atheniensium  mtirl  ex  sacellis 
sepulcrisque  constarent. 

VII.   Themistocles  autem  ut  Lacedaemonem  venit,  adire 
ad  magistratus  noluit  et  dedit  operam  ut  quam  longissim^ 
tempus  dticeret,  causam  interponens  se  collegas  exspectare.  20 
Cum   Lacedaemonil   quererentur  opus  nihilo   minus   fieri 
eumque  in  ea  re  conari  fall  ere,  interim  reliqui  legati  sunt 
consectiti.     A  quibus  cum  audisset  non  multum  superesse 
munitionis,  ad   ephoros   Lacedaemoniorum  accessit,  penes 
quos  summum  erat   imperium,  atque  apud  eos   contendit  25 
falsa  eis  esse  delata :  qua  re  aequum  esse  illos  viros  bonos 
nobilesque  mittere,  quibus  fides  haberetur,  qui  rem  explo- 
rarent;  interea  se  obsidem  retinerent.     Gestus  est  ei  mos, 
tresque  legati  functi  summis  honoribus  Athenas  missi  sunt. 
Cum  his  collegas  suos  Themistocles  iussit  proficisci  eisque  30 
praedixit,  ut  ne  prius  Lacedaemoniorum  legatos  dimitterent 
quam  ipse  esset  remissus. 


86  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Hos  postquam  Athenas  pervenisse  ratus  est,  ad  magi- 
stratus  senatiimqTie  Laceclaemoniorum  adiit  et  apud  eos 
liberrime  professus  est:  Athenienses  suo  consilio,  quod 
communi  itire  gentium  facere  possent,  deos  ptiblicos  suos- 
que  patrios  ac  Penates,  quo  facilius  ab  hoste  possent  de- 
fendere,  muris  saepsisse  neque  in  eo  quod  inutile  esset 
Graeciae  fecisse.  !Nam  illorum  urbem  ut  propugnaculum 
oppositlun  esse  barbaris,  apud  quam  iam  bis  copias  regias 
fecisse  naufragium.  Lacedaemonios  autem  male  et  iniuste 
10  facere,  qui  id  potius  intuerentur,  quod  ipsorum  domina- 
tion! quam  quod  universae  Graeciae  utile  esset.  Qua  re, 
si  suos  legatos  recipere  vellent,  quos  Athenas  miserant,  se 
remitterent,  cum  aliter  illos  numquam  in  patriam  essent 
recepturi. 

Themistocles  is  ostracized;  his  wanderings. 

15  VIII.  Tamen  non  effugit  civium  suorum  invidiam.  Nam- 
que  ob  eundem  timorem,  quo  damnatus  erat  Miltiades, 
testularum  suffragiis  e  civitate  eiectus,  Argos  habitatum 
concessit.  Hie  cum  propter  multas  virtutes  magna  cum 
dignitate  viveret,  Lacedaemonii  legatos  Athenas  miserunt, 

20  qui  eum  absentem  acctisarent,  quod  societatem  cum  rege 
Perse  ad  Graeciam  opprimendam  fecisset.  Hoc  crimine 
absens  damnatus  est. 

Id  ut  audivit,  quod  non  satis  tutum  se  Argis  videbat, 
Corcyram  demigravit.     Ibi  cum  principes  animadvertisset 

25  timere,  ne  propter  se  bellum  eis  Lacedaemonii  et  Atheni- 
enses  indicerent,  ad  Admetum,  Molossum  regem,  cum  quo 
el  hospitium  non  erat,  confugit.  Hue  cum  venisset  et  in 
praesentia  rex  abesset,  quo  maiore  religione  se  receptum 
tugretur,    filium  eius  parvulum  arripuit  et  cum  eo  se  in 

30  sacrarium  quod  summa  colebatur  caerimonia  coniecit.     Inde 


THEMISTOCLES.  87 

non  prius  egressus  est,  quam  rex  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem 
reciperet,  quam  praestitit.  Nam  cum  ab  Atheniensibus  et 
Lacedaemoniis  exposceretur  publice,  supplicem  non  pro- 
didit  monuitque  ut  consuleret  sibi:  difficile  enim  esse  in 
tam  propinquo  loco  tuto  eum  versarl.  Itaque  Pydnam  eum  5 
deduci  iussit  et  quod  satis  esset  praesidi  dedit.  Hic  in 
navem  omnibus  ignotus  nautis  escendit.  Quae  cum  tem- 
pestate  maxima  Naxum  ferretur,  ubi  tum  Atheniensium 
erat  exercitus,  sensit  Themistocles,  si  eo  pervenisset,  sibi 
esse  pereundum.  lO 

Hac  necessitate  coactus,  domino  navis  quis  sit  aperit, 
multa  pollicens,  si  se  conservasset.  At  ille  clarissimi  virl 
captus  misericordia,  diem  noctemque  procul  ab  insula  in 
salo  navem  tenuit  in  ancoris,  neque  quemquam  ex  ea  exire 
passus  est.  Inde  Epliesum  pervenit  ibique  Tliemistoclem  15 
exponit.     Cui  ille  pro  meritis  postea  gratiam  rettulit. 

Themistocles  is  received  by  Artaxerxes;  he  dies  in  Persia. 

IX.  Scio  plerosque  ita  scripsisse,  Tliemistoclem  Xerxe 
regnante  in  Asiam  translsse.  Sed  ego  potissimum  Thucy- 
didi  credo,  quod  aetate  proximus  de  els,  qui  illorum  tem- 
porum  historiam  reliquerunt,  et  eiusdem  civitatis  fuit.  Is  20 
autem  ait  ad  Artaxerxen  eum  venisse  atque  his  verbis  epi- 
stulam  misisse :  "  Themistocles  veni  ad  te,  qui  plurima  mala 
omnium  Graiorum  in  domum  tuam  intuli,  quam  diu  mihi 
necesse  fuit  adversum  patrem  tuum  bellare  patriamque 
meam  defendere.  Idem  multo  plura  bona  feci,  postquam  25 
in  tuto  ipse  et  ille  in  perlculo  esse  coepit;  nam  cum  in 
Asiam  revert!  vellet  proelio  apud  Salamlna  facto,  litterls 
eum  certiorem  feci  id  agl  ut  pons,  quem  in  Hellesponto 
fecerat,  dissolveretur  atque  ab  hostibus  circuiniretur ;  quo 
nuntio  ille  periculo  est  llberatus.     Nunc  autem  confugl  ad  30 


88  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

te  exagitatus  a  ctincta  Graecia,  tuam  pet^ns  amlcitiam; 
quam  si  ero  adeptus,  non  minus  ine  bonum  amicum  habebis, 
quam  fortem  inimicum  ille  expertus  est.  Te  autem  rogo, 
ut  de  eis  rebus,  quas  tecum    colloqui  volo,  annuum  mihi 

6  tempus  des  eoque  transacto  ad  te  venire  patiaris." 

X.  Huius  rex  animi  magnitudinem  admirans  cupiensque 
talem  virum  sibi  conciliari,  veniam  dedit.  Ille  omne  illud 
tempus  litteris  sermonique  Persarum  dedit;  quibus  adeo 
erudltus  est,  ut  multo  commodius  dicatur  apud  regem  verba 

10  fgcisse,  quam  ii  poterant  qui  in  Perside  erant  nati.  Hie 
cum  multa  regl  esset  pollicitus  gratissimumque  illud,  si 
suis  titi  consiliis  vellet,  ilium  Graeciam  bello  oppresstirum, 
magnis  muneribus  ab  Artaxerxe  donatus,  in  Asiam  rediit 
domiciliumque   Magnesiae   sibi  constituit.     Namque  banc 

15  urbem  ei  rex  donarat,  his  quidem  verbis,  quae  ei  panem 
praeberet  —  ex  qua  regione  quinquagena  talenta  quotannis 
redibant  —  Lampsacum  autem,  unde  vinum  stimeret,  My- 
tinta,  ex  qua  obsonium  baberet. 

Huius  ad  nostram  memoriam  monumenta  manserunt  duo : 

20  sepulcrum  prope  oppidum,  in  quo  est  sepultus,  statua  in 
foro  Magnesiae.  De  cuius  morte  multimodis  apud  pleros- 
que  scriptum  est,  sed  nos  eundem  potissimum  Thucydidem 
auctorem  probamus,  qui  ilium  ait  Magnesiae  morbo  mor- 
tuum,   neque   negat    fuisse    famam,   venenum    sua   sponte 

25  sumpsisse,  cum  se  quae  regi  de  Graecia  opprimenda  polli- 
citus esset  praestare  posse  desperaret.  Idem  ossa  eius  clam 
in  Attica  ab  amicis  sepulta,  quoniam  legibus  non  conce- 
deretur,  quod  proditionis  esset  damnatus,  memoriae  pro 
didit. 


PAUSANIAS.  89 

III.  Pausanias. 

The  battle  of  Plataea;  arrogance  of  Pausanias, 

I.  Pausanias  Lacedaenionius  magnus  homo,  sed  varius 
in  omni  genere  vitae  fuit ;  nam  ut  virtiitibus  eltixit,  sic 
vitiis  est  obrutus.  Huius  illustrissimum  est  proelium 
apud  Plataeas.  Namque  illo  duce  Mardonius,  satrapes 
regius,  natione  Medus,  regis  gener,  in  prlmis  omnium  5 
Persarum  et  manu  fortis  et  consili  plenus,  cum  ducentis 
milibus  peditum,  quos  virltim  legerat,  et  viginti  equitum 
liaud  ita  magna  manu  Graeciae  fugatus  est,  eoque  ipse  dux 
cecidit  proelio.  Qua  victoria  elatus,  plurima  miscere  coepit 
et  maiora  concupiscere.  Sed  primum  in  eo  est  reprehensus,  10 
quod  ex  praeda  tripodem  aureum  Delphls  posuisset,  epi- 
grammate  inscripto,  in  quo  haec  erat  sententia :  siio  ductti 
barbaros  apud  Plataeas  esse  deletos  eiusque  victoriae  ergo 
Apollini  id  donum  dedisse.  Hos  versus  Lacedaemonii  ex- 
sculpserunt,  neque  aliud  scripserunt  quam  nomina  earum  I6 
civitatum,  quarum  auxilio  Persae  erant  victi. 

He  is  sent  to  the  Hellespont;  treasonable  correspondence  with       c', 
Artaxerxes, 

II.  Post  id  proelium  eundem  Pausaniam  cum  classe 
communi  Cyprum  atque  Hellespontum  miserunt,  ut  ex  eis 
regionibus  barbarorum  praesidia  depelleret.  Pari  felicitate 
in  ea  re  tisus,  elatius  se  gerere  coepit  maioresque  appetere  20 
res.  Nam  cum,  Byzantio  expugnato,  cepisset  compltires 
Persarum  nobiles  atque  in  els  nonnullos  regis  propinquos, 
hos  clam  Xerxi  remisit,  simulans  ex  vinclis  publicis  effu- 
gisse,  et  cum  eis  Gongylum  Eretriensem,  qui  litteras  regi 
redderet,  in  quibus  haec  fuisse  scrlpta  Thucydides  memo-  26 


90  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

riae  prodidit:  "Pausanias,  dux  Spartae,  quos  Byzautii 
ceperat,  postquain  propinquos  tuos  cognovit,  tibi  miiueri 
misit  seque  tecum  affmitate  coniungi  cupit;  qua  re,  si  tibi 
videtur,  des  el  flliam  tuam  nuptum.  Id  si  feceris,  et  Spar- 
5  tarn  et  ceteram  Graeciam  sub  tuam  potestatem  se,  adiiivante 
te,  redacturum  poUicetur.  His  d6  rebus  si  quid  agere  vo- 
lueris,  certum  hominem  ad  eum  mittas  face,  cum  quo  collo- 
quatur." 

Rex  tot  hominum  salute  tam  sibi  necessariorum  magno 

10  opere  gavisus,  confestim  cum  epistula  Artabazum  ad  Pau- 
saniam  mittit,  in  qua  eum  collaudat  ac  petit,  ne  cui  rei 
parcat  ad  ea  efficienda,  quae  polliceretur :  si  perfecerit, 
ntillms  rei  a  se  repulsam  laturum.  Huius  Pausanias  vo- 
luntate  cognita,  alacrior  ad  rem  gerendam  factus,  in  suspi- 

15  cionem  cecidit  Lacedaemoniorum.  Quo  facto  domum 
revocatus,  acctisatus  capitis  absolvitur,  multatur  tamen 
pectinia;  quam  ob  causam  ad  classem  remissus  non  est. 

His  mad  conduct;  he  is  recalled  to  Sparta. 
III.   At  ille  post  non   multo  sua   sponte   ad   exercitum 
rediit  et  ibi  non  stolida,  sed  dementi  ratione  cogitata  pate- 

20  fecit;  non  enim  mores  patrios  solum,  sed  etiam  cultum 
vestitumque  mutavit.  Apparatu  regio  titebatur,  veste  Me- 
dica ;  satellites  Medl  et  Aegyptil  sequebantur ;  epulabatur 
more  Persarum  luxuriosius  quam  qui  aderant  perpetl  pos- 
sent;  aditum   petentibus  non  dabat,  superbe  respondebat, 

25  crudeliter  imperabat.  Spartam  redire  nolebat ;  Colonas, 
qui  locus  in  agro  Troade  est,  se  contulerat;  ibi  consilia 
cum  patriae  tum  sibi  inimica  capiebat.  Id  postquam  Lace- 
daemonil  rescierunt,  legates  cum  clava  ad  eum  miser imt,  in 
qua  more  illorum  erat  scriptum :  nisi  domum  reverteretur, 

30  se  capitis  eum  damnaturos.     Hoc  nuntio  commotus,  sperans 


PAUSANIAS.  91 

se  etiam  turn  pectinia  et  potentia  instans  perlculum  posse 
depellere,  domum  rediit.  Hue  ut  venit,  ab  ephoris  in 
vincla  publica  est  coniectus ;  licet  enim  legibus  eorum 
cuivis  ephoro  boc  facere  regi.  Hinc  tamen  se  expedivit, 
neque  eo  magis  carebat  suspicionej  nam  opinio  manebat  6 
eum  cum  rege  habere  societatem. 

He  incites  the  Helots  to  revolt ;  stratagem  of  the  ephors. 

Est  genus  quoddam  bominum,  quod  Hllotae  vocatur, 
quorum  magna  multitude  agros  Lacedaemoniorum  colit 
servorumque  munere  fungitur.  Hos  quoque  sollicitare  spS 
libertatis  existimabatur.  Sed  quod  harum  rerum  nullum  lo 
erat  apertum  crimen,  quo  coargui  posset,  non  putabant  de 
tall  tamque  claro  viro  suspicionibus  oportere  iudicari  et 
exspectandum,  dum  se  ipsa  res  aperiret. 

TV.  Interim  Argllius  quidam  adulescentulus  cum  epi- 
stulam  ab  eo  ad  Artabazum  accepisset  eique  in  suspicionem  15 
venisset  aliquid  in  ea  de  se  esse  scriptum,  quod  nemo  eorum 
redlsset,  qui  eodem  missi  erant,  vincla  epistulae  laxavit 
signoque  detracto  cognovit,  si  pertulisset,  sibi  esse  pere- 
undum.  Erant  in  eadem  epistula  quae  ad  ea  pertinebant, 
quae  inter  regem  Pausaniamque  convenerant.  Has  ille  20 
litteras  epborls  tradidit. 

Non  est  praetereunda  gravitas  Lacedaemoniorum  hoc 
loco;  nam  ne  huius  quidem  indicio  impulsl  sunt  ut  Pau- 
saniam  comprehenderent,  neque  prius  vim  adhibendam 
putaverunt,  quam  se  ipse  indicasset.  Itaque  huic  indici,  25 
quid  fieri  vellent,  praeceperunt.  Fanum  Nepttini  est 
Taenarl,  quod  violari  nefas  putant  Graeci.  Eo  ille  con- 
ftigit  in  araque  consedit.  Hanc  iuxta  locum  fecerunt  sub 
terra,  ex  quo  posset  exaudlri,  si  quis  quid  loqueretur  cum 
Argilio.    Hue  ex  ephoris  quidam  deseenderunt.    Pausanias,  30 


92  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

ut  audlvit  Argilium  confagisse  in  aram,  perturbatus  venit 
eo.  Quern  cum  supplicem  del  videret  in  ara  sedentem, 
quaerit  causae  quid  sit  tam  repentlnl  oonsili.  Huio  ille, 
quid  ex  litteris  comperisset,  aperit.  Quo  magis  Pausanias 
5  perturbatus  orare  coepit,  ne  enuntiaret  neu  se  meritum  de 
illo  optime  proderet:  quod  si  earn  veniam  sibi  dedisset 
tantlsque  implicatum  rebus  sublevasset,  magno  ei  praemio 
futurum. 

The  miserable  death  of  Pausanias. 

V.   His   rebus   ephorl  cognitis  satius  putarunt   in   urbe 

10  eum  comprehendl.  Quo  cum  essent  profecti  et  Pausanias, 
placato  Argllio,  ut  putabat,  Lacedaemonem  reverteretur, 
in  itinere,  cum  iam  in  eo  esset  ut  comprehenderetur,  ex 
vultu  cuiusdam  ephorT,  qui  eum  admonerl  cupiebat,  in- 
sidias   sibi  fieri   intellexit.      Itaque   panels  ante  gradibus 

15  quam  qui  eum  sequebantur  in  aedem  Minervae,  quae 
Chalcioicos  vocatur,  confugit.  Hinc  ne  exire  posset, 
statim  epbori  valvas  eius  aedis  obstrtixerunt  tectumque 
sunt  demolitl,  quo  celerius  sub  divo  interiret.  Bicitur  eo 
tempore    matrem    Pausaniae   vixisse    eamque   iam   magno 

20  natu,  postquam  de  scelere  fill  comperit,  in  primis  ad 
filium  claudendum  lapidem  ad  introitum  aedis  attulisse. 
Hic  cum  semianimis  de  templo  elatus  esset,  confestim 
animam  efflavit.  Sic  Pausanias  magnam  belli  gloriam 
turpi  morte  maculavit.     Cuius  mortui  corpus  cum  eodem 

25  nonnulli  dicerent  Inferri  oportere  quo  ii  qui  ad  supplicium 
essent  dati,  displicuit  pluribus,  et  procul  ab  eo  loco  in- 
foderunt,  quo  erat  mortuus.  Inde  posterius  del  Delpbici 
response  erutus  atque  eodem  loco  sepultus  est  ubi  vltam 
posuerat 


EPAMINONDAS.  98 

IV.   Epaminondas. 

Preface:  difference  between  Greek  and  Boman  customs. 

I.  Epammondas,  Polymni  fllius,  Thebanus.  De  hoc 
priusquam  scrlbimus,  haec  praecipienda  videntur  lectori- 
bus,  ne  alienos  mores  ad  suos  referant,  neve  ea  quae  ipsis 
leviora  sunt,  pari  modo  apud  ceteros  fuisse  arbitrentur. 
Scimus  enim  mtisicen  nostris  moribus  abesse  a  prmcipis  5 
persona,  sal  tare  vero  etiam  in  vitiis  poni;  quae  omnia  apud 
Graecos  et  grata  et  laude  digna  ducuntur.  Cum  autem 
exprimere  imaginem  consuetudinis  atque  vitae  vellmus 
Epaminondae,  nihil  videmur  debere  praetermittere,  quod 
pertineat  ad  earn  declarandam.  Qua  re  dicemus  primum  lo 
de  genere  eius,  deinde  quibus  discipllnis  et  a  quibus  sit 
eruditus,  tum  de  moribus  ingenique  facultatibus  et  si  qua 
alia  memoria  digna  erunt,  postremo  de  rebus  gestis,  quae 

a  plurimis  animi  anteponuntur  virttitibus. 

The  early  life  of  Epaminondas ;  his  personal  characteristics. 

II.  Natus    igitur   patre   quo   diximus,   genere    honesto,  15 
pauper  iam  a  maioribus  relictus   est,  eruditus   autem   sic 
ut  nemo  Thebanus  magis.     Nam  et  citharizare  et  cantare 
ad  chordarum  sonum  doctus  est  a  Dionysio,  qui  non  minore 
fuit  in  musicis  gloria  quam  Damon  aut  Lamprus,  quorum 
pervulgata   sunt  nomina,  cantare   tibiis   ab   Olympiodoro,  20 
saltare  a  Calliphrone.    At  philosophiae  praeceptorem  habuit 
Lysim  Tarentinum,  Pythagor6um ;  cui  quidem  sic  fuit  dedi- 
tus,  ut  adulescgns  tristem  ac  sev6rum  senem  omnibus  aequa- 
libus  suis  in  familiaritate  anteposuerit ;  neque  prius  eum  a 
sS  dimisit,  quam  in  doctrlnis  tanto  antecessit  condiscipulos,  26 
ut  facile  intellegi  posset  pari  modo  superaturum  omnes  in 


94  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

ceteris  artibus.  Atque  haec  ad  nostram  consuettidinem  sunt 
levia  et  potius  contemnenda ;  at  in  Graecia,  utique  olim, 
magnae  laudi  erant.  Postquam  ephebus  est  f actus  et 
palaestrae  dare  operam  coepit,  non  tain  magnittidini  vTrium 

6  servivit  quam  velocitati;  illam  enim  ad  atbletarum  usum, 
lianc  ad  belli  existimabat  utilitatem  pertinere.  Itaque  ex- 
ercebatur  plurimum  currendo  et  luctando  ad  eum  finem, 
quoad  stans  complecti  posset  atque  contendere.  In  armis 
vero  plurimum  studi  consumebat. 

10  III.  Ad  hanc  corporis  firmitatem  plura  etiam  animi  bona 
accesserant.  Erat  enim  modestus,  prudens,  gravis,  tempori- 
bus  sapienter  utens,  peritus  belli,  fortis  manti,  animo  maximo, 
adeo  veritatis  diligens,  ut  ne  ioco  quidem  mentiretur.  Idem 
contingns,  clemens  patiensque  admirandum  in  modum,  non 

15  solum  populi,  sed  etiam  amicorum  ferens  iniurias,  in  primis 
commissa  celans,  quodque  interdum  non  minus  prodest 
quam  diserte  dicere,  studiosus  audiendi ;  ex  hoc  enim  f acil- 
lime  disci  arbitrabatur.  Itaque  cum  in  circulum  venisset, 
in  quo  aut  de  re  ptiblica  disputaretur  aut  de  philosophia 

20  sermo  haberetur,  numquam  inde  prius  discessit,  quam  ad 
finem  sermo  esset  adductus. 

His  incorruptibility* 

Paupertatem  adeo  facile  perpessus  est,  ut  de  re  publics 
nihil  praeter  gloriam  ceperit.  Amicorum  in  se  tuendo  caruit 
facultatibus,  fide  ad  alios  sublevandos  saepe  sTc  tisus  est,  ut 

25  iudicari  possit  omnia  ei  cum  amicis  fuisse  communia.  Kam 
cum  aut  civium  suorum  aliquis  ab  hostibus  esset  captus,  aut 
virgo  ntibilis  propter  paupertatem  collocari  non  posset,  ami- 
corum concilium  habebat,  et  quantum  quisque  daret  pro 
facultatibus    imperabat.      Eamque   summam   cum   fecerat, 

80  potius  quam  ipse  acciperet  pecuniam,  adducebat  eum  qui 


EPAMINONDAS.  95 

quaerebat  ad  eos  qui  conferebant,  eique  ut  ipsi  numerarent 
faciebat,  ut  ille  ad  quein  ea  res  perveniebat  sciret  quantum 
cuique  deberet. 

lY.  Temptata  autem  eius  est  abstinentia  a  Diomedonte 
Cyziceno :  namque  is  rogatu  Artaxerxis  regis  Epaminondam  5 
pecunia  corrumpendum  susceperat.  Hic  magno  cum  pon- 
ders auri  Thebas  venit  et  Micythum  adulescentulum,  quern 
tum  Epammondas  plurimum  diligebat,  quinque  talentis  ad 
suam  perduxit  voluntatem.  Micythus  Epaminondam  con- 
venit  et  causam  adventus  Diomedontis  ostendit.  18 

At  ille  Diomedonti  coram  "Nihil,"  inquit,  "opus  pe- 
cunia est;  nam  si  rex  ea  vult  quae  Thebanis  sunt  titilia, 
gratiis  facere  sum  paratus,  sin  autem  contraria,  non  habet 
auri  atque  argent!  satis.  Namque  orbis  terrarum  divitias 
accipere  nolo  pro  patriae  caritate.  Tti  quod  me  incogni-  15 
tum  temptasti  tuique  similem  existimastl,  non  miror  tibique 
ignosco ;  sed  egredere  propere,  ne  alios  corrumpas,  cum  m6 
non  potueris.  Et  tti,  Micythe,  argentum  huic  redde,  aut, 
nisi  id  confestim  facis,  ego  te  tradam  magistratul.''  Hunc 
Diomedon  cum  rogaret,  ut  ttito  exire  suaque  quae  attulerat  20 
liceret  efferre,  "  Istud  quidem,"  inquit,  "  faciam,  neque  tua 
causa,  sed  mea,  ne,  si  tibi  sit  pecunia  adempta,  aliquis 
dicat  id  ad  me  ereptum  pervenisse,  quod  delatum  accipere 
noluissem." 

A  quo  cum  quaesisset,  quo  sS  deduci  vellet,  et  ille  25 
Athenas  dixisset,  praesidium  dedit,  ut  ttito  perveniret. 
Neque  vero  id  satis  habuit,  sed  etiam,  ut  inviolatus  in 
navem  escenderet,  per  Chabriam  Atheniensem,  de  quo 
supra  mentionem  fecimus,  effecit.  Abstinentiae  erit  hoc 
satis  testimonium.  Pltirima  quidem  proferre  possumus,  30 
sed  modus  adhibendus  est,  quoniam  uno  hoc  volumine 
vltam   excellentium   virorum    compltirium  concltidere  con- 


96  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

stitiiimus,  quorum  res  s6paratim  multis  milibus  versuum 
complures  scriptores  ante  nos  explicarunt. 

iii 

His  eloquence  and  ready  wit. 

V.  !Fuit  etiam  disertus,  ut  nemo  ei  Thebanus  par  esset 
eloquentia,  neque  minus  concinnus  in  brevitate  respondendi 

5  quam  in  perpetua  oratione  ornatus.  Habuit  obtrectatorem 
Menecliden  quendam,  indidem  Thebis,  et  adversarium  in 
administranda  re  publica,  satis  exercitatum  in  dicendo,  ut 
Thebanum  scilicet;  namque  ill!  genti  plus  inest  virium 
quam  ingeni.     Is  quod  in  r6  militari  florgre  Epaminondam 

10  videbat,  hortarl  solebat  Thebanos  ut  pacem  bello  antefer- 
rent,  ne  illius  imperatoris  opera  dSsideraretur.  Huic  ille 
"  Fallis,"  inquit,  "  verbo  cives  tuos,  quod  eos  a  bello  avocas ; 
oti  enim  nomine  servittitem  concilias;  nam  paritur  pax 
bello.     Itaque  qui  ea  diutina  volunt  frui,  bello  exercitati 

15  esse  debent.  Qua  re  si  prlnclpes  Graeciae  vultis  esse,  ca- 
stris  est  vobis  utendum,  non  palaestra."  Idem  ille  Mene- 
clidgs  cum  huic  obiceret,  quod  llberos  non  haberet  neque 
uxorem  duxisset,  maximSque  msolentiam,  quod  sibi  Aga- 
memnonis  belli  gloriam  vid6retur  consecutus :  at  ille  "  De- 

20  sine,"  inquit,  "  Meneclida,  de  uxore  mihi  exprobrare ;  nam 
ntillius  in  ista  re  minus  uti  consilio  volo."  Habebat  enim 
Meneclides  suspicionem  adulterl.  "Quod  autem  me  Aga- 
memnonem  aemulari  putas,  falleris.  Namque  ille  cum 
universa  Graecia  vix  decern  annis  unam  cepit  urbem,  ego 

25  contra  ea  una  urbe  nostra  dieque  uno  totam  Graeciam  Lace- 
daemoniis  fugatis  liberavi." 

VI.  idem  cum  in  conventum  v6nisset  Arcadum,  petens 
ut  societatem  cum  Thebanis  et  Argivis  fa^erent,  contraque 
Callistratus,  Atheniensium   legatus,  qui  eloquentia  omnes 

30  eo  praestabat  tempore,  postularet  ut  potius  amicitiam  se- 


EPAMINONDAS.  97 

querentur  Atticorum,  et  in  5ratione  sua  multa  invectus 
esset  in  Thebanos  et  Argivos  in  elsque  hoc  posuisset,  ani- 
mum  advertere  deb6re  Arcades  qual6s  utraque  civitas  cives 
procreasset,  ex  quibus  de  ceteris  possent  iudicare :  Argivos 
enim  fuisse  Orestem  et  Alcmaeonem  matricidas,  Thebis  5 
Oedipum  natum,  qui,  cum  patrem  suum  interfecisset,  ex 
matre  liberos  procreasset ;  liuic  in  respondendo  Epamlnon- 
das,  cum  de  ceteris  perorasset,  postquam  ad  ilia  duo  oppro- 
bria  pervenit,  admlrarl  se  dixit  stultitiam  rhetoris  Attici, 
qui  non  animadverterit,  inuocentes  illos  natos  domi,  scelere  lo 
admisso  cum  patria  essent  expulsi,  receptos  esse  ab  Athe- 
niensibus. 

Sed  maxime  eius  eloquentia  eluxit  Spartae  legati  ante 
pugnam  Leuctricam.  Quo  cum  omnium  sociorum  convS- 
nissent  legati,  coram  frequentissimo  conventti  sic  Lacedae-  15 
moniorum  tyrannidem  coarguit,  ut  non  minus  ilia  oratiOne 
opes  eorum  concusserit  quam  Leuctrica  pugna.  Tum  enim 
perfecit,  quod  post  apparuit,  ut  auxilio  Lacedaemonii  socio- 
rum privarentur. 

His  patience  and  forgiveness  of  injuries. 

VII.  Fuisse  patientem  suorumque  iniurias  ferentem  20 
civium,  quod  se  patriae  IrascI  nefas  esse  d^oeret,  haec 
sunt  testimonia.  Cum  eum  propter  invidiam  cives  sui 
praeficere  exercitui  noluissent,  duxqiie  esset  delectus  belli 
imperitus,  cuius  errore  res  eo  esset  deducta,  ut  omnes  d6 
salute  pertimescerent,  quod  locorum  angustiis  clausl  ab  25 
hostibus  obsidebantur,  deslderarl  coepta  est  Epamlnondae 
dlligentia ;  erat  enim  ibi  privatus  numero  mllitis.  A  quo 
cum  peterent  opem,  nullam  adhibuit  memoriam  contumeliae 
et  exercitum  obsidione  llberatum  domum  redtixit  incolu- 
mem.     Nee  vero  hoc  semel  fecit,  sed  saepius.      Maxime  30 


98  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

autem  fuit  illustre,  cum  in  Peloponnesum  exercitum  duxis^ 
set  adversus  Lacedaemonios  haberetque  collegas  duos,  quo- 
rum alter  erat  Pelopidas,  vir  f  ortis  ac  strenuus. 

He  is  condemned  to  death;  his  ingenious  defence. 

Hi  cum  criminibus  adversariorum  omnes  in  invidiam 
5  venissent,  ob  eamque  rem  imperium  eis  esset  abrogatum, 
atque  in  eorum  locum  alii  praetores  successissent,  Epaml- 
nondas  populi  sclto  non  paruit  idemque  ut  facerent  per- 
suasit  collegis,  et  bellum  quod  susceperat  gessit.  ISTamque 
animadvertebat,  nisi  id  fecisset,  totum  exercitum  propter 

10  praetorum  imprudentiam  inscitiamque  belli  perittirum. 
Lex  erat  Thebis,  quae  morte  multabat,  si  quis  imperium 
diutius  retinuisset  quam  lege  praeflnltum  foret.  Hanc 
Epamlnondas  cum  rel  publicae  conservandae  causa  latam 
videret,  ad  perniciem  civitatis  conferri  noluit,  et  quattuor 

15  mgnsibus  diutius  quam  populus  iusserat  gessit  imperium. 

VIII.    Postquam  domum  reditum  est,  collegae  eius  hoc 

crimine   acctisabantur.       Quibus   ille   permisit,   ut   omnem 

causam  in  se  transferrent  suaque  opera  factum  contende- 

rent,  ut  legl  non  oboedirent.     Qua  defensione  illis  perlculo 

20  llberatis  nemo  Epaminondam  responsurum  putabat,  quod 
quid  diceret  non  haberet.  At  ille  in  itidicium  venit,  nihil 
eorum  negavit  quae  adversarii  crimini  dabant,  omniaque 
quae  collegae  dixerant  confessus  est,  neque  rectisavit  quo- 
minus  legis  poenam  subiret,  sed  unum  ab  eis  petlvit,  ut  in 

25  sepulcro  suo  Inscriberent : 

"  Epamlnondas  a  Thebanis  morte  multatus  est,  quod  eos 
coegit  apud  Leuctra  superare  Lacedaemonios,  quos  ante  se 
imperatorem  nemo  Boeotorum  ausus  sit  aspicere  in  acie, 
quodque  uno  proelio  non  solum  Thebas  ab  interitu  retraxit, 

30  sed   etiam  tiniversam   Graeciam  in  llbertatem   vindicavit 


I 


EPAMINONDAS.  99 

eoque  r6s  utrorumque  perdtixit,  ut  Thebani  Spartam  oppu- 
gnarent,  Lacedaemonii  satis  haberent,  si  salvi  esse  possent, 
neque  prius  bellare  destitit  quam  Messene  restittita  urbem 
eorum  obsidione  clausit." 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  risus  omniuni  cum  hilaritate  coortus  5 
est,  neque  quisquam  iudex  ausus  est  de  eo  ferre   suffra- 
gium.     Sic  a  itidicio  capitis  maxima  discessit  gloria. 

He  is  mortally  wounded  at  Mantinea.     Personal  anecdotes. 

IX.  Hie   extreme  tempore   imperator  apud   Mantineam 
cum  acie  instructa  audacius  instaret  liostibus,  cognitus  a 
Lacedaemoniis,  quod  in  unius  pernicie  eius  patriae  sitam  10 
putabant   saltitem,   tiniversi  in   tinum   impetum    fecerunt, 
neque   prius  abscess erunt,  quam  magna  caede  edita  mul- 
tisque  occisis,  fortissime  ipsum  Epaminondam  pugnantem, 
sparo  eminus  percussum,  concidere  viderunt.     Huius  casti 
aliquantum  retardati  sunt  Boeoti,  neque  tarn  en  prius  pugna  15 
excesserunt   quam   repugnant6s   profligarunt.     At    Epami- 
nondas,  cum  animadverteret  mortiferum  se  vulnus  accepisse 
simulque,  si  ferrum,  quod  ex  hastili  in  corpore  remanserat, 
extraxisset,  animam  statim  emisstirum,  usque  eo  retinuit, 
quoad  renuntiatum  est  vicisse  Boeotos.     Id  postquam  audi-  20 
vit,   "Satis,"  inquit,  "vixi;  invictus  enim  morior."     Turn 
ferro  extract©  confestim  exanimatus  est. 

X.  Hie  uxorem  numquam  dtixit.  In  quo  cum  repre- 
henderetur  a  Pelopida,  qui  filium  habebat  infamem,  male- 
que  eum  in  eo  patriae  consulere  diceret,  quod  liberos  non  25 
relinqueret,  "Vide,"  inquit,  "ne  tti  peius  consulas,  qui 
talem  ex  te  natum  relicturus  sis.  Neque  vero  stirps  potest 
mibi  deesse ;  namque  ex  me  natam  relinquo  pugnam  ^jCuc- 
tricam,  quae  non  modo  mihi  superstes,  sed  etiam  immor- 
talis  sit  necesse  est."     Quo  tempore,  duce  Pelopida,  exsul6s  30 


100  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Thebas  occuparunt  et  praesidium  Lacedaemoniorum  ex 
arce  expulemnt,  Epaminondas,  quam  diti  facta  est  caedes 
clvium,  dom(3  s6  tenuit,  quod  neque  defendere  malos  vole- 
bat  Deque  impugnare,  ne  mantis  suorum  sanguine  cruenta- 

5  ret;  namque  omnem  civllem  victOriam  funestam  putabat. 
Idem,  postquam  apud  Cadm6am  cum  Lacedaemoniis  pu- 
gnari  coeptum  est,  in  prImTs  stetit. 

Huius  de  virttitibus  vitaque   satis   erit  dictum,   si  hoc 
unum  aditinxero,  quod  nSmo  Ibit  Infitias,  Thebas  et  ante 

10  Epaminondam  natum  et  post  eiusdem  interitum  perpetuo 
alieno  paruisse  imperio  ;  contra  ea,  quam  diu  ille  praefuerit 
rei  ptiblicae,  caput  fuisse  totius  Graeciae.  Ex  quo  intel- 
legl  potest  unum  hominem  pltiris  quam  civitatem  fuisse. 

V.   Hamilcab. 
The  defence  of  Eryx;  Catulus  grants  honorable  terms. 

I.   Hamilcar,  Hannibalis   filius,  cognomine   Barca,  Car- 
15  tbaginignsis,  primo  Poenico  bello,  sed  temporibus  extremis, 
admodum  adul6scentulus  in  Sicilia  praeesse  coepit  exercitui. 
Cum  ante  eius  adventum  et  marl  et  terra  male  r6s  gereren- 
tur  Carthagini^nsium,  ipse  ubi  affuit,  numquam  hosti  cessit 
neque  locum  nocendi  dedit,  saepeque  e  contrario,  occasione 
20  data,  lacessivit   semperque  superior  discessit.     Quo  facto, 
cum  paene  omnia  in  Sicilia  Poeni  amisissent,  ille  Erycem 
sic  defendit,  ut  bellum  eo  loco  gestum  non  videretur.     In- 
terim  CartbaginiensSs,  classe   apud   insulas  Aegates   a  C. 
Lutatio,    consule    Komanorum,    superati,    statuerunt    belli 
25  facere  finem  eamque  rem  arbitrio  permis6runt  Hamilcaris. 
ille  etsi  flagrabat  bellandi  cupiditate,  tamen  paci  serviendum 
putavit,  quod  patriam  exhaustam  stimptibus  diutius  calami- 
tates  belli  ferre  non  posse  intellegebat,  sed  ita  ut  statim 


HAMILCAR.  101 

mente  agitaret,  si  paulum  modo  res  essent  refectae,  bellum 
renovare  Eomanosque  armis  persequi,  donicum  aut  virtute 
vicissent  aut  victi  mantis  dedissent.  Hoc  consilio  pacem 
conciliavit,  in  quo  tanta  fuit  ferocia,  cum  Catulus  negaret 
bellum  composittirum,  nisi  ille  cum  suTs,  qui  Erycem  tene-  5 
rent,  armis  relictis,  Sicilia  decederent,  ut  succumbente  patria 
ipse  periturum  se  potius  dixerit,  quam  cum  tanto  flagitio 
domum  rediret :  non  enim  suae  esse  virttitis,  arma  5,  patria 
accepta  adversus  hostes  adversariis  tradere.  Huius  perti- 
naciae  cessit  Catulus.  10 

Hamilcar  suppresses  the  revolt  of  the  mercenaries. 

II.  At  ille  ut  Carthaginem  venit,  multo  aliter  ac  sperarat 
rem  publicam  se  habentem  cognovit.  Xamque  diuturni- 
tate  externi  mall  tantum  exarsit  intestinum  bellum,  ut  num- 
quam  in  pari  periculo  fuerit  Carthago,  nisi  cum  deleta  est. 
Primo  mercennaril  milites,  quibus  adversus  Romanos  tisi  15 
erant,  desciverunt,  quorum  numerus  erat  vigintl  milium. 
li  totam  abalienarunt  Africam,  ipsam  Carthaginem  oppu- 
gnarunt.  Quibus  mails  adeo  sunt  Poeni  perterritT,  ut  etiam 
auxilia  ab  Romanis  petierint;  eaque  impetrarunt.  Sed 
extremo,  cum  prope  iam  ad  desperationem  pervenissent,  20 
Hamilcarem  imperatorem  fecerunt.  Is  non  solum  hostes  a 
mtiris  Carthaginis  removit,  cum  amplius  centum  milia  facta 
essent  armatorum,  sed  etiam  eo  compulit,  ut  locorum  angu- 
stils  clausi  plures  fame  quam  ferro  interirent.  Omnia  op- 
pida  abalienata,  in  eis  Uticam  atque  Hipponem,  valentissima  25 
totius  Africae,  restituit  patriae.  Neque  e6  fuit  contentus, 
sed  etiam  fines  iraperi  propagavit,  tota  Xfrica  tantum  otium 
reddidit,  ut  nullum  in  ea  bellum  videretur  multis  armis 
fuisse. 


lt)2  'CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


He  wages  war  successfully  in  Spain;  his  death. 


I 


III.  Rebus  his  ex  sententia  peractis,  fidenti  animo  atque 
infesto  Eomanis,  quo  facilius  causam  bellandl  reperlret, 
effecit  ut  iniperator  cum  exercitti  in  Hispaniam  mitteretur, 
eoque   secura   duxit   filium   Hannibalem   annorum  novem. 

5  Erat  praeterea  cum  eo  adulescens  illustris,  formosus,  Ha- 
sdrubal,  cui  ille  filiam  suam  in  matrimonium  dedit.  De  hoc 
ideo  mentionem  fecimus,  quod,  Hamilcare  occiso,  ille  ex- 
ercitui  praefuit  resque  magnas  gessit,  et  princeps  largitione 
vetustos  pervertit  mores  Carthaginiensium,  eiusdemque  post 

10  mortem  Hannibal  ab  exercitti  accepit  imperium. 

IV.  At  Hamilcar,  posteaquam  mare  transiit  in  Hispani- 
amque  venit,  magnas  res  secunda  gessit  forttina;  maximas 
bellicosissimasque  gentes  subegit,  equls,  armis,  virls,  pecu- 
nia  totam  locupletavit  Africam.     Hic  cum  in  Italiam  bellum 

15  Inferre  meditaretur,  nono  anno  postquam  in  Hispaniam 
venerat,  in  proelio  pugnans  adversus  Vettones  occisus  est. 
Huius  perpetuum  odium  erga  Romanes  maxime  concitasse 
videtur  secundum  bellum  Poenicum ;  namque  Hannibal, 
filius  eius,  adsiduls  patris  obtestationibus  eo  est  perductus, 

20  ut  interire  quam  Romanes  non  experirl  mallet. 

VI.   Hannibal. 

His  military  genius.     His  hatred  of  the  Bomans. 

I.  Hannibal,  Hamilcaris  filius,  Carthaginiensis.  Si  ve- 
rum  est,  quod  nemo  dubitat,  ut  populus  Romanus  omnes 
gentes  virttite  superarit,  non  est  infitiandum  Hannibalem 
taiito  praestitisse  ceteros  imperatores  prtidentia,  quanto 
25  populus  Romanus  antecedat  fortitudine  cimctas  nationes; 
nam  quotienscumque  cum  eo  congressus  est  in  Italia,  semper 


HANNIBAL.  103 

discessit  superior.  Quod  nisi  domi  civium  suorum  invidia 
debilitatus  esset,  Eomanos  videtur  superare  potuisse.  Sed 
multorum  obtrectatio  devicit  unius  virtutem. 

II.    Hic  autem  velut  hereditate  rellctum  odium  paternum 
erga  Eomanos  sic  conservavit,  ut  prius  animam  quam  id  5 
deposuerit,  qui  quidem,  cum  patria  pulsus  esset  et  alienarum 
opum   indigeret,   numquam   destiterit    animo  bellare  cum 
Romanis.     Nam  ut  omittam   Philippum,  quem  absens  ho- 
stem  reddidit  Eomanis,  omnium  eius  temporibus  potentis- 
simus  rex  Antiochus  fuit.     Hunc  tanta  cupiditate  incendit  lo 
bellandi,  ut  usque  a  rubro  marl  arma  conatus  sit  inferre 
Italiae.      Ad  quem  cum  legati  venissent  Komani,  qui  de 
eius  voluntate  explorarent  darentque  ©peram  consiliis  clan- 
destlnis,  ut   Hannibalem  in  susplcionem  regi  adducerent, 
tamquam  ab  ipsis  corruptus  alia  atque  antea  sentlret,  neque  15 
id  frustra  fecissent,  idque  Hannibal  comperisset  seque  ab 
interioribus  consiliis  segregarl  vidisset,  tempore  dato,  adiit 
ad  regem,  eique  cum  multa  de  fide  sua  et  odio  in  Eomanos 
commemorasset,  hoc  adiunxit :   "  Pater  mens,"  inquit,  "  Ha- 
milcar  puerulo  m6,  utpote  non  amplius  novem  annos  nato,  in  20 
Hispaniam  imperator  proficiscens,  Cartbagine  lovi  optimo 
maximo  hostias  immolavit.     Quae  divina  res  dum  conficie- 
batur,  quaesivit  a  me  vellemne  secum  in  castra  proficisci. 
Id  cum  libenter  accepissem  atque  ab  eo  petere  coepissem 
ne  dubitaret  dticere,  tum  ille,  "Faciam,"  inquit,  "si  mihi  26 
fidem  quam  postulo  dederis.''     Simul  m6  ad  aram  addtixit, 
apud  quam  sacrificare  Instituerat,  eamque,  ceteris  remotis, 
tenentem  itirare  iussit,  numquam  me  in  amicitia  cum  Eo- 
manls   fore.      Id  ego  itisiurandum  patri  datum  tisque  ad 
banc  aetatem  ita  conservavl,  ut  nemini  dubium  esse  debeat,  30 
quin  reliquo  tempore  eadem  mente  sim  futtirus.     Qua  re  si 
quid  amice  de  Eomanis  cogitabis,  non  imprudenter  feceris, 


104  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Si  me  celaris;  cum  quidem  bellum  parabis,  te  ipsum  fru- 
straberis,  si  non  me  in  eo  principem  posueris." 

The  war  in  Spain.    Hannibal  invades  Italy. 

III.  Hac   igitur  qua  diximus  aetate  cum  patre  in   Hi- 
spaniam    profectus    est,  cuius    post    obitum,    Hasdrubale 

5  imperatore  suffecto,  equitatui  omni  praefuit.  Hoc  quo- 
que  interfecto,  exercitus  sumraam  imperl  ad  eum  detulit. 
Id  Carthaginem  delatum  publice  comprobatum  est.  Sic 
Hannibal  minor  quinque  et  viginti  annis  natus  imperator 
factus,   proximo  triennio    omnes    gentes    Hispaniae    bello 

10  subSgit,  Saguntum,  foederatam  civitatem,  vi  expugnavit, 
tres  exercitus  maximos  comparavit.  Ex  his  unum  in 
Africam  misit,  alterum  cum  Hasdrubale  fratre  in  Hispania 
rellquit,  tertium  in  Italiam  secum  dtixit.  Ut  saltum  Py- 
renaeum  transiit,  quacumque  iter  fecit,  cum  omnibus  in- 

15  colis  conflixit;  neminem  nisi  victum  dimisit.  Ad  Alpes 
postea  quam  venit,  qua  Italiam  ab  Gallia  seiungunt,  quas 
nemo  umquam  cum  exercitu  ante  eum  praeter  Herculem 
Graium  transierat  —  quo  facto  is  hodie  saltus  Grains  ap- 
pellSffcur  —  Alpicos  conantes  prohibere  transitu  concidit,  loca 

20  patefecit,  itinera  mtiniit,  effecit  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus  ire 
posset,  qua  antea  unus  liomo  inermis  vix  poterat  repere. 
Hac  copias  tradtixit  in  Italiamque  pervenit. 

He  defeats  the  Bomans  in  many  battles.     He  outwits  Fabius. 

IV.  Conflixerat  apud  Rhodanum  cum  P.  Cornelio  Sci- 
pione  consule  eumque  pepulerat.     Cum  hoc  eodem  Clastidii 

25  apud  Padum  decernit  sauciumque  inde  ac  fugatum  dimittit. 
Tertio  Idem  Scipio  cum  collega  Ti.  Longo  apud  Trebiam 
adversus  eum  vSnit.  Cum  eis  manum  conseruit,  utrosque 
profllgavit.     Inde  per  Ligures  Appenninum  transiit,  pet6ns 


HANNIBAL.  105 

Etruriam.  Hoc  in  itinere  adeo  gravi  morbo  afficitur  ocu- 
loriim,  ut  postea  numquam  dextro  aeque  bene  tisus  sit. 
Qua  valetudine  cum  etiamnum  premeretur  lecticaque  ferre- 
tur,  C.  Flaminium  consulem  apud  Trasumenum  cum  exer- 
citu  Insidiis  circumventum  occidit,  neque  multo  post  C.  5 
Centenium  praetorem  cum  delecta  manti  saltus  occupantem. 
Hinc  in  Aptiliam  pervenit.  Ibi  obviam  el  venerunt  duo 
consules,  G.  Terentius  et  L.  Aemilius.  Utriusque  exercitus 
uno  proelio  fugavit,  Paulum  consulem  occidit  et  aliquot 
praeterea  consulares,  in  eis  Cn.  Servilium  Geminum,  qui  lo 
superiore  anno  fuerat  consul. 

V.  Hac  pugna  pngnata,  Romam  profectus  nullo  re- 
sistente  in  propinquis  urbl  montibus  moratus  est.  Cum 
aliquot  ibi  dies  castra  habuisset  et  Capuam  reverteretur, 
Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  dictator  Romanus,  in  agro  Falerno  15 
ei  se  obiecit.  Hic  clausus  locorum  angustils,  noctu  sine 
ullo  detrimento  exercitus  se  expedivit  Eabioque,  callidis- 
simo  imperatorl,  dedit  verba;  namque  obducta  nocte  sar- 
menta  in  cornibus  iuyencorum  deligata  incendit,  eiusque 
generis  multitudinem  magnam  dispalatam  immisit.  Quo  20 
repentino  visu  obiecto,  tantum  terrorem  iniecit  exercitui 
Romanorum,  ut  egredi  extra  vallum  nemo  sit  ausus.  Hanc 
post  rem  gestam  non  ita  multis  diebus  M.  Minucium  Rtifum, 
magistrum  equitum  pari  ac  dictatorem  imperio,  dolo  pro- 
ductum  in  proelium  fugavit.  Ti.  Sempronium  Gracchum,  25 
iterum  consulem,  in  Lucanis  absens  in  msidias  inductum 
sustulit.  M.  Claudium  Marcellum,  quinquiens  consulem, 
apud  Venusiam  pari  modo  interfecit.  Longum  est  omnia 
enumerare  proelia.  Qua  re  hoc  tinum  satis  erit  dictum,  ex 
quo  intellegi  possit  quaiitus  ille  f uerit :  quam  diti  in  Italia  30 
fuit,  nemo  ei  in  acie  restitit,  nemo  adversus  eum  post 
Cannensem  pugnam  in  campo  castra  posuit. 


106  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

He  is  defeated  by  Scipio  at  Zama,  and  recalled  to  Carthage. 

VI.  Hinc  invictus  patriam  defensum  revocatus,  bellum 
gessit  adversus  P.  Scipionem,  filium  eius  Scipionis,  quern 
ipse  primo  apud  Rhodanum,  iterum  apiid  Padum,  tertio 
apud  Trebiam  fugarat.      Cum  hoc,  exhaustis  iam  patriae 

5  facultatibus,  cupivit  impraesentiarum  bellum  componere, 
quo  valentior  postea  congrederetur.  Inde  colloquium  con- 
veuit,  condiciones  non  convenerunt.  Post  id  factum  paucis 
diebus  apud  Zamam  cum  eodem  conflixit;  pulsus  —  incre- 
dibile  dictti  —  biduo  et  duabus  noctibus  Hadrumetum  per- 

10  venit,  quod  abest  ab  Zama  circiter  milia  passuum  trecenta. 
In  hac  fuga  Numidae,  qui  simul  cum  eo  ex  acie  excesserant, 
insidiati  sunt  ei,  quos  non  solum  efftigit,  sed  etiam  ipsos 
oppressit.  Hadrumeti  reliquos  e  fuga  collSgit,  novis  dilec- 
tibus  paucis  diebus  multos  contraxit. 

15  VII.  Cum  in  apparando  acerrime  esset  occupatus,  Cartha- 
ginienses  bellum  cum  Romanis  composuerunt.  Ille  nihilo 
setius  exercitui  postea  praefuit  resque  in  Africa  gessit 
usque  ad  P.  Sulpicium  C.  Aurelium  consules.  His  enim 
magistratibus  legatl  Cartbaginienses  Romam  venerunt,  qui 

20  senatui  populoque  Romano  gratias  agerent,  quod  cum  eis 
pacem  fecissent,  ob  eamque  rem  corona  aurea  eos  donarent 
simulque  peterent,  ut  obsides  eorum  Fregellls  essent  captl- 
vlque  redderentur.  His  ex  senatus  consulto  responsum 
est:  munus  eorum  gratum  acceptumque  esse;  obsides,  quo 

25  loco  rogarent,  futures ;  captlvos  non  remisstiros,  quod  Han- 
nibalem,  cuius  opera  susceptum  bellum  foret,  inimlcissimum 
nomini  Romano,  etiamnum  cum  imperio  apud  exercitum 
haberent  itemque  fratrem  eius  Magonem.  Hoc  response 
Carthaginienses  cognito  Hannibalem  domum  et  Magonem 

30  revocarunt.     Hue  ut  rediit,  rex  factus  est,  postquam  im- 


HANNIBAL.  107 

perator  fuerat  anno  secundo  et  vic6simo  —  ut  enim  Eomae 
consules,  sic  Carthagine  quotannis  annul  blnl  reges  crea- 
bantur.  In  eo  magistratti  pari  diligentia  s6  Hannibal 
praebuit  ac  fuerat  in  bello.  ISTanique  effecit  ex  novis  vec- 
tlgalibus  non  solum  ut  esset  pecunia,  quae  Romanis  ex  5 
foedere  penderetur,  sed  etiam  superesset,  quae  in  aerario 
rep  oner  etur. 

He  flees  to  Antiochus  and  rouses  him  against  the  Bomans. 

Deinde,  M.  Claudio  L.  Furio  consulibus,  Eoma  legatl 
Carthaginem  venerunt.  Hos  Hannibal  ratus  sul  expo- 
scendl  gratia  missos,  priusquam  eis  senatus  daretur,  navem  ifl 
ascendit  clam  atque  in  Syriam  ad  Antiochum  perfugit. 
Hac  re  palam  facta,  PoenI  naves  du^s,  quae  eum  compre- 
henderent,  si  possent  consequi,  miserunt,  bona  eius  publi- 
carunt,  domum  a  fundamentis  disiecerunt,  ipsum  exsulem 
itidicarunt.  15 

VIII.  At  Hannibal  anno  quarto  postquam  domo  profti- 
gerat,  L.  Cornelio  Q.  Minucio  consulibus,  cum  quinque 
navibus  Africam  accessit  in  finibus  Cyrenaeorum,  si  forte 
Carthaginienses  ad  bellum  indticere  posset  Antiochi  spe 
fiduciaque,  cui  iam  persuaserat  ut  cum  exercitibus  in  Ita-  20 
liam  proficisceretur.  Hue  Magonem  fratrem  excivit.  Id 
ubi  Poeni  resciverunt,  Magonem  eadem,  qua  fratrem,  ab- 
sentem  affecerunt  poena.  Illi,  desperatis  rebus,  cum  solvis- 
sent  naves  ac  vela  ventis  dedissent,  Hannibal  ad  Antiochum 
pervenit.  De  Magonis  interitti  duplex  memoria  prodita  est :  25 
namque  alii  naufragio,  alii  a  servulls  ipslus  interfectum  eum 
scriptum  rellquerunt.  Antiochus  autem  si  tam  in  gerendo 
bello  consilils  eius  parere  voluisset,  quam  in  suscipiendo 
Instituerat,  propius  Tiber  I  quam  Therm  opy  Us  de  sum  ma 
imperl  dimicasset.     Quem  etsi  multa  stulte  conari  videbat,  30 


108  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

tamen  nulla  d^seruit  in  re.  Praefuit  panels  navibus,  qnas 
ex  Syria  iussns  erat  in  Asiam  ducere,  eisque  adversus  Eho- 
diorum  classem  in  Pamphylio  marl  confllxit.  In  quo  cum 
multitudine  adversariorum  sui  superarentur,  ipse  quo  cornu 
5  rem  gessit  fuit  superior. 

Hannibal  outwits  the  Cretan  priests ;  he  flees  to  Pritsias. 

IX.  Antiocho  fugato,  vergns  ne  dederetur,  quod  sine  du- 
bio  accidisset,  si  sui  fecisset  potestatem,  Cretam  ad  Gorty- 
nios  venit,  ut  ibi  quo  se  conf erret  consideraret.  Vidit  autem 
vir  omnium  callidissimus  in  magno  s6  fore  periculo,  nisi 

10  quid  providisset,  propter  avaritiam  Cret6nsium;  magnam 
enim  secum  pecuniam  portabat,  d6  qua  sciebat  exisse  fa- 
mam.  Itaque  capit  tale  consilium.  Amphoras  complures 
complet  plumbo,  summas  operit  auro  et  argento.  Has, 
praesentibus  prmcipibus,  deponit  in  templo  Dianae,  simu- 

15  lans  se  suas  forttinas  illorum  fidei  credere.  His  in  errorem 
inductis,  statuas  aeneas,  quas  s6cum  portabat,  omni  sua  pe- 
cunia  complet  casque  in  propatulo  domi  abicit.  Gortynii 
templum  magna  cura  custodiunt,  nOn  tarn  a  ceteris  quam  ab 
Hannibale,  ne  ille,  inscientibus  els,  tolleret  sua  sScumque 

20  dticeret. 

X.  Sic  conservatis  suis  r6bus  omnibus  Poenus,  illtisis  Cr6- 
tensibus,  ad  Prusiam  in  Pontum  perv6nit.  Apud  quern 
eodem  animo  fuit  erga  Italiam  neque  aliud  quicquam  egit 
quam  regem  armavit  et  exacuit  adversus  Romanos.     Quem 

25  cum  videret  domesticis  opibus  minus  esse  robustum,  con- 
ciliabat  ceteros  r6g6s,  adiungebat  bellicosas  nationes.  Dissi- 
debat  ab  eo  Pergamenus  rex  Eumenes,  Komanis  amicissimus, 
bellumque  inter  eos  gerebatur  et  marl  et  terra;  sed  utro- 
bique  Eumenes  plus  valebat  propter  Romanorum  societa- 

30  tem.     Quo  magis  cupiebat  eum  Hannibal  opprimi,  quem  si 


HANNIBAL.  109 

removisset,  faciliora  sibi  cetera  fore  arbitrabatur.  Ad  hunc 
interficiendum  talem  iniit  rationem.  Classe  panels  diebus 
erant  decreturi.  Superabatur  navium  multitudine ;  dolo 
erat  pugnandum,  cum  par  non  esset  armls.  Imperavit 
quam  pltirimas  venenatas  serpentes  vivas  colligi  easque  5 
in  vasa  fictilia  conici.  Harum  cum  effecisset  magnam 
multitudinem,  die  ipso,  quo  facturus  erat  navale  proelium, 
classiarios  convocat  elsque  praecipit,  omnSs  ut  in  tinam 
Eumenis  regis  concurrant  navem,  a  ceteris  tantum  satis 
habeant  se  defendere.  Id  illos  facile  serpentium  multitu-  lo 
dine  consecuturos.  Eex  autem  in  qua  nave  veberetur,  ut 
scirent  se  f  acttirum ;  quem  si  aut  cepissent  aut  interf  ecis- 
sent,  magno  els  pollicetur  praemio  fore. 

Hannibal  defeats  Eumenes;  his  extraordinary  tactics. 

XI.  Tall  cohortatione  militum  facta,  classis  ab  utrisque 
in  proelium  dedticitur.  Quarum  aci6  constittita,  priusquam  15 
signum  pugnae  daretur,  Hannibal,  ut  palam  faceret  suis 
quo  loco  Eumenes  esset,  tabellarium  in  scapha  cum  caduceo 
mittit.  Qui  ubi  ad  naves  adversariorum  pervenit  epistu- 
lamque  ostendens  se  regem  professus  est  quaerere,  statim 
ad  Eumenem  deductus  est,  quod  nemo  dubitabat  quin  20 
aliquid  de  pace  esset  scriptum.  Tabellarius,  ducis  nave 
declarata,  suis  eodem,  unde  erat  egressus,  se  recgpit.  At 
Eumenes,  soltita  epistula,  nihil  in  ea  repperit  nisi  quae  ad 
irridendum  eum  pertinerent.  Cuius  rei  etsi  causam  mira- 
batur  neque  reperiebat,  tamen  proelium  statim  committere  25 
non  dubitavit.  Horum  in  concursti  Bithyni  Hannibalis 
praecepto  universi  navem  Eumenis  adoriuntur.  Quorum 
vim  rex  cum  sustinere  non  posset,  fuga  saltitem  petiit, 
quam  consecutus  non  esset,  nisi  intra  sua  praesidia  se 
recepisset,  quae  in  proximo  litore  erant  coUocata.     Beli-  30 


110  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

quae  Pergamenae  naves  cum  adversaries  premerent  acrius, 
repente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibus  supra  mentionem  feci- 
mus,  conici  coepta  sunt.  Quae  iacta  initio  rlsum  pugnan- 
tibus  concitarunt,  neque  qua  re  id  fieret  poterat  intellegi. 
6  Postquam  autem  naves  suas  oppletas  conspexerunt  serpen- 
tibus,  nova  re  perterriti,  cum  quid  potissimum  vitarent  non 
viderent,  puppes  verterunt  seque  ad  sua  castra  nautica 
rettulerunt.  Sic  Hannibal  consilio  arma  Pergamenorum 
superavit,  neque  tum  solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus 
10  copiis  pari  prtidentia  pepulit  adversaries. 

The  death  of  Hannibal.     His  literary  works. 

XII.  Quae  dum  in  Asia  geruntur,  accidit  casti  ut  legati 
Prusiae  Romae  apud  T.  Quinctium  Flamininum  consularem 
cenarent,  atque  ibi  de  Hannibale  mentione  facta,  ex  eis  tinus 
diceret  eum  in  Prusiae  regno  esse.     Id  postero  die  Flamini- 

15  nus  senatui  detulit.  Patres  conscript!,  qui,  Hannibale  vivo, 
numquam  se  sine  insidiis  futtiros  existimarent,  legates  in 
Blthyniam  miserunt,  in  eis  Plaminmum,  qui  ab  rege  pete- 
rent,  ne  inimlcissimum  suum  secum  haberet  sibique  dederet. 
His  Prtisia  negare  ausus  non  est ;  illud  rectisavit,  ne  id  a 

20  se  fieri  postularent,  quod  adversus  ius  hospiti  esset:  ipsi, 
si  possent,  comprebenderent ;  locum,  ubi  esset,  facile  inven- 
turos.  Hannibal  enim  uno  loco  se  tenebat,  in  castello  quod 
ei  a  rege  datum  erat  muneri,  idque  sic  aedificarat,  ut  in 
omnibus  partibus  aedifici  exitus  haberet^  scilicet  verens  ne 

25  usu  veniret  quod  accidit. 

Hue  cum  legati  Romanorum  venissent  ac  multittidine 
domum  eius  circumdedissent,  puer,  ab  ianua  prospiciens, 
Hanniball  dixit  pltires  praeter  consuettidinem  armatos 
apparere.    Qui   imperavit  el,  ut  omnes  fores  aedifici  cir- 

30  cumiret    ac    propere    sibi     nuntiaret    num    eodem     modo 


CATO.  Ill 

undique  obsideretur.  Puer  cum  celeriter,  quid  vidisset, 
rentintiasset  omnesque  exitus  occupatos  ostendisset,  sensit 
id  non  fortulto  factum,  sed  se  petl  neque  sibi  diutius 
vitam  esse  retinendam.  Quam  ne  alieno  arbitrio  dimit- 
teret,  memor  pristinarum  virtutum,  venenum,  quod  semper  5. 
secum  habere  consuerat,  sumpsit. 

XIII.    Sic  vir   fortissimus,  multis  variisque   perfunctus 
laboribus,  anno   acquievit   septuagesimo.     Quibus   consuli- 
bus  interierit  non  convenit.     Namque  Atticus  M.  Claudio 
Marcello  Q.  Fabio  Labeone  consulibus  mortuum  in  annali  10 
suo  scrlptum  reliquit,  at  Polybius  L.  Aemilio  Paulo  Cn. 
Baebio    Tamphilo,    Sulpicius    autem    Blitho    P.    Cornelio 
Cethego  M.  Baebio  Tamphilo.     Atque  hie  tantus  vir  tan- 
tisque  bellis  districtus  non  nihil  temporis  tribuit  litteris. 
Namque  aliquot  eius  libri  sunt,  Graeco  sermone  confecti,  15 
in  eis  ad  Rhodios  de  Cn.  Manlii  Volsonis  in  Asia  rebus 
gestis.     Huius   belli  gesta    multi    memoriae    prodiderunt, 
sed  ex  eis  duo,  qui  cum  eo  in  castris  fuerunt   simulque 
vixerunt,  quam  diu  fortuna  passa  est,  Silenus  et  Sosilus 
Lacedaemonius.      Atque  hoc   Sosilo  Hannibal    litterarum  20 
Graecarum  usus  est  doctore. 

VII.   Cato. 

His  early  life. 

I.  M.  Cato,  ortus  municipio  Tusculo,  adulgscentulus, 
priusquam  honoribus  operam  daret,  versatus  est  in  Sabi- 
nis,  quod  ibi  heredium  a  patre  relictum  habebat.  Inde 
hortatu  L.  Valeri  Placci,  quem  in  consulatu  censuraque  25 
habuit  collegam,  ut  M.  Perpenna  censorius  narrare  solitus 
est,  Komam  demigravit  in  foroque  esse  coepit.  Primum 
stipendium  meruit  annorum  decem  septemque.     Q.  Fabio 


112  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

M.  Claudio  consulibus,  tribunus  mllitum  in  Sicilia  fuit 
Inde  ut  rediit,  castra  secutus  est  C.  Claudil  Neronis, 
magnique  opera  eius  existimata  est  in  proelio  apud  Se- 
nam,  quo  cecidit  Hasdrubal,  frater  Hannibalis.     Quaestor 

.5  obtigit  P.  Africano  consul!,  cum  quo  non  pro  sortis 
necessitudine  vixit;  namque  ab  eo  perpetua  dissensit 
vita.  Aedilis  plebei  factus  est  cum  0.  Helvio.  Praetor 
provinciam  obtinuit  Sardiniam,  ex  qua  quaestor  superiore 
tempore  ex  Africa  decedens  Q.  Ennium  poetam  deduxerat, 

10  quod  non  minoris  aestimamus  quam  quemlibet  amplissi- 
mum  Sardiniensem  triumplium. 

His  consulship  and  censorship;  his  severity. 

II.  Consulatum  gessit  cum  L.  Valerio  Flacco.  Sorte 
provinciam  nactus  Hispaniam  citeriorem  ex  ea  trium- 
phum   dgportavit.     Ibi   cum   dititius   moraretur,  P.  Scipio 

15  Africanus,  consul  iterum,  cuius  in  pri6re  consulatti  quae- 
stor fuerat,  voluit  eum  dS  provincia  dSpellere  et  ipse  ei 
succSdere;  neque  hoc  per  senatum  efficere  potuit,  cum 
quidem  Scipio  principatum  in  civitate  obtingret,  quod 
tum   non   potentia,  sed   iure  r6s   publica  administrabatur. 

20  Qua  ex  re  iratus  senatui,  consulatti  peracto,  privatus  in 
urbe  mansit.  At  Cato,  c6nsor  cum  eodem  Flacco  factus, 
severe  praefuit  ei  potestati;  nam  et  in  complures  nobiles 
animadvertit  et  multas  res  novas  in  edictum  addidit,  qua 
rS  luxuria  reprimeretur,  quae  iam  tum  incipiebat  pullulare. 

25  Circiter  annos  octoginta,  tisque  ad  extremam  aetatem  ab 
adulescentia,  rei  publicae  causa  suscipere  inimicitias  non 
destitit.  A  multls  temptatus,  non  modo  nullum  detrimen- 
tum  existimationis  f6cit,  sed  quoad  vixit  virtutum  laude 
crevit. 


CATO.  113 

His  energy  and  ability.     His  literary  works. 

III.  In  omnibus  rebus  singularl  fuit  industria;  nam  et 
agricola  sellers,  et  peritus  itiris  consultus,  et  magnus  im- 
perator,  et  probabilis  orator,  et  cupidissimus  litterarum  fuit. 
Quarum  studium  etsi  senior  arripuerat,  tamen  tantum  pro- 
gressum  fecit,  ut  non  facile  reperiri  possit  neque  de  Graecis  5 
neque  de  Italicis  rebus,  quod  ei  fuerit  incognitum.  Ab 
adulescentia  confecit  orationes.  Senex  historias  scribere 
mstituit.  Earum  sunt  librl  septem.  Primus  continet  res 
gestas  regum  populi  Eomani,  secundus  et  tertius  unde  quae- 
que  civitas  orta  sit  Italica;  ob  quam  rem  omnes  Orlgines  lO 
videtur  appellasse.  In  quarto  autem  bellum  Poenicum  est 
primum,  in  quint o  secundum.  Atque  haec  omnia  capitu- 
latim  sunt  dicta.  Peliqua  quoque  bella  pari  modo  perse- 
ctitus  est  usque  ad  praeturam  Ser.  Galbae,  qui  diripuit 
Ltisitanos;  atque  horum  bellorum  duces  non  nominavit,  15 
sed  sine  nominibus  res  notavit.  In  eisdem  exposuit  quae 
in  Italia  Hispaniisque  viderentur  admiranda;  in  quibus 
multa  industria  et  diligentia  comparet,  nulla  doctrina. 

Huius  de  vita  et  moribus   plura  in  eo  libro  persectiti 
sumus,  quern  separatim  de  eo  fecimus  rogatu  T.  Pomponi  20 
Attici.     Qua  re  studiosos  Catonis  ad  illud  volumen  dele- 
gamus. 


C.  lULI  CAESARIS 

DE  BELLO   GALLICO 

COMMENTAEIUS  PRIMUS. 


Gaul  and  its  peoples. 

I.    Gallia  est  omnis  divlsa  in  partes  tres,  quarum  unam 
incolimt  Belgae,  aliam  Aquitani,  tertiain,  qui  ipsorum  lin- 
gua  Celtae,  nostra   Galli   appellantur.     Hi  omnes  lingua, 
institutis,  legibus  inter  se  differunt.     Gallos  ab  Aquitanis 
5  Garumna  fltimen,  a  Belgis  Matrona  et  S^quana  dividit. 

Horum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  propterea  quod 
a  cultu  atque  htimanitate  provinciae  longissime  absunt,  mi- 
nimeque  ad  eos  mercatores  saepe  commeant,  atque  ea,  quae 
ad  effeminandos  animos  pertinent,  important;  proximique 

10  sunt  Germanis,  qui  trans  Ehenum  incolunt,  quibuscum 
continenter  bellum  gerunt.  Qua  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque 
reliquos  Gallos  virtute  praecedunt,  quod  fere  cotidianis 
proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt,  cum  aut  suis  finibus 
eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi  in  eorum  finibus  bellum  gerunt. 

15  Eorum  una  pars,  quam  Gallos  obtinere  dictum  est, 
initium  capit  a  flumine  Rhodano;  continetur  Garumna 
flumine,  Oceano,  finibus  Belgarum ;  attingit  etiam  ab  Se- 
quanis  et  Helvetils  flumen  Rhenum ;  vergit  ad  septentri- 
ones.     Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur ;  perti- 

114 


BR«Dtty  *  POATtS  £MG«  »  • 


LIB.  I.  CAP.  i-m.  115 

nent  ad  Inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Khenl;  spectant  in 
septentrionem  et  orientem  solem.  Aquitania  a  Ganimna 
fltimine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  earn  partem  Oceani,  quae 
est  ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet  5  spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et 
septentriones.  6 

Orgetorix,  a  Helvetian,  persuades  his  countrymen  to  migrate. 

II.  Apud  Helv6tios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  et  ditissimus 
Orgetorix.  Is,  M.  Messala  et  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  regni 
cupiditate  inductus  conitirationem  nobilitatis  fecit,  et  civi- 
tati  persuasit,  ut  de  finibus  suls  cum  omnibus  copiis  exi- 
rent ;  perfacile  esse,  cum  virtute  omnibus  praestarent,  10 
totlus  Galliae  imperio  potiri.  ^ 

Id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit,  quod  undique  loci  nattira 
Helvetil  continentur:  una  ex  parte  fltimine  Rheno,  latis- 
simo  atque  altissimo,  qui  agrum  Helvetium  a  Germanis 
dividit ;  altera  ex  parte  monte  lura  altissimo,  qui  est  inter  15 
Sequanos  et  Helvetios;  tertia,  lacti  Lemanno  et  fltimine 
Rhodano,  qui  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetiis  dividit. 
His  rebus  fiebat,  ut  et  minus  late  vagarentur  et  minus  fa- 
cile f initimis  bellum  inf erre  possent ;  qua  ex  parte  homines 
bellandl  cupidi  magno  dolore  afficiebantur.  Pro  multitti-  20 
dine  autem  hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortittldinis 
angustos  se  fines  habere  arbitrabantur,  qui  in  longitudinem 
milia  passuum  ccxl,  in  latittidinem  clxxx  patebant. 

They  make  preparations ;  Orgetorix  plots,  is  caught,  dies. 

III.  His   rebus   adducti  et  auctoritate   Orgetorigis  per- 
moti  constituerunt  ea,  quae  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent,  25 
comparare,  iumentorum  et  carrdrum  quam  maximum  nume- 
rum  coemere,  sementes  quam  maximas  facere,  ut  in  itinere 
copia  frumenti  suppeteret,  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem 


116  CAESAR. 

et  amicitiam  confirmare.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  biennium 
sibi  satis  esse  duxerunt;  in  tertium  annum  profectionem 
lege  confirmant. 

Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  Orgetorlx  deligitnr.     Is  sibi  lega- 

6  tionem  ad  civitates  suscepit.  In  eo  itinera  persuadet  Castico, 
Catamantaloedis  filio,  Sequano,  cuius  pater  regnum  in  Se- 
quanis  multos  annos  obtinuerat  et  a  senatti  populi  Romani 
amicus  appellatus  erat,  ut  rggnum  in  civitate  sua  occuparet, 
quod  pater  ante  habuerat ;  itemque  Dumnorigi  Aeduo,  f  ratri 

10  DiviciacI,  qui  eo  tempore  principatum  iu  civitate  obtinebat 
ac  maxime  plebi  acceptus  erat,  ut  idem  conaretur,  persuadet, 
eique  filiam  suam  in  matrimonium  dat. 

Perf acile  factti  esse  illls  probat  conata  perficere,  propterea 
quod  ipse  suae  civitatis  imperium  obtenturus  esset ;  non  esse 

15  dubium,  quin  totius  Galliae  plurimum  Helvetii  possent ;  s6 
suis  comis  suoque  exercitti  illis  regna  conciliattirum  con- 
firmat/  Hac  oratione  adducti  inter  se  fidem  et  itis  iuran- 
dum^'^^dant,  et  regno  occupato  per  tres  potentissimos  ac 
firmissimos  populos  totius  Galliae  sese  potlri  posse  sperant. 

20  '  IV.  Ea  res  est  Helvetiis  per  indicium  entintiata.  Mori- 
bus  suis  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere  coegSrunt ; 
damnatum  poenam  sequi  oportebat,  ut  igni  cremaretur.  Dig 
constituta  causae  dictionis  Orgetorlx  ad  iudicium  omnem 
suam  familiam,  ad  hominum  milia  decem,  undique  coegit,  et 

25  omnes  clientes  obaeratosque  suos,  quorum  magnum  nume- 
rum  habebat,  eodem  conduxit ;  per  eos,  ne  causam  diceret, 
se  eripuit.  Cum  civitas  ob  eam  rem  incitata  armis  ius 
suum  exsequi  conaretur,  multitudinemque  hominum  ex 
agrls  magistrattis  cogerent,  Orgetorlx  mortuus  est;   neque 

30  abest  suspicio,  ut  Helvetii  arbitrantur,  quin  ipse  sibi  mortem 
consciverit. 


LIB.    I.    CAP.  IV-VI.  117 

The  Helvetii  get  ready;  they  plan  to  go  through  the  province. 

V.  Post  eius  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod  coo- 
stituerant,  facere  conantur,  ut  6  flnibus  suis  exeant.  Ubi 
iam  se  ad  earn  rem  paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua 
omnia,  numero  ad  duodecim,  vicos  ad  quadringentos,  reliqua 
privata  aedificia  incendunt,  frtimentum  omne,  praeter  quod  5 
secum  portaturl  erant,  comburunt,  ut  domum  reditionis  sp6 
sublata  paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  subeunda  essen^j^^ 
trium  mensium  molita  cibaria  sibi  quemque  domo  efferre 

#iubent.  I  Persuadent   Rauracis   et  Tulingis  et   Latobrlgis 
fmitimls,   uti.   eodem   usl   consiliOj   oppidis    suis   vicisque  lO 
exustis,  una  cum   eis   proficiscantur ;   Boiosque,  qui  trans 
Bhenum  incoluerant  et  in  agrum  Noricum  transierant  NCre- 
iamque  oppugnarant,  receptos  ad  se  socios  sibi  ascTscunt.   ^,,^ 

VI.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo,  quibus  itineribus  domo 
exire  possent:  unum  per  S^quanos,  angustum  et  difficile,  15 
inter  montem  luram  et  fltimen  Rhodanum,  vix  qua  singuli 
carri  ducerentur;  mons  autem  altissimus  impendebat,  ut 
facile  perpauci  prohibSre  possent;  alterum  per  provinciam 
nostram,  multo  facilius  atque  expeditius,  propterea  quod 
inter  flngs  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum,  qui  ntiper  pacati  20 
erant,  Ehodanus  fluit,  isque  non  nullis  locis  vado  transltur. 

'  Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  est  proximumque  Helve- 
tiorum finibus  Geftavar^Ex  eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios 
pertinet.  Allobrogibus  sese  vel  persuastiros,  quod  nondum 
bono  animo  in  populum  Eomanum  vid6rentur,  existimabant,  25 
vel  VI  coacturos,  ut  per  suos  fines  eos  ire  paterentur.  Omni- 
bus rebus  ad  prof  ectionem  comparatis  diem  dicunt,  qua  di6 
ad  ripam  Rhodani  omnes  conveniant.  Is  di6s  erat  a.  d.  v.  / 
Kal.  Apr.,  L.  Pisone,  A.  Gabinio  consulibus.  / 


118  CAESAR. 

Caesar  hastens  to  Geneva;  he  keeps  the  Helvetii  out  of  tht 
province. 

VII.  Caesarf  cum  id  nuntiatum  esset,  eos  per  provin- 
ciam  nostram  iter  facere  conari,  mattirat  ab  urbe  proficisci 
et,  quam  maximis  potest  itineribus,  in  Galliam  ulteriorem 
contendit  et  ad  Genavam  pervenit.     Provinciae  toti  quam 

5  maximum  potest  militum  numerum  imjierat  (erat  omnino 
in  Gallia  ulteriore  legio  una),  pontem,  qui  erat  ad  Genavam, 
iubet  rescind!. 

Ubi  de  eius  adventu  Helvetii  certiores  facti  sunt,  legates 
ad  eum  mittunt  nobilissimos  civitatis,  cuius  legationis  Nam- 

10  meius  et  Verucloetius  prlncipem  locum  obtinebant,  qui 
dicerent,  sibi  esse  in  animo  sine  ullo  maleficio  iter  per 
provinciam  facere,  propterea  quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nul- 
lum ;  rogare,  ut  eius  voluntate  id  sibi  facere  liceat.^/ Caesar, 
quod  memoria  tenebat,  L.  Cassium   consulem  od^cisum  ex- 

15  ercitumque  eius  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum  et  sub  iugum  missum, 
concedendum  non  putabat ;  neque  homines  inimico  animo, 
data  facultate  per  provinciam  itineris  faciundl,  tempera- 
tures ab  initiria  et  maleficio  existimabat.  Tamen,  ut  spa- 
tium   intercedere   posset,   dum   milites,   quos   imperaverat, 

20  convenirent,  legatis  respondit,  diem  se  ad  deliberandum 
sumpttirum;  si  quid  vellent,  ad  Id.  April,  reverterentur. 

VIII.  Interea  ea  legione,  quam  secum  habebat,  militi- 
busque,  qui  ex  provincia  convenerant,  a  lacu  Lemanno,  qui 
in  flumen  Rhodanum  influit,  ad  montem  luram,  qui  fines 

25  Sequanorum   ab   Helvetiis   dividit,   milia   passuum   xviiii 

^.^.^^urum  in  altitudinem  pedum  sedecim  fossamque  perdticit. 

Eo  opere   perfect©   praesidia  disponit,  castella  commtinit, 

quo  facilius,   si  s6   invito  transire   conarentur,   prohibere 

possit. 


LIB.   I.   CAP.  VII-X.  119 

Ubi  ea  dies,  qnam  constituerat  cum  legatis,  venit,  et  legati 
ad  eum  reverterunt,  negat,  se  more  et  exemplo  populi  Ko- 
mani  posse  iter  uUl  per  provinciam  dare ;  et,  si  vim  f acere 
conentur,  prohibiturum  ostendit.  Helvetii,  ea  spe  deiecti, 
navibus  itinctis  ratibusque  compluribus  factis,  alii  vadls  5 
E/hodani,  qua  minima  altitude  fluminis  erat,  non  numquam 
interditi,  saepius  noctti,  si  perrumpere  possent,  conati,  operis 
mtinitione  et  mllitum  concursti  et  tells  repulsi  hoc  conattl 
destiterunt. 

They  get  leave  to  go  through  the  counti'y  of  the  Sequani. 

IX.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua  Sequanis  IC 
invitis  propter  angustias  Ire  non  poterant.     His  cum  sua 
sponte   persuadere   non   possent,   legates   ad   Dumnorigem 
Aeduum  mittunt,  ut  eo  deprecatore  a  Sequanis  impetrarent. 
Dumnorix  gratia  et  largltione  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  po- 
terat,  et  Helvetils  erat  amicus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate  Orgeto-  15 
rigis  flliam  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  et  cupiditate  regni 
adductus  novis  rebus  studebat,  et  quam  plurimas  civitates 
suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas  volebat.     Itaque  rem  susci- 
pit,  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat,  ut  per  fines  suos  HelvStios 
Ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  uti  inter  sese  dent,  perficit:    Se-  20 
quani,  ne  itinere  Helvetios  prohibeant;   Helvetii,  ut  sine 
maleficio  et  iniuria  transeant.  ^^xV" 

Caesar  fetches  five  legions  from  Italy ;  the  Aedui  and  others 
entreat  his  aid  against  the  Helvetii. 

X.  Caesari    renuntiatur,    Helvetils    esse ,  in    animo   per 
agrum  Sequanorum  et  Aeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines 

f acere,  qui  non  longg  a  Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae  25 
civitas  est  in  provincia.     Id  si  fieret,  intellegebat  magno 
cum  perlculo  provinciae   futurum,  ut   homines   bellicosos. 


120  CAESAR. 

populi  RomanI  inimlcOs,  locis  patentibus  maxim eque  fru- 
mentariis  finitimos  haberet.  Ob  eas  causas  el  munitioni, 
quam  fecerat,  T.  Labienum  legatum  praefecit;  ipse  in 
Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit   duasque  ibi  legiones 

6  conscrlbit,  et  tres,  quae  circum  Aquileiam  hiemabant,  ex 
hibernis  edticit  et,  qua  proximum  iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam 
per  Alpes  erat,  cum  his  quinque  legionibus  ire  contendit. 
Ibi  CeutronSs  et  Graioceli  et  Caturiges  locis  superioribus 
occupatis    itinere    exercitum    prohibere    conantur.      Com- 

10  pluribus  his  proeliis  pulsis,  ab  Ocelo,  quod  est  citerioris 
provinciae  extremum,  in  fines  VocontiOrum  ulteriOris  pro- 
vinciae  die  septimo  pervenit;  inde  in  Allobrogum  fines, 
ab  Allobrogibus  in  Segtisiavos  exercitum  dticit.  Hi  sunt 
extra  provinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primL/^ 

15  XI.  Helvetii  iam  per  angustias  et  fines  Sequanorum 
suas  copias  tradtixerant,  et  in  Aeduorum  fines  pervenerant 
eorumque  agros  populabantur.  Aedul,  cum  se  suaque  ab 
els  defendere  non  possent,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt 
rogatum  auxilium :  Ita  se  omnI  tempore  de  populo  Romano 

20  meritos  esse,  ut,  paene  in  conspectu  exercittis  nostrl,  agri 
vastarl,  llberi  eorum  in  servitutem  abduci,  oppida  expu- 
gnari  non  debuerint.  Eodem  tempore,  quo  Aedul,  AmbarrI, 
necessarii  et  consanguine!  Aeduorum,  Caesarem  certiorem 
faciunt,  sese  depopulatis  agrls  non  facile  ab  oppidls  vim 

25  hostium  prohibere.  Item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum 
vicos  possessionesque  habebant,  fuga  se  ad  Caesarem  reci- 
piunt,  et  demonstrant,  sibi  praeter  agrI  solum  nihil  esse 
reliqui.  Quibus  rebus  adductus  Caesar  non  exspectandum 
sibi  statuit,  dum  omnibus  fortunis  sociorum  constimptls  in 

30  Santonos  Helvetii  pervenlrent. 


LIB.    I.    CAP.    X-XIII.  121 

Caesar  cuts  to  pieces  one  division  of  the  Helvetii  at  the  Avar. 
The  rest  send  deputies  to  treat  with  him. 

XII.  Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  Aeduorum  et 
Sequanorum  in  Ehodanum  influit,  incredibili  l6nitate,  ita 
ut  oculis,  in  utram  partem  fluat,  iudicari  non  possit.  Id 
Helvetii  ratibus  ac  lintribus  itinctis  transibant. /Ubi  per 
exploratores  Caesar  certior  factus  est,  tr6s  mm  partes  5 
copiarum  Helvetios  id  flumen  traduxisse,  quartam  fere 
partem  citra  flumen  Ararim  reliquam  esse,  de  tertia  vigilia 
cum  legionibus  tribus  6  castris  profectus  ad  earn  partem 
pervSnit,  quae  nondum  flumen  transierat.  Eos  impeditos 
et  inopinantes  aggressus  magnam  partem  eorum  concldit;  lo 
reliqui  sese  fugae  mandarunt  atque  in  proximas  silvas 
abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur  Tigurinus;  nam  omnis 
civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  divisa  est. 

Hic  pagus  unus,  cum  domo  exisset,  patrum  nostrorum 
memoria  L.  Cassium  consulem  interfecerat  et  eius  exerci-  15 
tum  sub  iugum  miserat.  Ita  sive  casti  sive  consilio  deorum 
immortalium.  quae  pars  civitatis  Helvetiae  insignem  ca- 
lamitatem  populo  Eomano  intulerat,  ea  princeps  poenas 
persolvit.  Qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  publicas,  sed 
etiam  privatas  iniurias  ultus  est,  quod  eius  socerl  L.  20 
Pisonis  avum,  L.  Pisonem  legatum,  Tigurini  eodem  proe- 
lio,  quo  Cassium,  interfecerant. 

XIII.  Hoc  proelio  facto,  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum 
ut  consequi  posset,  pontem  in  Arare  faciendum  curat  atque 
ita  exercitum  tradticit.  \  Helv6tii  repentmo  6ius  adventu  25 
commotT,  cum  id,  quod  ipsi  diebus  xx  aegerrime  confece- 
rant,  ut  flumen  transirent,  ilium  uno  die  fgcisse  intelle- 
gerent,  legatos  ad  eum  mittunt;  cuius  Iggationis  Divico 
princeps  fuit,  qui  bello  Cassiano  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat 

Is  ita  cum  Caesare  egit :  so 


122  CAESAR. 

Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetils  faceret,  in 
earn  partem  ittiros  atque  ibi  futures  Helvetios,  ubi  eos 
Caesar  constituisset  atque  esse  voluisset;  sin  bello  per- 
sequl   perseveraret,   reminisceretur    et    veteris   incommodi 

5  populi  RomanI  et  pristinae  virtutis  Helvetiorum.  Quod 
improviso  tinum  pagum  adortus  esset,  cum  ei,  qui  flumen 
transissent,  suis  auxilium  ferre  non  possent,  ne  ob  eam 
rem  aut  suae  magnopere  virtuti  tribueret  aut  ipsos  despi- 
ceret;    se   ita   a   patribus  maioribusque   suls  didicisse,  ut 

10  magis  virtute  contenderent,  quam  dolo  aut  insidils  nite- 
rentur.  Qua  re  ne  committeret,  ut  is  locus,  ubi  consti- 
tissent,  ex  calamitate  populi  RomanI  et  internecione 
exercittis  nomen  caperet  aut  memoriam  proderet. 

They  reject  Caesar^ s  conditions^  and  march  on ;  Caesar  follows. 

XIV.   His  Caesar  ita  respondit : 

15  Eo  sibi  minus  dubitationis  darl,  quod  eas  r6s,  quas  legati 
Helvetil  commemorassent,  memoria  teneret,  atque  eo  gravius 
ferre,  quo  minus  merito  populi  Roman!  accidissent ;  qui  si 
alicuius  iniuriae  sibi  conscius  fuisset,  non  fuisse  difficile 
cavereh  sed  eo   deceptum,  quod  neque   commissum  a  se 

20  intellegeret,  qua  re  timeret,  neque  sine  causa  timendum 
putaretj\^Quod  si  veteris  contumeliae  obllvlsci  vellet,  num 
etiam  recentium  initiriarum,  quod  eo  invito  iter  per  pro- 
vinciam  per  vim  temptassent,  quod  Aeduos,  quod  Ambar- 
ros,  quod  Allobrogas  vexassent,  memoriam  deponere  posse  ? 

25  Quod  sua  victoria  tam  Insolenter  gloriarentur,  quodque  tam 
diu  se  impune  initirias  tulisse  admlrarentur,  eodem  perti- 
nere.  Consuesse  enim  deos  immortales,  quo  gravius  homi- 
nes ex  commutatione  rerum  doleant,  quos  pro  scelere  eorum 
ulclscl  velinj:,  his  secundiores  interdum  res  et  diuturniorem 

30  impunitatem  conc6dere.  \^  Cum  ea  ita  sint,  tamen,  si  obsides 


LIB.   I.   CAP.   XIII-XVL  123 

ab  e^  sibi  dentur,  uti  ea,  quae  polliceantur,  facturos  intelle- 
gat,  et  si  Aeduis  de  initiriis,  quas  ipsis.socilsque  eorum 
intulerint,  item  si  Allobrogibus  satis  faciant,  sese  cum  eis 
pacem  esse  facturum. 

Divico  respondit :   Ita  Helvetios  a  maioribus  suis  institu-  5 
tos  esse,  utI  obsides  accipere,  noii  dare,  consuerint;    eius 
rei  populum  Eomanum  esse  testem.      Hoc  response  dato 
discessit. 

XV.   Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.     Idem  facit 
Caesar  equitatumque  omnem,  ad  numerum  quattuor  milium,  lO 
quem  ex  omni  provincia  et  Aeduis  atque  eorum  sociis  co- 
actum  habebat,  praemittit,  qui  videant,  quas  in  partes  hostes 
iter    facianty/^  Qui   cupidius    novissimum   agmen    insecuti 
alieno  loco  cum  equitatti  Helvetiorum  proelium  committunt ; 
et  pauci  de  iiostrls  cadunt.     Quo  proelio  sublati  Helvetii,  15 
quod  quingentis  equitibus   tantam   multittidinem  equitum 
propulerant,  audacius   subsistere   non  numquam  et  novis- 
simo  agmine  proelio  nostros  lacessere  coeperunt.     Caesar 
suos  a  proelio  continebat,  ac  satis  habebat  in  praesentia 
hostem  rapinis,  pabulationibus  populationibusque  prohibere.  20 
Ita  dies  circiter  quindecim  iter  fecerunt,  uti  inter  novissi- 
mum hostium  agmen  et  nostrum  primum  non  amplius  qui- 
nis  aut  senis  mili]3us  passuum  intergss^t. 

The  Aedui  neglect  to  bring  grain ;  Caesar  learns  of  disloyalty. 

XYI.  Interim  cotidie  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentum,  quod 
essent  publice  polliciti,  flagitare.  Nam  propter  frigora,  26 
quod  Gallia  sub  septentrionibus,  ut  ante  dictum  est,  posita 
est,  non  modo  frumenta  in  agris  matura  nofi^rant  sed  ne 
pabuli  quidem  satis  magna  copia  suppetebatj^o  autem  ^- 
mento,  quod  fltimine  Arare  navibus  subvexerat,  propterea 
minus  uti  poterat,  quod  iter  ab  Arare  Helvetii  averterant,  a  30 


124  CAESAR. 

quibus  discedere  nolebat.     Diem  ex  dig  ducere  Aedui ;  con- 
ferri,  comportari,  adesse  dicere. 

Ubi  se  diutius  dfici  intellexit  et  diem  instare,  quo  die 
frumentum   militibus    metirl    oporteret,    convocatis   eorum 

5  prlncipibus,  quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat; 
in  his  Diviciaco  et  Lisco,  qui  summo  magistratui  praeerat, 
quem  ^  vergobretum '  appellant  Aedui,  qui  creatur  annuus 
et  vitae  necisque  in  suos  habet  potestatem,  graviter  eos 
accusat,  quod,  cum  neque  emi  neque  ex  agris  sum!  posset, 

10  tam  necessario  tempore,  tarn  propinquis  hostibus,  ab  eis 
non  sublevetur,  praesertim  cum  magna  ex  parte  eorum 
precibus  adductus  bellum  susceperit ;  multo  etiam  gravius, 
quod  sit  destitutus,  queriturj^ 

XVII.  Tum  dSmum  Liscus  oratione  Caesaris  adductus, 
15  quod  antea  tacuerat,  proponit : 

Esse  non  ntillos,  quorum  auctoritas  apud  plebem  pluri- 
mum  valeat,  qui  privatim  plus  possint  quam  ipsi  magi- 
stratus.  Hos  seditiosa  atque  improba  oratione  multitudinem 
deterrere,  ne  frumentum   conferant,  quod  debeant:    prae- 

20  stare,  si  iam  principatum  Galliae  obtinere  non  possint, 
Gallorum  quam  Romanorum  imperia  perferre;  neque 
dubitare  debere,  quin,  si  Helvetios  superaverint  Rom  an  i, 
una  cum  reliqua  Gallia  Aeduis  libertatem  sint  erepturi. 
Ab   eisdem    nostra  consilia,  quaeque   in   castris   gerantur, 

25  hostibus  enuntiari;  hos  a  se  coerceri  non  posse.  Quin 
etiam,  quod  necessariam  rem  coactus  Caesari  enuntiarit, 
intellegere  sese,  quanto  id  cum  periculo  fecerit,  et  ob  earn 
causam,  quam  diu  pptuerit,  tacuisse.   ^ 

The  treachery  of  Dumnoriz  is  proved. 

XVIII.  Caesar  hac   oratione   Lisci  Dumnorigem,   Divi- 
30  ciaci    fratrem,    designari    sentiebat;     sed,    quod    pluribus 


LIB.  I.    CAP.  XVI-XVIIl  125 

praesentibus  eas  res  iactari  nolebat,  celeriter  concilium 
dimittit,  Liscum  retinetj  Quaerit  ex  solo  ea,  quae  in  con- 
ventu  dixerat ;  dicit  liberius  atque  audacius. 

Eadem  secreto  ab  aliis  quaerit,  reperit  esse  vera :  Ipsum 
esse  Dumnorigem,  summa  audacia,  magna  apud  plebem  5 
propter  llberalitatem  gratia,  cupidum  rerum  novarum. 
Complures  annos  portoria  reliquaque  omnia  Aeduorum 
vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habere,  propterea  quod 
illo  licente  contra  liceri  audeat  nemo.  His  rebus  et  suam 
rem  familiarem  auxisse  et  facultates  ad  largiendum  magnas  lo 
comparasse ;  magnum  numerum  equitatus  suo  sumptti  sem- 
per alere  et  circum  se  habere,  neque  solum  domi,  sed  etiam 
apud  finitimas  civitates  largiter  posse,  atque  huius  poten- 
tiae  causa  matrem  in  Biturlgibus  homini  illlc  nobilissimo 
ac  potentissimo  collocasse;  ipsum  ex  Helvetiis  uxorem  15 
habere,  sororem  ex  matre  et  propinquas  suas  ntrptum  in 
alias  civitates  collocasse.  Favere  et  cupere  Helvetiis 
propter  cam  affinitatem,  odisse  etiam  suo  nomine  Caesarem 
et  Eomanos,  quod  eorum  adventti  potentia  eius  demintita 
et  Diviciacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratiae  atque  ho-  20 
noris  sjj-.  rpstitfi^'^gp  Si  quid  accidat  Eomanis,  summam  in 
spem  per  HelveSs  regni  obtinendi  venire ;  imperig  populi 
Eomani  non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea,  quam  habeat, 
gratia  desperare. 

Eeperiebat  etiam   in   quaerendo  Caesar,  quod  proelium  25 
equestre  adversum  paucis  ante  dijebus  esset  factum,  initium 
eius  fugae  factum  a  Duranqrige  atque  eius  equitibus  (nam 
equitatui,  quem  auxilio  Caesari  Aedui  miserant,  Dumnorix 
praee.-:-at),  eorum  f  uga  reliquum  esse  equitatum  perterritum. 


126  CAESAR. 

Caesar  consults  Diviciacus,  for  whose  sake  Dumnorix  is  pardoned. 

XIX.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  cum  ad  has  susplciones 
certissimae  res  accederent,  quod  per  fines  Sequanorum 
Helvetios  traduxisset,  quod  obsides  inter  eos  dandos  curas- 
set,  quod  ea  omnia  non  modo  iniussti  suo  et  civitatis,  sed 
5  etiam  inscientibus  i^is  fecisset,  quod  a  magistratti  Aeduo- 
rum  accusaretur,  satis  esse  causae  arbitrabatur,  qua  re  in 
eum  aut  ipse  animadverter^t,  aut  civitatem  animadvertere 


iuberetjj 


His   omnibus   rebus   unum   repugnabat,   quod    DiviciacI 

10  fratris  summum  in  populum  Eomanum  studium,  summam 
in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem,  iustitiam,  temperantiam 
cognoverat;  nam,  ne  eius  supplicio  DiviciacI  animum 
offenderet,  verSbatur.  Itaque  prius,  quam  quicquam  cona- 
retur,  Diviciacum  ad  se  vocarl  iubet  et,  cotidianis  inter- 

15  pretibus  remotis,  per  C.  Valerium  Troucillum,  prmcipem 
Galliae  provinciae,  familiarem  suum,  cui  summam  omnium 
rerum  fidem  habebat,  cum  eo  colloquitur;  simul  commo- 
nefacit,  quae  ipso  praesente  in  concilio  Gallorum  de  Dum- 
norlge  sint  dicta,  et  ostendit,  quae  separatim  quisque  de  eo 

20  apud  se  dixerit.  Petit  atque  hortatur,  ut  sine  eius  offensi- 
one  animi  vel  ipse  de  eo  causa  cognita  statuat,  vel  civitatem 
statuere  iubeat. 

XX.   Diviciacus  multls  cum  lacrimls  Caesarem  complexus 
obsecrare  coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret;^ 

25  Scire  se,  ilia  esse  vera,  nee  quemquam  ex  eo  plus  quam 
se  dol5ris  capere,  propterea  quod,  cum  ipse  gratia  plurimum 
domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia,  ille  minimum  propter  adule- 
scentiam  posset,  per  se  crevisset;  quibus  opibus  ac  nervis 
non  solum  ad  minuendam  gratiam,  sed  paene  ad  perniciem 

SO  suam  uteretur.     Sese  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  exlstima- 


LIB.    I.    CAP.    XIX-XXII.  127 

tione  vulgi  commoveri.     Quod  si  quid  ei  a  Caesare  gravius 
accidisset,  cum  ipse  eum  locum  amicitiae  apud  eum  teneret, 
neminem  existimaturum,  non  sua  voluntate  factum ;  qua  ex 
re  futtirum,  uti  totius  Galliae  animi  a  se  averterentur. 
-"'Haec  cum  pltiribus  verbis  flens  a  Caesare  peteret,  Caesar  5 
eius  dextram  prendit;  consolatus  rogat,  finem  orandi  f aciat ; 
tanti  eius  apud  se  gratiam  esse  ostendit,  utI  et  rei  ptiblicae 
iniuriam  et  suum  dolorem  eius  voluntati  ac  precibus  con- 
donet.     Dumnorlgem  ad  se  vocat,  f ratrem  adhibet ;  quae  in 
eo  reprehendat,  ostendit;  quae  ipse  intellegat,  quae  civitas  10 
queratur,  proponit;  monet,  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes 
suspiciones  vitet;  praeterita  se  Diviciaco  fratri  condonare 
dicit.     Dumnorigl  ctistodes  ponit,  ut,  quae  agat,  quibuscum 
loquatur,  scire  possit.  M 

Caesar  plans  an  attack  on  the  Helvetii;  he  is  misled  by  a 
false  report. 

XXI.  Eodem  die  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus,  hostes  15 
sub  monte  consedisse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsius  castrls  octo, 
qualis  esset  natura  montis  et  qualis  in  circuitu  ascensus,  qui 
cognoscerent,  misit.     Eenuntiatum   est,  facilem  esse.     D6 
tertia  vigilia  Titum  Labienum,  legatum  pro  praetore,  cum 
duabus  legionibus  et  eis  ducibus,  qui  iter  cognoverant,  sum-  20 
mum  iugum  montis  ascendere  iubet;  quid  sui  consili  sit, 
ostendit.     Ipse  de  quarta  vigilia  eodem  itinere,  quo  hostes 
ierant,  ad  eos  contendit  equitatumque  omnem  ante  se  mittit. 
P.  Considius,  qui  rei  militaris  peritissimus  habebatur  et  in 
exercitu  L.  Sullae  et  postea  in  M.  Crassi  fuerat,  cum  explo-  25 
ratoribus  praemittitur. 

XXII.  Prima  luce,  cum  summus  mons  a  Labieno  ten6rS- 
tur,  ipse  ab  hostium  castris  non  longius  mille  et  quingentis 
passibus  abesset,  neque,  ut  postea  ex  captlvis  comperit,  aut 


128  CAESAR. 

ipsius  adventus  aut  Labieni  cognitus  esset,  Considius  equQ 
adnjisso  ad  eum  accurrit,  dicit  montem,  quern  a  Labieno 
occupari  voluerit,  ab  hostibus  teneri  j/  id  se  a  Gailicis  armis 
atque  msignibus  cognovisse.     Caesar  suas  copias  in  proxi- 

5  mum  collem  subducit,  aciem  instruit. 

Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  n6  proelium 
committeret,  nisi  ipsius  copiae  prope  hostium  castra  visae 
essent,  ut  undique  Uno  tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret, 
monte  occupato  nostros  exspectabat  proelioque  abstin^bat. 

10  Multo  denique  dig  per  exploratores  Caesar  cognovit,  et 
montem  a  suis  teneri  et  HelvetiOs  castra  movisse  et  Con- 
sidium  timore  perterritum,  quod  non  vidisset,  pro  viso  sibi 
rentintiasse.  Eo  die,  quo  consuerat  intervallo,  hostes  sequi- 
tur  et  milia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castrls  castra  ponit. 

yr        Caesar  turns  to  go  to  Bibracte ;  the  Helvetii  follow. 

15  XXIII.  Postrldie  eius  diei,  quod  omnino  biduum  supe- 
rerat,  cum  exercitui  frtimentum  metiri  oport^ret,  et  quod 
a  Bibracte,  oppido  Aeduorum  longe  maximo  et  copiosissimo, 
non  amplius  milibus  passuum  xviii  aberat,  rei  frtimentariae 
prospicieiidum    existimavit ;    iter   ab   Helvetiis   avertit   ac 

20  Bibracte  ire  contendit.  \ 

Ea  res  per  fugitives  L.  Aemili,  decurionis  equitum  Gal- 
lorum,  hostibus  nuntiatur.  Helvetii,  seu  quod  timore  per- 
territos  Romanos  discedere  a  se  existimarent,  eo  magis 
quod  pridie  superioribus  locls  occupatis  proelium  nou  com- 

25  misissent,  sive  eo,  quod  re  frumentaria  intercludi  posse  con- 
fiderent,  commutato  consilio  atque  itinere  converso  nostros 
a  novissimo  agmine  insequi  ac  lacessere  coeperunt. 


BATTLE  BETWEEN  CAESAR 
AND  THE  HEL.VETII 

To  face  p.  120  Libl.  c.  24sqQ  PLAN    II 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


M  1  yi 

SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


EXPLANATION. 


a  Camp  of  Caesar  the  night  before  the 
battle. 

b  Camp  of  the  Helvetii. 

C  Intrenchment  made  to  protect  the 
two  Legions  of  recruits,  the  Aux- 
iliaries and  the  baggage,  on  the 
summit  of  the  hill  ( p.  129,  5). 
dd  The  four  old  Legions  in  line  of  bat- 
tle (p.  129,  U). 

ee  The  Helvetii  in  line  of  battle  {p.  129, 

ID- 
EE The  Helvetii  thrown  back  upon  the 
heights  a  mile  from  the  first  posi- 
tion {p.  129,  2k). 


ee'  Second  position  of  the  Helvetii,  hav- 
ing returned  to  the  attack  (//.  129, 
SO). 
ff   The  Boii  and  Tulingl,  having  ap- 
proached from  the  left  side,  attack- 
ing the  rear  of  the  lioman  lorce 
(/>.  129,28). 
d  d'  First  and  second  Roman  lines,  fac- 
ing the  Helvetii  (p.  ISO,  2). 
d"d"  Third  Roman  line,  facing  the  Boii 
and  Tulingi  (p.  ISO,  S). 
g    Enclosure  formed  bv  the  carts  of  the 
Helvetii  {p.  129.  10;  p.  ISO,  12). 
Romans  -~»        Helvetii    t.        1 

^"^^ BRADLEY  It  POATES,  ENSR'S,  N.Y 


LIB.  I.   CAP.  XXII-XXV.  129 

Both  prepare  for  battle.     There  is  sharp  fighting. 

XXIV.   Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar 
in  proximum  collem  subducit  equitatumque,  qui  sustineret 
hostium  impetum,  misit.     Ipse  interim  in  colle  medio  tri- 
plicem   aciem    instruxit    legionum   quattuor   veteranarum; 
atque  supra  se  in  symmo  iugo  duas  legiones,  quas  in  Gallia  5 
citeriore  proxime  conscrlpserat,  et  omnia  auxilia  collocari 
ac  tOtum  montem  hominibus  compleri,  et  interea  sarcinas 
in  unum  locum  conferri  et  eum  ab  his,  qui  in  superiore  acie 
constiterant,   munlrl   iussit.     Helvetii  cum   omnibus    suis 
carrls  sectitl  impedimenta  in  unum  locum  contulerunt ;  ipsi,  10 
confertissima  acie  reiecto  nostro  equitatu,  phalange  facta 
sub  primam  nostram  aciem  successerunt. 
"^  XXV.    Caesar,  primum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectti 
remotis   equls,   ut    aequato   omnium    perlculo   spem   fugae 
tolleret,  cohortatus  suos  proelium  commlsit.     Mllites  e  loco  15 
superiore  pills  missis  facile  hostium  phalangem  perfregerunt. 
Ea  disiecta,  giadils  destrictis  in  eos  impetum  fecerunt. 

Gallls  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impedlmento,  quod  pluribus 
eorum  scutis  uno  ictu  pilorum  transflxis  et  colligatis,  cum 
ferrum  se  Inflexisset,  neque  evellere  neque  sinistra  impedlta  20 
satis  commode  pugnare  poterant;  multl  ut  diti  iactato  brac- 
chio  praeoptarent  scutum  manu  emittere  et  nudo  corpora 
pugnare.  Tandem  vulneribus  defessi  et  pedem  referre  et, 
quod  mons  suberat  circiter  mllle  passuum  spatio,  eo  s6 
recipere  coeperunt.  25 

Capto  monte  et  succedentibus  nostris,  Boil  et  Tulingi, 
qui  hominum  mllibus  circiter  xv  agmen  hostium  claudebant 
et  novissimis  praesidio  erant,  ex  itinere  nostros  ab  latere 
aperto  aggressi  circumvenlre,  et  id  conspicati  Helvetii, 
qui  in  montem  sese  receperant,  rursus  Instare  et  proelium  30 


130  CAESAR. 

redintegrare  coeperunt.  Romanl  conversa  signa  bipertito 
intulerunt ;  prima  et  secunda  acies,  ut  victis  ac  suinmotis 
resisteret,  tertia,  ut  venientes  sustineret. 

^,  The  Helvetii  are  totally  defeated.     Those  who  escape  surrender. 

XXVI.  Ita  ancipitl  proelio  diti  atque  acriter  pugnatum 
5  est.  Dititius  cum  sustinere  nostrorum  impetus  non  possent, 
alterl  se,  ut  coeperant,  in  montem  receperunt,  alter!  ad 
impedimenta  et  carros  suos  se  contulerunt.  Nam  hoc  toto 
proelio,  cum  ab  hora  septima  ad  vesperum  pugnatum  sit, 
aversum  hostem  videre  nemo  potuit.     Ad  multam  noctem, 

10  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum  est,  propterea  quod  pro 
vallo  carros  obiecerant  et  e  loco  superiore  in  nostros  veni- 
entes tela  coniciebant,  et  non  i;iulli  inter  carros  rotasque 
mataras  ac  tragulas  subiciebant  nostrosque  vulnerabant. 
Dili  cum  asset  pugnatum,  impedimentis  castrisque  nostri 

15  potiti  sunt.  Ibi  Orgetorlgis  filia  atque  tinus  e  filiis  captus 
est. 

Ex  eo  proelio  circiter  hominum  milia  cxxx  superfuerunt 
eaque  tota  nocte  continenter  ierunt ;  ntillam  partem  noctis 
itinere  intermisso,  in  fines  Lingonum  die  quarto  pervene- 

20  runt,  cum  et  propter  vulnera  mllitum  et  propter  sepulturam 
occisorum  nostri  triduum  morati  eos  sequi  non  potuissent. 
Caesar  ad  Lingonas  litteras  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos  frti- 
mento  neve  alia  re  iuvarent;  qui  si  itivissent,  se  eodem 
loco,   quo   Helvetios,   habittirum.      Ipse   triduo   intermisso 

25  cum  omnibus  copils  eos  sequi  coepit. 

-  "^^^XXVII.    Helvetii  omnium  rerum  inopia  adducti  legates 

de  deditione  ad  eum  miserunt.     Qui  cum  eum  in  itinere 

convenissent   seque    ad   pedes    proiecissent   suppliciterque 

locuti  flentes  pacem  petissent,   atque  eos  in  eo  loco,  quo 

30  turn  essent,  suum  adventum  exspectare  iussisset,  paruerunt. 


LIB.   I.    CAP.    XXV-XXIX.  131 

Eo  postquam  Caesar  pervenit,  obsides,  arma,  servos,  qui 
ad  eos  perftigissent,  poposcit. 

Dum  ea  conquiruntur  et  conferuntur,  nocte  intermissa, 
circiter  hominum  milia  vi  eius  pagi,  qui  Verbigenus  appel- 
latur,  sive  timore  perterriti,  ne  armis  traditis  supplicio  affi-  6 
cerentur,  sive  spe  salutis  inducti,  quod  in  tanta  multitudine 
dediticiorum  suam  fugam  aut  occultari  aut  omnino  ignorari 
posse  existimarent,  prima  nocte  e  castris  Helvetiorum 
egressi  ad  Ehenum  fmesque  Germanorum  contend^runt. 

Caesar  states  the  terms  of  submission.     The  number  of  the  Helvetii. 

XXVIII.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit,  quorum  per  fines  lo 
ierant,  his  uti  conquirerent  et  redticerent,  si  sibi  purgati 
esse  vellent,  imperavit ;  reductos  in  bostium  numero  habuit ; 
reliquos  omnes  obsidibus,  armis,  perfugis  traditis  in  dedi- 
tionem  accepit.  Helvetios,  Tulingos,  Latobrlgos  in  fines 
suos,  unde  erant  profecti,  revertl  iussit;  et,  quod  omnibus  15 
frugibus  amissis  domi  nihil  erat,  quo  famem  tolerarent, 
Allobrogibus  imperavit,  ut  els  frtimenti  copiam  facerent; 
ipsos  oppida  vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere  iussit. 

Id  ea  niaxime  ratione  fecit,  quod  noluit,  eum  locum,  unde 
Helvetii  discesserant,  vacare,  ne  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  20 
GermanI,  qui  trans  Khenum  incolunt,  e  suls  finibus  in 
Helvetiorum  fines  translrent  et  flnitimi  Galliae  provinciae 
Allobrogibusque  essent.  Boios,  petentibus  Aeduis,  quod 
egregia  virtute  erant  cogniti,  ut  in  finibus  suis  collocarent, 
concessit;  quibus  illl  agros  dederunt,  quosque  postea  in  25 
parem  iuris  libertatisque  condicionem,  atque  ipsi  erant, 
receperunt. 

XXIX.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt 
litterls  Graecis  confectae  et  ad  Caesarem  relatae,  quibus  in 
tabulls  nominatim  ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo  30 


182  CAESAR. 

exisset  eorum,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  et  item  separatim 
puerl,  senes  mulieresque.  Qiiarum  omnium  rerum  summa 
erat  capitum  Helvetiorum  milia  cclxiii,  Tulingorum  milia 
XXXVI,  Latobrlgorum  xiiii,  Eauracorum  xxiii,  Boiorum 
5  XXXII ;  ex  his,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ad  milia  nonaginta  duo. 
Summa  omnium  fueruiit  ad  milia  ccclxviii.  Eorum, 
qui  domum  redierunt,  censti  habito,  ut  Caesar  imperaverat, 
repertus  est  numerus  milium  c  et  x. 

The  chiefs  of  Gaul  gather  to  congratulate  Caesar. 

XXX.  Bello   Helvetiorum  confecto  totius   fer6   Galliae 
10  Iggati,  principes  civitatum,  ad   Caesarem  gratulatum  con- 

vgnerunt : 

Intellegere  sese,  tametsi  pro  veteribus  Helvetiorum  initi- 
riis  populi  EomanI  ab  his  poenas  bello  repetlsset,  tamen 
earn  rem  non  minus  ex  usu  terrae   Galliae   quam  populi 

16  RomanI  accidisse,  propterea  quod  eo  consilio  florentissimis 
rebus  domos  suas  Helvetii  rellquissent,  uti  toti  Galliae 
bellum  mferrent  imperioque  potlrentur  locumque  domicilio 
ex  magna  copia  deligerent,  quem  ex  omnI  Gallia  opportu- 
nissimum  ac  fructuosissimum  iudicassent,  reliquasque  clvi- 

20  tates  stipendiaries  haberent. 

Petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium  totius  Galliae  in  diem  certam 
indlcere  idque  Caesaris- voluntate  facere  liceret;  sese  habere 
quasdam  res,  quas  ex  communi  consensu  ab  eo  petere  vel- 
lent.     Ea  re  permissa  diem  concilio  constituerunt  et  itire 

25  iurando,  ne  quis  enuntiaret,  nisi  quibus  communi  consilio 
mandatum  esset,  inter  s6  sanxerunt. 

He  is  asked  to  defend  Gaul  against  Ariovistus. 

XXXI.  Eo  concilio  dimisso  idem  principes  civitatum, 
qui  ante  fuerant,  ad  Caesarem  reverterunt  petieruntque,  ut 


LIB.  I.   CAP.   XXIX-XXXI.  133 

sibi  secreto  de  sua  omnium  que  salute  cum  eo  agere  lice- 
ret  Ea  re  impetrata  sese  omnes  flentes  Caesari  ad  pedes 
proiecSrunt:  Non  minus  se  id  contendere  et  laborare,  ne 
ea,  quae  dixissent,  enuntiarentur,  quam  uti  ea,  quae  vellent, 
impetrarent,  propterea  quod,  si  entintiatum  esset,  summum  5 
in  cruciatum  se  venturos  viderent.  Locutus  est  pro  his 
Diviciacus  Aeduus : 

Galliae  totius  factiones  esse  duas;  harum  alterius  prin- 
cipatum  tenere  Aeduos,  alterius  Arvernos.  Hi  cum  tan- 
topere  de  potentatu  inter  sS  multos  annos  contenderent,  lo 
factum  esse,  uti  ab  Arvernis  Sequanlsque  German!  mercede 
arcesserentur.  Horum  primo  circiter  milia  xv  Ehenum 
translsse ;  postea  quam  agros  et  cultum  et  copias  Gallorum 
homines  feri  ac  barbari  adamassent,  traductos  plures ;  nunc 
esse  in  Gallia  ad  centum  et  xx  milium  numerum.  16 

Cum  his  Aeduos  eorumque  clientes  semel  atque  iterum 
armis  contendisse;  magnam  calamitatem  pulsos  accepisse, 
omnem  nobilitatem,  omnem  senatum,  omnem  equitatum 
amisisse.  Quibus  proeliis  calamitatibusque  fractos,  qui  et 
sua  virttite  et  populi  EomanI  hospitio  atque  amicitia  plu-  20 
rimum  ante  in  Gallia  potuissent,  coactos  esse  Sequanis 
obsides  dare  nobilissimos  civitatis  et  itire  itirando  civita- 
tem  obstringere,  sese  neque  obsides  repetittiros  neque 
auxilium  a  populo  Romano  implorattiros,  neque  recusatu- 
ros,  quo  minus  perpetuo  sub  illorum  dicione  atque  imperio  25 
essent.  Unum  se  esse  ex  omni  civitate  Aeduorum,  qui 
adduci  non  potuerit,  ut  iuraret  aut  liberos  suos  obsides 
daret.  Ob  earn  rem  se  ex  civitate  profugisse  et  Romam 
ad  senatum  venisse  auxilium  postulatum,  quod  solus  neque 
itire  itirando  neque  obsidibus  teneretur.  30 

.V  Sed  peius  victoribus  Sequanis  quam  Aeduis  victis  acci- 
'^isse,    propterea   quod   Ariovistus,    rex    Germanorum,    in 


134  CAESAR. 

eorum  finibus  consedisset  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequani, 
qui  esset  optimus  totlus  Galliae,  occupavisset,  et  nunc  de 
altera  parte  tertia  Sequanos  decedere  iubSret,  propterea 
quod  paucis  mensibus  ante  Harudum  milia  hominum  xxiiii 

5  ad  eum  venissent,  quibus  locus  ac  sedes  pararentur.  Futti- 
rum  esse  paucis  annis,  uti  omnes  ex  Galliae  finibus  pelle- 
rentur  atque  omnes  German!  Rhenum  transirent;  neque 
enim  conferendum  esse  Gallicum  cum  Germanorum  agro, 
neque  banc  consuetudinem  victtis  cum  ilia  comparandam. 

10  Ariovistum  autem,  ut  semel  Gallorum  copias  proelio  vi- 
cerit,  quod  proelium  factum  sit  Admagetobrigae,  superbe 
et  crudeliter  imperare,  obsides  nobilissimi  cuiusque  liberos 
poscere  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla  cruciatusque  edere,  si  qua 
res  non  ad  nutum  aut  ad  voluntatem  eius  facta  sit.     Homi- 

15  nem  esse  barbarum,  iracundum,  temerarium;  non  posse 
eius  imperia  diutius  sustinere.  Nisi  quid  in  Caesare  popu- 
loque  Romano  sit  auxili,  omnibus  Gallls  idem  esse  faci- 
endum, quod  Helvetii  fecerint,  ut  domo  emigrent,  aliud 
domicilium,  alias  sedes,  remotas  a  Germanis,  petant  fortu- 

20  namque,  quaecumque  accidat,  experiantur. 

Haec  si  enuntiata  Ariovisto  sint,  non  dubitare,  quin  de 
omnibus  obsidibus,  qui  apud  eum  sint,  gravissimum  suppli- 
cium  sumat.  Caesarem  vel  auctoritate  sua  atque  exercitus 
vel  recent!  victoria  vel  nomine  popull  Roman!  deterrere 

25  posse,  ne  maior  multittido  Germanorum  Rhenum  tradu- 
catur,  Galliamque  omnem  ab  Ariovisti  iniuria  posse  de- 
fendere.  ii 

Being  much  entreated,  he  espouses  the  cause  of  the  Gauls. 

XXXII.    Hac  oratione  ab  Diviciaco  habita,  omnes,  qui 

aderant,  magno  fletti  auxilium  a  Caesare  petere  coeperunt. 

so  Animadvertit   Caesar,   unos    ex    omnibus    Sequanos   nihil 


LIB.    I.   CAP.    XXXI-XXXIII.  .  135 

earum  rerum  facere,  quas  ceteri  facerent,  sed  tristSs  capite 
demisso  terrain  intueri.  Eius  rei  quae  causa  esset,  miratus 
ex  ipsTs  quaesiit.  Nihil  SequanI  respondere,  sed  in  eadem 
tristitia  taciti  permangre.  Cum  ab  his  saepius  quaereret 
neque  ullam  omnino  vocein  exprimere  posset,  Idem  Divici-  5 
acus  Aeduus  respondit: 

Hoc  esse  miseriorem  et  graviorem  fortunam  Sequanorum 
quam  reliquorum,  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  quidem  querl 
neque  auxilium  implorare  auderent  absentisque  AriovistI 
crudelitatem,  velut  si  coram  adesset,  horrerent,  propterea  lo 
quod  reliquls  tamen  fugae  facultas  daretur,  Sequanis  vero, 
qui  intra  fines  suos  Ariovistum  recepissent,  quorum  oppida 
omnia  in  potestate  eius  essent,  omnes  cruciattis  essent 
perferendl. 

XXXIII.   His   rebus  cognitis  Caesar   Gallorum   animos  15 
verbis   conflrmavit  pollicitusque  est,   sibi  eam  rem  ctirae 
futtiram ;    magnam   se   habere   spem,    et   beneficio   suo   et 
auctoritate  adductum  Ariovistum  finem  initiriis  facttirum. 
Hac  oratione  habita  concilium  dimlsit. 

Et  secundum  ea  multae  res  eum  hortabantur,  qua  re  20 
sibi  eam  rem  cogitandam  et  suscipiendam  putaret,  in  prl- 
mls,  quod  Aeduos,  fratres  consanguineosque  saepe  numero 
a  senatu  appellatos,  in  servittite  atque  in  dicione  videbat 
Germanorum  teneri,  eorumque  obsides  esse  apud  Ario- 
vistum ac  Sequanos  intellegebat ;  quod  in  tanto  imperio  25 
popull  KomanI  turpissimum  sibi  et  rei  publicae  esse  arbi- 
trabatur.    / 

Paulatim  autem   Germanos   consuescere   Ehenum  trans- 
Ire,  et  in    Galliam  magnam   eorum    multitudinem   venire, 
populo  Romano  perlculosum  videbat ;   neque  sibi  homines  30 
feros   ac    barbaros    temperatures    existimabat,   quin,   cum 
omnem  Galliam  occupavissent,  ut  ante  Cimbri  Teutonlque 


136  CAESAR. 

fgcissent,  in  provinciam  exirent  atque  inde  in  Italiam  con 
tenderent,  praesertim  cum  Sequanos  a  provincia  nostra 
Rhodanus  divideret ;  quibus  rebus  quam  maturrime  occur- 
rendum  putabat.  Ipse  autem  Ariovistus  tantos  sibi  spi- 
5  ritus,  tantam  arrogantiam  stiinpserat,  ut  ferendus  non 
vidgretur. 

He  invites  Ariovistus  to  a  conference;  Ariovistus  declines^  and  to 
Caesar's  demands  sends  back  a  haughty  reply. 

XXXIV.  Quam  ob  rem  placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum 
legates  mitteret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,  uti  aliquem  locum 
medium   utriusque   colloquio   deligeret;    velle   sese   de   re 

10  publica  et  summis  utriusque  rebus  cum  eo  agere.  Ei 
legation!  Ariovistus  respondit : 

""^  Si  quid  ipsi  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venttirum 
fuisse  ;  si  quid  ille  sS  velit,  ilium  ad  s6  venire  oportere. 
Praeterea  s6    neque  sine  exercitti  in  eas  partes   Galliae 

15  venire  audere,  quas  Caesar  possideret,  neque  exercitum 
sine  magno  commeatti  atque  molimento  in  tinum  locum 
contrahere  posse.  Sibi  autem  mirum  videri,  quid  in  sua 
Gallia,  quam  bello  vicisset,  aut  Caesari  aut  omnino  populo 
Romano  negoti  esset. 

20  XXXV.  His  responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  ad 
eum  Caesar  Iggatos  cum  his  mandatis  mittit : 

Quoniam  tanto  suo  populique  Romani  beneficio  affectus, 
cum  in  consulatti  suo  rex  atque  amicus  a  senatti  appellatus 
esset,  banc  sibi  populoque  Romano  gratiam  referret,  ut  in 

25  colloquium  venire  invitatus  gravaretur  neque  de  commtini 
r6  dicendum  sibi  et  cognoscendum  putaret,  baec  esse,  quae 
ab  eo  postularet :  primum,  ne  quam  multitudin^m  hominum 
amplius  trans  Rhenum  in  Galliam  traduceret ;',  deinde,  obsi- 
des,  quos  baberet  ab  Aeduis,  redderet,  Sequanisque  permit 


LIB.   I.    CAP.    XXXIII-XXXVL  137 

teret,  ut,  quos  illi  haberent,  voluntate  eius  reddere  illis 
liceret ;  neve  Aeduos  iniuria  lacesseret,  neve  his  sociisque 
eorum  bellum  mferret. 

Si  id  ita  fecisset,  sibi  populoque  Romano  perpetuam 
gratiam  atque  amicitiam  cum  eo  futuram;  si  non  impe-  5 
traret,  ses6,  quoniam  M.  Messala,  M.  Pisone  consulibus  sena- 
tus  censuisset,  uti,  quicunque  Galliam  provinciam  obtineret, 
quod  commodo  rei  ptiblicae  facere  posset,  Aeduos  ceterosque 
amicos  populi  Romani  defenderet,  se  Aeduorum  iniurias  non 
negjje(5lurum.  .  lO 

/OCXXVI.   Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit : 

lus  esse  belli,  ut,  qui  vicissent,  els,  quos  vicissent,  quern 
ad  modum  vellent,  imperarent;  item  populum  Romanum 
victis  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum,  sed  ad  suum  arbitrium 
imperare  consuesse.  Si  ipse  populo  Romano  non  praescri-  15 
beret,  quern  ad  modum  suo  iure  uteretur,  non  oportere  s6se 
a  populo  R5mano  in  suo  iure  impediri. 

Aeduos  sibi,  quoniam  belli  forttinam  temptassent  et  armis 
congress!  ac  superati  essent,  stipendiarios  esse  factos.  Ma- 
gnam  Caesarem  iniuriam  facere,  qui  suo  adventu  vectigalia  20 
sibi  deteriora  faceret.  Aeduis  s6  obsides  redditurum  non 
esse,  neque  his  neque  eorum  sociis  iniuria  bellum  illaturum, 
si  in  eo  mangrent,  quod  convgnisset,  stipendiumque  quot- 
annis  pendereut;  si  id  non  f^cissent,  longe  eis  fraternum 
nomen  populi  Romani  afuturum.  25 

Quod  sibi  Caesar  dentintiaret,  s6  Aeduorum  iniurias  non 
neglecturum,  neminem  secum  sine  sua  pernicie  contendisse. 
Cum  vellet,  congredergtur ;  intell6cturum,  quid  invicti  Ger- 
mani,  exercitatissimi  in  armis,  qui  inter  annos  xiiii  tectum 
non  subissent,  virtute  possent.  /i  M 


188  CAESAR. 

Caesar  hastens.     He  reaches  Vesontio  before  Ariovistus. 

XXXVII.  Haec  eodejn  tempore  Caesari  mandata  refere- 
bantur,  et  legati  ab  Aeduis  et  a  Treveris  veniebant :  Aedui 
questum,  quod  Harudes,  qui  ntiper  in  Galliam  transportati 
essent,  fines  eorum  popularentur ;  sese  ne  obsidibus  quidem 

5  datis  pacem  Ariovisti  redimere  potuisse;  Treveri  autem, 
pagos  centum  Sueborum  ad  ripas  Rheni  consedisse,  qui 
Rhenum  transire  conarentur ;  his  praeesse  Nasuam  et  Cim- 
berium  fratres.  Quibus  rebue  Caesar  vehementer  commotus 
maturandum  sibi  existimavit,  ne,  si  nova  manus  Sueborum 
10  cum  veteribus  copiis  Ariovisti  sese  coniunxisset,  minus  fa- 
cile resist!  posset.  Itaque  re  frumentaria,  quam  celerrime 
potuit,  comparata,  magnis  itineribus  ad  Ariovistum  con- 
tendit. 

XXXVIII.  Cum  tridul  viam  processisset,  nuntiatum  est 
15  ei,  Ariovistum   cum   suis   omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum 

Vesontionem,  quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum; 
contendere,  triduique  viam  a  suis  finibus  processisse.  Id 
ne  accideret,  magnopere  sibi  praecavendum  Caesar  existi- 
mabat.     Namque  omnium  rerum,  quae  ad  bellum  usui  erant, 

20  summa  erat  in  eo  oppido  facultas,  idque  nattira  loci  sic  mu- 
niebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  dticendum  bellum  daret  facultatem, 
propterea  quod  flumen  Dubis  ut  circino  circumductum  paene 
totum  oppidum  cingit ;  reliquum  spatium,  quod  est  non  am- 
plius  pedum  sexcentorum,  qua  flumen  intermittit,  mons  con- 

25  tinet  magna  altittidine,  ita,  ut  radices  montis  ex  utraque 
parte  ripae  fltiminis  contingant.  Hunc  murus  circumdatus 
arcem  efficit  et  cum  oppido  coniungit.  Hue  Caesar  magnis 
nocturnis  diurnisque  itineribus  contendit  occupatoque  op- 
pido ibi  praesidium  collocat. 


LIB.   I.    CAP.    XXXVII-XL.  139 

His  soldiers  fear  the  Germans.     He  addresses  them. 

XXXIX.    Dum  paucos  dies  ad  Vesontionem  rei  frumen- 
tariae  commeatusque  causa  moratur,  ex  percontatione  no- 
stromm  vocibusque  Gallorum  ac  mercatorum,  qui  ingenti 
magnitudine  corporum  Germanos,  incredibill  virtute  atque 
exercitatione  in  armis   esse   praedicabant   (saepe   numero  5 
sese   cum   his  congresses  ne  vultum  quidem  atque  aciem 
oculorum    dicebant    ferre    potuisse),    tantus    subito    timor 
omnem  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  non  mediocriter  omnium 
mentes  animosque  perturbaret.     Hic  primum  ortus  est  a 
tribums  militum,  praefectis  reliqulsque,  qui  ex  urbe  ami-  IG 
citiae  causa  Caesarem  sectitl  non  magnum  in  re  mllitarl 
tisum  habebant;  quorum  alius  alia  causa  illata,  quam  sibi 
ad    proficlscendum    necessariam    esse   diceret,   petebat,   ut 
eius  voluntate  discedere  liceret;  non  nulll  pudore  adducti, 
ut  timoris  susplcionem  vltarent,  remanebant.      Hi  neque  15 
vultum  fingere  neque  interdum  lacrimas  tenere  poterant; 
abditi  in  tabernaculls  aut  suum  fatum  querSbantur  aut  cum 
familiaribus  suls  commune  perlculum  miserabantur.     Vulgo        . 
totis  castrls  testamenta  obslgnabantur. 

Horum  vocibus  ac  timore  paulatim  etiam  ei,  qui  magnum  20 
in  castrls  usum  habebant,  milites  centurionesque,  quique 
equitatui  praeerant,  perturbabantur.  Qui  se  ex  his  minus 
timidos  existimari  volebant,  non  se  hostem  vereri,  sed 
angustias  itineris  et  magnitudinem  silvarum,  quae  inter- 
cederent  inter  ipsos  atque  Ariovistum,  aut  rem  frumenta-  25 
riam,  ut  satis  commode  supportarl  posset,  timere  dicebant. 
Non  nulll  etiam  Caesarl  nuntiabant,  cum  castra  moveri  ac 
signa  ferri  iussisset,  non  fore  dicto  audientes  militSs  neque 
propter  timorem  signa  lattiros. 

XL.   Haec  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio  omni-  30 


140  CAESAR. 

umque  ordinum   ad   id   consilium  adhibitis  centurionibus, 
vehementer  eos  incusavit: 

Prlmum,  quod,  aut  quam  in  partem  aut  quo  consilio  dtice- 
rentur,  sibi  quaerendum  aut  cogitandum  putarent.      Ario- 

6  vistum  se  consule  cupidissime  populi  Komani  amicitiam 
appetisse ;  cur  hunc  tarn  temere  quisquam  ab  officio  dis- 
cessurum  iudicaret  ?  Sibi  quidem  persuaderl,  cognitis  suls 
postulatis  atque  aequitate  condicionum  perspecta,  eum  neque 
suam  neque  populi  Eomani  gratiam  repudiattirum. 

10  Quod  SI  furore  atque  amentia  impulsus  bellum  intulisset, 
quid  tandem  vererentur?  aut  cur  de  sua  virtute  aut  de 
ipsTus  diligentia  desperarent?  Factum  eius  hostis  perlcu- 
lum  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  cum  Cimbrls  et  Teutonis 
a  Gaio  Mario  pulsis  non  minorem  laudeni  exercitus  quam 

15  ipse  imperator  meritus  videbatur;  factum  etiam  nuper  in 
Italia  servlli  tumulta,  quos  tamen  aliquid  usus  ac  discipllna, 
quae  a  nobis  accepissent,  sublevarent.  Ex  quo  iudicari 
posse,  quantum  haberet  in  se  boni  constantia,  propterea 
quod,  quos  aliquam  diii  inermos  sine  causa  timuissent,  hos 

20  postea  armatos  ac  victores  superasseitt. 

Denique  hos  esse  eosdem  Germanos,  quibuscum  saepe 
numero  Helvetii  congress!  non  solum  in  suis,  sed  etiam  in 
illorum  finibus,  pl6rumqiie  superarint,  qui  tamen  pares  esse 
nostro  exercitui  non  potuerint.     Si  quos  adversum  proelium 

25  et  fuga  Gallorum  commoveret,  hos,  si  quaererent,  reperire 
posse,  diuturnitate  belli  defatigatis  Gallis,  Ariovistum,  cum 
multos  menses  castris  se  ac  paludibus  tenuisset  neque  sui 
potestatem  fecisset,  desperantes  iam  d6  pugna  et  disperses 
subito  adortum,   magis   ratione   et   consilio  quam  virtute 

30  vicisse.  Cui  rationi  contra  homines  barbaros  atque  impe- 
ritos  locus  fuisset,  hac  ne  ipsum  quidem  sperare  nostros 
exercitus  capi  posse. 


LIB.  I.    CAP.   XL-XLI.  141 

Qui  suum  timorem  in  rei  friimentariae  simulationem 
angustiasque  itineris  conferrent,  facere  arroganter,  cum  aut 
dS  officio  imperatoris  desperare  aut  praescribere  viderentur. 
Haec  sibi  esse  curae;  frumentum  Sequanos,  Leucos,  Lin- 
gongs  sumministrare,  iamque  esse  in  agrls  frumenta  matura;  5 
dS  itinera  ipsos  brevi  tempore  iudicaturos. 

Quod  non  fore  dicto  audientes  neque  sTgna  laturi  dican- 
tur,  nihil  se  ea  r6  commoveri;  scire  enim,  quibuscumque 
exercitus  dicto  audiSns  n5n  fuerit,  aut  male  re  gesta  fortu- 
nam  defuisse,  aut  aliquo  facinore  comperto  avaritiam  esse  lo 
convictam;  suam  innocentiam  perpetua  vita,  felicitatem 
Helvetiorum  bello  esse  perspectam. 

Itaque  s6,  quod  in  longiorem  diem  collaturus  fuisset, 
repraesentaturum  et  proxima  nocte  de  quarta  vigilia  castra 
moturum,  ut  quam  primum  intellegere  posset,  utrum  apud  15 
eos  pudor  atque  officium  an  timor  valeret.  Quod  si  prae- 
terea  nemo  sequatur,  tamen  se  cum  sola  decima  legione 
ittirum,  de  qua  non  dubitaret,  sibique  earn  praetoriam  co- 
hortem  futtiram.  Huic  legionl  Caesar  et  indulserat  prae- 
cipu6  et  propter  virttltem  confidebat  maxime.  20 

Caesar  marches  after  Ariovistus,  who  requests  an  interview. 
XLI.  Hac  oratione  habita  mirum  in  modum  conversae 
sunt  omnium  mentes,  summaque  alacritas  et  cupiditas  belli 
gerendi  innata  est,  princepsque  decima  legio  per  tribunes 
mllitum  el  gratias  egit,  quod  d6  s6  optimum  iudicium  f6cis- 
set,  seque  esse  ad  bellum  gerendum  pai-atissimam  confir-  25 
mavit.  Deinde  reliquae  legiones  cum  tribunis  militum  et 
primorum  ordinum  centuriOnibus  eggrunt,  uti  Caesarl  satis 
f acerent ;  se  neque  umquara  dubitasse  neque  timuisse,  neque 
d6  summa  belli  suum  iudicium,  sed  imperatoris  esse  existi- 
mavisse.  30 


142  CAESAR. 

Eorum  satisfactione  accepta  et  itinere  exquisito  per  Divi- 
ciacum,  quod  ex  Gallls  el  maximam  Mem  habebat,  iit 
milium  amplius  quinquaginta  circuitu  locis  apertis  exer- 
citum  dticeret,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut  dixerat,  profectus  est. 
5  Septimo  die,  cum  iter  non  intermitteret,  ab  exploratoribus 
.  certior  f actus  est,  AriovistI  copias  a  nostris  milibus  passuum 
quattuor  et  xx  abesse. 

XLII.   Cognito   Caesaris   adventti  Ariovistus   legates  ad 
eum  mittit :  quod  antea  de  colloquio  postulasset,  id  per  se 

10  fieri  licere,  quoniam  propius  accessisset,  seque  id  sine  peri- 
culo  facere  posse  existimare.  Non  respuit  condicionem 
Caesar,  iamque  eum  ad  sanitatem  revert!  arbitrabatur,  cum 
id,  quod  antea  petenti  denegasset,  ultro  polliceretur,  ma- 
gnamque  in  spem  veniebat,  pro  suis  tantis  populique  Eo- 

15  man!  in  eum  beneficiis,  cognitis  suis  postulatis,  fore,  uti 
pertinacia  desisteret.  Dies  colloquio  dictus  est  ex  eo  die 
quintus. 

Interim  saepe  cum  legati  ultro  citroque  inter  eos  mitte- 
rentur,  Ariovistus  postulavit,  ne  quem  peditem   ad  collo- 

20  quium  Caesar  addticeret:  Vereri  se,  ne  per  msidias  ab  eo. 
circumveniretur ;   uterque  cum  equitatu  veniret;  alia  rati- 
one  sese  non  esse  venturum.     Caesar,  quod  neque   collo- 
quium interposita  causa  tolli  volebat  neque  salutem  suam 
Gallorum   equitatui  committere   audebat,  commodissimum 

25  esse  statuit,  omnibus  equis  Gallis  equitibus  detractis,  eo 
legionarios  mllites  legionis  decimae,  cui  quam  maxime  con- 
fldebat,  imponere,  ut  praesidium  quam  amicissimum,  si  quid 
opus  facto  esset,  haberet.  Quod  cum  fieret,  non  irrldicule 
quidam  ex  mllitibus  decimae  legionis  dixit :  Plus,  quam  pol- 

30  licitus  esset,  Caesarem  facere;  pollicitum,  se  in  coliortis 
praetoriae  loco  decimam  legionera  habittirum,  ad  equum  re- 
scrlbere. 


LIB.    I.    CAP.    XLI-XLIIl.  143 

They  meet;  Caesar  speaks.    Ariovistus  replies. 

XLIII.  Planities  erat  magna  et  in  ea  tumulus  terrgnus 
satis  grandis.  Hic  locus  aequo  fere  spatio  a  castrls  Ario- 
visti  et  Caesaris  aberat.  Eo,  ut  erat  dictum,  ad  colloquium 
venerunt.  Legionem  Caesar,  quam  equis  devexerat,  passi- 
bus  ducentis  ab  eo  tumulo  constituit.  Item  equites  Ario-  5 
visti  pari  intervallo  constiterunt.  Ariovistus,  ex  equis  ut 
colloquerentur  et  praeter  se  denos  ut  ad  colloquium  addu- 
cerent,  postulavit. 

Ubi  eo  ventum  est,  Caesar  initio  orationis  sua  senattis- 
que  in  eum  beneficia  commemoravit,  quod  rex  appellatus  lO 
esset  a  senatu,  quod  amicus,  quod  mtinera  ampiissime  missa ; 
quam  rem  et  panels  contigisse  et  pro  magnis  hominum 
officiis  consuesse  tribui  docebat ;  ilium,  cum  neque  aditum 
neque  causam  postulandl  iustam  haberet,  beneficio  ac  li- 
beralitate  sua  ac  senatus  ea  praemia  consecutum.  15 

Docebat  etiam,  quam  veteres  quamque  itistae  caasae  ne- 
cessitudinis  ipsis  cum  Aeduis  intercederent,  quae  senatus 
consulta  quotiens  quamque  honorifica  in  eos  facta  essent, 
ut  omni  tempore  totius  Galliae  principatum  Aedui  tenuis- 
sent,  prius  etiam,  quam  nostram  amicitiam  appetlssent.  20 
Populi  Roman!  hanc  esse  consuettidinem,  ut  socios  atque 
amicos  non  modo  sui  nihil  deperdere,  sed  gratia,  digni- 
tate,  honore  auctiores  velit  esse;  .quod  vero  ad  amici- 
tiam populi  Roman!  attulissent,  id  els  erip!  quis  pat! 
posset  ?  25 

Postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quae  legat!s  in  mandatis  dede- 
rat:  ne  aut  Aeduis  aut  eorum  soci!s  bellum  Inferret;  ob- 
sides  redderet;  si  ntillam  partem  Germanorum  domum 
remittere  posset,  at  ne  quos  amplius  Rhenum  trans!re 
pateretur.  ^ 


144  CAESAR. 

XLiy.   Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  pauca  respon- 
dit,  de  suls  virtutibus  multa  praedicavit : 

Transisse  Rhenum  sese  non  sua  sponte,  sed  rogatum  et 
arcessitum  a  Gallis ;  non  sine  magna  spe  magnisque  prae- 
5  mils  domum  propinquosque  reliquisse;  sedes  habere  in 
Gallia  ab  ipsis  concessas,  obsides  ipsorum  voluntate  datos; 
stipendium  capere  iure  belli,  quod  victores  victis  imponere 
consuerint. /TlSron  sese  Gallis,  sed  Gallos  sibi  bellum  intu- 
lisse;  omii^s  Galliae  civitates  ad  se  oppugnandum  venisse 

10  ac  contra  se  castra  babuisse;  eas  omnes  copias  a  se  uno 
proelio  pulsas  ac  superatas  esse.  Si  iterum  experiri  velint, 
se  iterum  paratum  esse  decertare;  si  pace  titi  velint,  ini- 
quum  esse  de  stipendio  recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate  ad  id 
tempus  pependerint. 

15  Amicitiam  populi  Roman!  sibi  ornamento  et  praesidio, 
non  detrimento  esse  oportere,  atque  se  hac  spe  petisse.  Si 
per  populum  Romanum  stipendium  remittatur  et  dediticii 
subtrahantur,  non  minus  libenter  sese  recusattirum  populi 
Roman!  am!citiam,  quam  appetierit. 

20  Quod  multittidinem  Germanorum  in  Galliam  traducat,  id 
se  su!  mtiniend!,  non  Galliae  impugnandae  causa  facere; 
eius  re!  testimonium  esse,  quod  nisi  rogatus  non  venerit, 
et  quod  bellum  non  intulerit,  sed  defenderit.  Se  prius  in 
Galliam    venisse    quam    populum   Romanum.      Numquam 

25  ante  hoc  tempus  exercitum  populi  Roman!  Galliae  pro- 
vinciae  finibus  egressum.  Quid  sibi  vellet  ?  Cur  in  suas 
possessiones  venlret  ?  Provinciam  suam  banc  esse  Galliam. 
sicut  illam  nostram.  Ut  ips!  conced!  non  oporteret,  si  in 
nostros  fines  impetum  faceret,  sic  item  nos  esse  iniquos, 

30  quod  in  suo  iure  se  interpellaremus. 

""^"~'  Quod  fratres  Aeduos  appellatos  diceret,  non  se  tam 
barbarum  neque  tam  imperltum  esse  rerum,  ut  non  sciret. 


LIB.    I.    CAP.   XLIV-XLVI.  145 

neque  bello  Allobrogum  proximo  Aeduos  Eomanis  au- 
xilium  tulisse,  neque  ipsos  in  his  contentionibus,  quas 
Aedui  secum  et  cum  Sequanis  habuissent,  auxilio  populi 
Roman!  tisos  esse. 

Debere  se  suspicari,  simulata  Caesarem  amicitia,  quod  6 
exercitum  in  Gallia  habeat,  sui  opprimendi  causa  habere. 
Qui   nisi   decedat   atque   exercitum   deducat    ex    his  regi- 
onibus,  sese  ilium  non  pro  amico,  sed   hoste   habittirum. 
Qnod  si  eum  interfecerit,  multis   sese   nobilibus   prlncipi- 
busque   populi  Roman!   gratum   esse  facturum  (id   se   ab  lo 
ipsis    per     eorum    nuntios    compertum    habere),    quorum 
omnium  gratiam  atque  amicitiam  eius  morte  redimere  pos- 
set.    Quod  s!  decessisset  et  llboram  possessionem  Galliae 
sibi  tradidisset,  magno  se  ilium  praemio  remuneraturum  et, 
quaecumque    bella   geri   vellet,   sine   tlllo    eius   labore   et  15 
perlculo  confecturum. 

Caesar  remains  Jirm,  and  escapes  from  the  snares  set  by 
Ariovistus. 

XLV.   Multa  ab  Caesare  in  eam  sententiam  dicta  sunt, 
qua  re  negotio  desistere  non  posset : 

Neque  suam  neque  populi  Roman!  consuettidinem  pati, 
uti  optime  merentes  socios  d^sereret,  neque  se  iudicare,  20 
Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovist!  quam  populi  Roman!.  Bello 
superatos  esse  Arvernos  et  Rutenos  ab  Quinto  Fabio 
Maximo,  quibus  populus  Romanus  ignovisset  neque  in  pr6- 
vinciam  redegisset  neque  stipendium  imposuisset.  Quod 
s!  antlquissimum  quodque  tempus  spectar!  oporteret,  po-  25 
pul!  Roman!  iustissimum  esse  in  Gallia  imperium;  si 
iudicium  senatus  observar!  oporteret,  llberam  d6b6re  esse 
Galliam,  quam  bello  victam  suls  legibus  ut!  voluisset. 

XL VI.   Dum  haec  in  colloquio   geruntur,  Caesar!  nun- 


146  CAESAK. 

tiatum  est,  equites  AriovistI  propius  tumulum  accedere  et 
ad  nostros  adequitare,  lapides  telaque  in  nostros  conicere. 
Caesar  loquendi  flnem  facit  seque  ad  suos  recepit  suisque 
imperavit,  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in  hostes  reicerent.  Nam 
5  etsi  sine  ullo  perlculo  legionis  delectae  cum  equitatu  proe- 
lium  fore  videbat,  tamen  committendum  non  putabat, 
ut  pulsis  hostibus  dici  posset,  eos  ab  se  per  fidem  in  collo- 
quio  circumventos.  Postea  quam  in  vulgus  mllitum  elatum 
est,  qua  arrogantia  in  colloquio  Ariovistus  usus  omni  Gallia 
10  Romanis  interdixisset,  impetumque  ut  in  nostros  eius 
equites  fecissent,  eaque  res  colloquium  ut  diremisset,  multo 
maior  alacritas  studiumque  pugnandi  mains  exercitui  in- 
iectum  est. 

Ariovistus  throws  into  chains  two  envoys  of  Caesar,  but  avoids 

battle. 

XLVII.    Biduo    post   Ariovistus    ad    Caesarem    legatos 

15  mittit:  Velle  se  de  his  rebus,  quae  inter  eos  agi  coeptae 
neque  perfectae  essent,  agere  cum  eo;  uti  aut  iterum  col- 
loquio diem  constitueret  aut,  si  id  minus  vellet,  e  suis  lega- 

-^^^is  aliquem  ad  se  mitteret. 

Colloquendi  Caesari  causa  visa  non  est,  et  eo  magis,  quod 

20  pridie  eius  die!  German!  retineri  non  potuerant,  quin  in 
nostros  tela  conicerent.  Legatum  e  suis  sese  magno  cum 
perlculo  ad  eum  missurum  et  hominibus  feris  obiecturum 
existimabat.  Commodissimum  visum  est  Gaium  Valeriura 
Procillum,  C.  Valerl  Cabtiri  filium,  summa  virttite  et  hu- 

25  manitate  adulescentem,  cuius  pater  a  Gaio  Yalerio  Elacco 
civitate  donatus  erat,  et  propter  fidem  et  propter  linguae 
Gallicae  scientiam,  qua  multa  iam  Ariovistus  longinqua 
consuetudine  iltebatur,  et  quod  in  eo  peccandi  GermanTs 
causa  non  esset,  ad  eum  mittere,  et  una  Marcum  Metium. 


LIB.    I.    CAP.    XLVI-XLIX.  147 

qui  hospitio  Ariovisti  titebatur.  His  mandavit,  ut,  quae 
diceret  Ariovistus,  cognoscerent  et  ad  se  referrent.  Quos 
cum  apud  se  in  castris  Ariovistus  conspexisset,  exercitu 
suo  praesente  conclamavit :  Quid  ad  se  venirent  ?  an  specu- 
landi  causa?  Conantes  dicere  prohibuit  et  in  catenas  5 
coniecit. 

XLVIII.  Eodem  die  castra  promovit  et  milibus  pas- 
suum  sex  a  Caesaris  castris  sub  monte  consedit.  Postridie 
eius  diei  praeter  castra  Caesaris  suas  copias  traduxit  et 
milibus  passuum  duobus  ultra  eum  castra  fecit  eo  consilio,  10 
uti  frumento  commeattique,  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  Aeduis 
supportaretur,  Caesarem  intercltideret.  Ex  eo  die  dies 
continuos  quinque  Caesar  pro  castris  suas  copias  produxit 
et  aciem  Instructam  habuit,  ut,  si  vellet  Ariovistus  proelio 
contendere,  el  potestas  non  deesset.  -^5 

^  Ariovistus  his  omnibus  diebus  exercitum  castris  con- 
tinuit,  equestrl  proelio  cotldie  contendit.  Genus  hoc  erat 
pugnae,  quo  se  GermanI  exercuerant.  Equitum  milia  erant 
sex,  totidem  numero  pedites  velocissimi  ac  fortissimi,  quos 
ex  omnI  copia  singull  singulos  suae  salutis  causa  dele-  20 
gerant ;  cum  his  in  proelils  versabantur.  Ad  eos  se  equites 
recipiebant;  hi,  si  quid  erat  dtirius,  concurrebant,  si  qui, 
graviore  vulnere  accepto,  equo  deciderat,  circumsistebant; 
si  quo  erat  longius  prodeundum  aut  celerius  recipiendum, 
tanta  erat  horum  exercitatione  celeritas,  ut  iubis  equorum  25 
sublevati  cursum  adaequarent. 

Caesar  fortifies  another  camp  beyond  Ariovistus. 
XLIX.   Ubi  eum  castris  se  tenere  Caesar  intellexit,  n§ 
diutius  commeatu  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum,  quo  in 
loco  GermanI  consederant,  circiter  passiis  sexcentos  ab  his, 
castris  idoneum  locum  delegit  acieque  triplicl  Instructa  ad  oO 


148  CAESAK. 

eum  locum  venit.  Primam  et  secundam  aciem  in  armis 
esse,  tertiam  castra  munire  iussit.  Hic  locus  ab  hoste 
circiter  passtis  sexcentos,  uti  dictum  est,  aberat.  Eo  cir- 
citer  hominum  numero  sedecim  milia  expedita  cum  omni 
6  equitatti  Ariovistus  misit,  quae  copiae  nostros  perterrerent 
et  mtinltione  prohiberent.  Nihilo  setius  Caesar,  ut  ante  con- 
stituerat,  duas  acies  hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  per- 
ficere  iussit.  Munitis  castris  duas  ibi  legion es  rellquit  et 
partem  auxiliorum,  quattuor  reliquas  in  castra  maiorareduxit. 

The  Germans  are  afraid  to  fight  before  the  new  moon.     Caesar 
forces  an  engagement. 

10  L.  Proximo  die  instituto  suo  Caesar  e  castris  utrisque 
copias  suas  eduxit  paulumque  a  maioribus  castris  pro- 
gressus  aciem  instruxit,  hostibus  pugnandi  potestatem 
fecit.  Ubi  ne  turn  quidem  eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter 
meridiem    exercitum    in    castra    redtixit.      Turn    demum 

15  Ariovistus  partem  suarum  copiarum,  quae  castra  minora 
oppugnaret,  misit.  Acriter  utrimque  usque  ad  vesper um 
pugnatum  est.  Solis  occasti  suas  copias  Ariovistus  multls 
et  illatis  et  acceptis  vulneribus  in  castra  redtixit^' 

Cum  ex  captivis  quaereret  Caesar,  quam  ob  rem  Ario- 

20  vistus  proelio  non  decertaret,  banc  reperiebat  causam,  quod 
apud  Germanos  ea  consuetudo  esset,  ut  matres  familiae 
eorum  sortibus  et  vaticinationibus  declararent,  utrum  proe- 
lium  committi  ex  usu  esset  necne ;  eas  ita  dicere,  Non  esse 
fas  Germanos  superare,  si  ante  novam  lunam  proelio  con- 

25  tendissent. 

LI.  Postridie  eius  diei  Caesar  praesidio  utrisque  castris, 
quod  satis  esse  visum  est,  rellquit,  omnes  alarios  in  con- 
spectu  hostium  pro  castris  minoribus  constituit,  quod 
minus    multitudine    mllitum    legionariorum    pro   hostium 


To  face  p 


BATTLE  BETWEEN  CAESAR 
AND  AR10\  ISTUS 

Lib.  I.  c.  i&  i 


Plan  ITT. 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


1  2 

SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


EXPLANATION. 


e  The  Auxiliaries  in  line  of  battle  (/).  Ih9, 1). 

ff  The  line  of  battle  of  the  Germans  (i>.i49, 5). 
gg  Caesar's  Cavalry  in  two  detachnnents. 

h  The  German  Cavalry, 
tie,  in  the  order  assigned  them    iii  Wagons  of  the  Germans  (p.  1U9,  6). 
by  Colonel  Stoflfel  {p.  1U9,  2).  KomansR^^         Germans  ^ 


a  Main  camp  of  Caesar  {p.  lit?,  8) 

b  Camp  of  Ariovistus(p.  l/i7,  iO), 

C  Caesar's  small  camp  (p.  IkS,  2). 

dd  The  Six  Legions  in  line  of  bat 


LIB.   I.    CAP.   XLIX-LIII.  ^  149 

numero  valebat,  ut  ad  speciem  alariis  uteretur;  ipse  tri- 
plicl  instructa  acie  usque  ad  castra  hostium  accessit.  Turn 
demum  necessario  Germaui  suas  copias  castrls  eduxerunt 
generatimque  constituerunt  paribus  intervallis,  Harudes, 
Marcomanos,  Triboces,  Vangiones,  Nemetes,  Sedusios,  5 
Suebos,  omnemque  aciem  suam  raedis  et  carris  circumde- 
derunt,  ne  qua  spes  in  fuga  relinqueretur.  Eo  mulieres  im- 
posuerunt,  quae  in  proelium  proficiscentes  passis  manibus 
flentes  implorabant,  ne  se  in  servitutem  Komanis  traderent. 

There  is  a  desperate  battle  ;  the  Germans  are  routed. 

LII.   Caesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legates  et  quae-  10 
storem  praefecit,  uti  eos  testes  suae  quisque  virtutis  babe- 
ret  ;  ipse  a  dextro  cornti,  quod  earn  partem  minime  firmam 
hostium  esse  animadverterat,  proelium  commisit.    Ita  nostrl 
acriter  in  hostes  signo  dato  impetum  fecerunt,  itaque  hostes 
repente  celeriterque  procurrerunt,  ut  spatium  pila  in  hostes  15 
coniciendi  non  daretur.     Eeiectis   pilis  comminus  gladiis 
pugnatum  est.     At  German!  celeriter  ex  consuettidine  sua 
phalange   facta    impetus   gladiorum   exceperunt.  '  E-epertl 
sunt  compltires  nostri,  qui  in  phalanga  insilirent  et  scuta 
manibus  revellerent  et  desuper  vulnerarent.     Gum  hostium  20 
acies  a  siiiistro  cornu  pulsa  atque  in  fugam  conversa  esset, 
a  dextro   cornti  vehementer  multittidine   suorum   nostram 
aciem  premebant.     Id  cum  animadvertisset  Ptiblius  Crassus 
adulescens,   qui    equitatui   praeerat,   quod  expeditior   erat 
quam  ei,  qui  inter  aciem  versabantur,  tertiam  aciem  labo-  25 
rantibiis  nostrls  subsidio  misit. 

LIII.  Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes 
terga  verterunt  neque  prius  fugere  d6stit6runt,  quam  ad 
fltimen  Ehenum,  milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  circiter  quin- 
quaginta,  pervenerunt.      Ibi   perpauci  aut   viribus   confisl  30 


160  CAESAR. 

tranare  contenderunt  aut  lintribus  inventis  sibi  salutem 
reppererunt.  In  his  fuit  Ariovistus,  qui  naviculam  deli- 
gatam  ad  ripam  nactus  ea  profugit;  reliquos  omnes  con- 
secuti  equites  nostri  interfecerunt. 

5      Duae  fuerunt  AriovistI  uxores,  una  Sueba  natione,  quam 

domo  secum  duxerat,  altera  Norica,  regis  Voccionis  soror, 

quam  in  Gallia  duxerat,  a  fratre  missam ;  utraeque  in  ea  fuga 

perierunt.    Duae  f  iliae ;  harum  altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est. 

C.  Valerius  Procillus,  cum  a  custodibus  in  fuga  trims 

10  catenis  vinctus  traheretur,  in  ipsum  Caesarem  hostes  equi- 
tatu  Insequentem  incidit.  Quae  quidem  res  Caesarl  non 
minorem  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem  attulit,  quod  lionii- 
nem  honestissimum  provinciae  Galliae,  suum  familiarem 
et  hospitem,  ereptum  e  manibus  bostium,  sibi  restitutum 

15  videbat,  neque  eius  calamitate  de  tanta  voluptate  et  gratu- 
latione  quicquam  forttina  deminuerat.  Is  so  praeseiite  de 
se  ter  sortibus  consultum  dicebat,  utrum  Igni  statim  neca- 
retur  an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur ;  sortium  beneficio 
se  esse  incolumem.     Item  M.  Metius  repertus  et  ad  eum 

20  reductus  est. 

Caesar  places  his  army  in  winter  quarters  ;  he  himself  goes 
to  North  Italy. 

LIV.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  ntintiato  Suebi,  qui 
ad  ripas  E-heni  venerant,  domum  revert!  coeperunt;  quos, 
ubi  qui  proximi  Rhenum  incolunt,  perterritos  senserunt, 
insecuti  magnum  ex  bis  numerum  occiderunt. 
25  Caesar,  una  aestate  duobus  maximis  bellis  confectis, 
mattirius  paulo,  quam  tempus  anni  postulabat,  in  hiberna 
in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit;  liibernis  Labienum  prae- 
posuit;  ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad  conventus  agendos 
profectus  est.  _.„.., 


COMMENTAEIUS   SECUNDUS. 


All  the  Belgae  nse  against  Caesar. 

I.  Cum  esset  Caesar  in  citeriore  Gallia,  ita  uti  supra 
demonstravimus,  crebri  ad  eum  rumores  afferebantur,  lit- 
terisque  item  Labieni  certior  fiebat,  oranes  Belgas,  quam 
tertiam  esse  Galliae  partem  dixeramus,  contra  populum 
Romanum  conitirare  obsidesque  inter  se  dare.  Coniu-  5 
randl  has  esse  causas:  primum,  quod  vererentur,  ne  omni 
pacata  Gallia  ad  eos  exercitus  noster  addticeretur;  deinde, 
quod  ab  non  nullis  Gallls  sollicitarentur,  partim  qui,  ut 
Germanos  dititius  in  Gallia  versari  noluerant,  ita  populi 
Roman!  exercitum  hiemare  atque  inveterascere  in  Gallia  lo 
moleste  ferebant,  partim  qui  mobilitate  et  levitate  animi 
novis  imperils  studebant;  ab  non  ntillis  etiam,  quod  in 
Gallia  a  potentioribus  atque  eis,  qui  ad  conducendos  homi- 
nes facultates  habebant,  vulgo  regna  occupabantur,  qui 
minus  facile  cam  rem  imperio  nostro  consequi  poterant.      15 

He  marches  quickly  to  their  territory;  the  Bemi  surrender, 

II.  His  nuntiis  litterisque  commotus  Caesar  duas  legi- 
ones  in  citeriore  Gallia  novas  conscrlpsit  et  inita  aestate, 
in  ulteriorem.Galliam  qui  deduceret,  Quintum  Pedium  lega- 
tum  misit.  Ipse,  cum  primum  pabuli  copia  esse  inciperet, 
ad  exercitum  venit, '  Dat  negotium  Senonibus  reliqulsque  20 
Gallis,  qui  flnitiml  Belgis  erant,  utI  ea,  quae  apud  eos 
gerantur,  cognoscant  seque  de  his  rebus  certiorem  faciant. 

161 


152  CAESAR. 

Hi  constanter  omnes  nuntiaverunt,  mantis  cogT,  exercitniu 
in  unum  locum  condticl.  Tum  vero  dubitandum  non  exi- 
stimavit,  quin  ad  eos  proficisceretur.  Ke  frumentaria  com- 
parata  castra  movet  diebusque  circiter  quindecim  ad  fines 

5  Belgarum  pervgnit. 

III.  Eo  cum  de  improvise  celeriusque  omnI  opinione 
venisset,  R6ml,  qui  proximi  Galliae  ex  Belgis  sunt,  ad  eum 
legates  Iccium  et  Andecumborium,  primos  civitatis,  mlse- 
runt,  qui  dicerent,  s6  suaque  omnia  in  fidem  atque  in  pote- 

10  statem  populi  RomanI  permittere,  neque  s6  cum  Belgis 
reliquis  consensisse  neque  contra  populum  Romanum  con- 
iurasse,  paratosque  esse  et  obsidSs  dare  et  imperata  facere 
et  oppidls  recipere  et  frumento  ceterlsque  rebus  iuvare; 
reliquos  omn6s  Belgas  in  armis  esse,  Germanosque,  qui  cis 

15  Rhgnum  incolant,  s6se  cum  his  coniunxisse,  tantumque  esse 
eorum  omnium  furorem,  ut  ne  Suessiones  quidem,  fratres 
consanguineosque  suos,  qui  eodem  iure  et  isdem  legibus 
titantur,  unum  imperium  unumque  magistratum  cum  ipsis 
habeant,  deterrere  potuerint,  quIn  cum  his  cSnsentirenL^/;, 

'A/ 

The  origin  and  forces  of  the  Belgae. 
20      IV.   Cum  ab  his  quaereret,  quae  civitates  qua.ntaeque  in 
armIs  essent  et  quid  in  bello  possent,  sic  reperiebat : 

Plerosque  Belgas  esse  ortos  a  Germanis  Rhenumque 
antiquitus  traductos  propter  loci  fertilitatem  ibi  consedisse, 
Gallosque,  qui  ea  loca  incolerent,  expulisse,  solosque  esse, 
25  qui  patrum  nostrorum  memoria  omnI  Gallia  vexata  Teuto- 
nos  Cimbrosque  intra  suos  fines  ingredl  prohibuerint ;  qua 
ex  re  fieri,  uti  earum  rerum  memoria  magnam  sibi  auctori- 
tatem  magnosque  splrittis  in  re  militari  sumerent. 

De  numero  eorum   omnia  se  habere  explorata  RemI  dl- 
30  cebant,   propterea   quod,   propinquitatibus    affinitatibusque 


LIB.  II.    CAP.   II-V.  158 

conitincti,  quantani  quisque  multitudinem  in  communi  Bel- 
garum  concilio  ad  id  bellum  pollicitus  sit,  cognoverint. 
Plurimum  inter  eos  Bellovacos  et  virttite  et  auctoritate  et 
hominum  nnmero  valere ;  hos  posse  conficere  armata  milia 
centum,  pollicitos  ex  eo  numero  electa  sexaginta,  totlusque  5 
belli  imperium  sibi  postulare.  Suessiones  suos  esse  flniti- 
mos ;  fines  latissimos  feracissimosque  agros  possidere. 
Apud  eos  fuisse  regem  nostra  etiam  memoria  Dlviciacum, 
totlus  Galliae  potentissimum,  qui  cum  magnae  partis  harum 
regionum,  turn  etiam  Britanniae  imperium  obtinuerit ;  nunc  10 
esse  regem  Galbam ;  ad  hunc  propter  itistitiam  prudentiam- 
que  suam  summam  totius  belli  omnium  voluntate  deferri; 
oppida  habere  numero  xii,  polliceri  milia  armata  quinqua- 
ginta ;  totidem  Nervios,  qui  maxime  feri  inter  ipsos  habe- 
antur  longissimeque  absint ;  quindecim  milia  Atrebates,  16 
Ambianos  decem  milia,  Morinos  xxv  milia,  Menapios  vii 
milia,  Caletos  x  milia,  Yeliocasses  et  Viromanduos  totidem, 
Aduatucos  decem  et  novem  milia;  Condrtisos,  Eburones, 
Caerosos,  Caemanos,  qui  uno  nomine  Germani  appellantur, 
arbitrari  ad  xl  milia.  30 

Caesar  marches  to  the  Axona;  the  Belgae  attack  Bibrax. 
V.  Caesar  Eemos  cohortatus  liberaliterque  oratione  pro- 
secutus  omnem  senatum  ad  se  convenire  principumque 
liberos  obsides  ad  se  addtici  iussit.  Quae  omnia  ab  his 
dlligenter  ad  diem  facta  sunt.  Ipse  Diviciacum  Aeduum 
magnopere  cohortatus  docet,  quanto  opere  rei  publicae  com-  25 
mtinisque  salutis  intersit,  mantis  hostium  distineri,  ne  cum 
tanta  multittidine  uno  tempore  confligendum  sit.  Id  fieri 
posse,  si  suas  copias  Aedui  in  fines  Bellovacorum  introdu- 
xerint  et  eorum  agros  populari  coeperint.  His  mandatis 
eum  ab  se  dimittit.  * 


154  CAESAR. 

Postquam  omnes  Belgarum  copias  in  unum  locum  coactas 
ad  se  venire  vidit,  neque  iam.  longe  abesse,  ab  els,  quos 
miserat,  exploratoribus  et  ab  Remis  cognovit,  flumen  Axo- 
nam,  quod  est  in  extremis  Remorum  finibus,  exercitum 
5  traducere  maturavit  atque  ibi  castra  posuit.  Quae  res  et 
latus  unum  castrorum  rlpls  fluminis  mtiniebat  et,  post  eum 
quae  erant,  tuta  ab  hostibus  reddebat  et,  commeatus  ab 
Remls  reliquisque  civitatibus  ut  sine  perlculo  ad  eum 
portarl  possent,  efficiebat.     In  eo  flumine  pons  erat.     Ibi 

10  praesidium  ponit  et  in  altera  parte  fluminis  Quintum  Titu- 
rium  Sablnum  legatum  cum  sex  cohortibus  relinquit ;  castra 
in  altitudinem  pedum  duodecim  vallo  fossaque  duodevlginti 
pedum  munire  iubet. 

VI.   Ab  his  castris  oppidum   Remorum  nomine   Bibrax 

15  aberat  milia  passuum  octo.  Id  ex  itinere  magno  impetu 
Belgae  oppugnare  coeperunt.  Aegre  eo  die  sustentatum 
est.  Gallorum  eadem  atque  Belgarum  oppugnatio  est 
haec.  Ubi,  circumiecta  multitudine  hominum  totis  moeni- 
bus,  undique  in  murum  lapides  iaci  coepti  sunt,  murusque 

20  defensoribus  nudatus  est,  testudine  facta  portas  succendunt 
murum  que  subruunt.  Quod  turn  facile  fiebat.  Nam  cum 
tanta  multitudo  lapides  ac  tela  conicerent,  in  muro  consi- 
stendl  potestas  erat  ntilli.  Cum  finem  oppugnandi  nox  fe- 
cisset,  Iccius  Remus,  summa  nobilitate  et  gratia  inter  suos, 

25  qui  tum  oppido  praefuerat,  unus  ex  eis,  qui  legati  d6  pace 
ad  Caesarem  venerant,  nuntium  ad  eum  mittit,  nisi  sub- 
sidium  sibi  summittatur,  sese  dititius  sustinere  non  posse. 

Caesar  relieves  the  town,  and  strongly  fortifies  a  camp. 
YII.   Eo  de  media  nocte  Caesar  isdem  ducibus  tisus,  qui 
nuntil  ab  Iccio  venerant,  Numidas  et  Cretas  sagittarios  et 
30  fundi  tores  Baleares  subsidio  oppidanis  mittit ;;  quorum  ad- 


LIB.   II.    CAP.   V-VIIL  155 

venttl  et  RSmis  cum  spS  defensionis  studium  propugnandl 
accessit,  et  hostibus  eadem  de  causa  spes  potiundi  oppidi 
discessit.  Itaque  paulisper  apud  oppidum  morati  agrosque 
Eemorum  depopulatl,  omnibus  vicis  aedificilsque,  quos  adire 
potuerant,  incensls,  ad  castra  Caesaris  omnibus  copils  con-  5 
tenderunt  et  a  milibus  passuum  minus  duobus  castra  posu- 
erunt;  quae  castra,  ut  fumo  atque  ignibus  significabatur, 
amplius  milibus  passuum  octo  in  latitudinem  patebant. 

VIII.   Caesar  primo  et  propter  multitudinem  hostium  et 
propter  eximiam  opinionem  virttitis  proelio  supersedere  sta-  lO 
tuit ;  cotldie  tamen  equestribus  proeliis,  quid  hostis  virtute 
posset  et  quid  nostri  auderent,  periclitabatur.     Ubi  nostros 
non  esse  Inferiores   intellexit,  loco  pro  castris  ad  aciem 
instruendam  natura  opportune  atque  idoneo,  quod  is  collis, 
ubi  castra  posita  erant,  paululum  ex  planitie  editus  tantum  15 
adversus   in  latitudinem   patebat,   quantum  loci  acies  In- 
strticta  occupare   poterat,  atque  ex  -utraque   parte  lateris 
deiectus  habebat  et  in  frontem  leniter  fastigatus  paulatim 
ad  planitiem  redlbat,  ab  utrOque  latere  eius  collis  trans- 
versam  fossam  obduxit  circiter  passuum  quadringentorum  20 
et  ad  extremas  fossas  castella  constituit  ibique  tormenta 
collocavit,  ne,  cum  aciem  mstruxisset,  hostes,  quod  tantum 
multitudine  poterant,  ab  lateribus  pugnant6s  suos  circum- 
venlre  possent.     Hoc  facto  duabus  legionibus,  quas  proxime 
conscrlpserat,  in  castris  relictis,  ut,  si  quo  opus  esset,  sub-  25 
sidio  duel  possent,  reliquas  sex  legiones  pro  castris  in  acie 
constituit.      Hostes  item  suas  copias   ex  castris  eductas 
instruxerant. 


156  CAESAR. 

The  JBelgae  attack  the  position  of  Titurius,  are  repulsed^  and 
disperse. 

IX.  Palus  erat  n6n  magna  inter  nostrum  atque  hostium 
exercitum.  Hanc  si  nostri  translrent,  hostes  exspectabant ; 
nostrl  autem,  si  ab  illis  initium  transeundi  fieret,  ut  impedi- 
tos  aggrederentur,  parati  in  armis  erant.  Interim  proelio 
5  equestri  inter  duas  acies  contendebatur.  Ubi  neutri  trans- 
eundi initium  faciunt,  secundiore  equitum  proelio  nostris, 
Caesar  suos  in  castra  reduxit.  Hostes  protinus  ex  eo  loco 
ad  flumen  Axonam  contenderunt,  quod  esse  post  nostra 
castra  demonstratum  est.     Ibi  vadis  repertis  partem  suarum 

10  copiarum  traducere  conati  sunt,  eo  consilio,  ut,  si  possent, 
castellum,  cui  praeerat  Quintus  Titurius  legatus,  expugna- 
rent  pontemque  interscinderent ;  si  minus  potuissent,  agros 
Bemorum  popularentur,  qui  magno  nobis  tisui  ad  bellum 
gerendum  erant,  commeatuque  nostros  prohiberent. 

15  X.  Caesar  certior  factus  ab  Tittirio  omnem  equitatum 
et  levis  armattirae  Numidas,  funditores  sagittariosque  pon- 
tem  traducit  atque  ad  eos  contendit.  Acriter  in  eo  loco 
pugnatum  est.  Hostes  impedltos  nostri  in  flumine  aggressi 
magnum  eorum  numerum  occiderunt;   per  eorum  corpora 

20  reliquos  audacissime  transire  conantes  multitudine  telorum 
reppulerunt ;  primos,  qui  transierant,  equitatti  circumventos 
interfecerunt. 

Hostes,  ubi  et  de  expugnando  oppido  et  de  flumine  trans- 
eundo  spem   se   fefellisse   intellexerunt   neque   nostros  in 

25  locum  inlquiorem  progredi  pugnandi  causa  viderunt,  atque 
ipsos  res  frtimentaria  deficere  coepit,  consilio  convocato 
ConstituSrunt,  optimum  esse,  domum  suam  quemque  reverti, 
et,  quorum  in  fin6s  primum  Eomani  exercitum  introduxis- 
sent,  ad  eos  defendendos  undique  convenirent,  ut  potius  in 

30  suis  quam  in  alienis  finibus  decertarent  et  domesticis  copiis 


•      LIB.    11.    CAP.   IX-XII.  157 

rei  fmmentariae  uterentury  Ad  earn  sententiam  cum  reli- 
quis  causis  haec  quoque  ratio  eos  dedtixit,  quod  Diviciacum 
atque  Aeduos  finibus  Bellovacorum  appropinquare  cogno- 
verant.  His  persuader!,  ut  diutius  morarentur  neque  suis 
auxilium  ferrent,  non  poterat.  6 

XI.  Ea  r6  constittita,  secunda  vigilia  magno  cum  stre- 
pitu  ac  tumultu  castris  egress!  ntillo  certo  ordine  neque 
imperio,  cum  sibi  quisque  primum  itineris  locum  peteret  et 
domum  pervenire  properaret,  fecerunt,  ut  consimilis  fugae 
profectio  videretur.  Hac  re  statim  Caesar  per  speculator's  ic 
cognita,  !nsidias  veritus,  quod,  qua  de  causa  discederent, 
nondum  perspexerat,  exercitum  equitatumque  castr!s  con- 
tinuit.  Prima  luce  confirmata  re  ab  exploratoribus,  omnem 
equitatum,  qui  novissimum  agmen  moraretur,  praemisit. 

His  Quintum  Pedium  et  Lucium  Aurunculeium  Cottam  15 
legatos  praef ecit ;  Titum  Labienum  legatum  cum  legionibus 
tribus  subsequi  iussit.     Hi  novissimos  adorti  et  multa  milia 
passuum  prosecuti  magnam  multitudinem  eorum  fugientium 
conciderunt,  cum  ab  extreme  agmine,  ad  quos  ventum  erat, 
consisterent  fortiterque  impetum   nostrorum   militum  sus-  20 
tinerent,  priores,  quod  abesse  a  periculo  vid'rentur,  neque 
ulla    necessitate    neque    imperio    continerentur,    exaudito 
clamore  perturbatis  ordinibus  omnes  in  fuga  sibi  praesidium 
ponerent.     Ita  sine  ullo  periculo  tantam  eorum  multitudi- 
nem nostri  interfecerunt,  quantum  fuit  di6i  spatium;  sub  25 
occasum  solis  destiterunt  seque  in  castra,  ut  erat  imperatum, 
receperunt.  -f 

The  Suessiones,  Bellovaci,  and  AmUani  submit  to  Caesar.    He 
learns  about  the  Nervii. 

XII.  Postridie  eius  diei  Caesar,  prius  quam  s6  host's  ex 
terrore  ac  fuga  reciperent,  in  fines  Suessionum,  qm  proximi 


168  CAESAR. 

E/6mis  erant,  exercitum  dtixit  et  magno  itinere  confecto  ad 
oppidum  Noviodunum  contendit.  Id  ex  itinere  oppugnare 
conatus,  quod  vacuum  ab  defensoribus  esse  audiebat,  prop- 
ter latitudinem  fossae  murique  altitiidinem,  paucis  defen- 

6  dentibus,  expugnare  non  potuit.  Castrls  muuitis  vlneas 
agere,  quaeque  ad  oppugnandum  tisui  erant,  comparare 
coepit.  Interim  omnis  ex  fuga  Suessionum  multittido  in 
oppidum  proxima  nocte  convenit.  Celeriter  vineis  ad 
oppidum   actis,   aggere   iacto  turribusque   constitutis,   ma- 

10  gnitudine  operum,  quae  neque  viderant  ante  Galli  neque 
audierant,  et  celeritate  Eomanorum  permoti  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  de  deditione  mittunt  et,  petentibus  Kemis,  ut 
conservarentur,  impetrant. 

XIII.  Caesar   obsidibus   acceptis   primis  civitatis   atque 
15  ipslus   Galbae    regis   duobus   filils,   armisque   omnibus    ex 

oppido  traditis,  in  deditionem  Suessiones  accepit  exercitum- 
que  in  Bellovacos  ducit.  Qui  cum  se  suaque  omnia  in 
oppidum  Bratuspantium  contulissent,  atque  ab  eo  oppido 
Caesar  cum  exercitu  circiter  milia  passuum  quinque  abesset, 

20  omnes  maiores  natu  ex  oppido  egressT  mantis  ad  Caesarem 
tendere  et  voce  significare  coeperunt,  sese  in  eius  fidem 
ac  potestatem  venire  neque  contra  populum  Eomanum 
armis  contendere.  Item,  cum  ad  oppidum  accessisset  ca- 
straque  ibi  poneret,  pueri  mulieresque  ex  mtiro  passis  mani- 

25  bus  suo  more  pacem  ab  Komanis  petierunt.  y// 

XIV.  Pro  bis  Diviciacus  (nam  post  discessum  Belga- 
rum  dimissls  Aeduorum  copiis  ad  eum  reverterat)  facit 
verba : 

Bellovacos  omni  tempore  in  fide  atque  amicitia  civitatis 

30  Aeduae  fuisse ;  impulsos  ab  suis  principibus,  qui  dicerent, 

Aeduos  a  Caesare  in  servittitem  redactos  omnes  indignitates 

contumeliasque  perferre,  et  ab  Aeduis  defecisse  et  populo 


LIB.   II.   CAP.    XII-XVI.  159 

Komano  bellnm  intulisse.  Qui  eius  consill  prmcipgs  fuis- 
sent,  quod  intellegerent,  quantam  calamitatein  cTvitati 
intulissent,  in  Britanniam  profugisse.  Petere  non  solum 
Bellovacos,  sed  etiam  pro  his  Aeduos,  ut  sua  cl6mentia  ac 
mansuettidine  in  eos  titatur.  Quod  sl  fecerit,  Aeduorum  5 
auctoritatem  apud  omnes  Belgas  amplificaturum,  quorum 
auxiliis  atque  opibus,  si  qua  bella  inciderint,  sustentare 
consuerint. 

XV.  Caesar  honoris  Dlviciaci  atque  Aeduorum  causa 
sese  eos  in  fidem  recepturum  et  conservaturum  dixit;  et  10 
quod  erat  civitas  magna  inter  Belgas  auctoritate  atque 
hominuni  multittidine  praestabat,  sexcentos  obsides  popo- 
scit.  His  traditis  omnibusque  armis  ex  oppido  collatis,  ab 
eo  loco  in  fines  Ambianorum  pervenit ;  qui  se  suaque  omnia 
sine  mora  dediderunt.  16 

Eorum  fines  Nervii  attingebant ;  quorum  de  natura  mori- 
busque  Caesar  cum  quaereret,  sTc  reperiebat :  Nullum  aditum 
esse  ad  eos  mercatoribus ;  nihil  pati  vini  reliquarumque 
rerum  ad  luxuriam  pertinentium  inferri,  quod  his  rebus 
relanguescere  animos  eorum  et  remitti  virtutem  existima-  20 
rent ;  esse  homines  feros  magnaeque  virtutis ;  increpitare 
atque  incusare  reliquos  Belgas,  qui  se  popul5  Romano  dedi- 
dissent  patriamque  virtutem  proiecissent ;  confirmare,  ses6 
neque  legatos  missuros  neque  tillam  condicionem  pacis 
accepttiros.  25 

He  marches  against  the  Nervii,  who  attack  him  while  encamping. 

XVI.  Cum  per  eorum  fines  triduum  iter  fecisset,  inve- 
niebat  ex  captivis,  Sabim  fltimen  a  castris  suis  non  am- 
plius  milia  passuum  x  abesse  ;  trans  id  flamen  omn6s 
Nervios  consedisse  adventumque  ibi  Romanorum  exspec- 
tare  una  cum  Atrebatibus  et  Viromanduis,  finitimis  suls  30 


160  CAESAR. 

(nam  his  utrisque  persuaserant,  uti  eandem  belli  fortunani 
experlrentur)  ;  exspectarl  etiam  ab  his  Aduatucorum  copias 
atque  esse  in  itinere;  mulieres,  quique  per  aetatem  ad 
pugnam  intitiles  viderentur,  in  eum  locum  conigcisse,  quo 
5  propter  paltides  exercitui  aditus  non  esset. 

XVII.  His  rebus  cognitis  exploratores  centurionesque 
praemittit,  qui  locum  idoneum  castris  deligant.  Cum  ex 
dediticiis  Belgis  reliquisque  Gallis  complures  Caesarem 
secuti  una  iter  facerent,  quidam  ex  his,  ut  postea  ex  capti- 

10  vis  cognitum  est,  eorum  dierum  consuettidine  itineris  no- 
stri  exercitus  perspecta,  nocte  ad  Nervios  pervenerunt  atque 
his  demonstrarunt,  inter  singulas  legiones  impedimento- 
rum  magnum  numerum  intercedere,  neque  esse  quicquam 
negoti,    cum  prima  legio  in   castra   venisset    reliquaeque 

15  legiones  magnum  spatium  abessent,  hanc  sub  sarcinis 
adoriri;  qua  pulsa  impedimentisque  direptis  futurum,  ut 
reliquae  contra  consistere  non  auderent. 

Adiuvabat  etiam  eorum  consilium,  qui  rem  deferebant, 
quod  Nervii  antiquitus,  cum  equitatu  nihil  possent  (neque 

20  enim  ad  hoc  tempus  ei  rei  student,  sed,  quicquid  possunt, 
pedestribus  valent  copiis),  quo  facilius  finitimorum  equita- 
tum,  si  praedandi  causa  ad  eos  venissent,  impedirent,  teneris 
arboribus  incisis  atque  inflexis  crebrisque  in  latitudinem 
ramis  enatis  et  rubis  sentibusque  interiectis  effecerant,  ut 

25  instar  mtiri  hae  saepes  munimentum  praeberent,  quo  non 
modo  non  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset.  His  rebus 
cum  iter  agminis  nostri  impedirfitur,  non  omittendum  sibi 
co^ilium  Nervii  existimaverunt. 

/y/  XVIII.   Loci  natura  erat  haec,  quem  locum  nostri  castris 

30  delegerant.  Collis  ab  summo  aequaliter  declivis  ad  flumen 
Sabim,  quod  supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.  Ab  eo  flumine 
pari  acclivitate  collis  nascebatur  adversus  huic  et  contrarius, 


L   2 


53 


S 


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2   §   ^  t^ 

OJ    TS    +3    "t^ 

c3    S    OJ    S 


•«  ^ 


O    13   "« 

a  2   « 


=   > 

5  8 


•s  a 

® 


LIB.    II.    CAP.    XVI-XIX.  161 

passtis  circiter  du centos  infimus  apertus,  ab  superiore  parte 
silvestris,  ut  non  facile  introrsus  perspici  posset.  Intra  eas 
silvas  hostes  in  occulto  sese  continebant;  in  aperto  loco 
secundum  flumen  paucae  stationes  equitum  videbantur. 
Fltiminis  erat  altitude  pedum  circiter  trium.  5 

XIX.  Caesar  equitatu  praemisso  subsequebatur  omnibus 
copils;  sed  ratio  ordoque  agminis  aliter  se  habebat,  ac 
Belgae  ad  Nervios  dStulerant.  Nam  quod  hostibus  appro- 
pinquabat,  consuettidine  sua  Caesar  sex  legiones  expeditas 
dticebat ;  post  eas  to  tins  exercittis  impedimenta  colloc^rat ;  10 
inde  duae  legiones,  quae  proxime  conscrlptae  erant,  totum 
agmen  claudebant  praesidioque  impedimentis  erant.  Equi- 
tes  nostrl  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque  flumen  trans- 
gress! cum  hostium  equitatu  proelium  commiserunt.  Cum 
se  ill!  identidem  in  silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rursus  ex  16 
silva  in  nostros  impetum  facerent  neque  nostrl  longius, 
quam  quern  ad  finem  porrecta  loca  aperta  pertingbant, 
c6dentes  insequi  audSrent,  interim  legiones  sex,  quae  prlmae 
vgnerant,  opere  dimenso  castra  munire  coeperunt. 

Ubi  prima  impedimenta  nostri  exercitus  ab  eis,  qui  in  20 
silvis  abditi  latebant,  visa  sunt,  quod  tempus  inter  eos 
committendi  proeli  conv6nerat,  ut  intra  silvas  aciem  <5rdi- 
nSsque  constituerant  atque  ipsi  s6s6  confirmaverant,  subitO 
omnibus  copiis  provolaverunt  impetumque  in  nostras  equi- 
tes  fScerunt.  His  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis,  incrgdibili  25 
celeritate  ad  flamen  d6cucurr6runt,  ut  paene  un6  tempore 
et  ad  silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus  nostris  hostes 
viderentur.  Eadem  autem  celeritate  adversO  colle  ad  no- 
stra castra  atque  eos,  qui  in  opere  occupati  erant,  conten- 
derunt.  ^ 


162  CAESAR. 


M 

^SP 


His  troopSf  taken  unawares^  are  on  one  side  victorious,  on  the 
other  routed. 

XX.  Caesarl  omnia  uno  tempore  erant  agenda:  vexiL 
lum  proponendum,  quod  erat  insigne,  cum  ad  arm  a  con- 
curri  oporteret,  signum  tuba  dandum,  ab  opere  revocandl 
milites,  qui  paulo  longius  aggeris  petendl  causa  processe- 

o  rant,  arcessendi,  acies  instruenda,  milites  cohortandi,  signum 
dandum.  Quarum  rerum  magnam  partem  temporis  brevitas 
et  incursus  hostium  impediebat.  His  difficultatibus  duae 
res  erant  subsidio,  scientia  atque  usus  militum,  quod  supe- 
rioribus  proelils  exercitati,  quid  fieri  oporteret,  non  minus 

10  commode  ipsi  sibi  praescrlbere,  quam  ab  aliis  docerl  pote- 
rant,  et  quod  ab  opere  singullsque  legionibus  singulos 
legates  Caesar  discedere  nisi  munitis  castrls  vetuerat.  Hi 
propter  propinquitatem  et  celeritatem  hostium  nihil  iam 
Caesaris   imperium   exspectabant,  sed   per   se,   quae   vide- 

15  bantur,  administrabant. 

XXI.  Caesar  necessarils  rebus  imperatis  ad  cohortan- 
dos  milites,  quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit,  decucurrit  et  ad. 
legionem  decimam  devenit.  Milites  non  longiore  oratione 
cohortatus,  quam  uti  sude  pristinae  virttitis  memoriam  reti- 

20  nerent  neu  perturbarentur  animo,  hostiumque  impetum 
fortiter  sustinerent,  quod  non  longius  hostes  aberant,  quam 
quo  telum  adigl  posset,  proell  committendl  signum  dedit. 
Atque  in  alteram  partem  item  cohortandi  causa  profectus 
pugnantibus  occurrit.      Temporis  tanta  fuit  exiguitas  ho- 

25  stiumque  tarn  paratus  ad  dimicandum  animus,  ut  non  modo 
ad  Insignia  accommodanda,  sed  etiam  ad  galeas  induendas 
scutlsque  tegimenta  detrahenda  tempus  defuerit.  Quam 
quisque  ab  opere  in  partem  casu  devenit  quaeque  prima 
signa  conspexit,  ad  haec  constitit^  ne  in  quaerendis  suia 

30  pugnandl  tempus  dimitteret. 


I 
I 


; 


LIB.  II.  CAP.  xx-xxiv.  163 

XXII.  Instructo  exercitu,  magis  ut  loci  nattlra  deiec- 
tusque  collis  et  necessitas  temporis,  quain  ut  rel  mllitaris 
ratio  atque  ordo  postulabat,  cum  diversae  legiones  aliae 
alia  in  parte  hostibus  resisterent,  saepibusque  densissimis, 
ut  ante  demonstravimus,  interiectis  prospectus  impedlretur,  5 
neque  certa  subsidia  collocari  neque,  quid  in  quaque  parte 
opus  esset,  providerl,  neque  ab  uno  omnia  imperia  admi- 
nistrarl  poterant.  Itaque  in  tanta  rerum  iniquitate  fortunae 
quoque  eventtis  varii  sequebantur. 

XXIII.  Legionis  nonae  et   decimae  militSs,  ut  in  sini-  lO 
stra  parte  acie  constiterant,  pills  emissis  cursu  ac  lassitti- 
dine  exanimatos  vulneribusque  confectos   Atrebates   (nam 
his  ea  pars  obvenerat)  celeriter  ex  loco  superiore  in  flumen 
compulerunt  et  transire  conantes  Insecuti  gladils  magnam 
partem    eorum    impedltam    interfecerunt.      Ipsi    transire  15 
flumen   non   dubitaverunt  et   in  locum  iniquum  progress! 
rursus   resistentes   hostes   redintegrato   proelio    in    fugam 
coniecerunt.     Item   alia  in   parte   diversae   duae  legiones, 
undecima   et    octava,   profligatis   Viromanduis,   quibuscum 
erant  congress!,  ex  loco  superiore,  in  ipsis  fluminis  rlpls  20 
proeliabantur.     At  totis  fere  castriS  a  fronte  et  a  sinistra 
parte  nudatis,  cum  in  dextro  cornu  legio  duodecima  et  non 
magno  ab  ea  intervallo  septima  constitisset,  omn6s  Nervii 
confertissimo  agniine  duce  Boduognato,  qui  summam  im- 
perl  tenebat,  ad   eum   locum  contenderunt ;    quorum   pars  25 
aperto  latere  legiones  circumvemre,  pars  summura  castro- 
rum  locum  petere  coepit.  -   - 

XXIV.  Eodem  tempore  equitSs  nostrl  levisque  armatil- 
rae  pedites,  qui  cum  eis  una  fuerant,  quos  primo  liostium 
impetu  pulsos  dixeram,  cum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  adversis  30 
hostibus  occurrebant  ac  rursus  aliam  in  partem  fugam  pete- 
bant,  et  calones,  qui  ab  decumana  porta  ac  summo  iugo 


164  CAESAR. 


collis  nostros  victor6s  flumen  transisse  conspexerant,  prae- 
dandi  causa  egressi,  cum  respexissent  et  hostes  in  nostils 
castris  versari  vldissent,  praecipites  fugae  sese  mandabant. 
Simul   eorum,   qui    cum    impedimentis   veniebant,   clamor 

5  fremitusque  oriebatur,  aliique  aliam  in  partem   perterriti  ? 

ferebantur. 
y^Quibus  omnibus  rebus  permoti  equites  Treverl,  quorum 
^  inter  Gallos  virtutis  opinio  est  singularis,  qui  auxili  causa 
a  civitate  ad  Caesarem   missi  venerant,  cum  multittidine 

10  hostium  castra  nostra  compleri,  legiones  premi  et  paene 
circumventas  teneri,  calones,  equites,  funditores,  Numidas 
diversos  dissipatosque  in  omnes  partes  fugere  vldissent, 
desperatis  nostrls  rebus  domum  contenderunt ;  Romanos 
pulsos  superatosque,  castris  impedlmentlsque  eorum  hostes 

15  potitos  civitati  rentintiavgrunt. 

At  length  the  Nervii  are  defeated;  the  few  not  slain  surrender. 

XXV.   Caesar  ab  decimae  legionis  cohortatiSne  ad  de- 

xtrum  cornu  profectus,  ubi  suos  urgerl  signisque  in  tinum 

locum  collatis  duodecimae  legionis   confertos   milites  sibi 

ipsos  ad  pugnam  esse  impedlmento  vidit,  quartae  cohortis 

20  omnibus  centurionibus  occisis  signiferoque  interfecto,  signo 
amisso,  reliquarum  cohortium  omnibus  fere  centurionibus 
aut  vulneratls  aut  occlsis,  in  his  primipllo  P.  Sextio  Baculo, 
fortissimo  viro,  multis  gravibusque  vulneribus  confecto,  ut 
iam  se  sustinere  non  posset,  reliquos  esse  tardiores  et  non 

25  ntillos  ab  novissimis  deserto  proelio  excedere  ac  tela  vltare, 
hostes  neque  a  fronte  ex  Inferiore  loco  subeuntes  intermit- 
tere  et  ab  utroque  latere  instare  et  rem  esse  in  angusto 
vidit,  neque  tillum  esse  subsidium,  quod  summitti  posset ; 
scuto  ab  novissimis  uni  militi  detracto,  quod  ipse  eo  sine 

30  scuto  venerat,  in  primam  aciem  processit  centurionibusque 


I 


LIB.   II.   CAP.  XXIV-XXVII.  165 

nominatim  appellatis  reliquos  coliortatus  milites  signa 
inferre  et  manipulos  laxare  iussit,  quo  facilius  gladiis  titi 
possent.  Cuius  adventu  spe  illata  militibus  ac  redinte- 
grate animo,  cum  pro  se  quisque  in  conspectu  imperatoris 
etiam  in  extremis  suis  rebus  operam  navare  cuperet,  paulum  5 
hostium  impetus  tardatus  est. 

XXVI.  Caesar,  cum  septimam  legionem,  quae  iuxta  con- 
stiterat,  item  urgeri  ab  hoste  vidisset,  tribunes  militum 
monuit,  ut  paulatim  sese  legiones  coniungerent  et  conversa 
signa  in  hostes  inferrent.  Quo  facto  cum  aliis  alii  sub-  lO 
sidium  ferrent,  neque  timerent,  ne  aversi  ab  hoste  circum- 
venirentur,  audacius  resistere  ac  fortius  pugnare  coeperunt. 

Interim  milites  legionum  duarum,  quae  in  novissimo 
agmine  praesidio  impedimentis  fuerant,  proelio  nuntiato 
cursti  incitato  in  summo  colle  ab  hostibus  conspiciebantur,  15 
et  Titus  Labienus  castris  hostium  potitus  et  ex  loco  supe- 
riore,  quae  res  in  nostris  castris  gererentur,  conspicatus, 
decimam  legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit.  Qui  cum  ex 
equitum  et  calonum  fuga,  quo  in  loco  r6s  esset,  quantoque 
in  periculo  et  castra  et  legiones  et  imperator  versaretur,  20 
cognovissent,  nihil  ad  celeritatem  sibi  reliqui  fecerunt. 

XXVII.  Horum  adventu  tanta  rerum  commutatio  est 
facta,  ut  nostri,  etiam  qui  vulneribus  confecti  procubuissent, 
scutis  innixi  proeiium  redintegrarent,  calones  perterritos 
hostes  conspicati  etiam  inermes  armatis  occurrerent,  equi-  25 
tes  vero,  ut  turpitudinem  fugae  virtute  delerent,  omnibus 
in  locis  pugnando  se  legionariis  militibus  praeferrent.  At 
hostes  etiam  in  extrema  spe  salutis  tantam  virtutem  prae- 
stiterunt,  ut,  cum  primi  eorum  cecidissent,  proximi  iacenti- 
bus  insisterent  atque  ex  eorum  corporibus  pugnarent;  his  30 
deiectis  et  coacervatis  cadaveribus,  qui  superessent,  ut  ex 
tumulo  tela  in  nostros  conicerent  et  pila  intercepta  remit- 


166  CAESAR. 


teren^ut  non  nequiquam  tantae  virttitis  homines  iudicari 
deberet  ausos  esse  transire  latissimum  flumen,  ascendere 
altissimas  ripas,  subire  iniquissimum  locum,  quae  facilia  ex 
difficillimis  animi  magnitudo  redegerat. 

5  XXVIIt  Hoc  proelio  facto  et  prope  ad  internecionem 
gente  ac  nomine  Kerviorum  redacto,  maiores  natti,  quos 
una  cum  puerls  mulieribusque  in  aestuaria  ac  paludes  con- 
iectos  dixeramus,  hac  pugna  nuntiata,  cum  victoribus  nihil 
impedltum,  victTs  nihil  tutum  arbitrarentur,  omnium,  qui 

10  supererant,  consensu  legates  ad  Caesarem  miserunt  seque 
el  dediderunt,  et  in  commemoranda  civitatis  calamitate  ex 
sexcentis  ad  tres  senatores,  ex  hominum  milibus  lx  vix  ad 
qumgentos,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  sese  redactos  esse  dixe- 
runtA^Quos  Caesar,  ut  in  miseros  ac  supplices  usus  miseri- 

15  cordia  videretur,  diligentissime  conservavit  sulsque  finibus 
atque  oppidis  uti  iussit  et  f  initimis  imperavit,  ut  ab  initiria 
et  maleficio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 

The  Aduatuci  gather  in  one  stronghold,  which  Caesar  besieges. 
XXIX.   Aduatuci,  de  quibus  supra  scripsimus,  cum  omni- 
bus  copiis   auxilio  Kerviis   venirent,  hac   pugna   nuntiata 
20  ex  itinere  domum  reverterunt;  ctinctTs  oppidis  castelllsque 
desertis  sua  omnia  in  tinum  oppidum  egregie  natiira  mtini- 
tum  contulerunt.     Quod  cum  ex  omnibus  in  circuitti  parti- 
bus   altissimas   rtipes   deiecttisque   haberet,   una   ex    parte 
leniter  acclivis  aditus  in  latitudinem  non  amplius  ducento- 
25  rum  pedum  relinquebatur ;    quem  locum  duplici  altissimo 
mtiro  munierant;   turn  magni  ponderis  saxa  et  praeacutas 
trabes  in  muro  collocabant. 

Ipsi  erant  ex  Cimbris  TeutonTsque  prognati,  qui,  cum  iter 

in  provinciam  nostram  atque  Italiam  facerent,  els  impedi- 

30  mentis,  quae   secum  agere  ac   portare  non  poterant,  citra 


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lr%iiiiBfiaii 


LIB:    II.   CAP.    XXVII-XXXI.  167 

flumen  Rhenum  depositis  custodiam  ex  suis  ac  praesidium 
sex  milia  hominum  una  reliquerunt.  Hi  post  eorum  obitum 
multos  annos  a  finitimls  exagitati,  cum  alias  bellum  infer- 
rent,  alias  illatum  defeiiderent,  consensu  eorum  omnium 
pace  facta,  hunc  sibi  do'micilio  locum  delegerunt.  5 

XXX.  Ac  primo   adventu   exercitus    nostri  crebras    ex 
oppido  excursiones  faciebant  parvulisque  proelils  cum  no- 
stris  contendebant ;  postea  vallo  pedum  xii,  in  circuitti  xv 
milium  crebrisque  castellis  circummuniti  oppido  sese  con- 
tinebant.     Ubi  vineis  actis  aggere  exstrticto  turrim  procul  10 
constitui  viderunt,  primum  irrldere  ex  muro  atque  increpi- 
tare  vocibus,  quod  tanta  machinatio  a  tanto  spatio  institu- 
eretur :  Quibusnam  manibus  aut  quibus  viribus  praesertim 
homines  tantulae  staturae  (nam  plerumque  omnibus  Grallis 
prae   magnittidine   corporum   suorum   brevitas  nostra  con-  15 
temptui   est)  tanti   oneris   turrim   in  muro   sese  collocare    ^ 
posse  conf  iderent  ? 

They  surrender^  attempt  treachery^  are  sold  into  slavery. 

XXXI.  Ubi    vero    mover!    et    appropinquare    moenibus 
viderunt,    nova    atque    inusitata    specie    commoti    Iggatos 
ad   Caesarem    de    pace    miserunt,    qui    ad    hunc    modum  20 
locuti : 

Non  se  existimare,  Komanos  sine  ope  deorum  bellum 
gerere,  qui  tantae  altittidinis  machinationes  tanta  celeritate 
promovere  possent,  se  suaque  omnia  eorum  potestati  per- 
mittere  dixerunt.  tJnum  petere  ac  deprecari :  si  forte  pro  25 
sua  dementia  ac  mansuettidine,  quam  ipsi  ab  aliis  audirent, 
statuisset,  Aduatucos  esse  conservandos,  ne  se  armis  despo- 
liaret.  Sibi  omnes  fere  finitimos  esse  inimicos  ac  suae 
virtuti  invidere;  a  quibus  se  defendere  traditis  armis  non 
possent.     Sibi  praestare,  si  in   eum  casum  deducerentur,  30 


168 


CAESAR. 


quamvis  fortunam  a  populo  Romano  pati,  quam  ab  his  per 
cruciatum  interfici,  inter  quos  dominari  consuessent. 

XXXII.  Ad  haec  Caesar  respondit : 

S6  magis  consuettidine  sua  quam  merito  eorum  civitatem 
6  conservattirum,  si  prius,  quam  mui'um  aries  attigisset,  se 
dedidissent;  sed  deditionis  nullam  esse  condicionem  nisi 
armis  traditis.  Se  id,  quod  in  Nerviis  fecisset,  facturuiii 
finitimlsque  imperaturum,  ne  quam  deditlciis  populi  Ko- 
man!  initiriam  inferrent. 

10  R6  nuntiata  ad  suos,  quae  imperarentur,  f acere  dixerunt. 
Armorum  magna  multitudine  de  mtiro  in  fossam,  quae  erat 
ante  oppidum,  iacta,  sic  ut  prope  summam  mtirl  aggerisque 
altittidinem  acervi  armorum  adaequarent,  et  tamen  circiter 
parte  tertia,  ut  postea  perspectum  est,  celata  atqi^  in  op- 

15  pido  retenta,  portis  patef actis  eo  die  pace  sunt  tisi.  At 

XXXIII.  Sub  vesperum  Caesar  portas  claudi  militesque 
ex  oppido  exire  iussit,  ne  quam  noctti  oppidan!  a  militibus 
iniuriam  acciperent.  IllI,  ante  inito,  ut  intellectum  est, 
consilio,  quod  deditione  facta  nostros  praesidia  deducturos 

20  aut  denique  indiligentius  servattiros  crediderant,/partim 
cum  eis,  quae  retinuerant  et  celaverant,  armis,  partim  scutis 
ex  cortice  factis  aut  viminibus  intextis,  quae  subito,  ut 
temporis  exiguitas  postulabat,  pellibus  induxerant,  tertia 
vigilia,  qua  minime  arduus  ad  nostras  mtinltiones  ascensus 

25  videbatur,  omnibus  copiis  repente  ex  oppido  eruptionem 
f6c6runt. 

Celeriter,  ut  ante  Caesar  imperaverat,  Ignibus  significa- 
tiSne  facta,  ex  proximis  castellis  eo  concursum  est,  pugnar 
tumque  ab  hostibus  ita  acriter  est,  ut  a  viris  fortibus  in 

30  extrema  spe  salutis  inlquo  loco  contra  eos,  qui  ex  vallo  tur- 
ribusque  tela  iacerent,  pugnari  debuit,  cum  in  una  virttite 
omnis  spes  salutis  consisteret.     Occisis  ad  hominum  mill- 


LIB.    II.  CAP.    XXXI-XXXV.  169 

bus  quattuor,  reliqui  in  oppidum  reiecti  sunt.  Postridie 
eius  diei  refractis  portis,  cum  iam  defenderet  nemo,  atque 
intromissis  militibus  nostris,  sectionem  eius  oppidi  tiniver- 
sam  Caesar  vendidit.  Ab  els,  qui  emerant,  capitum  numerus 
ad  eum  relatus  est  milium  quinquaginta  trium.  6 

Several  states  along  the  coast  are  subdued  by  P.  Crassus. 

XXXIV.  Eodem  tempore  a  Public  Crasso,  quem  cum 
legione  una  miserat  ad  Venetos,  Venellos,  Osismos,  Cori- 
osolitas,  Esuvios,  Aulercos,  Redones,  quae  sunt  maritimae 
civitates  Oceanumque  attingunt,  certior  f actus  est,  omnes 
eas  civitates  in  dicionem  potestatemque  populi  Eomani  esse  lo 
redactas. 

The  German  tribes  are  impressed  by  Caesar^s  victories;  the  army 
goes  into  winter  quarters;  a  thanksgiving  is  decreed  at  Borne. 

XXXY.  His  rebus  gestis  omnT  Gallia  pacata,  tanta 
huius  belli  ad  barbaros  opinio  perlata  est  uti  ab  eis  natio- 
nibus,  quae  trans  Ehenum  incolerent,  legati  ad  Caesarem 
mitterentur,  qui  se  obsides  daturas,  imperata  facturas  polli-  15 
cerentur.  Quas  legationSs  Caesar,  quod  in  Italiam  Illyri- 
cumque  properabat,  inita  proximo  aestate  ad  s6  revertl 
.ussit.  Ipse,  in  Carnut^s,  Andes,  Turonos,  quaeque  civita- 
tes propinquae  his  locis  erant,  ubi  bellum  gesserat,  legioni- 
bus  in  hiberna  deductis,  in  Italiam  profectus  est.  Ob  20 
easque  res  ex  litteris  Caesaris  in  dies  quindecim  supplicati6 
dScreta  est,  quod  ante  id  tempus  accidit  nullL/ 


INTRODUCTION. 


CAESAR'S   CIVIL   WAR. 

Caesar  probably  wrote  the  seven  books  of  the  Gallic  War 
in  the  winter  of  52-51  b.c,  in  Gaul.  The  conquest  of  Gaul 
continued  to  occupy  his  attention  until  the  end  of  the  year  50 ; 
the  events  of  the  years  51  and  50  are  narrated  in  the  eighth 
book  of  the  Gallic  War,  which  was  apparently  written  by  Aulus 
Hirtius,  after  Caesar's  death. 

Caesar's  Civil  War  has  come  down  to  us  in  three  books, 
covering  events  of  the  years  49  and  48  b.c.  ;  joined  with  these 
are  three  other  books,  by  different  authors,  on  the  Alexandrian, 
African,  and  Spanish  campaigns  in  47,  46,  and  45  b.c.  Caesar's 
three  books  were  perhaps  written  in  46  b.c.  The  beginning  of 
the  first  book  is  lost,  and  there  are  other  lacunae.  The  text  as 
a  whole  is  in  a  less  satisfactory  condition  than  that  of  the  Gallic 
War,  but  this  may  be  due  in  part  to  haste  of  composition  if,  as 
has  been  assumed,  Caesar  wrote  his  Civil  War  by  dictation  at 
a  time  when  he  was  overwhelmed  with  public  business.  The 
first  two  books  deal  with  the  events  of  a  single  year,  49,  while 
in  other  cases  Caesar  devotes  one  book  to  a  year ;  for  this  and 
other  reasons  it  has  been  suggested  that  Books  I  and  II  of  the 
Civil  War  as  we  know  them  formed  originally  one  book. 

Book  I  opens  with  an  account  of  the  events  which  led  to  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey  (Chapters  1-7 ; 
Selection  I).     Twenty-six  chapters   (8-33)   vividly  trace   the 

170 


INTRODUCTION.  171 

victorious  progress  of  Caesar  down  the  east  side  of  Italy  to 
Brundisium,  whence  Pompey  escaped  across  the  Adriatic,  and 
to  Eome,  where  Caesar  spent  a  brief  time,  soon  setting  out  for 
Gaul  and  Spain.  The  rest  of  Book  I,  and  twenty-two  chapters 
of  Book  II,  are  devoted  to  the  siege  of  Massilia,  which  closed 
its  gates  to  him,  and  to  operations  in  Spain.  The  chastise- 
ment of  the  Massilians  was  left  to  lieutenants,  of  whom  one, 
Brutus,  worsted  them  in  two  sea-fights  (the  second  is  described 
in  Selection  II),  and  the  other,  Trebonius,  finally  captured  the 
city.  Caesar's  operations  in  Spain,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ilerda, 
culminated  in  the  capture  of  Pompey's  lieutenants  Afranius 
and  Petreius  with  the  forces  under  their  command,  and  the 
control  of  the  province.  The  latter  part  of  Book  II  treats  of 
the  destruction  of  Caesar's  army  in  Africa  (Selection  III). 

In  Book  III  we  read  first,  how  Caesar  settled  affairs  at  Rome 
as  promptly  as  possible  after  his  return  from  Spain,  and 
gathered  an  army  at  Brundisium  in  order  to  cross  the  Adriatic 
to  meet  Pompey,  who  for  a  year  had  been  collecting  forces  and 
supplies.  He  was  obliged,  on  account  of  lack  of  ships,  to 
transport  his  army  by  detachments.  The  earlier  operations 
and  negotiations  in  Illyricum  and  Epirus  are  described  in 
Selection  IV.  Caesar  with  an  inferior  force  hems  Pompey  in 
at  Dyrrachium,  but  suffers  reverses  and  is  obliged  to  withdraw. 
Both  Caesar  and  Pompey  march  eastward  into  Thessaly,  the 
former  receiving  reenforcements  from  Domitius  Calvinus,  the 
latter  from  Scipio.  These  movements  end  in  the  battle  near 
Pharsalus  (August  9,  48  B.C.),  described  in  Selection  V.  The 
rest  of  Book  III  narrates  events  after  the  battle,  including  the 
death  of  Pompey  (Selection  V),  and  the  beginning  of  the 
complications  in  which  Caesar  found  himself  involved  in 
Alexandria. 


DE   BELLO   CIVILI. 

I.   Caesar  and  the  Senate.     (I,  i-vii.) 

BUter  opposition  to  Caesar  is  manifested  in  the  Senate. 

I.  Litteris  Caesaris  consulibus  ^  redditis,  aegre  ab  his  im- 
petratum  est  summa  tribunorum  plebis  contentione,  ut  in 
senatu  recitarentur  - ;  ut  vero  ex  litteris  ad  senatum  ref  erre- 
tur,^  impetrari  non  potuit. 

6  Refer uiit  consules  de  re  publica.*  Incitat  L.  Lentulus 
consul  senatum  :  rei  publicae  se  non  defuturum  pollicetur, 
si  audacter  ac  fortiter  seutentias  dicere  velint ;  sin  Caesarem 
respiciant^  atque  eius  gratiam  sequantur,  ut  superioribus 
fecerint  temporibus,  se  sibi  consilium  capttirura^neque  sena- 

10  tus  auctoritati  obtemperattirum ;  habere  se  quoque  ad  Cae- 
saris gratiam  atque  amicitiam  receptumJ 

In  eandem  sententiam  loquitur  Sclpio  ^ :  Pompeio  esse  in 
animo  rel  publicae  non  deesse,  si  senatus  sequatur^;  si 
cunctetur  atque  agat  lenius,  nequiquam  eius  auxilium,  si 

16  postea  velit,  senatum  implorattirum. 

II.  Haec  Scipionis  oratio,  quod  senatus  ^"^  in  urbe  habe- 


IL.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus  (49  B.C.),  elected 
because  of  their  hostility  to  Caesar. 

2  recito,  -are,  read. 

8  here  in  a  technical  sense,  that  a  motion  should  be  made  with  reference  to 
the  {contents  of  the)  letters. 

4  about  the  condition  of  the  state. 

5  have  regard  for. 

6  i.e.,  he  would  look  out  for  his  own  personal  interests. 

J^receptus,  -us,  m.,  retreat;  habere  se  receptum  ad,  he  could  take  ref- 
uge  in. 

8  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio,  Pompey's  father-in-law. 

9  sc.  eum,  should  follow  his  lead.  ^'^  the  meeting  of  the  SenUte. 

172 


CAESAR  AND   THE   SENATE.  173 

batur  Pompeiusque  aberat,  ex  ipsius  ore  Pompei  mitti  vid6- 
batur.  Dixerat  aliquis  leniorem  sententiam,  ut  primuin 
M.  Marcellus,^  ingressus  in  earn  orationem,^  non  oportere 
ante  de  ea  re  ad  senatum  referri,  quam  dil6ctus  tota  Italia 
habiti  et  exercitus  conscript!  essent,  quo  praesidio  ttitus  5 
libere  senatus  quae  vellet  decernere  auderet;  ut  M.  Cali- 
dius,^  qui  censebat  ut  Pompeius  in  suas  provincias  proficis- 
ceretur,  he  qua  esset  armorum  causa;  timere  Caesarem, 
ereptis  ab  eo  duabus  legionibus,  ne  ad  eius  perlculum  re- 
servare  et  retinere  eas  ad  urbem'*  Pompeius  videretur ;  ut  lo 
M.  Pufus/  qui  sententiam  CalidT  panels  fere  mutatis  verbis 
sequebatur.  Hi  omnes  convicio*  L.  Lentull  consulis  cor- 
reptl^  exagitabantur.^  Lentulus  sententiam  Calidi  proniln- 
tiaturum  ^  se  omnino  negavit,  Marcellus  perterritus  convlciis 
a  sua  sententia  discessit.  15 

Sic  vocibus  consulis,  terrore  praesentis  exercitus,  minis  ^® 
amicorum  Pompei  plerique  compulsi,  invitl  et  co^ctl  Sclpi- 
onis  sententiam  sequuntur:  uti  ante  certam  diem  Caesar 
exercitum  dimittat ;  si  non  f aciat,  eum  adversus  rem  publi- 
cam  facttirum  viderl.    IntercSdit"  M.  Antonius,  Q.  Cassius,^  20 


1  consul  in  51  B.C.,  and  elder  brother  of  the  Marcellus  mentioned  on  p.  172, 
note  1.  ^  i.e.,  who  spoke  to  the  following  effect. 

8  a  zealous  supporter  of  Caesar,  highly  praised  by  Cicero  as  an  orator. 

*  near  the  city. 

^  M.  Caelius  Ruf us,  defended  by  Cicero  in  his  pro  Caelio.  He  was  a  man  of 
dissolute  character  who  supported  Caesar  in  the  hope  of  getting  rid  of  his 
great  debts.  When  disappointed,  he  formed  an  unsuccessful  conspiracy 
against  Caesar,  in  which  he  lost  his  life. 

«  convicium,  -i,  n.,  abuse,  abusive  language, 

^  corripio,  -ere,  assail,  censure.  •  violently  attacked. 

^ put  to  vote,  lay  before  the  Senate. 

10  minae,  -arum,  f,  pL,  threats. 

11  used  technically,  vetoed  the  measure,  entered  a  veto. 

^  Q.  Cassius  Longinus,  of  the  same  name  as  the  leader  with  Brutus  of  the 
conspiracy  against  Caesar's  life,  but  a  different  person. 


174  caesar's  civil  war. 

tribtini  plebis.  Kefertur^  coiifestim  de  intercessione  ^  tri- 
bunorum.  Dicuntur  sententiae  graves;  ut  quisque  acer- 
bissime  crudelissiaieque  dixit,  ita  maxime  ab  inimicis 
Caesaris  coUaudatur. 

Pompey  helps  Caesar's  enemies  force  the  passage  of  an  act  designed  to 
strip  him  of  power. 

6  III.  Misso  ad  vesperum  senatu,  omnes  qui  sunt  eius 
ordinis  a  Pompeio  evocantur.  Laudat  Pompeius  promptos 
atque  in  posterum^  confirinat,  segniores^  castigat^  atque 
incitat.  Multi  undique  ex  veteribus  Pompei  exercitibus 
spe  praemiorum  atque  ordinum  ^  evocantur/  multi  ex  duabus 

10  legionibus,  quae  sunt  traditae  a  Caesare,  arcessuntur.  Com- 
pletur  urbs  militibus,  comitium  tribunis,  centuriouibus, 
evocatis.^  Omnes  amici  consulum,  necessarii  Pompei  atque 
ei  qui  veteres  inimicitias  cum  Caesare  gerebant,  in  senatum 
cogimtur;  quorum  vocibus  et  concursti  terrentur  infirmiores, 

15  dubii  confirmantur,  plerisque  vero  libere  decernendi  potestas 
eripitur. 

Pollicetur  L.  Piso  ^  censor  sese  itiirum  ad  Caesarem,  item 
L.  Roscius  ^®  praetor,  qui  de  his  rebus  eum  doceant ;  sex  dies 
ad  eam  rem  conficiendam  spati  postulant.     Dicuntur  etiam 

20  ab  non  ntillis  sententiae,  ut  legati  ad  Caesarem  mittantur, 
qui  voluntatem  senatus  ei  proponant. 


1  see  p.  172,  note  3. 

^intercessio,  -onis  (intercedo),  f.,  veto;  cf.  note  11,  p.  173. 
3  with  reference  to  the  future ,  for  the  future. 
■*  segnis,  -e,  adj.,  slow,  backward. 
s  castigo,  -are,  chide,  reprove. 
6  centuries  ;  i.e.,  appointments  as  centurions. 
'  induced  to  enlist ;  see  following  note. 
8  evocati,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  veterans  ;  see  Introd.  pp.  13  and  14. 
s  Caesar's  father-in-law;  see.Vocab.  under  Plsd  (2). 
w  one  of  Caesar's  legati  during  his  campaigns  in  Gaul.  Jii-,  ,;it<. 


UAESAR   AND    THE    SENATE.  lib 

IV.  Omnibus  his  resistitur  omnibusque  oratio  consulis, 
Sclpionis,  Catonis^  opponitur.  Catonem  veteres  inimicitiae 
Caesaris  incitant  et  dolor  repulsae.^  Lentulus  aeris  alien! 
magnitudine  et  spe  exercittis  ac  provinciarum  et  r^gum 
appellandorum  largitionibus  ^  movetur,  seque  altemra  fore  5 
Sullam''  inter  suos  gloriatur,  ad  quern  summa  imperl  redeat. 
Scipionem  eadem  spes  provinciae  atque  exercituum  impellit, 
quos  se  pro  necessitudine^  partiturum^  cum  Pompeio  arbitra- 
tur,  simul  iudiciorum^  metus  atque  ostentatio^sui  et  adula- 
tio®  potentium  qui  in  re  ptiblica  iudiciisque  turn  pltirimum  10 
pollebant.i" 

Ipse  Pompeius,  ab  inimlcis  Caesaris  incitatus,  et  quod 
neminem  dignitate  secum  exaequari"  volebat,  totum  se  ab 
eius  amicitia  averterat  et  cum  commtinibus  inimicis  in 
gratiam  redierat,  quorum  ipse  maximam  partem  illo  15 
affinitatis'^  tempore  initinxerat^^  Caesari;  simul  infamia" 
duarum  legionum  permotus,  quas  ab  itinere  Asiae  Syriaeque 
ad  suam  potentiam  dominatumque  converterat,  rem  ad  arma 
deduci  studebat. 


1  see  Vocab.  under  Cato  (2). 

2  i.e.,  resentment  for  his  failure  to  be  elected  consul. 

8  i.e.,  he  hoped  that  the  bribes  offered  to  the  senate  to  induce  it  to  confer 
the  title  of  king  on  petty  rulers  {appellandorum  =  naming)  would  pass  through 
his  hands.  ^  «  second  Sulla ;  see  Vocab. 

6  see  p.  172,  note  8.  «  partio,  -ire  (pars),  share. 

7  the  courts ;  in  the  event  of  Caesar's  success  he  feared  prosecution  for 
bribery. 

8  ostentatio,  -onis  (ostendo),  f.,  show,  display. 

9  adulatio,  -onis  (adulor),  f.,  flattery. 

10  poUeo,  -ere  (cf.  potis  and  possum),  he  able,  have  influence. 

11  ex-aequo,  -Sre  (cf.  aequus),  make  equal. 

12  i.e.,  during  the  lifetime  of  Julia,  daughter  of  Caesar,  to  whom  Pompey 
had  been  married ;  she  died  in  54  B.C. 

13  in-iungo,  -ere,  bring  upon,  saddle  upon. 

14  infamia,  -ae  (infamis),  f.,  disgrace,  scandal. 


176  Caesar's  civil  war. 


V.  His  de  causis  aguntur  omnia  raptim^  atque  turtat^.^ 
Nee  docendi  Caesaris  propinquis  eius  spatium  datur  nee 
tribunis  plebis  suT  periculi  deprecandl  neque  etiam  extremi 
itiris*  intercessionis  retinendi,  quod'*  L.  Sulla  reliquerat, 
5  facultas  tribuitur;  sed  de  sua  salute  septimo  die  cogitare 
eoguntur,  quod*  illi  turbulentissimi  superioribus  temporibus 
tribuni*  plebis  octo  deuique  menses  variarum  actionum^ 
respicere  ac  timfire  consuerant. 

Decurritur  ad   illud  extremum   atque   ultimum   senatus 

10  consultum,  quo  nisi  paene  in  ipso  urbis  incendio  atque  in 
desperatione  omnium  salutis  senatorum  audacia  numquam 
ante  descensum  est^:  dent  operam  consules,  praetores, 
tribuni  plebis,  quique  pro  consulibus  sint  ad  urbem,  ne  quid 
r6s  ptiblica  detriment!  capiat.     Haec  senatus  consulta  per- 

16  scribuntur®  a.  d.  vii  Id.  Ian.  Itaque  v  primls  diebus  qui- 
bus  haberi  senatus  potuit,  quo  ex  die  consulatum  iniit 
Lentulus,  biduo  excepto  comitiali/^  et  de  imperio  Caesaris  et 
de  amplissimis  ^^  viris,  tribunis  plebis,  gravissime  acerbissi- 
meque  decernitur. 

20      Profugiunt   statim   ex   urbe    tribuni    plebis    seseque   ad 


1  raptim  (rapio),  adv.,  hastily. 

sturbate  (turbo),  adv.,  in  a  disorderly  fashion. 

8  highest  privilege  ;  intercessionis  is  an  appositional  gen. ;  cf .  p.  174,  note  2. 

4  =  id  quod.  ^  whereas. 

6  such  as  the  Gracchi  and  Saturninus  (see  p.  178,  notes  5,  6,  8). 

J"  actio,  -onis  (ago),  f.,  act;  here  official  act.  The  meaning  is  that  ordi- 
narily the  tribunes  did  not  begin  to  fear  prosecution  until  they  failed  of  reelec- 
tion. The  elections  were  held  four  months  before  the  expiration  of  their 
term  of  office,  so  that  they  had  the  record  of  eight  months  to  think  over  with 
apprehension. 

8  resorted  to. 

9  per-scribo,  -ere,  write  out ;  i.e.,  the  decree  of  the  senate  was  recorded  on 
Jan.  7. 

10  comitialis,  -e  (comitium),  adj.,  of  election,  election. 

11  amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  distinguished,  qf  high  position. 


CAESAR   AND    THE    SENATE.  177 

Caesarem  conferunt.  Is  eo  tempore  erat  Ravennae^ 
exspectabatque  suis  lenissimis  postulatis  responsa,  si  qua 
hominum  aequitate  res  ad  otium  dedUci  posset. 

In  accordance  with  Po'mpey''s  advice^  the  Senate  orders  active  prepara- 
tions for  war. 

VI.  Proximis  diebus  habStur  extra  urbem  senatus.  Pom- 
peius  eadem  ilia,  quae  per  Scipionem  ostenderat,  agit;  5 
senatus  virtutem  constantiamque  collaudat;  copias  suas  ex- 
ponit^:  legiongs  habere  sSs6  paratas  x;  praeterea  cognitum 
compertumque  sibi  alieno^  esse  animo  in  Caesarem  milites 
neque  eis  posse  persuader!  uti  eum  defendant  aut  sequantur 
saltern.*  De  reliquis  rebus  ad  senatum  refertur :  tota  Italia  lo 
dilecttis  habeantur  j  Faustus  Sulla*  propere  in  Mauretaniam^ 
mittatur;  pectinia  uti  ex  aerario  Pompeio  detur.  Eefertur 
etiam  de  rege  luba/  ut  socius  sit  atque  amicus ;  Marcellus 
consul  passtirum  ^  in  praesentia  negat.  De  Fausto  impedit  ® 
Philippus,^*^  tribunus  plebis.  15 

De  reliquis  rebus  senatus  consulta  perscribuntur.  Pro- 
vinciae  privatis^^  decernuntur,  duae  consulares,  reliquae 
praetoriae.     Scipioni   obvenit  Syria,   L.   Domitio^   Gallia. 


1  Ravenna,  -ae,  f .,  an  important  seaport  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  in  northeastern 
Italy. 

2  gives  an  account  of.       »  hostile,  disloyal.       *  saltern,  adv.,  even. 

5  Faustus  Cornelius  Sulla,  son  of  the  dictator  and  son-in-law  of  Pompey. 
*  Mauret§,nia,  -ae,  f.,  in  northeastern  Africa,  modem  Morocco. 

7  luba,  -ae,  m.,  Juba  I,  king  of  Numidia. 

8  so.  id,  i.e.,  the  alliance  with  Juba. 

9  =  intercedit;  see  p.  173,  note  11. 

10  L.  Marcius  Philippus,  consul  in  56  B.C.,  stepfather  of  Augustus. 

11  here  means  ex-magistrates. 

12  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  brother-in-law  of  Cato  Uticensis  and  consul 
in  54  B.C. ;  one  of  the  ablest  of  Pompey's  supporters. 


178  Caesar's  civil  war. 

Philippus  et  Cotta^  privato  consilio^  praetereuntur,  neque 
eorum  sortes  deiciuntur.^  In  reliquas  provincias  praetores 
mittuntur.  Neque  exspectant,  quod  superioribus  annis 
acciderafc,  ut  de  eorum  imperio  ad  populum  feratur,  paluda- 

5  tique  *  votis  ntincupatis  ^  exeunt. 

Consules  ex  urbe  proficlscuntur,  quod  ante  id  tempus 
accidit  numquam,  lictoresque  habent  in  urbe  et  Capitolio 
privatl  contra  omnia  vetustatis^  exempla.  Tota  Italia 
dilecttis  habentur,  arma  imperantur,  pecuniae  a  municipiis 

10  exiguntur,  e  fanis  tolluntur,  omnia  divina  humanaque  iura 
permiscenturJ 

Caesar,  at  Bavenna,  addresses  the  soldiers  of  the  thirteenth  legion. 

VII.   Quibus   rebus   cognitis,   Caesar  apud   milites   con- 
■  tionatur.^ 

Omnium  temporum  iniurias  inimicorum  in  s6  commemo- 
15  rat;  a  quibus  deductum  ac  depravatum^  Pompeium  queritur 
invidia  atque  obtrectatione  laudis  suae,  cuius  ipse  honor!  et 
dignitati  semper  f averit  adititorque  ^^  f uerit.  Novum  in  rem 
publicam  introductum  exemplum  queritur,  ut  tribunicia 
potestas   armis    notaretur^^    atque   opprimeretur.     Sullam, 

1  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  consul  in  65  B.C.    He  was  related  to  Caesar's  mother. 

2  by  a  private  arrangement ;  they  were  passed  over  because  of  their  rela- 
tionship to  Caesar. 

8  sc.  in  urnam.  They  were  not  allowed  to  draw  lots  with  the  others  for 
the  provinces. 

4  paludatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dressed  in  generals'  cloaks  (paluddmenta) . 

6  after  making  their  vows  to  Jupiter  on  the  Capitoliue  Hill.  They  did  not 
wait  to  have  their  appointments  confirmed  by  vote  of  tlie  people. 

6  vetustas,  -tatis  (cf.  vetus),  f.,  antiquity,  old  times. 

7  per-misceo,  -ere,  throw  into  confusio7i,  upset. 

8  contionor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  (contio),  dep.,  make  a  speech* 
8  depravo,  -are  (de,  pravus),  pervert,  corrupt. 

10  adiutor,  -toris  (adiuvo),  m.,  aidery  promoter, 

11  dishonored :  lit.  branded. 


CAESAR  AND  THE  SENATE.  179 

nudata  omnibus  rebus  tribunicia  potestate,  tamen  inter- 
cessionem  llberam  rellquisse;  Pompeium,  qui  amissa 
restituisse  videatur  bona,  etiam  quae  ante  habuerint 
ademisse.  Quotienscumque  sit  decretum,  darent  operam 
magistratus  ne  quid  res  publica  detrlmenti  caperet,  (qua  5 
voce  et  quo  senatus  consulto  populus  Romanus  ad  arma  sit 
vocatus),  factum^  in^  perniciosis  legibus,^  in  vi  tribunicia,* 
in  secessione^populi,  templisloclsque  editioribus  occupatis; 
atque  haec  superioris  aetatis  exempla  expiata^  Saturnlni' 
atque  Gracchorum  casibus  docet;  quarum  rerum  illo  tern-  lO 
pore  nihil  factum,  ne  cogitatum  quidem.  Hortatur,  cuius* 
imperatoris  ductti  viiii  annis  rem  ptiblicam  fellcissime 
gesserint  pltirimaque  proelia  secunda  fecerint,  omnem 
Galliam  Germaniamque  pacaverint,  ut  eius  existimationem 
dignitatemque  ab  inimicis  defendant.  15 

Conclamant  legionis  xiii,  quae  aderat,  milites  (banc  enim 
initio  tumultus  evocaverat,  reliquae  nondum  convenerant) 
sese  paratos  esse  imperatoris  sui  tribunorumque  plebis 
iniurias  defendere. 


1  sc.  esse.  ^  in  the  case  of. 

8  Such  as  the  agrarian  laws  of  the  Gracchi. 

4  Such  as  that  of  Ti.  Gracchus,  who  resorted  to  unconstitutional  methods 
in  his  attempt  to  bring  about  his  reforms. 

5  secessio,  -onis  (secedo),  f.,  revolt,  secession.  The  first  secession  was  to 
the  Sacred  Mount  {Mons  Sacer)  in  494  B.C.  Later  instances  were  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  Capitoline  by  Ti.  Gracchus  and  his  followers  in  133,  of  the  Aventme 
by  C.  Gracchus  in  121,  and  of  the  Capitoline  by  L.  Saturninus  in  100  B.C. 

6  expio,  -are,  atone  for,  expiate;  sc.  esse. 

J"  L.  Apuleius  Saturninus,  tribune  in  100  B.C. ;  see  p.  176,  note  6. 
8  cuius  imperatoris  .  .  .  eius  =  eius  imperatoris  .  .  .  cuius. 


II.  The  Second  Sea-fight  off  Massilia. 

(II,    III-VII.) 

T%e  Massilian  Jleet  is  reinforced  by  ships  sent  by  Pompey  ;  the  com- 
bined fleet  sails  forth  confident  of  victory.  ^ 

III.  Interim  L.  Nasidius,  ab  Cn.  Pompeio  cum  classe 
navium  xvi,  in  quibus  paucae  erant  aeratae,^  L.  Domitio  ^ 
Massilignsibusqne  ^  subsidio  missus,  freto*  Siciliae  impru- 
dente*  atque  inopinante  Ctirione*  pervehitur/  appulslsque 

5  Messanam  ^  navibus  atque  inde  propter  repentinum  terrorem 
principum  ac  senattis  f  uga  facta,  navem  ex  navalibus  ^  eorum 
dedticit.^'*  Hac  adiuncta  ad  reliquas  naves,  cursum  Massi- 
liam  versus  ^^  perficit  praemissaque  clam  navicula  Domitium 
Massiliensesque  de  suo  adventu  certiores  facit  eosque  mag- 

10  nopere  hortatur  ut  rtirsus  cum  Bruti^^  classe  additis  suls 
auxiliis  confligant. 

IV.  Massilienses  post  superius  incommodum^^  veteres  ad 

1  aeratus,  -a,  -um  (aero  from  aes),  adj.,  armored  with  bronze. 

2  see  p.  177,  note  12. 

8  Massilienses,  -iuin  (Massilia),  m.  pi.,  the  Massilians,  inhabitants  of 
Massilia  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  modern  Marseilles. 

4  f return,  -i,  n.,  strait;  f return  Siciliense  or  Siciliae,  the  Strait  of  Mes- 
sina, between  Italy  and  Sicily.    Freto  is  abl.  of  the  way  by  which. 

s  imprudens,  -entis  (=  improvidens) ,  adj.,  not  foreseeing,  unaware. 

6  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  tribune  in  50  B.C.;  see  pp.  185  ff. 

7  per-veho,  -ere,  carry  through ;  pass.,  go  through,  sail  through. 

8  Messana,  -ae,  f.,  a  city  in  northeastern  Sicily;  modern  Messina. 

9  navSlia,  -orum  (nfivaiis),  n.  pi.,  shipyard,  docks.  i"  launched, 

11  versus  (part,  of  verto),  prep.,  towards,  in  the  direction  of. 

12  D.  Junius  Brutus  Albinus,  who  defeated  the  Veneti  in  56  B.C.  He  later 
joined  the  conspiracy  against  Caesar,  led  by  M.  Junius  Brutus  and  C  Cassius. 

18  the  defeat  of  their  fleet  by  Brutus  in  the  first  sea-fight. 

180 


I 


THE    SECOND    SEA-FIGHT    OFF   MASSILIA.  181 

eundem  numerum  ex  navalibus  productas  naves  refecerant 
summaque  industria  armaverant  (remigum/  gubernatorum 
magna  copia  suppetebat)  piscatoriasque  ^  adiecerant  atque 
contexerant,^  ut  essent  ab  ictil  telorum  remiges  ttlti;  has 
sagittariis  tormentisque  compleverimt.  Tali  modo  instrQcta  5 
classe,  omnium  seniornm,  matrum  familiae,  virginum  preci- 
bus  et  fletu  excitati,  extreme  tempore  civitati  subvenlrent,* 
non  minore  animo  ac  fidticia,  quam  ante  dimicaverant, 
naves  conscendunt. 

Commtini  enim  fit  vitio  naturae,  ut  invisitatls*  atque  in-  10 
cognitis  rebus  magis  confidamus  vehementiusque  exterrea- 
mur®;  ut  tum  accidit/  Adventus  enim  L.  NasidT  summa 
spe  et  voluntate  civitatem  compleverat.  Nacti  idoneum 
ventum  ex  portu  exeunt  et  Tauroenta,*  quod  est  castellum 
Massiliensium,  ad  Nasldium  perveniunt  ibique  naves  expe-  15 
diunt®  rursusque  se  ad  confligendum  animo  confirm  ant  et 
consilia  communicant.^"  Dextra  pars  attribuitur^  Massi- 
liensibus,  sinistra  Nasidio. 


1  remex,  -igis  (remus  +  ago) ,  m.,  oarsman,  rower. 

2  piscatorius,  -a,  -um  (piscfitor  from  piscis),  adj.,  0/ Jishermen,  fishing; 
nSvis  piscatoria,  fishing-boat. 

8  con-tego,  -ere,  cover  over,  provide  with  decks. 

4  to  aid  the  city  in  its  last  extremity,  depending  on  the  verbal  idea  in 
precibus  et  fletu. 

5  invisitatus,  -a,  -um  (in,  cf.  videS),  adj.,  unseen.     They  had  not  yet 
seen  the  fleet  which  Nasidius  was  bringing  to  aid  them. 

6  ex-terreo,  -Sre,  ex  has  intensive  force. 

7  referring  only  to  confiddmus,  not  to  exterredmur. 

8  Taurois,  -entis,  Greek  ace.  -enta,  m.,  southeast  of  Massilia,  modern 

Tarente. 

9  get  ready  for  battle,  clear  for  action ;  cf.  expeditus. 

10  communico,  -are  (communis) ,  s/iare ;  cdnsilia  communicant,  take  coun- 
sel together. 

n  attribuo,  -ere  (ad  +  tribu5),  assign  to. 


182  Caesar's  civil  war. 


Caesar^ 8  fleets  under  Brutus^  superior  in  tactics  and  courage,  wins 

the  fight. 

V.  Eodem  Brutus  contendit,  aucto  navium  numero. 
Nam  ad  eas,  quae  factae  erant  Arelate^  per  Caesarem,. 
captivae  Massiliensium  accesserant  vi.  Has  superioribiis 
diebus  refecerat  atque  omnibus  rebus  mstruxerat.  Itaque 
5  suos  cohortatus,  quos^  integros^  superavissent,  ut  victos 
contemnerent,  plenus  spei  bonae  atque  animi  adversus  eos 
proficiscitur. 

Facile  erat  ex  castris  C.  Treboni^  atque  omnibus  superio- 
ribus   locis  prospicere  in  urbem,  ut*  omnis  inventus^  quae 

10  in  oppido  remanserat,  omnesque  superioris'^  aetatis  cum 
llberis  atque  uxoribus  ex  ptiblicis  locis  custodiisque  aut 
muro  ad  caelum  manus  tenderent  aut  templa  deorum  im- 
mortalium  adirent  et  ante  simulacra^  proiecti  victoriam  ab 
dis  exposcerent.     Neque  erat  quisquam  omnium,  quin  in 

15  eius  diei  casti  suarum  omnium  fortunarum  eventum  consis- 
tere  exTstimaret.  Nam  et  honestl  ex  iuventtlte  ^  et  cuiusque 
aetatis  amplissimi/"  nominatim  evocati  atque  obsecrati, 
naves  conscenderant,  ut,  si  quid  adversi  accidisset,  ng  ad 

1  Arelfite,  indecl.  n.  (rarely  f.),  a  town  of  southern  Gaul,  on  the  Rhone; 
modern  Aries. 

2  For  ut  eos,  quos  integtos  superavissent,  victos  contemnerent. 

8  integer,  -gra,  -grum  (in-,  cf .  tango) ,  adj.,  unwearied,  fresh ;  undefeated. 
4  When  Caesar  went  to  Spain,  he  left  Trebonius  in  charge  of  the  siege  cf 
Massilia ;  see  p.  171. 

6  to  look  doion  .  .  .  and  see  hoio. 

6  inventus,  -tutis  (iuvenis) ,  f .,  youth,  young  men  capable  of  bearing  arms 
(see  next  note) . 

7  greater  ;  referring  to  senes,  men  over  46. 

8  simulacrum,  -i  (simulo),  n.,  statues  of  the  gods. 

9  young  men  of  good  family ;  ex  iuventute  is  equivalent  to  a  partitive  geni- 
tive. 

10  amplissimi,  cf .  p.  176,  note  11. 


THE    SECOND    SEA-FIGHT    OFF    MASSILIA.  183 

conandum  quidem  sibi  quicquam  reliqui  fore  viderent;  si 
superavissent,  vel  domesticis  opibus  vel  externis  aiixiliis  de 
salute  urbis  confiderent. 

VI.   Commisso  proelio,  Massiliensibus  res  nulla  ad  virtti- 
tem  def uit ;  sed  memores  ^  eorum  praeceptorum  quae  paulo  5 
ante  ab  suls  acceperant,  hoc  aniino  decertabant,  ut  nullum 
aliud  tempus  ad  conandum  habituri  viderentur  et,  quibus  in 
pugna  vltae  periculum  accideret,  non  ita  multo  se  reliquorum 
civium  fatum  antecedere  existimarent,  quibus  urbe  capta 
eadem  esset  belli   forttina  patienda.     DiductTsque-  nostris  10 
paulatim  navibus,  et  artificio*  gubernatorum  et  mobilitati 
navium  locus  dabatur;  et  si  quando  nostri  facultatem  nacti 
ferreis  manibus^  iniectis  navem  religaverant,  undique  suls 
laborantibus  succurrebant.^    Neque  vero  conitincti  Albici* 
coraminus  pugnando   deficiebant  neque   raultum  cedebant  15 
virttite  nostris. 

Simul  ex  minoribus  navibus  magna  vis  eminus  missa 
telorum  multa  nostris  de  improvise  imprudentibus  atque 
impeditis  vulnera  inferebant.  Conspicataeque  naves  triremes 
duae  navem  D.  Bruti,  quae  ex  insignl  ^  facile  agnosci  poterat,  20 
duabus  ex  partibus  sese  in  cam  incitaverunt.  Sed  tantum, 
re  provisa,  Brutus  celeritate  navis  enisiis  est,*  ut  parvo 
momento  antecederet.  lUae  adeo  graviter  inter  se  incitatae 
conflixerunt,  ut  vehementissime  utraque  ex  concursu  labora- 

1  memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful,  remembering. 

2  diduco,  -ere  (dis  +  duco) ,  lead  apart,  separate. 
"  artificium,  -i  (ars,  cf .  facio) ,  n.,  skill 

^  ferreae  manus,  grappling-irons. 

5  succurro,  -ere  (sub  +  curro) ,  support,  aid. 

6  Albici,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people  dwelling  in  the  mountains  above  Massilia, 
who  served  on  the  Massilian  fleet. 

^  ensign,  the  general's  vexillum. 

8  tantum  .  .  .  celeritate  .  .  .  enisus  est,  drove  his  ship  ahead  so  swiftly; 
lit.  made  such  an  effort  with  the  speed  of  his  ship. 


184  Caesar's  civil  war. 

ret,  altera  vero  praefracto^  rostro  tota  collabefieret.'  Qua 
r6  animadversa,  quae  proximae  ei  loco  ex  Bruti  classe  naves 
erant,  in  eas  impeditas  impetum  faciunt  celeriterque  ambas 
deprimunt.^ 

5  VII.  Sed  Nasidianae  naves  niilli  usui  fuerunt  celeriter- 
que pugna  excesserunt ;  non  enim  has  aut  conspectus  patriae 
aut  propinquorum  praecepta  ad  extremum  vltae  periculum 
adire  cogebant.  Itaque  ex  eo  numero  navium  nulla  desiderata 
est ;  ex  MassiliSusiuni  classe  v  sunt  depressae,^  iv  captae, 

10  una  cum  Nasidianis  profugit;  quae  omnes  citeriorem  His- 
paniam  petiverunt.  At  ex  reliquis  una,  praemissa  Massi- 
liam  huius  nunti  perferendi  gratia,  cum  iam  appropinquaret 
urbi,  omnis  sese  multitude  ad  cognoscendum  effudit,  et  re 
cognita  tantus   Itictus  excepit,^  ut  urbs  ab  hostibus  capta 

15  eodem  vestigio  videretur.  Massilienses  tamen  nihilo  setius 
ad  defensionem  urbis  reliqua  apparare  coeperunt. 

1  praefringo,  -ere  (prae  +  frango),  hreak  off. 

2  collabefio,  -fieri,  -f actus  sum  (com-4-labe--f  fio),  go  to  pieces,  collapse. 
8  deprimo,  -ere  (de  -|-  premS),  press  down,  sink. 

*  followed,  ensued. 


III.     Destruction  of  Curio's  Army  in  Africa. 

(II,    XXXVI-XLIV.) 

Curio,  having  commenced  the  siege  of  Utica,  learns  of  the  approach  of 
Juba  and  prepares  for  defence. 

XXXVI.  Postero  die  Curio  ^  obsidere  Uticam  valloque 
circummunire  Instituit.  Erat  in  oppido  multittido  msolens 
belli  ^  diutiirnitate  oti,  Uticenses  pro  quibusdam  Caesaris  in 
se  beneficiis  ill!  amicissimi,  conventus  is,  qui^  ex  variis 
generibus  constaret,  terror  ex  superioribus  proeliis  magnus.  5 
Itaque  de  deditione  omnes  iam  palam  loquebantur  et  cum 
P.  Attio'*  agebant,  nS  sua  pertinacia  omnium  fortunas  per- 
turbarl  vellet,  Haec  cum  agerentur,  nuntil  praemissi  ab 
rege  luba  venerunt,  qui  ilium  adesse  cum  magnis  copiis 
dicerent  et  de  custodia  ac  defensione  urbis  hortarentur.  10 
Quae  res  eorum  perterritos '^  animos  confirmavit. 

XXXVII.  Nuntiabantur  haec  eadem  Curioni,  sed  ali- 
quam  diu  fides  fieri  non  poterat ;  tantam  habebat  suanim 
rerum  f Iduciam.  lamque  Caesaris  in  Hispania  res  secundae 
in  Africam  nuntiis  ac  litterls  perferebantur.  Quibus  omni-  15 
bus  rebus  sublatus  nihil  contra  se  regem  ausurum  existima- 
bat.  Sed  ubi  certis  auctoribus  comperit  minus  v  et  xx 
milibus  longe  ab  Utica  eius  copias  abesse,  relictis  mtinitio- 

1  see  p.  180,  note  6.  ^  gen.  with  InsoUna. 

8  is,  qui,  of  such  a  kind  as ;  i.e.,  an  assembly  consisting  of  men  of  varying 
political  opinions. 

*  P.  Attius  Varus,  one  of  Pompey's  ablest  officers,  in  command  at  Utica. 

*  part,  of  perterreo  as  adj. 

185 


186  Caesar's  civil  war. 

nibus  sese  in  castra  Cornelia'  recgpit.  Hue  frumentum 
comportare,  eastra  munire,  materiam  ^  conferre  coepit  statim 
que  in  Sicilian!  misit,  uti  duae  legiones  reliquusque  equitatus 
ad  se  mitteretur. 
5  Castra  erant  ad  bellum  ducendum  aptissima^  nattira  loci 
et  munitione  et  maris  propinquitate  et  aquae  et  salis  copia, 
cuius  magna  vis  iam  ex  proximis  erat  salinis  *  eo  congesta. 
]^on  materia  multittidine  arborum,  non  frumentum,  cuius 
erant  plenissimi  agri,  deficere  poterat.  Itaque  omnium 
10  suorum  consensu  Curio  reliquas  copias  exspectare  et  bellum 
ducere  parabat. 

Hearing  that  Juba  had  started  back,  Curio  imprudently  assumes  the 

offensive. 

XXXVIII.  His  constitutis  rebus  probatisque  consiliis, 
ex  perfugis  quibusdam  oppidanis  audit  lubam,  revocatum 
f Initimo  bello  et  controversiis  *  Leptitanorum,^  restitisse  in 

15  regno ;  Saburram,  eius  praefectum,  cum  mediocribus  ^  copiis 
missum,  Uticae  appropinquare.  His  auctoribus  temere 
credens  consilium  commutat  et  proelio  rem  committere  con- 
stituit.  Multum  ad  hanc  rem  probandam  adiuvat  adules- 
centia,   magnitudo   animi,    superioris  temporis   proventus,^ 

20  fidticia  rei  bene  gerendae. 

1  so  called  from  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus,  who  had  a  camp  there  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  Second  Punic  war ;  it  was  on  a  point  of  land  between 
Utica  and  the  Bagradas  River. 

2  materia,  -ae  (mater),  f.,  material,  timber. 
8  aptus,  -a,  -um,  kcI].,  fitted,  suited. 

4  saHnus,  -a,  -um  (sSl),  adj.,  of  salt,  salt;  as  subst.  salinae,  -£rum,  f.  pi., 
salt-works. 

6  controversia,  -ae  (contrfi,  cf.  verto),  f.,  strife. 

6  people  of  Leptis  Minor,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa  between  Hadru- 
metum  and  Thapsus. 

7  mediocris,  -ere  (of.  medius),  adj.,  moderate,  small. 

8  proventus,  -us  (provenio),  m.,  issue,  success. 


DESTRUCTION   OF   CURIo's   ARMY.  187 

His  rebus  iinpulsus,  equitatum  omnem  prima  nocte*  ad 
castra  hostium  mittit  ad  flumen  Bagradam^ ;  quibiis  praeerat 
Saburra,  de  quo  ante  erat  auditum ;  sed  rex  cum  omnibus 
copiis  sequebatur  et  vi  milium  passuum  intervallo  ab  Sa- 
burra  consederat.  Equites  missi  nocte  iter  conficiunt,  im-  5 
prudentes  atque  inoplnantes  hostes  aggrediuntur.  Numidae 
enim  quadam  barbara  consuettidine  nullls  ordinibus  passim  ^ 
consederant.  Hos  oppresses  somno  disperses  adorti  mag- 
num eorum  numerum  interficiunt;  multl  perterriti  pro- 
fugiunt.  Quo  facto,  ad  Ctirionem  equites  revertuntur  lO 
captlvosque  ad  eum  reducunt. 

XXXIX.  Curio  cum  omnibus  copiis  quarta  vigilia 
exierat,  cohortibus  v  castrls  praesidio  rellctls.  Progressus 
milia  passuum  vi,  equites  convenit,  rem  gestam  cognovit ;  6 
captlvis  quaerit,  quis  castrls  ad  Bagradam  praesit ;  respon-  15 
dent  Saburram.  Reliqua  studio  itineris  conficiendl  quaerere 
praetermittit  proximaque  respiciens  signa,  ^Videtisne,'  in- 
quit,  ^mllites,  captlvorum  orationem  cum  perfugis  con- 
venire  ?  abesse  regem,  exiguas  esse  copies  missas,  quae 
panels  equitibus  pares  esse  non  potuerint?  Proinde  ad  20 
praedam,  ad  gloriam  properate,  ut  iam  de  praemiis  vestrls  et 
de  referenda  gratia  cogitare  incipiamus/ 

Erant  per  se  magna  quae  gesserant  equites,  praesertim 
cum  eorum  exiguus  numerus  cum  tanta  multitudine  Numi- 
darum  conferretur.     Haec  tamen  ab  ipsis  Inflatius*  com-  25 
memorabantur,  ut  de  suis  homines  laudibus  libenter  praedi- 


1  in  the  first  part  of  the  night,  early  in  the  night. 

2  the  principal  river  in  the  Roman  Province  of  Africa,  flowing  into  the  Gulf 
of  Carthage  near  Utica. 

3 passim  (pando),  adv.,  here  and  there;  nullis  ordinibus  passim,  in  ran- 
dom disorder. 

*  inflate  (inflatus),  adv.,  found  only  in  comp.  inflfttius,  too  boastfully. 


188  Caesar's  civil  war. 

cant.  Multa  praeterea  spolia  praef erebantur,  capti  homines 
equique  producebantur,  ut  quicquid  intercederet  temporis, 
hoc  omne  victoriam  morari  videretur.  Ita  spei  Curionis 
militum  studia  non  deerant.  Equites  sequi  iubet  sese  iter- 
5  que  accelerat/  ut  quam  maxime  ex  fuga  perterritos  adoriri 
posset.  At  illi  itinere  totlus  noctis  confecti  subsequi  non 
poterant  atque  alii  alio  loco  resistebant.  Ne  haec  quideni 
rfis  Curionem  ad  ^  spem  morabatur. 

Curio  is  lured  into  an  advance  against  overwhelming  odds. 

XL.  luba,  certior  factus  a  Saburra  de  nocturno  proelio,  ii 

10  milia  Hispanorum  et  Gallorum  equitum,  quos  suae  custodiae 

causa  circum  se  habere  consuerat,  et  peditum  earn  partem 

cui   maxime    confidebat,    Saburrae    summittit;  ipse    cum 

reliquis  copils  elephantisque  lx  lentius  ^  subsequitur.     Sus- 

picatus,  praemissis  equitibus,  ipsum  affore  *  Curionem,  Sa- 

15  burra  copias  equitum  peditumque   Instruit   atque   his   im- 

perat,   ut    simulatione   timoris  paulatim   cedant  ac  pedem 

referant;    sese,  cum    opus    esset,  signum    proeli  daturum 

et  quod  rem  *  postulare  cognovisset  ^  imperaturum.     Curio, 

ad    superiorem    spem  addita  praesenti    timoris    opinione, 

20  hostes  fugere  arbitratus,  copias  ex  locis  superioribus  in  cam- 

pum  deducit. 

XLI.  Quibus  ex  locis  cum  longius  esset  progressus,  con- 
fecto  iam  labore  exercitu,  xvi  milium  spatio  ^  constitit.  Dat 
suis  signum  Saburra,  aciem  constituit  et  circumire  ordines 


1  accelero,  -ire  (cf.  celer),  hasten. 

2  with  regard  to. 

*  lente  (lentns) ,  adv.,  slowly. 

4  from  adsum.  *  the  occasion. 

•  for  the  fut.  perf .  ind.  in  dir.  disc.  "^  at  a  distance. 


DESTRUCTION    OF    CURIO's   ARMY.  189 

atqiie  hortari' incipit ;  sed  peditatu^  dumtaxat^  procul   ad 
speciem  utitur,  equites  in  aciem  immittit. 
y^  Non  deest  negotio  Curio  suosque  hortatur  ut  spem  omnem 
in  virtute   reponant.^    Ng  mllitibus   quidem,  ut*  d6fessls, 
neque  equitibus,  ut*  panels  et  labore  confectis,  studium  ad  5 
pugnandum    virtusque   deerat;   sed    hi    erant  numero  cc, 
reliqui  in  itinera  substiterant.     Hi  quamcumque  in  partem 
impetum  fgcerant,  hostes  loco  cSdere  cogebant,  sed  neque 
longius  f  ugientes  prosequi  neque  vehementius  equos  incitare 
poterant.     At  equitatus  hostium  ab  utroque  cornu  circumire  lo 
aciem  nostram  et  aversos  *  proterere  "  incipit.     Cum  coliort6s 
ex  aciS  procucurrissent,  Numidae  integri  celeritate  impetum 
nostrorum  effugiebant,  rttrsusque  ad  6rdin6s  suos  sS  reci- 
pient's ^  circumibant  et  ab  aci6  excludebant.     Sic  neque  in 
loco  manere  ordinesque  servare  neque  procurrere  et  casum  15 
subire  tfitum  videbatur. 

Hostium  cOpiae  summissis  ab  r6ge  auxiliis  cr6br6 '  aug6- 
bantur ;  nostros  vires  lassitudine  *  deficiebant,  simul  ei  qui 
vulnera  acceperant  neque  aci6  excedere  neque  in  locum  tutum 
ref  erri  poterant,  quod  tota  acies  equitatu  hostium  circumdata  20 
tenebatur.  Hi  de  sua  salute  desperantes,  ut  extreme  vltae 
tempore  homines  facere  consuerunt,  aut  suam  mortem 
miserabantur  aut  parentes  suos  commendabant,  si  quos  ex 
66  periculo  Forttlna  servare  potuisset.  Plena  erant  omnia 
timOris  et  lilctas.  25 


1  peditfitus,  -UB  (pedes),  m.,  infantry. 

2  dumtaxat  (dum  taxat,  cf.  tango),  adv.,  only. 
Sput:  spem  .  .  .  repdnant  in,  rely  wholly  on. 

*  although ;  more  lit.  as  they  were. 

^from  behind;  lit.  turned  away ;  sc.  nostros. 

«  pro-tero,  -ere,  -trivi,  -tritua,  trample  on,  Hde  down. 

7  SC.  nostras  or  cohortes.  «  crabro  (creber),  ^dv.,  frequently,  often. 

» lassitude,  -inis  (lassus),  f.,  weariness,  fatigue. 


190  caesar's  ciyil  war. 

Retreat  cut  ojf,  Curio  dies  fighting  ;  few  escape. 

XLII.  Curio  ubi,  perterritis  omnibus,  neque  cobortationes 
suas  neque  pieces  audirl  intellegit,  unam,  ut  in  miseris 
rebus,  spem  reliquam  salutis  esse  arbitratus,  proximos  colles 
capere  universos  atque  eo  signa  ferrl  iubet.  Hos  quoque 
5  praeoccupat^  missus  a  Saburra  equitatus.  Tum  vero  ad 
summam  desperationem  nostrl  perveniunt  et  partim  fugi- 
entes  ab  equitatti  interficiuntur,  partim  integri  procumbunt. 
Hortatur  Curionem  Cn.  Domitius,  praefectus  equitum,  cum 
paucis  equitibus  circumsistens,  ut  f  uga  saltitem  petat  atque 

10  in  castra  contendat,  et  se  ab  eo  non  discesstirum  pollicetur. 
At  Curio  numquam  se,  amisso  exercitti  quem  a  Caesare  suae 
fidei  commissum  acceperit,  in  eius  conspectum  reverstirum 
conflrmat  atque  ita  proelians  interficitur. 

Equites  ex  proelio  perpauci  se  recipiunt;   sed  el  quos  ad 

15  novissimum  agmen  equorum  reficiendorum  causa  substitisse 
demonstratum  est,  fuga  totius  exercitus  procul  animadversa, 
sese  incolumes  in  castra  conferunt.  Mllites  ad  tinum  omnes 
interficiuntur. 

The  soldiers  in  camp,  vainly  attempting  to  escape  by  sea,  surrender 
and  are  put  to  the  sword  by  Juba,  few  being  spared. 

XLIII.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Marcius  Rufus  quaestor,  in 
20  castrls  relictus  a  Ctirione,  cohortatur  suos  ne  animo  deficiant. 
Illi  orant  atque  obsecrant  ut  in  Siciliam  navibus  reporten- 
tur.^  Pollicetur  magistrlsque  ^  imperat  navium  ut  primo  ves- 
pere  omnes  scapbas  ad  litus  appulsas  babeant.  Sed  tantus 
fuit  omnium  terror,  ut  alii  adesse  copias  lubae  dicerent. 


1  prae-occupo,  -fire,  take  beforehand,  reach  first, 
^fall  xoithout  a  wound,  from  fatigue  and  fear. 
8  re-porto,  -are,  carry  hack.  ^  captains. 


DESTRUCTION   OF   CURIO'S    ARMY.  191 

alii  cum  legionibus  Tnstare  Varum  ^  iamque  se  pulverem' 
venientium  cernere  ^  (quarum  rerum  nihil  omniuo  acciderat), 
alii  classem  hostium  celeriter  advolaturam*  suspicarentur. 
Itaque,  perterritis  omnibus,  sibi  quisque  consulebat. 

Qui  in  classe  erant  proficlsci  properabant.  Horum  fuga  5 
navium  onerariarum  magistros  incitabat ;  pauci  lenuncull  * 
ad  officium  imperiumque  conveniebant.*  Sed  tanta  erat 
completis  litoribus  contentio,  qui  potissimum  ex  magno 
numero  conscenderent,  ut  multittidine  atque  onere  non  niilll 
deprimerentur/  reliqui  hoc  timore  propius  adire  tardarentur.  10 

XLIY.  Quibus  rebus  accidit  ut  pauci  mllites  patresque 
familiae,  qui  aut  gratia  aut  misericordia  valerent  aut  naves 
annare  ^  possent,  recepti  in  Siciliam  incolumgs  pervenirent. 
Eeliquae  copiae,  missis  ad  Varum  noctti  legatorum  numero ' 
centurionibus,  sese  el  dediderunt.  Quorum  cohortes  mlli-  15 
turn  postero  die  ante  oppidum  luba  conspicatus,  suam  esse 
praedicans  praedam,  magnam  partem  eorum  interfici  iussit, 
paucos  electos  in  regnum  remisit,  cum  Varus  suam  fidem^*' 
ab  eo  laedl  ^^  quereretur  neque  resistere  auderet.  Ipse  equo 
in  oppidum  vectus,  prosequentibus  compltiribus  senatoribus,  20 
quo  in  numero  erat  Ser.  Sulpicius  et  Licinius  Damasippus, 
panels  ^^  quae  fieri  vellet  Uticae  constituit  atque  imperavit, 
diebusque  post  panels  se  in  regnum  cum  omnibus  copiis 
recepit. 


1  p.  Attius  Varus ;  see  p.  185,  note  4.  2  pulvis,  -eris,  m,,  dust. 

8  cerno,  -ere,  crevi,  cretus,  perceive,  see ;  sc.  se. 

4  ad-volo,  -are,  fiy  to,  hasten  to ;  sc.  eo,  to  the  spot. 

5  lenunculus,  -i,  small  boat. 

«  i.e.,  that  is,  reported  for  duty,  as  they  were  ordered. 

7  see  p.  184,  note  3.  «  ann5,  -ftre  (ad  +  n5) ,  swim  to. 

9  in  the  capacity  of  envoys,  as  envoys.       i"  =fidem  a  se  datam. 
11  laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesus,  injure,  damage ;  of  a  pledge,  break. 
IS  8C.  verbis,  briefly,  in  a  few  words. 


IV,   Operations  in  Illyricum  and  Epirus. 
(Ill,  xn-xvin.) 

Caesar^  having  crossed  the  Adriatic,  receives  the  submission  of  many 
cities,  but  Pompey  reaches  Dyrrachium  first,  and  there  encamps. 

XII.  Recepto  Caesar  Orico^  nulla  interposita  mora 
Apolloniam  proficiscitur.  Eius  adventu  audlto  L.  Stabe- 
rius,  qui  ibi  praeerat,  aquam  comportare  in  arcem  atque  earn 
munire  obsidesque  ab  Apolloniatibus  exigere  ^  coepit.     Illi 

5  vero  daturos  se  negare  neque  portas  consul!  praeclustiros  ^ 
neque  sibi  indicium  sumpturos  contra  atque  *  omnis  Italia 
populusque  E.omanus  iudicavisset.  Quorum  cognita  volun- 
tate,  clam  proftigit  Apollonia  Staberius.  Illi  ad  Caesarem 
l6gatos  mittunt  oppidoque  recipiunt. 

10  Hos  sequuntur  Byllidenses  et  Amantlni^  et  reliquae 
finitimae  civitates  totaque  Epirus  et,  legatis  ad  Caesarem 
missis,  quae  imperaret  facttiros  se  pollicentur. 

XIII.  At  Pompeius,  cognitis  his  rebus  quae  erant  Oriel 
atque  Apolloniae  gestae,  Dyrrachio  ^  timens  diurnis  eo  noo- 

15  turnisque  itineribus  contendit.  Simul  Caesar  appropinquare 
dicebatur;  tantusque  terror  incidit  eius  exercitui,  quod 
properans  noctem  diei  coniunxerat  neque  iter  interniiserat, 
ut  paene  omnes  ex  Epiro  finitimisque  regionibus  signa  re- 

1  Oricum,  -i,  a  seaport  in  Epirus,  on  the  bay  formed  by  the  promontory  of 
Acroceraunia.  ^  exact,  demand. 

«  prae-cludo,  -ere,  shut ;  with  dat.,  shut  against,  shut  in  the  face  of. 

*  contrary  to  what ;  atque  =  than  ;  see  Vocab. 

fi  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighboring  towns  of  Byllis  and  Amantia. 

*  see  Vocab. ;  note  the  case. 

192 


OPERATIONS    IN   ILLYRICUM   AND   EPIRUS.  193 

linquerent,  complures  arma  proicerent,  ac  fugae  simile  iter 
videretur.  Sed  cum  prope  Dyrrachium  Pompeius  con- 
stitisset  castraque  metari^  iussisset,  perterrito  etiam  turn 
exercitu,  prmceps  Labienus  procedit  itiratque  se  eum  non 
deserturum  eundemque  casum  subiturum,  quemcumque  ei  5 
Forttina  tribuisset.  Hoc  idem  reliqui  iuraut  legati;  hos 
tribtini  railitum  centurionesque  sequuntur,  atque  idem  omnis 
exercitus  iiirat. 

Caesar,   praeoccupato  ^    itinere    ad    Dyrrachium,    finem 
properandi  f acit  castraque  ad  flumen  Apsum  *  ponit  in  fini-  10 
bus  Apolloniatium,  ut  bene  meritae  civitates  tutae  essent 
praesidio,  ibique  reliquarum  ex  Italia  legionum  adventum 
exspectare  et  sub  pellibus  *  hiemare  constituit. 

Hoc  idem  Pompeius  fecit  et  trans  flumen  Apsum  positis 
castris,  eo  copias  omnes  auxiliaque  conduxit.  15 

Tfie  rest  of  Caesar's  army,  at  Brundisium,  is  unable  to  join  him  on 
account  of  the  vigilance  of  Fompey's  fleet,  which  suffers  great  pri- 
vations. 

XIV.  Calenus  ^  legionibus  equitibusque  Brundisi  in  nav6s 
impositis,  ut  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  quantam  navium 
facultatem  liabebat,^  naves  solvit,  paulumque  a  porta  prO- 
gressus  litteras  a  Caesare  accgpit,  quibus  est  certior  factus 
portHs  litoraque  omnia  classibus  adversariorum  tenerl.  Quo  20 
cognito,  se  in  portum  recipit  navesque  omnes  revocat.     Una 

1  metor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep.,  measure  off,  for  fortifying. 

i  anticipated,  sc.  a  Pompeid;  cf.  1^.190,  note  1.  ^ 

8  Apsus,  -i,  m.,  a  river  of  Illyricum,  flowing  into  the  Adriatic  north  of 

ApoUonia.  ,  x  *    ^ 

Un  tents  (made  of  skins),  instead  of  in  the  usual  barracks;  see  Introd. 

'  6  Q.  Fufius  Calenus,  legatvs  of  Caesar  in  the  Gallic  War  as  well. 
6  i.e.,  as  far  as  the  number  and  capacity  of  his  ships  allowed. 


194  Caesar's  civil  war. 

ex  his,  quae  perseveravit  ^  neque  iraperio  Caleni  obtempera- 
vit,  quod  erat  siue  militibus  privatoque  consilio  administra- 
batur,  delata  Oricum  atque  a  Bibulo  expugnata  est ;  qui  de 
servis  liberisque  omnibus  ad  impuberes  ^  supplicium  sumit 
5  et  ad  unum  interficit.  Ita  in  exiguo  tempore  magnoque 
casti  ^  totius  exercitus  saltis  constitit. 

XV.  Bibulus,  ut  supra  d^monstratum  est,  erat  cum  classe 
ad  Oricum  et,  sicuti  marl  portibusque  Caesarem  prohibebat, 
ita  ipse  omni  terra  earum  regionum  prohibebatur.     Praesi- 

10  diis  enim  dispositis  omnia  lltora  a  Caesare  tenebantur, 
neque  lignandi*  atque  aquandi*  neque  naves  ad  terram  deli- 
gandl  potestas  fiebat.  Erat  res  in  magna  difficultate  sum- 
misque  angustiis  rerum  necessariarum  premebantur,  adeo 
ut  cogerentur,  sicuti  reliquum  commeatum,  ita  ligna  atque 

15  aquam  Corcyra  navibus  onerariis  supportare;  atque  etiam 
lino  tempore  accidit  ut,  difficilioribus  usi  tempestatibus,  ex 
pellibus  quibus  erant  tectae  naves  nocturnum  excipere 
rorem "  cogerentur ;  quas  tamen  difficultates  patienter  ^  atque 
aequo  animo  ferebant  neque  sibi  ntidanda  litora  et  relin- 

20  quendos  porttis  existimabant. 

Sed  cum  essent  in  quibus  demonstravi  angustiis  ac  sS 
Libo^  cum  Bibulo  conitinxisset,  loquuntur  ambo  ex  navibus 
cum  M.  Acilio  et  Static  Murco  legatis,  quorum  alter  oppidi 
mtiris,  alter  praesidiis   terrestribus  praeerat:    velle  se  de 

1  kept  on. 

2  impubes,  -eris  (in  +  pubes),  adj.,  not  of  age,  youthful;  ad  impuberes^ 
including  minors. 

8  80  {ita)  great  a  piece  of  good  fortune,  namely,  the  opportune  arrival  of 
Caesar's  letter. 

*  ligno,  -5,re,  get  wood.  ^  aqu5,  -are,  get  water. 

6  ros,  roris,  m.,  dew.  They  were  obliged  to  use  this  for  drinking  water, 
since  it  was  impossible  to  go  to  Corcyra  on  account  of  difficilioribus  tem- 
pestatibus. ^  adv.  from  patiens. 

8  L.  Scribonius  Libo,  father-in-law  of  Pompey's  son  Sextus. 


OPERATIONS    IN    ILLYRICUM    AND    EPIRUS.        195 

maximis  rebus  cum  Caesare  loqui,  si  sibi  eius  facultas 
detur.  Hue  addunt  pauca  rel  confirmandae  ^  causa,  ut  de 
compositione^  acttirl  viderentur.  Interim  postulant  ut 
sint  indtitiae,^  atque  ab  els  impetrant.  Magnum  enim 
quod  afferebant  videbatur,  et  Caesarem  id  summe^  scie-  5 
bant  cupere,  et  profectum*  aliquid  Vibulll«  mandatis 
existimabatur. 


Negotiations  for  peace  are  fruitless  ;  irascible  Bihulus  dies. 

Xyi.  Caesar  eo  tempore,  cum  legione  una  profectus  ad 
recipiendas  ulteriores  civitates  et  rem  frumentariam  expe- 
diendam  (qua  angusta  utebatur),  erat  ad  Buthrotura  oppidum  10 
oppositum  Corcyrae.  Ibi  certior  ab  Acilio  et  Murco  per 
litteras  factus  de  postulatis  Libonis  et  Bibuli,  legionem 
relinquit ;  ipse  Gricum  revertitur. 

Eo  cum  venisset,  evocantur  illi  ad  colloquium.  Prodit 
Libo  atque  exctisat  Bibulum,  quod  is  iracundia'  summa  erat  16 
inimicitiasque  habebat  etiam  privatas  cum  Caesare  ex  aedi- 
litate  et  praetura  conceptas^;  ob  eam  causam  colloquium 
vitasse,  ne  res  maximae  spel  maximaeque  titilitatis  eius  Ira- 
cundia  impedirentur.  Suam  summam  esse  ac  fuisse  semper 
voluntatem,  ut  componeretur*  atque  ab  armis  disc6deretur,  20 
sed  potestatem  eius  rel  null  am  habere,  propterea  quod  d6 
consili  sententia  summam  belli  r^rumque  omnium  Pompeio 

_^ - — e , 

1  of  confirming  the  impression,  explained  by  the  following  final  clause. 

2  compositio,  -onis  (compono),  f.,  agreement,  treaty  of  peace, 
sindutiae,  -irum,  f.  pi.,  truce. 

*  adv.  from  summus. 

5  pro-ficio,  -ere,  accomplish  ;  sc.  esse. 

«  He  had  been  sent  to  Pompey  by  Caesar  with  proposals  for  peace. 

^irftcundia,  -ae  (iracimdus) ,  t., anger,  wrath. 

8  concipio,  -ere  (com  +  capio),  take,  conceive,  receive. 

*  for  the  meaning,  of.  compositio,  note  2,  above. 


196  Caesar's  civil  war. 

permiserint.  Sed  postulatis  Caesaris  cognitTs,  misstiros  ad 
Pompeium,  atque  ilium  reliqua  per  se  Octurum  hortantibus 
ipsis.  Interea  manerent  indtitiae,  dum  ab  illo  rediri  posset, 
neve  alter  alterl  noceret.  Hue  addit  pauca  dS  causa  et  d6 
B  copiis  auxiliisque  suls. 

XVII.  Quibus  rebus  neque  turn  respondendum  Caesar 
existimavit,  neque  nunc  ut  memoriae  prodantur  satis  causae 
putamus.  Postulabat  Caesar  ut  legatos  sibi  ad  Pompeium 
sine  perlculo  mittere  liceret,  id  que  ipsi  fore  reciperent^  aut 

10  acceptos^  per  s6  ad  eum  perducerent.  Quod  ad  indutias 
pertineret,  sic  belli  rationem  esse  divisam,  ut  ill!  classe 
naves  auxiliaque  sua^  impedlrent,  ipse  ut  aqua  terraque 
eos  prohiberet.  Si  hoc  sibi  remitti  vellent,  remitterent 
ipsi  d6  maritimis  ctistodiis;    si  illud  tenerent,  se  quoque 

15  id  retenturum.  Nihilo  minus  tamen  agi  posse  de  composi- 
tione,  ut*  haec  non  remitterentur,  neque  hanc  rem  illl  esse 
impedimento. 

Libo  neque  legatos  Caesaris  recipere  neque  perlculum 
praestare^   eorum,   sed   totam  rem   ad  Pompeium   reicere; 

20  tinum  instare^  de  indutils^  vehementissimeque  contendere- 
Quem  ubi  Caesar  intellexit  praesentis  perlculi  atque  inopiae 
vitandae  causa  omnem  oration  em  Instituisse  neque  ullam 
spem  aut  condicionem  pacis  afferre,  ad  reliquam  cogitatio- 
nem  ^  belli  sese  recepit. 

25  XVIII.  Bibulus  multos  dies  terra  prohibitus  et  graviore 
morbo  ex  frigore  ac  labore  implicitus,  cum  neque  curari 
posset  neque  susceptum  oflBcium  d6serere  vellet,  vim  morbl 
sustinere  non  potuit.     Eo  mortuo,  ad  ngminem  tinum  summa 

1  take  upon  themselves,  guarantee.  *  sc.  legatos. 

3  i.e.,  Caesar's.  ^  although.  ^  i.e.,  guarantee  their  safety. 

6  was  insistent  on ;  sc.  eum  =  Lihonem.         '  explanatory  of  unum 
8  i.e.,  to  a  consideration  of  plans  for  the  continuance  of  the  war. 


OPERATIONS   IN   ILLYRICUM   AND   EPIRUS.         197 

imperi  rediit,   sed   separatim   suam    quisque    classem    ad 
arbitrium  suum  administrabat. 

Vibullius,^  sedato^  tumultu  quern  repentinus  Caesaris 
adventus  concitaverat,  ubi  primum  e  re '  visum  est,  adhibito 
Libone  et  L.  Lucceio  et  Theophane,  quibuscuin  commtini-  5 
care  de  maximis  rebus  Poinpeius  consu6rat,  de  mandatis 
Caesaris  agere  instituit.  Quern  ingressum  in  sermonem 
Pompeius  interpellavit  et  loqul  plura  prohibuit.  *Quid 
mihi/  inquit,  '•  aut  vita  aut  civitate  opus  est,  quain  beneficio 
Caesaris  habere  videbor  ?  cuius  rei  opinio  tolli  non  poterit,  10 
cum  in  Italiam,  ex  qua  profectus  sum,  reductus^  existi- 
mabor.'  Bello  perfecto,  ab  els  Caesar  haec  facta  cognovit 
qui  sermoni  interfuerunt ;  conatus  tamen  nihilo  minus  est 
aliis  rationibus  per  colloquia  dS  pace  agere. 

1  see  p.  195,  note  6.  2  ggdo,  -are,  q^uiet. 

«  S  re,  advantageous  (in  accordance  with  advantage).  *  sc.  esse. 


V.    The  Battle  of  Pharsalia. 

(Ill,    LXXXII-XCIX.) 

Pompey,  having  forced  Caesar'' s  withdrawal  from  Dyrrachitim,  effects 
a  junction  with  Scipio'^s  forces  and  enters  Thessaly,  believing 
Caesar  as  good  as  conquered. 

LXXXII.  Pompeius  paucis  post  diebus  in  Thessaliam^ 
pervenit  contionatusque  apud  cunctum  exercitum  suls  agit 
gratias,  Scipionis  ^  milites  cohortatur,  ut  parta  iam  victoria 
praedae  ac  praemiorum  velint  esse  participes,^  receptisque 

5  omnibus  in  una  castra  legionibus,  suum  cum  Scipione 
honorem  partitur  classicumque*  apud  eum  can!  et  alterum 
illi  iubet  praetorium^  tendi. 

Auctis  copiis  Pompei  duobusque  magnis  exercitibus 
coniunctis,    pristina   omnium  confirm atur    opinio   et  spes 

10  victoriae  augetur,  adeo  ut,  quicquid  intercederet  ^  temporis, 
id  morari  reditum  in  Italiam  videretur;  et  si  quando'^  quid 
Pompeius  tardius*  aut  consideratius  ^  faceret,  tinlus  esse 
negotium  diei,  sed  ilium  delectari^^  imperio  et  consulares 
praetoriosque  servorum  habere  numero  dicerent.     lamque 

1  a  district  east  of  Epirus.  2  gee  p.  172,  note  8. 

8  particeps,  -cipis  (pars  +  capio),  m.,  sharer. 

4  classicum,  -i,  n.,  signal  on  the  trumpet. 

5  praetorium,  -i  (praetor),  n.,  general's  tent,  headquarters. 

6  inter-cedo,  -ere,  go  between,  intervene. 
"^  quando,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 

8  tarde  (tardus),  adv.,  slowly,  deliberately. 

9  consiierate  (cf.  considero),  adv.,  with  consideration,  carefully. 

10  delecto,  -are,  delight,  please. 

198 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PHARSALIA.  199 

inter  s6  palam  de  praeturis  ac  d6  sacerdotiis^  contend^bant 
in  annosque^  consulatum  definiebant,*  alii  domos  bonaque 
eorum  qui  in  castris  erant  Caesaris  petebant;  magnaque 
inter  eos  in  consilio  fuit  controversia,  oporteretne  Lucill 
Hirri,  quod  is  a  Pompeio  ad  Parthos  missus  esset,  proximis  5 
comitiis^  praetoriis  absentis  rationem  haberi,  cum  eius 
necessarii  fidem  implorarent  Pompei,  praestaret  quod  profi- 
ciscenti  recepisset,*  ne  per  eius  auctoritatem  deceptus 
videretur,  reliqui,  in  labore  pari  ac  periculo  ne  unus  omnes 
antecederet,^  recusarent.  lO 

LXXXIII.  lam  de  sacerdotio  Caesaris  Domitius,  Sclpio 
Spintherque  Lentulus  ^  cotidianis  contentionibus  ad  gravis- 
simas  verborum  contumelias  palam  descenderunt,  cum  Lentu- 
lus aetatis  honorem  ostentaret,  Domitius  urbanam  gratiam 
dignitatemque  iactaret/  Scipio  ®  affinitate  Pompei  confideret  15 
Postulavit  ^*  etiam  L.  Xf ranium  proditionis  exercitus  Acutius 
Eufus  apud  Pompeium,  ^uod  gestum  in  Hispania  diceret. 
Et  L.  Domitius  in  consilio  dixit  placere  sibi  bello  confecto 
ternas  "  tabellas  darl  ad  iudicandum  els  qui  ordinis  essent 
senatoril,  belloque  una  cum  ipsis  interf  uissent,  sententiasque  20 
de  singulis  ferrent  qui  Romae  remansissent,  quique  intra 
praesidia  Pompei  f  uissent  neque  operam  in  re  mllitarl  prae- 
stitissent :  unam  fore  tabellam,  qui  ^  llberandos  ^^  omnI  peri- 
culo censerent ;   alteram,   qui "  capitis  damnarent ;  tertiam, 


1  sacerdotium,  -i  (sacerd5s),  n.,  priesthood.        *  i.e.,  for  years  in  advance. 

8  de-finio,  -ire  (de,  cf.  finis),  assign,  define. 

*  elections.  «  see  p.  196,  note  1.  «  i-e.,  be  favored  above  all. 

7  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther,  a  former  friend  of  Caesar. 

8  iacto,  -are  (intens.  of  iaciS),  toss  about,  boast  of. 

9  see  p.  172,  note  8.  ^**  accused. 

11  terni,  -ae,  -a  (cf.  tres),  three  apiece,  three,  each. 

12  sc.  els,  for  those  who  voted.  ^  sc.  eos  and  esse, 
1^  sc.  els,  and  cf .  note  12. 


200  caesar's  civil  war. 

qiiT^  pecUnia  multarent.  Postremo^  omnes  aut  de  honori- 
bus  suis  ant  d6  praemils  pecuniae  aut  de  persequendis  ini- 
micis  agebant,  neque  quibus  rationibus  superare  possent, 
sed  quern  ad  modum  atl  victoria  dfiberent,  cogitabant. 

Caesar  draws  up  his  army  near  Pompey's  camp,  challenging  a  general 
engagement. 

6  LXXXIV.  R6  frflmentaria  praeparata^  confirmatisque 
militibus  et  satis  longo  spatio  temporis  a  Dyrrachmis* 
proeliis  intermisso,  quo  satis  perspectum  habere  mllitum 
animum  vid6r6tur,  temptandum  Caesar  existimavit  quidnam 
Pompeius  propositi^  aut  voluntatis  ad  dimicandum  haberet. 

10  Itaque  exercitum  ex  castris  edtixit  acieraque  Tnstrtixit, 
primo  suls  locis  paulGque  a  castris  Pompei  longius,  conti- 
nentibus  v6r6  disbus,  ut  progrederStur  a  castris  suls 
coUibusque  Pompeianis*  aciem  subiceret.  Quae  res  in  dies 
confirmatiorem  ^  eius  exercitum  eflfciebat. 

15  Superius  tamen  instittitum  in  equitibus,  quod  demon- 
stravimus,  servabat,  ut,  quoniam  numero  multis  partibus 
esset  inferior,  adul6scent6s  atque  expedites  ex  antesignanis * 
electos,  mutatis  ad  pernicitatem  ^  armis,  inter  equitSs  proe- 
lian  iuberet,  qui  cotidiana  consuetudine  usum  quoque  eius 

20  generis  proeliorum  perciperent.^"     His  erat  rebus  effectum  ut 


1  sc.  eis,  and  cf.  p.  199,  note  12.  2  in  fine,  in  short. 

8  prae-paro,  -are,  prepare,  get  ready  beforehand. 
4  adj.  from  Dyrrachium,  at Dyrrachium. 
6  pr5posituni,  -i  (propSno),  n.,  plan,  purpose. 
6  i.e.,  on  which  Pompey  was  encamped. 
^  part,  of  confinnb  as  adj.,  more  confident. 
8  antesignanus,  -i  (ante -f  signum) ,  m.,  skirmisher. 

9 for   (purposes  of)   speed  ;    pernicitfts,   -tfttis    (pernix),   f.,  swiftness, 
speed. 

10  percipio,  -ere  (per  +  capioj ,  take  in,  understand. 


THE   BATTLE    OF   PHARSALIA.  201 

equites  mllle  etiam  apertioribus  locis  vii  milium  Pompeia- 
norum  impetum,  cum  adesset  usus,  sustingre  auderent,  ueque 
magnopere  eorum  multitudine  terr6rentur.  Nam  que  etiam 
per  eos  digs  proelium  secundum  equestre  fecit  atque  tinum 
Allobrogem  ex  duobus,  quos  perfugisse  ad  Pompeium  supra  5 
docuimus,  cum  quibusdam  ^  interf 6cit. 

LXXXV.  Pompeius,  qui  castra  in  colle  habebat,  ad  in- 
fimas  radices  montis  aciem  instruebat,  semper,  ut  videbatur, 
exspectans  si  iniquis  locTs  Caesar  se  subiceret.  Caesar,  nulla 
ratione  ad  pugnam  glici  '^  posse  Pompeium  existimans,  hanc  10 
sibi  commodissimam  belli  rationem  iudieavit,  uti  castra  ex 
eo  loco  moveret  semperque  esset  in  itineribus,  baec  spectans, 
ut  movendis  castris  pluribusque  adeundis  locis  commodiore 
re  frtimentaria  uteretur ;  simulque  in  itinere  ut  aliquam  00- 
casionem  dimicandi  nancisceretur,  et  insolitum  ^  ad  laborem  I6 
Pompei  exercitum  cotidianis  itineribus  defatigaret. 

His  constittitis  rebus,-  signo  iam  profectionis  dato  taber- 
naculisque  detensis,^  animadversum  est  paulo  ante  extra* 
cotidianam  consuettidinem  longius  a  vallo  esse  aciem  Pompei 
progressam,  ut  non^  iniquo  loco  posse  diraicari  vid6retur.  20 
Tum  Caesar  apud  suos,  cum  iam  esset  agmen  in  portls, 
^Differendum  est/  inquit,  'iter  in  praesentia  nobis  et  d6 
proelio  cogitandum,  sicut  semper  depoposcimus.  Animo 
simiis  ad  dimicandum  parati;  non  facile  occasionem  postea 
reperiemus.'     Confestimque  expeditas  copias  educit.  25 

Pompey  resolves  to  fight ;  even  Ldbienus  is  over-confident. 
LXXXVI.      Pompeius  quoque,  ut  postea  cognitum  est, 
suorum     omnium     hortatti    statuerat     proelio     decertare. 


1  i.e.,  quibusdam  alils.        2  glicio,  -ere,  §lictil,  Slicitum,  lure  forth,  entice. 
«  insolitus,  -a,  -um  (in  +  solitus) ,  adj.,  unaccustomed,  unused. 
*  de-tendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tensus  (unstretch),  strike;  cf.  p.  198, 1.  7. 
6  contrary  to.  *  with  iniquo. 


202  Caesar's  civil  war. 

Namque  etiam  in  consilio  superioribus  diebus  dixerat,  prius 
quam  concurrerent  acies,  fore  uti  exercitus  Caesaris  pelle- 
retur.  Id  cum  essent  plerique  admirati,  '  Scio  ine,'  inquit, 
*  paene  incredibilem  rem  polliceri ;  sed  rationem  consili  mei 
5  accipite,  quo  firmiore  animo  in  proelium  prodeatis.  Persuasi 
equitibus  nostrls,  idque  mihi  se  facttiros  confirm averunt,  ut, 
cum  propius  sit  accessum,  dextrum  Caesaris  cornu  ab  latere 
aperto  aggrederentur,  et  circumventa  a  tergo  acie,  prius 
perturbatum  exercitum   pellerent   quam  a  nobis  telum  in 

10  bostem  iaceretur.  Ita  sine  periculo  legionum  et  paene  sine 
vulnere  bellum  conficiemus.  Id  autem  difficile  non  est,  cum 
tantum  equitatu  valeamus.'  Simul  dentintiavit  ut  essent 
animo  parati  in  posterum  diem,  quoniam  fieret  dimicandi 
potestas,  ut  saepe  cogitavissent,  ne  suam  neu  reliquorum 

16  opinionem  fallerent. 

LXXXVII.  Hunc  Labienus  excepit  et,  cum  Caesaris 
copias  despiceret,  Pompei  consilium  summis  laudibus 
efferret,  *  Noli,'  inquit,  *  existimare,  Pompei,  hunc  esse  exer- 
citum,   qui   Galliam    Germaniamque   devicerit.       Omnibus 

20  interfui  proelils  neque  temere  incognitam  rem  prontintio. 
Perexigua^  pars  illius  exercitus  superest;  magna  pars  dS- 
periit^  (quod  accidere  tot  proelils  fuit  necesse),  multos 
autumn!^  pestilentia*  in  Italia  constimpsit,  multi  domum 
discesserunt,   multl   sunt    relict!   in   continent!.      An   non 

25  audistis  ex  e!s,  qui  per  causam  valetudinis  remanserunt, 
cohortes  esse  Brundis!  factas  ?  Hae  copiae,  quas  videtis,  ex 
dilectibus  horum  annorum  in  citeriore  Gallia  sunt  refectae. 


1  per-exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  very  small. 
•■  de-pereo,  -ire,  die  off,  perish. 

3  autmnnus,  -i  (augeo),  m.,  autumn. 

4  pestilentia,  -ae,  i.,  fever. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PHARSALIA.  203 

et  plgrique  sunt    ex  colonils^  Transpadanls.  ^    Ac  tamen, 
quod  fuit  roboris,  duobus  proeliis  Dyrraclilnis  interiit/ 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  iuravit  se  nisi  victorem  in  castra  non 
reversurum,  reliquosque  ut  idem  facerent  hortatus  est.  Hoc 
laudans  Pompeius  idem  iuravit;  nee  vero  ex  reliquis  fuit  6 
quisquam,  qui  iurare  dubitaret.  Haec  turn  facta  sunt  in 
consilio  magnaque  spe  et  laetitia  omnium  discessum  est ;  a<j 
iam  animo  victoriam  praecipiebant,  quod  de  re  tanta  et  a 
tam  perito  imperatore  nihil  frustra  confirmarl  videbatur. 

Caesar  makes  ready  for  battle.     Brave  Crastinus  leads  the  charge. 

LXXXVIII.      Caesar,    cum    Pompei    castrls    appropin-  lo 
quasset,  ad  liunc  modum  aciem   eius  instructam  animum 
advertit. 

Erant  in  sinistro  cornu  legiones  duae  traditae  a  Caesars 
initio  dissensionis  ex  senatus  consult©  ;  quarum  una  prima, 
altera  tertia  appellabatur.  In  eo  loco  ipse  erat  Pompeius.  15 
Mediam  aciem  Scipio  cum  legionibus  Syriacis  ten^bat.  Ci- 
liciensis  ^  legio  coniuncta  cum  cohortibus  Hispanis,  quas  tra- 
ductas  ab  Afranio  docuimus,  in  dextro  cornu  erant  collocatae. 
Has  firmissimas  se  habere  Pompeius  existimabat. 

Beliquas   inter    aciem    mediam    cornuaque    interiecerat  20 
numeroque  cohortes   ex   expleverat.^    Haec  erant  numero 
milia  XLV,  evocatorum  *  circiter  duo,  quae  ex  beneficiariis  * 
superiorum  exercituum  ad  eum  convenerant  j  quae^  tota  aci6 
disperserat. 

1  colonia,  -ae,  f.,  colony. 

2  TrSnspadanus,  -a,  -um  (trins  +  Padum) ,  adj.,  across  the  Po. 

3  Ciliciensis,  -e  (Gilicia),  adj.,  of  Cilicia,  Cilician;  the  legion  was  called 
Gemella  because  it  was  formed  from  two  incomplete  legions  which  had 
served  with  Cicero  in  51  and  50  B.C. 

4  ex-pleo,  -ere,  fill  out,  fill  up.  ^  see  Introd.  pp.  13  and  14. 

6  beneficiarii , -orum,  m.  pi.,  privileged  soldiers,  who  commonly  served  as 
orderlies ;  see  Introd.  p.  14.  ^  The  antecedent  is  milia. 


204  Caesar's  civil  war. 

Reliquas  cohortes  vii  in  castrTs  propinquTsque  castellls 
praesidio  disposuerat.  Dextnim  cornu  eius  rivus  ^  quldam 
impeditis  ripis  muniebat ;  quam  ob  causain  cunctum  equi- 
tatum,    sagittarios    funditorSsque    omnes    sinistro    cornti 

6  adiecerat. 

LXXXIX.  Caesar  superius  Institatum  servans,  x  legio- 
nem  in  dextrO  cornti,  nonam  in  sinistro  collocaverat,  tametsi 
erat  Dyrrachinis  proeliis  vehementer  attenuata,^  et  huic  sic 
aditinxit  octavam,  ut  paene  unam  ex  duabus  efficeret,  atque 

10  alteram  alter!  praesidio  esse  iusserat.  Cohortes  in  acie 
Lxxx  constitutas  habebat,  quae  summa  erat  milium  xxii ; 
cohortes  VII  castris  praesidio  reliquerat.  Sinistro  cornfi 
Antonium,  dextro  P.  Sullam,^  mediae  aciel  Cn.  Domitium 
praeposuerat.     Ipse  contra  Pompeium  constitit. 

15  Simul  his  rebus  animadversis  quas  demonstravimus, 
timens  ne  a  multitudine  equitum  dextrum  cornti  circum- 
veniretur,  celeriter  ex  tertia  acie  singulas  cohortes  detraxit 
atque  ex  his  quartam  instituit  equitatuique  opposuit,  et  quid 
fieri  vellet  ostendit  monuitque  eius  diei  victoriam  in  earum 

20  cohortium  virttite  constare.'*  Simul  tertiae  aciei  totique 
exercitui  imperavit  n6  iniussu  suo  concurrerent ;  se,  cum  id 
fieri  vellet,  vexillo  signum  dattirum. 

XC.  Exercitum  cum  militari  more  ad  pugnam  cohorta- 
retur  suaque  in  eum  perpetui  temporis  officia  praedicaret,  in 

25  primis  commeraoravit : 

Testibus  se  militibus  titi  posse,  quanto  studio  pacem 
petisset,  quae  per  Vatinium  ^  in  colloquils,  quae  per  A.  Clo- 

1  rivus,  -i,  m.,  brook. 

2  attenuS,  -ftre  (ad,  cf.  texiuig),  thin  out,  diminish. 

8  P.  Cornelius  Sulla,  nephew  of  the  dictator,  defended  by  Cicero  in  hia  pro 
Sulla.  *  depended  on. 

5  P.  Vatinius ;  as  tribunus  plebis  he  proposed  the  bill  by  which  Caesar  was 
given  the  provinces  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  Illyricum. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PHARSALTA.  205 

dium^  cum  ScipiOne  ggisset,  quibus  modls  ad  Oricum  cum 
Libone  de  mittendis  legatla  contendisset.^  Neque  s6  urn- 
quam  abuti  ^  mllitum  sanguine  neque  rem  publicam  alterutro 
exercitu  privare  voluisse. 

Hac  habita  oratione,  exposcentibus  mllitibus  et  studio  6 
pugnae  ardentibus,  tuba  sign  urn  dedit. 

XCI.  Erat  Crastinus  evocatus  in  exercitu  Caesaris,  qui  su- 
periore  anno  apud  eum  primum  pilum  in  legione  x  dtixerat/ 
vir  singular!  virtute.  Hic  signo  dato  ^  SequiminI  me,'  inquit, 
^  manipulares  *  mel  qui  fuistis,  et  vestro  imperatorl  quam  10 
consuevistis  operam  date.  Unum  hoc  proelium  superest; 
quo  confecto  et  ille  suam  dignitatem  et  nos  nostram  llberta- 
tem  recuperabimus.'  ®  Simul  respiciens  Caesarem,  ^  Faciam/ 
inquit,  ^hodie,  imperator,  ut  aut  vivo  mihi  aut  mortuo 
gratias  agas/  Haec  cum  dixisset,  primus  ex  dextro  corntl  15 
procucurrit  atque  eum  Slgctl  milites  circiter  cxx  voluntarii 
sunt  prosectlti. 

Caesaris  veterans,  charging,  halt  to  take  breath,  then  hurl  themselves 
on  the  foe.  His  fourth  line  routs  Pompey's  cavalry  and  executes  a 
flank  movement. 

XCII.     Inter  duas  aciSs  tantum  erat  rellctum  spatT,  ut 
satis  esset  ad  concursum  utriusque  exercitus.    Sed  Pompeius 
suis  praedixerat,  ut  Caesaris  impetum  exciperent  neque  s6  20 
loc5  moverent   aciemque  eius  distrahi^  paterentur;   idque 
admonittl«C.  Triari  fecisse  dicebatur,  ut  primus  excursus  • 


1  a  friend  of  Caesar,  of  whom  little  is  known. 

2  see  p.  196.  ^  ab-utor,  -uti,  -usus  sum,  dep.,  waste,  squander. 
*  i.e.,  he  had  been  primipilus ;  see  In  trod.  p.  13. 

6  manipuiaris,  -is,  m.  (member  of  the  same  msnupU),  fellow-soldier,  com^ 
f.fj^^  8  recuperS,  -Ire,  recover,  regain. 

7  dis-trahS,  -ere,  draw  apart,  separate. 

8  admonitus,  -us  (admoneS),  m.,  advice. 

9  excursus,  -us  (excurro),  m.,  running  forth,  onset. 


206  caesar's  civil  war. 

visque  militum  infringeretur  aciesque  distenderetur,^  atque 
in  suis  ordinibus  dispositi  disperses  adorlrentur ;  leviusque 
castira  plla  sperabat,  in  loco  retentis  mllitibus,  quam  si  ipsi 
immissis  tells  occurrissent ;  simul  fore  ut  duplicato^  cursu 
6  Caesaris  mllites  exanimarentur  et  lassitudine  conficerentur. 
Quod  nobis  quidem  nulla  ratione  factum  a  Pompeio  videtur, 
propterea  quod  est  quaedam  animi  incitatio  atque  alacritas 
nattiraliter  ^'  innata  omnibus,  quae  studio  pugnae  incenditur. 
Hauc  non  reprimere,  sed  augere  imperatores  debent;  neque 

10  frustra  antlquitus  instittitum  est,  ut  signa  undique  concine- 
rent*  clamoremque  tiniversi  tollerent ;  quibus  rebus  et  hostes 
terrgri  et  suos  incitari  existimaverunt. 

XCIII.     Sed  nostri  milites  dato  signo  cum  mfestis  pilis 
procucurrissent  atque  animum  advertissent  non  concurri  a 

15  Pompeianis,  usii  periti  ac  superioribus  pugnis  exercitati  sua 
sponte  cursum  represserunt  et  ad  medium  fere  spatium  con- 
stiterunt,  ne  constimptis  viribus  appropinquarent,  parvoque 
intermisso  temporis  spatio  ac  rursus  renovato  cursti,  pila 
miserunt  celeriterque,  ut  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  gladios 

20  strinxerunt.     Neque  vero   Pompeiani   huic   rei  defuerunt. 

Nam  et  tela  missa  exceperunt  et  impetum  legionum  tulgrunt 

et  ordines  conservarunt  pilisque  missis  ad  gladios  redierunt. 

Eodem  tempore  equites  ab  sinistro  Pompei  cornu,  ut  erat 

imperatum,   tiniversi   procucurrerunt,   omnisque   multitude 

25  sagittariorum  se  proftidit.  Quorum  impetum  noster  equi- 
tatus  non  tulit,  sed  paulatim  loco  motus  cessit,  equitesque 


1  dis-tendo, -ere,  stretch  out,  throw  iw<o  disorder  (by  extending  over  a  great 
space) . 

2  duplicS.tU8,  -a,  -um  (duplico),  adj.,  double;  the  meaning  is  that  Caesar's 
soldiers  would  have  twice  as  far  to  run,  if  Pompey's  did  not  run  to  meet  them. 

3  naturaiiter  (naturaiis),  adv.,  by  nature. 

*  concino,  -ere  (com  +  cano),  sound  at  the  same  time,  sound  together. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PHARSALIA.  207 

Pompei  hoc  acrius  instare  et  se  turmatim  ^  explicare  aciem- 
que  nostram  ab  latere  aperto  circumire  coeperunt. 

Quod  ubi  Caesar  animuin  advertit,  quartae  aciei,  quam 
Instil uerat  sex  cohortiurn  numero,  dedit  signum.  Illae 
celeriter  procucurrerunt  Infestisque  signis  tanta  vl  in  Pom-  5 
pei  equites  impetum  fecerunt,  ut  eonim  nBmo  consisteret 
omnesque  conversi  non  solum  loco  excederent,  sed  protinus 
incitati  fuga  montes  altissimos  peterent.  Quibus  summotis, 
omnes  sagittarii  funditoresque  destittiti  inermes  sine  prae- 
sidio  interfecti  sunt.  Eodem  impetu  cohortes  sinistrum  lo 
cornti,  pugnantibus  etiam  turn  ac  resistentibus  in  aci6  Pom- 
peianis,  circumierunt  eosque  a  tergo  sunt  adortae. 

Caesar'' s  third  line  enters  the  action;  Pompey''s  infantry  give  way., 
Pompey  flees  ;  Caesar  takes  Pompey's  camp. 

XCIY.  Eodem  tempore  tertiam  aciem  Caesar,  quae  quieta 
fuerat  et  se  ad  id  tempus  loco  teuuerat,  procurrere  iussit. 
Ita  cum  recentes  atque  integri  defessis  successissent,  alii  15 
autem  a  tergo  adorirentur,  sustinere  Pompeiani  non  po- 
tuerunt  atque  universi  terga  verterunt.  Neque  vero  Cae- 
sarem  fefellit,  quin  ab  els  cohortibus  quae  contra  equitatum 
in  quarta  acie  collocatae  essent  initium  victoriae  orlretur, 
ut  ipse  in  cohortandis  militibus  pronuntiaverat.  Ab  his  20 
enim  primum  equitatus  est  pulsus,  ab  isdem  factae  caedSs 
sagittariorum  ac  funditorum,  ab  isdem  aci6s  Poinpeiana  a 
sinistra  parte  circumita  atque  initium  fugae  factum. 

Sed  Pompeius  ut  equitatum  suum  pulsum  vidit  atque  earn 
partem  cui  maxim e  confldebat  perterritam  animum  advertit,  23 
alils  diffisus^  acie  excessit  protinusque  86  in  castra  equ5 
contulit  et  eis  centurionibus,  quos  in  statione  ad  praetoriam 

1  turmfitim  (turma"),  adv.,  by  squadrons. 

2  diffido,  -fidere,  -fisus  svun,  dep.,  distrust,  despair  of. 


208  Caesar's  civil  war. 

portam^  posuerat,  clare/  ut  milites  exaudlrent,  *TueminI,' 
inquit,  ^  castra  et  def  endite  diligenter,  si  quid  durius  acci- 
dent. Ego  reliquas  portas  circumeo  et  castrorum  praesidia 
confirmo.'     Haec  cum  dixisset,  se  in  praetorium  contulit 

5  summae  rei  diffidens  et  tamen  eventum  exspectans. 

XCV.  Caesar,  Pompeianis  ex  f uga  intra  vallum  compulsis, 
nullum  spatium  perterritis  darl  oportgre  existimans,  milites 
cohortatus  est  ut  beneficio  Fortunae  titerentur  castraque 
oppugnarent.     Qui,  etsi  magno  aestu^  fatigati* — nam  ad 

10  meridiem  res  erat  perducta  —  tamen  ad  omnem  laborem 
animo  parati,  imperio  paruerunt.  Castra  a  cohortibus  quae 
ibi  praesidio  erant  rellctae  Industrie  ^  def endebantur,  multO 
etiam  acrius  a  Thracibus  barbarisque  auxiliis.  Nam  qui  ex 
acie  ref  ugerant  ^  milites,  et  animo  perterriti  et  lassittidine 

15  confecti,  missis  plerique^  armis  signisque  militaribus,  magis 
de  reliqua  fuga  quam  de  castrorum  defensione  cogitabant. 
Neque  vero  diutius  qui  ^  in  vallo  constiterant  multittidinem 
telorum  sustinere  potuerunt,  sed  confecti  vulneribus  locum 
reliquerunt,  protinusque  omnes,  ducibus  usi  centurionibus 

20  tribunisque  militum,  in  altissimos  montes,  qui  ad  castra 
pertinebant,  conftigerunt. 

XCVI.  In  castris  Pompei  videre  licuit  trichilas  ^  structas, 
magnum  argent!  pondus  expositum,  recentibus  caespitibus  ^^ 
tabernacula  constrata,  L.  etiam  Lentuli  et  non  nullorum  '^ 


I  pretorian  gate,  or  front  gate  of  the  camp,  near  the  praetorium  (p.  198, 
note  5).  2  ciare  (clarus),  adv.,  loudhj,  in  a  loud  voice. 

3  aestus,  -us,  m.,  heat.  ^  fatigo,  -ire,  weary,  fatigue. 

5  Industrie  (industrius,  cf.  industiria),  adv.,  vigorously. 

6  re-fugio,  -ere,  flee  hack,  flee. 

^  for  the  most  part ;  in  apposition  with  milites. 

8  sc.  ei.  »  trichila,  -ae,  f.,  arbor,  summer-house. 

10  caespes,  -itis,  in.,  sod,  turf. 

II  cf.  p.  201,  notel. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PHARSALIA.  209 

tabernacula  protecta^  hedera,^  multaque  praeterea  quae 
nimiam  luxuriam  et  victoriae  fiduciam  designarent;  ut 
facile  existimari  posset  nihil  eos  de  eventu  eius  di6i  timuisse, 
qui  non^  necessarias  conqulrerent  voluptates.  At  hi  miser- 
rimo  ac  patientissimo  exercitui  Caesaris  luxuriam  obiciebant,  5 
cui  semper  omnia  ad  necessarium  usum  defuissent. 

Pompeius,  cum  iam  intra  vallum  nostri  versarentur, 
equum  nactus,  detractis  Insignibus  *  imperatoriis,  decumana 
porta  se  ex  castris  6iecit  ^  protinusque  equo  citato  ^  Larlsam ' 
contendit.  Neque  ibi  cOnstitit,  sed  eadem  celeritate  paucos  lo 
suos  ex  fuga  nactus,  nocturno  itinere  non  intermisso,  comi- 
tatu  equitum  xxx  ad  mare  pervenit  navemque  f rumentariam  ^ 
conscendit,  saepe,  ut  dicebatur,  querens  tantum  se  opinionem 
fefellisse,  ut,  a  quo  genere  hominum  victoriam  spfirasset,  ab 
eo  initio  fugae  facto  paene  proditus  vidergtur.  15 

Caesar  completes  the  victory y  taking  many  captives. 
XCVII.  Caesar  castris  potitus  a  militibus  contendit,  n6 
in  praeda  occupati  reliqui  negOti  gerendi  facultatem  dimit- 
terent.  Qua  re  impetrata,  montem  opere  circummunire 
instituit.  Pompeiani,  quod  is  mons  erat  sine  aqua,  difEisI 
el  loco,  relicto  monte,  tiniversi  iugis  eius  Larisam  versus  20 
se  recipere  coeperunt.  Qua  r6  animadversa,  Caesar  copias 
suas  divisit  partemque  legionum  in  castris  Pompei  remanSre 
iussit,  partem  in  sua  castra  remisit,  iv  secum  legionSs  dOxit 
commodioreque  itinere  Pompeianis  occurrere  coepit,  et  pro- 
gressus  milia  passuum  vi  aciem  instruxit.     Qua  r6  animad-  25 


1  here  covered,  overgrown.      2  hedera,  -ae,  f.,  ivy.      «  with  necegsdrias. 

4  attire,  the  purple  cloak  and  other  sigus  of  his  rank. 

5  se  .  .  .  eieoit,  rushed. 

6  citatus,  -a,  -um  (cito),  urged  on,  at  full  gallop. 

7  Larisa,  -ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Thessaly  on  the  Peneus  River,  modem  Larissa. 

8  a  provision  ship,  for  carrying  grain. 


210  Caesar's  civil  war. 

versa,  Pompeiani  in  quodam  raonte  constiterunt.  Hunc 
inontem  fliimen  subluebat.^  Caesar  milites  cohortatus,  etsi 
totlus  diel  continenti  labore  eraut  confecti  noxque  iam 
suberat,  tamen  mtinltione  fluuien  a  monte  seclusit,-  ne  noctu 

6  aquari  Pompeiani  possent.  Quo  perfecto  opere,  illi  de 
deditione  missis  legatis  agere  coepgrunt.  Pauci  ordinis 
senatoril,  qui  se  cum  his  coniunxerant,  nocte  fuga  salutem 
petiverunt. 

XCVIII.   Caesar  prima  luce  omn6s  eos  qui  in  monte  con- 

10  sederant  ex  super ioribus  locis  in  planitiem  descendere  atque 
arma  proicere  iussit.  Quod  ubi  sine  recusatione  ^  fecerunt 
passlsque  palmis*  proiecti  ad  terram,  flentes  ab  eo  salutem 
petiverunt,  consolatus  consurgere^  iussit  et  pauca  apud  eos 
de  lenitate  sua  locutus,  quo  minore  essent  timore,  omnes 

15  conservavit  mllitibusque  suls  commendavit  ne  qui  eorum 
violaretur,  neu  quid  sui  deslderarent.^  Hac  adhibita  dili- 
gentia,  ex  castrls  sibi  legiones  alias  occurrere  et  eas  quas 
secum  duxerat  in  vicem  ^  requiescere  ^  atque  in  castra  reverti 
iussit,  eodemque  die  Larlsam  pervenit. 

20  XCIX.  In  eo  proelio  non  amplius  cc  milites  deslderavit," 
sed  centuriones,  fortes  viros,  circiter  xxx  amisit.  Inter- 
fectus  est  etiam  fortissime  pugnans  Crastinus  cuius  men- 
tionem  supra  fecimus,  gladio  in  os  adversum^  coniecto.^'' 
Neque   id   fuit  falsum,  quod  ille  in  pugnam   proficlscens 

25  dixerat.  Sic  enim  Caesar  existimabat,  eo  proelio  excellen- 
tissimam  virttitem  Crastini  fuisse,  optimeque  eum  de  se 
meritum  itidicabat. 

1  sub-luo,  -ere,  -Im,  -lutus,  wash  below,  flow  at  the  base  of. 

2  secludo,  -ere  (se  +  claudo),  shut  off.      «  recusatio,  -onis,  f .,  refusal 

4  palma,  -ae,  f .,  palm  of  the  hand,  hand.    6  con-surgo,  -ere,  rise,  stand  up. 
6  miss,  lose.        ^  gee  Vocab.  under  invicem. 
8  re-quiesco,  -ere,  rest.        ^full  in  the  face. 
1"  con-  is  intensive,  i.e.,  having  received  a  violent  thrust. 


THE    DEATH    OF    POMPEY.  211 

Ex  Pompeiano  exercitu  circiter  inllia  xv  cecidisse  vid6- 
bantur,  sed  in  deditionem  venerunt  amplius  rnllia  xxiv 
(nanique  etiam  cohortes,  quae  praesidio  in  castellis  fuerant, 
sese  Sullae  dediderunt),  multi  praeterea  in  finitimas  civitates 
refugerunt,  signaque  militaria  ex  proelio  ad  Caesarem  sunt  5 
rftata  clxxx  et  aquilae  ix.  L.  Domitius  ex  castris  in  mon- 
tem  refugiens,  cum  vires  eum  lassitudine  defecissent,  ab 
equitibus  est  interfectus. 


VI.   The  Death  of  Pompey.     (Ill,  cm,  civ.) 

Pompey,  landing  at  Pelushim  in  Egypt,  is  treacherously  murdered. 

cm.  Quibus  cognitis  rebus,  Pompeius,  deposito  ad- 
eundae  Syriae  consilio,  pecunia  a  societatibus  ^  sublata  et  a  lO 
quibusdam  privatis  sumpta,  et  aeris  magno  pondere  ad 
niilitarem  usum  in  naves  imposito,  duobusque  milibus 
hominum  armatis,  partim  quos  ex  familiis  societatum  d6le- 
gerat,  partim  a  negotiatoribus  ^  coegerat,  quos  ex  suis  ^  quis- 
que  ad  banc  rem  idoneos  existimabat,  Peltisium  *  pervenit.      15 

Ibi  casu  rex  erat  Ptolemaeus,  puer  aetate,  magnis  copiis 
cum  sorore  Cleopatra  bellum  ger6ns,  quam  paucis  ante 
mensibus  per  suos  propinquos  atque  amicos  rggno  expul- 
erat ;  castraque  Cleopatrae  non  longo  spatio  ab  eius  castris 
distabant.*  Ad  eum  Pompeius  misit,  ut  pro  hospitio  atque  20 
amicitia  patris  Alexandrlam  *  reciperetur  atque  illius  opibus 

1  referring  to  the  societates  publicanorum,  or  guilds  of  tax  collectors,  who 
farmed  the  revenues  in  the  provinces. 

2  negotiator,  -toris  (negotior),  m.,  trader,  merchant. 

8  their  followers ;  i.e.,  he  left  the  selection  to  the  traders. 

4  Peliisium,  -i,  n.,  a  town  of  lower  Egypt  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  delta  of 
the  Nile. 

5  disto,  -stare  (dis  +  st5,  stand  apart)  ^  be  distant. 

6  see  Vocab.  under  Alexandria. 


212  Caesar's  civil  war. 

in  calamitate  tegerStur.  Sed  qui  ab  eo  missi  erant,  confecto 
legati5nis  officio,  liberius  cum  militibus  regis  colloqui  coe- 
pgrunt  eosque  hortari  ut  suum  officium  Pompeio  praestarent 
n6ve  eius  forttinam  dSspicerent.     In  hoc  erant  numero  com- 

5  plures  Pompei  mllites,  quos  ex  eius  exercitu  acceptos  in 
Syria  Gabmius  ^  Alexandriam  traduxerat  belloque  confecto 
apud  Ptolomaeum,  patrem  puerl,  reliquerat. 

CIV.   His^tum  cognitis  rebus,  amici  rSgis,  qui   propter 
aetatem  eius  in  procuratione  ^  erant  regnl,  sive  timore  ad- 

10  ducti,  ut  postea  praedicabant,  sollicitato  ^  exercitu  regio  ne 
Pompeius  Alexandriam  Aegyptumque  occuparet,  sive  de- 
specta  eius  fortuna,  ut  plerumque  in  calaraitate  ex  amicis 
inimicl  exsistunt,  eis  qui  erant  ab  eo  missi  palam  liberaliter 
responderunt  eumque  ad  regem  venire  iusserunt ;  ipsi  clam 

15  consilio  inito  Achillam,  praefectum  regiura,"*  singulari 
hominem  audacia,  et  L.  Septimium,  tribunum  militum,  ad 
interficiendum  Pompeium  miserunt.  Ab  his  liberaliter  ipse 
appellatus  et  quadam  notitia*  Septimi  productus,  quod 
bello  praedonum  apud  eum  ordinem^    duxerat,  naviculam 

20  parvulam  conscendit  cum  paucis  suis ;  ibi  ab  Achilla  et 
Septimio  interficitur.  Item  L.  Lentulus  comprehenditur  ab 
rege  et  in  custodia  necatur. 


1  A.  Gabinius,  tribune  of  the  people  in  66  b.c,  when  he  proposed  the  law 
which  gave  Pompey  sole  command  against  the  pirates. 

2  procurStio,  -onis  (procuro),  f.,  charge,  control. 

3  see  lines  1  ff.  above.  ^prefect  of  the  king. 
5  uotitia,  -ae  (of.  nosco),  f.,  acquaintance.               ^  see  p.  174,  note  6. 


RULES  FOR  PEONUJSrCIATION  OF   GREEK  AND 
LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.^ 
Accent. 

1.  A  word   may  have   two,   or  even   three  or  four,   accents;    e.g. 

Flam-i-ni-nus,  Cap-pa-d(3-ci-a. 

2.  If  only  two  syllables  precede  the  primary  accent,  the  secondary 

accent  is  on  the  first ;  e.g.  Ar-ta-x^r-xes. 

3.  In  words  of  two  syllables,  accent  the  first;  e.g.  Re-mus,  L6m-nus. 

4.  In  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  accent  the  penult,  if  long,  other- 

wise the  antepenult ;  e.g.  Col-la-ti-nus,  La-vin-i-a,  Co-rfn-thus. 

Syllabication. 

1.  Two  vowels  coming  together,  and  not  forming  a  diphthong,  must  be 

divided ;  e.g.  De'us. 

2.  A  single  consonant,  or  mute  with  I  or  r,  between  the  last  two  vowels 

of  a  word,  or  between  the  vowels  of  any  two  unaccented  syllables, 
must  be  joined  to  the  latter  vowel ;  e.g.  C6-cles,  P61-o-j?on-ne'-sus. 

3.  A  single  consonant,  or  mute  with  I  or  r,  before  an  accented  vowel 

must  be  joined  to  that  vowel,  so  also  a  single  consonant  after  it, 
except  in  the  penult ;  e.g.  Trds-u-m^-nus. 

EXCEPTIOKS. 

1.  A  single  consonant,  or  mute  with  I  or  r,  after  an  accented  a,  e,  or  o, 

and  before  two  vowels  the  first  of  which  is  e,  i,  or  y,  must  be  joined 
to  the  following  vowel ;  e.g.  Pau-sa'-ni-as. 

2.  A  single  consonant,  or  mute  with  I  or  r,  after  an  accented  m,  must 

be  joined  to  the  following  vowel ;  e.g.  Fu-n-us,  tT-tt-ca,  except 
PM6-li-us. 

Sounds  of  the  Letters. 

Vowels. 
1.   A  vowel  ending  an  accented  syllable  has  its  long  English  sound ; 
e.g.  Tor-gwa-tus,  Gor-f^-na. 

»  These  rules  were  prepared  by  Professor  A.  H.  Pattengfll,  of  the  Unireriity  of  Michi- 
gan, and  have  been  used  by  him  for  several  years.  They  are  given  without  change,  except 
that  the  examples  have  been  taken  as  far  as  possible  from  the  Text. 

The  marks  of  quantity  are  intended  to  indicate  the  sound  of  the  vowels  in  English. 

213 


214  RULES   FOR  PRONUNCIATION. 

(a)  But  a  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable  has  the  sound 
of  a  in  America  ;  e.g.  Fa-16-ri-us,  Ldmp-sa-cus. 

(6)  E^  0,  and  u  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable  have 
nearly  the  same  sound  as  when  accented,  only  not  so  dis- 
tinct ;  e.g.  Ldc-e-dse-mon. 

(c)  (1)   I  final  has  its  long  sound  ;  e.g.  'D€[-ph'l. 

(2)  I  at  the  end  of  unaccented  syllable,  not  final,  has 

an  obscure  sound  much  like  e;  e.g.  At-^i-ca. 

(3)  I  has  its  long  sound  in  the  first  syllable  of  a  word, 

the  second  of  which  is  accented,  when  it  either 
stands  alone  before  a  consonant;  e.g.  7-be-rus ; 
or  ends  a  syllable  before  a  vowel ;  e.g.  Dl-a-na. 
{d)    Y  =  I  in  all  cases. 
2.   A  vowel  has  its  short  English  sound  when  followed  by  a  consonant 

in  the  same  syllable  ;  e.g.  Scip-\-o,  Or-chdm-e-nos. 
Exception.  — Es  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  pronounced  like  the  English 
word  ease ;  e.g.  Mil-tt-a-cZes. 

Diphthongs. 

1.  Ae  and  ce  =  e  in  all  cases  ;  e.g.  Lce-vi-nus,  J5(B-5-ti-a. 

2.  When  at,  ei,  Oh  and  yi  are  accented  and  followed  by  another  vowel, 

the  i  =  initial  y,  as  in  your,  and  the  vowel  before  it  has  its  long 
sound  ;  e.g.  A-chaf-a  (pronounced  A-cha-ya). 

3.  Au  =  aw,  in  law  ;  e.gr,  CZaw-di-us,  Tau-ms. 

4.  Eu  =  n  long  ;  e.g.  Eu-ho€-a.. 

Consonants. 

The  consonants  have  in  general  the  same  sounds  as  in  English. 

1.  C  and  g  are  soft  before  e,  i,  y,  se  and  ce  ;  e.g.  A-^es-i-la-us,  Cor-cJ-ra. 

2.  Ch  always  has  the  sound  of  k  ;  e.g.  Chi-os,  Cha-hri-as. 

3.  O,  s,  and  t  before  i  preceded  by  an  accented  syllable  and  followed  by 

a  vowel  have  the  spund  of  sh  ;  e.g.,  Sic-j-on  (Sfsh-e-on),  Bce-6-ti-a. 

4.  After  s,  t,  or  x,  t  keeps  its  hard  sound  ;  e.g.  C\?is-tid-i-\im.     So  also 

in  the  termination,  -tion. 

Note.  — These  rules  are  not  intended  to  be  complete,  but  they  are 
complete  enough  for  all  practical  purposes.  The  most  important  rules 
are  those  for  syllabication,  and  without  a  correct  knowledge  of  these, 
accuracy  is  impossible. 


HINTS   TO   THE  PUPIL." 

I.  Pronunciation  and  Beading  of  the  Latin.  —First  read  the  assigned 
lesson  through,  aloud  if  possible,  iu  the  original,  taking  care  to  pro- 
nounce correctly,  and  to  indicate  clearly  the  distinction  between  long 
and  short  vowels.  Kead  the  directions  for  pronunciation  in  your  gram- 
mar. 2  Observe  that  the  pronunciation  of  u  is  like  that  in  English  rude, 
not  as  in  tune,  unite,  etc.  Notice  also  that  the  e,  i,  o,  u  differ  from  e,  i, 
0,  u  not  only  in  quantity,  but  in  quality  as  well,  the  latter  being  close, 
and  the  former  open  vowels.  Be  careful  about  the  pronunciation  of  con- 
sonant i,  of  V,  of  hs  and  ht,  of  c,  g,  s,  and  x,  and  of  the  aspirates  (ph, 
ch,  th).  Of  two  doubled  consonants  each  is  distinctly  sounded;  e.g. 
il-le,  Metel-lus.     This  is  not  the  case  in  English  ;  e.g.  in  wholly. 

Be  careful  to  place  the  accent  correctly.^  Remember  that  the  accent 
depends  not  on  the  quantity  of  the  vowels,  but  of  the  syllables;  e.g. 
Metel-lus,  profec-tus. 

As  you  read,  try  to  divide  the  sentences  into  parts,  according  to  the 
grammatical  relations  of  the  words  to  one  another.  These  will  often 
correspond  to  the  marks  of  punctuation,  but  not  always :  e.g.  Post 
hunc  I  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium,  \  genitus  ex  nobili  femind  \ 
captlvd  tamen  et  famuld.  | 

Try  to  understand  the  meaning  of  the  Text  as  far  as  possible,  before 
translating  it  into  English.  Look  up  in  the  Vocabulary  the  words  whose 
meaning  you  do  not  know,  and  try  to  fix  their  signification  permanently 
in  your  mind.  It  will  help  the  memory,  if  you  notice  the  derivation  of 
the  words,  or  if  you  associate  them  with  English  words  which  are  de- 
scended from  them.  Do  not  look  up  the  same  word  day  after 
day,  but  learn  its  meaning  the  first  time  you  meet  it. 

II.  Translation  into  English.  —  When  you  have  read  the  lesson  care- 
fully in  Latin,  translate  it  into  the  best  possible  English.  Remember 
that  Latin  and  English  are  different  languages  with  different  idioms,  and 

»  These  Hints  are  the  result  of  practical  experience  in  the  class-room,  and  an  attempt 
has  been  made  to  warn  the  pupil  against  the  errors  which  he  is  constantly  liable  to  make. 
•B.8;  A.  8;  H.  10-12. 
»B.6;  A.  12;  H.  16-18. 

216 


216  HINTS   TO   THE   PUPIL. 

that  the  one  cannot  be  translated  word  for  word  into  the  other.  Keep 
as  close  as  possible  to  the  original ;  but  do  not  attempt  to  translate  lit- 
erally, when  the  Latin  idiom  differs  from  the  English.  E.g.  pollicitus 
est  se  hoc  facturum  esse,  '  he  promised  that  he  would  do  this ' ;  ed  re  cog- 
nitd,  '■when  this  was  known,'  ^  since  this  was  known,'  etc.,  according  to 
the  context. 

Observe  that  many  Latin  words  cannot  be  translated  by  the  corre- 
sponding English  word :  for  example  generosus.  Note  the  Latin  deri- 
vation and  the  exact  meaning  of  such  words. 

Avoid  such  stereotyped  translations  as  ille,  '  that  one ' ;  quidam,  '  a 
certain  one' ;  quidem,  'indeed'  ;  ipse,  *self'  or  'very.'  Find  out  what 
the  exact  force  of  the  word  is  in  each  instance,  and.  render  it  accordingly. 

III.  Histoid,  Geography,  Mythology,  and  Antiquities.  —  In  order  to 
read  the  Latin  authors  easily  and  appreciatively,  it  is  necessary  not  only 
to  have  the  ability  to  understand  and  to  translate  the  text,  but  to  gain  as 
well  a  knowledge  of  the  historical  environment,  and  of  the  conditions  of 
Roman  life.  This  may  be  acquired  gradually,  by  carefully  noticing  all 
references  of  that  nature.  The  necessary  information  is  given  in  the 
Notes  and  Vocabulary.  In  the  case  of  geographical  names,  do  not  be 
content  to  be  told  the  location  of  a  place,  but  find  its  exact  position  on 
the  map.  If  the  Vocabulary,  for  example,  tells  you  that  Sparta  was  the 
capital  of  Laconia,  turn  to  the  map  of  Greece,  and  find  out  where  La- 
conia  was  situated,  and  in  what  part  of  the  state  Sparta  was  located. 

IV.  Grammatical  Drill.  —  The  study  of  constructions  is  valuable  and 
necessary,  not  for  its  own  sake,  but  as  a  means  of  translating  and  of 
writing  Latin  i  correctly.  Eor  both  purposes  it  is  necessary  to  under- 
stand the  meaning  of  the  cases,  and  of  the  moods  and  tenses.  Look  up 
all  grammatical  references. 

*  See  the  Exercises  for  Translation  into  Latin,  p.  85T. 


NOTES. 

I.   FABLES. 

1.    The  Hawk  and  the  Doves, 

Page  27.  1.  Columbae ;  nom.  pi.,  subject  of  rogaverunt  For  the 
agreement  see  B.i  254,  1;  A.  316;  H.  388.  milvi:  objective  gen., 
depending  on  metu.  See  B.  200  ;  A.  348  ;  H.  440,  2.  metu :  '  because 
of  fear,'  '  through  fear '  ;  abl.  of  cause.  See  B.  219 ;  A.  404 ;  H.  475. 
accipitrem :  notice  that  the  nom.  case  appears  in  the  title  of  the  fable, 
rogaverunt:  this  verb  may  take  two  objects  ;  see  B.  178,  1,  a ;  A.  396  ; 
H.  411.  In  this  instance  accipitrem  is  one  of  the  objects,  while  the  other 
is  the  purpose-clause  ut  .  .  .  defenderet,  which  is  therefore  called  a  sub- 
stantive clause ;  see  B.  282,  1 ;  295,  1 ;  A.  563  ;  H.  665.  Trans.  '  asked  a 
hawk  to  defend  them.'  eas :  '  them ' ;  the  dem.  pron.  is  often  used  as  a 
third  personal  pron. 

2.  nie  :  '  he ' :  i.e.  amjpiYer.  Cf.  eas  above.  annult:  note  the  deriv. 
and  lit.  meaning.  See  Vocab.  in  columbarium  :  note  the  meaning  of 
in  with  the  ace.     See  B.  143  ;  A.  220,  c  ;  221, 12  ;  H.  420,  3  ;  490, 3.  re- 

ceptus  :  '  when  he  had  been  received.'  Do  not  trans,  the  perf.  pass.  part, 
literally  ;  in  this  case  see  B.  337,  2,  a  ;  A.  496  ;  H.  638, 1.  uno  dig  :  Mn 
a  single  day.'  For  the  case  see  B.  231  ;  A.  423,  1  ;  H.  487.  3.  quam  : 
*  than.'  longo  tempore  :  see  note  on  uno  die,  1.  2,  above.  4.  potuis- 
aet :  B.  304,  1 ;  A.  617 ;  H.  679.  The  condition  is  implied  in  longo  tempore^ 

*  B.  =  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar ;  A.  =  Allen  and  Greenough's  New  Latin  Grammar; 
H.  =  Harkness's  Complete  Latin  Grammar.  Eeferences  like  this,  p.  10,  I.  8,  are  to  the  pages 
of  this  book.  Translations  of  Latin  words  or  phrases  are  in  single  quotation  marks.  The 
explanations  of  proper  names,  and  the  location  of  places,  are  given  mainly  in  the  Vocabulary. 

abl.  =  "  ablative  "  ;  abs.  =  "  absolute  "  ;  cf.  (con/«r)  =■"  compare  "  ;  so.  {soUic«i)'= 
"  supply,"  "  understood  "  ;  n.  =  "  note  "  ;  Rem.  =  "  remark  "  ;  Vocab.  —  "  Vocabulary,"  at 
the  end  of  the  book;  dir.  disc.  =  "  direct  discourse";  Ind.  disc- "indirect  discourse" 
{praUd  oUiqtta)  ;  constr.  =  "construction  "  ;  1.  ■=  " line " ;  p.  =  "  page  " ;  pp. «  " pages " ; 
lit.  =  ••  literal,"  " literally  "  ;  trans.  =  "  translate  "  or  "  translation  " ;  derir.  -  "derivation." 

For  other  abbreviations  see  the  list  preceding  the  Vocabulary. 

217 


218  NOTES   TO   FA15LES.  [Page  27. 

which  =  'if  he  had  tried  for  a  long  time.'  See  B.  305,  1  ;  A.  521,  a  ; 
H.  575,  9.  edere  :  a  so-called  complementary  inf.,  depending  upon 
potuisset.  B.  328,  1 ;  A.  456  ;  H.  607.  5.  malonim  :  '  of  the  wicked.' 
The  adj.  is  here  used  as  a  noun  ;  see  Vocab.  and  B.  236,  1  ;  A.  288  ; 
H.  494.  patrocinium  .  .  .  vitandum  esse :  ind.  disc.  Study  carefully 
B.  313  ;  314,  1 ;  A.  578-580  ;  H.  G4J  ;  642.  Trans,  by  a  clause  intro- 
duced by  '■that.''  For  the  meaning  of  vitandum  see  B.  337,  7  ;  A.  500 ; 
H.  621 ;  531. 

2.    Tlie  Mouse  and  the  Kite. 

6.  laqueis :  for  the  case  see  B.  218  ;  A.  409 ;  H.  476.  irretitus : 
*  that  had  become  entangled.'  See  note  on  acceptus,  1.  2.  musculum :  a 
diniin.  of  mus.  On  the  meaning  of  the  suffix  -cuius  see  B.  148  ;  A.  243  ; 
H.  340.  exoravit :  note  the  force  of  the  prep.  ex-.  Cf.  exordre  with 
ordre;  see  Vocab.  ut  .  .  .  liberaret:  'to  free.'  See  note  on  w^  .  .  . 
defenderet,  1.  1  above.  eum :  i.e.  milvum.  corr5sis  plagis :  'by 
gnawing  the  nets.'  See  B.  227  ;  A.  419  ;  H.  489.  Do  not  trans,  the  abl. 
abs.  literally.  7.  Quo  facto  :  'when  this  had  been  done,' i.e.  when  the 
mouse  had  gnawed  the  nets.  See  note  on  corrosis  plagis  above.  Note 
the  trans,  of  quo  ;  we  have  here,  as  is  often  the  case,  a  rel.  pron.  introduc- 
ing a  sentence  where  in  Eng.  we  should  have  a  dem.  pron.  9.  osten- 
dit :  what  is  the  object  of  this  verb ;  i.e.  what  does  the  fable  show  ? 
quam  :  *  what,'  the  interrog.  pron.  used  as  an  adj.  mail :  see  note  on 
malorum,  1.  5  above.  pro  :  '  in  return  for.'  beneficiis  :  deriv. ;  see 
Vocab.  10.  reddere :  see  note  on  edere,  1.  4  above.  soleant :  a 
semi-deponent  verb ;  see  B.  114, 1 ;  A.  192  ;  H.  267  ;  224.  For  the  mood 
see  B.  300,  1 ;  A.  573  ;  H.  649,  ii. 

3.    TJie  Crane  and  the  Peacock. 

11.  grue :  for  the  declension  see  B.  41,  2  ;  A.  79,  a  ;  H.  107, 2.  suas  : 
B.  85;  A.  299;  H.  502-504.  explicans:  'that  was  spreading  out.' 
Quanta :  takes  its  gen.  and  number  from  formositds.  12.  inquit :  a 
defective  verb  ;  see  B.  134  ;  A.  206,  h  ;  H.  300.  formositas  :  this  word, 
with  deformitds,  levitds,  and  tarditds,  is  a  predicate  noun  ;  see  B.  167  ; 
168 ;  A.  283  ;  H.  393.  14.  Monet  .  .  .  ne  .  .  .  contemnamus  : 
'warns  us  not  to  look  down  on.'  See  note  on  ut  ..  .  defenderet,  1.  1 
above.  bonum:  'good  thing,'  'blessing.'  quod  :  antecedent ?  see 
B.  250,  1  ;  A.  305  ;  H.  396.  nobis :  for  the  constr.  see  B.  187,  i ;  A. 
362 ;     H.    424.  15.    alia :     for    the    trans,    cf .    bonum,   in    1.    14, 

16.   maiora :   see  note  on  alia,  1.  15  above. 


Page  28.]  NOTES  TO  EABLES.  219 


4.    The  Peacock. 

Page  28.  1.  graviter :  for  the  formation  of  this  adv.  see  B.  76,  1  ; 
A.  214,  6;  H.  309.  apud  :  'in  the  presence  of.'  The  peacock  was 
sacred  to  Juno.  dominam:  for  the  constr.  see  B.  169,  1,  2  ;  A.  282 ; 
H.  393.  2.  quod  .  .  .  negata  esset :  the  subj.  because  the  reason  is 
given  as  that  of  the  peacock,  not  of  the  writer  of  the  fable.    See  B.  286,  1  ; 

A.  540  ;  H.  588.  sibi  :  see  note  on  suds,  p.  27,  1.  11  above.  dum: 
'while.'  3.  avis:  see  note  on  dominam,  1.  1.  tarn  parum :  'not 
very ' ;  lit.  '  so  little.'  cantu :  for  the  case  see  B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480. 
Cui  :  for  the  use  of  the  rel.  as  a  connective  see  note  on  quo  facto,  p.  27, 
1.  7  above.  et  meritd  :  sc.  hoc  ita  est,  i.e.  that  the  peacock  excels  in 
beauty  but  not  in  song,  while  the  reverse  is  true  of  the  nightingale. 
4.  bona  :  for  the  trans,  see  note  on  bonum,  p.  27,  1.  14  above.  in 
unum:  'upon  one  (creature).'  conferri  oportuit :  'ought  not  to 
have  been  bestowed.'  On  oportuit  see  B.  138,  ii ;  A.  208,  c  ;  H.  302,  1,  2  ; 
and  on  its  use  with  the  pres.  inf.,  B.  270,  2  ;  A.  486,  a  ;  H.  618,  2. 

5.  The  Geese  and  the  Cranes. 

6.  eodem :  notice  that  only  the  first  part  of  the  word  is  declined, 
quondam :  '  once  upon  a  time.'  Note  the  order,  which  is  a  common  one 
in  Latin.  7.  Adveniente  domino  :  abl.  abs.  expressing  time.  How 
should  it  be  translated  ?  AVhen  does  the  abl.  sing,  of  the  pres.  part,  end 
in  -e,  and  when  in  -i  ?  See  B.  70,  3  ;  A.  121,  a  ;  H.  128, 1.  facile  :  adv.  ; 
see  Vocab.  and  B.  77,  3 ;  A.  214,  d ;  H.  306,  3.  avolabant :  '  flew 
away'  ;  note  the  deriv.  8.  impediti:  B.  337,  /;  A.  496  ;  H.  638,  1. 
gravitate  :  for  the  case  see  J3.  219  ;  A.  404  ;  H.  475.  dgprehSnsI : 

sc.  su7it.  10.  pauperes  :  used  substantively  ;  cf.  malorum,  p.  27, 1.  6. 
cum   potentioribus  :   see  B.  222  ;  A.  413  ;  H.  473.  11.   illi :  i.s. 

potentiores.        salvi  :  a  pred.  adj.  ;  see  B.  233,  2  ;  A.  285,  2  ;  H.  394. 

6.  The  She-goat  and  the  Wolf. 

12.  in :  '  upon.'  13.  inquit :  what  is  the  subject  ?  loca  :  note 
that  locus  has  two  forms  for  the  n.  pi. ;  for  the  difference  in  meaning  see 

B.  60  2  •  A.  106,  b  ;  H.  147,  1.  hnc  :  what  is  the  difference  in  meaning 
between  Mc,  hue,  and  hinc?  See  Vocab.  14.  in  campos  :  see  note 
on  in  columbarium,  p.  27,  1.  2.  15.  Cui:  see  note  on  Cui,  1.  3 
above.  Mihi  non  est  in  animo  :  '  I  do  not  intend '  ;  note  the  lit. 
meaning.     On  mihi  see  B.  190;  A.  373;  H.  430.         16.    dulcia  tatis 


220  NOTES   TO   FABLES.  [Pages  28-29. 

praeponere :  this  phrase  is  the  subject  of  est.  On  dulcia  and  tutis  see 
B.  236,  2 ;  A.  288  ;  H.  494.  On  tutis,  B.  187,  iii ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429. 
dulcia  is  the  object  of  -ponere^,  while  tutls  is  governed  hy  prae-. 

7.    TJie  Dog  and  the  Oxen. 

17.  iacSbat :  distinguish  in  meaning  between  iaceo  and  iacio. 
boves  :  for  the  declension  see  B.  41  ;  A.  79 ;  H.  107.  l^trando  : 
'by  barking,'  a  gerund  expressing  means;  see  B.  338,  4;  A.  507;  H. 
624  ;  625.  18.    bourn  :    for  the   constr.   see  B.  201 ;   A.  346,  a,  2  ; 

H.  442.  Quanta :  see  note  on  Quanta,  p.  27,  1.  11.  ista  :  carries 
with  it  an  idea  of  contempt.    See  B.  246,  4  ;   A.  297,  c ;    H.   507,  3. 

19.  quod  non  pateris :  cf.  quod  .  .  .  negdta  esset,  p.  28,  1.  2.  AVhat 
mood  and  tense  is  pateris  ?  What  does  the  mood  denote  ?  ut  .  .  . 
vescamur  :  see  note  on  ut  .  .  .  defenderet,  p.  27, 1.  1.  cibo  :  for  the 
case  see  B.  218,  1;  A.  410;   H.  477,  i.        Ipse:  intensive;   'yourself.' 

20.  veils  .  .  .  possis :  why  subj.  ?  See  B.  283  ;  A.  535 ;  H.  591.  For 
the  conjugation  of  veils  see  B.  130  ;  A.  199 ;  H.  295. 

8.    The  Oxen. 

22.  In  .  .  .  pascSbantur  :  of.  the  beginning  of  Fable  5.  concor- 
dia  :  deriv.  ?  See  Vocab.  23.  sic:  'so,'  'therefore,'  i.e.  because  of 
the  maxima  concordid.  ab  .  .  .  incursione  :  see  B.  214  ;  A.  400 ; 
H.  461.  Note  the  position  of  ferdrum  ;  for  the  case  see  B.  199 ;  A.  343 
and  N.  1 ;  H.  440,  1. 

Page  29.  1.  discidio  .  .  .  orto  :  what  does  the  abl.  abs.  denote  ? 
How  should  it  be  translated  ?  Note  the  position  of  inter  eos.  petiti : 
sc.  sunt.  3.  quantum  boni  :  '  how  muth  good.'  See  note  on  bourn, 
p.  28,  1. 18.        sit :  for  the  mood  see  note  on  soleant,  p.  27, 1. 10. 

9.    TJie  Ass. 

4.  pelle  :  see  note  on  laqueis,  p.  27,  1.  6  above.  indutus  :  '  clad.' 
5.  tamquam  :  '  just  as  if.'  esset :  for  the  mood  and  tense  see  B.  307, 
1  ;  A.  524 ;  H.  584.  dum  .  .  .  movet :  for  the  mood  and  tense  see 
B.  293,  I ;  A.  556  ;  H.  603,  i.  celerius :  '  rather  quickly ' ;  see 
B.  240,  1  ;  A.  291,  a  ;  H.  498.  6.  unde  :  '  for  this  reason,'  i.e.  be- 
cause aures  hninehant.  agnitus  .  .  .  abductus  est :  '  was  recog- 
nized and  taken  away.'  7.  petulantiae  :  gen.  case  modifying  poends. 
poents  dedit :  see  Vocab.  under  poends.  8.  honoribus :  abl.  of 
cause. 


Page  29.]  NOTES  TO   FABLES.  221 


10.    The  Woman  and  the  Hen, 

10.  mulier  quaedam :  '  a  woman.'  Notice  that  quidam  (see  Vocab.) 
is  very  frequently  equivalent  to  the  Eng.  indef.  article.  11.  pariSbat : 
principal  parts  ?  Cf .  paro  and  pared.  Hinc  :  '  from  this  circum- 
stance,' 'for  this  reason,'  i.e.  because  cottidie  ovum  pariebat  aureum 
(galllna).  coepit:  sc.  mulier.  illam  .  .  .  cSiare:  in  ind.  disc,  after 
suspicdri;  see  note  on  patrocinium  .  .  .  vitandum  esse,  p.  27, 1.  5.  illam 
=  galllnam.  12.  repperit :  from  reperio.  Notice  the  spelling  of  the 
perfect,  which  was  originally  -peperi ;  hence  the  pp.  13.  nisi  :  '  ex- 
cept.' quod:  =  id  quod.  14.  divitiis:  for  the  case  see  note  on 
tutis,  p.  28,  1.  16  above.        min5rgs :  sc.  divitids. 


11.  The  Fox  and  the  Grapes. 

15.  in:  'upon.'  conspicata:  note  the  gender,  and  see  B.  15,  b, 
N.  2;  A.  34,  N.  ;  H.  71.  16.  si  .  .  .  posset:  'to  see  whether  it 
could.'  See  B.  300,  3,  a  ;  A.  576,  a  ;  H.  649,  ii,  3.  17.  dgfatlgSta: 
sc.  vulpes.  18.  etiam:  'also,'  i.e.  sour  as  well  as  hard  to  get. 
acerbae:  sc,  eae  =  uvae.  repertas  .  .  .  toUerem:  cf.  longo  tem- 
pore .  .  .  potuisset,  p.  27,  1.  3.  'I  would  not  pick  them  up  (tollerem), 
if  I  found  them    {repertas)   in  the  road.'  19.    mxiltSs  .  .   .  con- 

temnere:  ind.  disc,  with  docet.        20.   se  .  .  .  posse:  ind.  disc,  with 
desperent. 

12.  The  Wolf  and  the  Crane. 

21.  OS :  what  two  words  of  different  meanings  have  this  same  form  ? 
Note  the  difference  in  quantity.  See  Vocab.  inhaeserat :  notice  the 
tense.  Mercede  :  for  the  case  see  B.  225  ;  A.  416  ;  H.  478.  con- 
ducit :  for  the  tense  see  B.  259,  3  ;  A.  469 ;  H.  532,  3.  22.  qui 
.  .  .  extrahat :  '  to  remove  it ' ;  a  rel.  clause  of  purpose.  See  B.  282, 
2;  A.  531,  2;  H.  590.  Hoc:  i.e.  the  removal  of  the  bone.  lon- 
gitudlne:  abl.  of  cause.  facile:  see  note  on  facile,  p.  28,  1.  7. 
23.  Cum  .  .  .  postularet:  for  the  mood  see  B.  288,  1,  b  ;  A.  546  ;  H. 
600,  II.  24.  dentibua  InfrendSns:  'gnashing  his  teeth.'  Observe 
that  in  Latin  the  abl.  of  means  is  used  ;  lit.  '  gnashing  with  his  teeth.' 
Num  :  learn  the  force  of  nwm,  nonne,  and  -ne  in  interrog.  sentences. 
See  B.  162,  2,  a-c,  A.  332;  H.  378.  mercSs:  a  pred.  noun.  What 
is  the  subject  of  videtur  f  25.  vid6tur:  for  the  special  meaning  of 
video  in  the  pass,  see  Vocab.         quod:  '  that.* 


222  NOTES   TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  [Page  30. 


II.   EOMAN   HISTOEY. 

§1.    Page   30.     1.    Antiquissimis :    'very   early.'       See  B.    240,  2 
A.  291,  6 ;  H.  498.        temporibus  :  for  the  case  see  B.  280  ;  A,  423,  1 
H.  486.        in  Italiam  :  for  the  meaning  of  in  with  the  ace.  see  B.  143 
A.  220,  c;   221,  12;  H.  420,  3;  490,  .3.        venisse  dicitur :  'is  said  to 
have  come,'  the  pass,  personal  constr.     See  B.  332,  c ;  A.  582  ;  H.  611. 
Notice  that  the  action  of  the  verb  venisse  takes  place  before  that  of 
dicitur.     See  B.  270,  1  ;  A.  486  ;  584  ;  H.  617-620.     What  would  be  the 
meaning  of  venire  dicitur;  of  venturus  esse  dicitur? 

2.  laniculo :  'the  Janiculum,'  a  hill  on  the  west  side  of  the  river 
Tiber.  See  Vocab.  eamque  Satumiam  :  two  accusatives,  objects  of 
appelldvit,  both  referring  to  the  same  thing,  the  latter  being  a  pred.  ace. 
See  B.  177,  1  ;  A.  393  ;  H.  410.  3.  Italos  .  .  .  culturam :  two  accu- 
satives, objects  of  docuit,  one  referring  to  the  person  affected,  the  other  to 
the  result  produced.  See  B.  178,  1,  &  ;  A.  396  ;  H.  41L  primus  .  .  . 
docuit:  'was  the  first  to  teach.'  See  B.  241,  2;  A.  290;  H.  497,  3. 
Frimumy  in  place  of  primus^  would  mean  '  the  first  thing  he  did  was  to 
teach.' 

§  2.  5.  in  illis  regionibus  :  for  the  constr  see  B.  228 ;  A.  426,  3  ;  H. 
483.  imperavit :  here  used  intransitively,  or  absolutely.  See  B.  174, 
a  ;  A.  273,  2,  n.  2  ;  H.  404,  4.  Sub :  under  the  rule  of.'  6.  Troia : 
Troy  was  captured  and  destroyed  by  the  allied  forces  of  the  Greeks,  under 
the  lead  of  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycenae.  The  event  is  supposed  to 
jave  taken  place  at  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century  e.g.  in  Asia : 
on  the  meaning  of  in  with  the  abl.  see  B.  143  ;  A.  220,  c  ;  221,  12  ;  H, 
420,  3  ;  490,  3.  Cf.  in  Italiam,  1.  1  above.  Hinc :  '  from  this  place,' 
'  thence,'  i.e.  from  Troy.  Learn  from  the  Vocab.  the  meanings  of  hie, 
hue,  hinc.  Aeneas,  Anchisae  :  see  Vocab.  For  the  declension  of 
these  Greek  nouns  see  B.  22;  A.  44;  H.  81.  filius:  for  the  constr. 
see  B.  169,  1,2;  A.  282 ;  H.  393. 

7.    cum   multis   Troianis :    abl.   of  accompaniment.      See  B.    222 ; 

A.  413;  H.  473.  quibus :  for  the  case  see  B.  187,  ii,  a;  A.  367; 
H.  426,  2.  Graecorum :  see  note  on  Troia,  1.  6  above.  8.  aufu- 
git :  meaning  of  au-  ?  What  is  the  length  of  the  root  vowel  in  the  present 
tense  ?  See  Vocab.  pervenit :  force  of  per-.  What  is  the  quantity 
of  the  root  vowel  in  the  pres.  ?  ei  benigne  recepto  .  .  .  dedit: 
'received  him  kindly  and  gave  to  him.'     Note  the  lit.  trans.,  and  see 

B.  336,  3  ;  A.  489 ;  H.  640.     For  the  case  of  el  see  B.  187,  i  ;  A.  302  ; 


Page  30.]  NOTES   TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  223 

H.  424.  9.  Laviniam :  see  note  on  films,  1.  6  above.  10.  con- 
iugis  :  objective  gen.  with  honorem.  See  B.  200 ;  A.  348  ;  H.  440,  2. 
quam  .  .  .  Lavinium  :  see  note  on  eamque  JSdturniam,  1.  2  above. 

§  3.  12.  post :  governs  what  word  ?  See  B.  350,  7,  a ;  H.  676,  2. 
13.    sedem  regni:    'seat  of  government.'  14.   in:    'on,'    'upon.' 

monte  Albano  :  see  Vocab.  Albam  Longam  :  the  city  was  so  called 
because  it  stretched  in  a  long  line  along  the  mons  Albdnus.  nuncu- 
pavit :  derivation  ?  See  Vocab.  15.  eum  :  '  him.'  For  this  use  of 
the  dem.  pron.  see  B.  247,  2  ;  A.  297,  d  ;  H.  180 ;  181.  16.  5  LSvi- 
nia  :  abl.  of  source.  See  B.  215  ;  A.  403,  a,  n.  1 ;  H.  467.  ad  Romam 
conditam  :  '  until  the  founding  of  Rome.'  Note  the  lit.  trans,  and  see 
B.  337,  5  ;  A.  497  ;  H.  636,  4.  The  traditional  date  of  the  founding  of 
Rome  is  753  b.c.  17.  Albae :  locative  case.  How  translated  ?  See 
B.  232,  1  ;  A.  427,  3  ;  H.  483. 

§  4.  18.  horum  :  i.  e.  of  those  who  ruled  at  Alba.  rSgum :  what 
use  of  the  gen.  ?  See  B.  201  ;  A.  346,  a,  2 ;  H.  442.  86  .  .  .  esse : 
inf.  with  subject  ace.  in  ind.  disc,  introduced  by  diicebat.  Study  care- 
fully B.  313  ;  314,  1  ;  A.  578-580  ;  H.  641  ;  642.  Trans.  '  that  he  was.' 
Notice  that  esse  represents  time  contemporaneous  with  that  of  dlcebat. 
se  is  a  reflexive  pron.  See  B.  85  ;  A.  299  ;  H.  502-504.  love  :  the 
nom.  case  is  luppiter.  See  B.  41  ;  A.  79,  b  ;  H.  107,  3.  For  the  case  see 
B.  217,  1  ;  A.  406  ;  H.  471.  19.  dicebat :  '  was  wont  to  say.'  See 
B.  260,  2  ;  A.  470  ;  H.  534,  3.  cum  .  .  .  tonaret :  on  the  mood  see  B. 
288,  1,  B ;  A.  545  ;  H.  600,  ii.  tonaret  is  an  impersonal  verb.  See  B. 
138  ;  A.  208,  a  ;  H.  302,  2.  mHitibus  imperavit :  see  note  on  quibus, 
1.  7  above.  ut  .  .  .  perouterent :  'to  strike,'  a  subst.  clause  of  pur- 
pose.    See  B.  295,  1 ;  A.  563 ;  H.  565. 

20.  hastis :  abl.  of  means  or  instrument ;  B.  218  ;  A.  409 ;  H.  476. 
multo  clariorem:  'much  louder.'     For  the  case  of  mnlto  see  B.  223  ; 

A.  414  ;  H.  479.  hunc  sonum  .  .  .  esse :  'that  this  sound  was'  ;  see 
note  on  se  .  .  .  esse,  1.  18  above.  21.  quam  tonitrum:  tonitrum  is 
in  the  same  case  as  the  thing  with  which  it  is  compared  (sonum)  ;  see 

B.  217,  2  ;  A.  407  and  a;  H.  471,  1.  What  other  way  of  expressing  com- 
parison ?  cf.  love,  1.  18  above.        ictus  :  sc.  est. 

§  5.  23.  Proca  :  the  twelfth  in  the  series  of  the  Alban  kings.  See  B. 
21,  1  i  A.  42  Exc. ;  H.  78,  5.  24.  Horum:  see  note  on  regum,  1.  18 
above.  minor  natu :  '  the  younger.'  For  the  case  of  ndtu  see  B.  226  ; 
A.  418  ;  H.  480. 


224  NOTES  TO  ROMAN    HISTORY.  [Page  31. 

Page  31.  1.  utrum  .  .  .  vellet,  an  bona:  sc.  habere;  a  double  ind. 
question,  depending  on  optionem  dedit.  See  B.  162,  4  ;  A.  335  ;  H.  380 ; 
and  for  the  mood  of  vellet,  B.  300,  4  ;  A.  673  ;  674  ;  H.  649,  ii ;  650. 
2.  reliquisset :  the  plup.  and  not  the  perf .  is  used  because  the  action  of 
the  verb  is  prior  to  that  of  vellet,  upon  which  it  depends.  The  subj.  is 
used  because  quae  .  .  .  reliquisset  is  a  part  of  the  ind.  quest.  This  use 
is  sometimes  called  subj.  by  attraction  ;  see  B.  824,  1 ;  A.  593. 

§  6.  4.  ut  .  .  .  possidSret :  a  purpose  clause,  expressing  the  design 
of  Amulius  in  killing  the  son  of  Numitor.  See  B.  282  ;  A.  530  ;  531 ; 
H.  568.  5.  frStris:  i.e.  of  whom?  miam  .  .  .  Vestaiem  virgl- 
nem  fSclt :  see  note  on  eamque  Sdturniam,  p.  30,  1.  2.  The  Vestal 
Virgins  were  priestesses  of  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  the  hearth.  They  were 
bound  by  a  vow  of  chastity,  a  violation  of  which  was  punished  by  burial 
alive.        6.    sacerdotibus  :  dat.  case  with  licet. 

6.  vlro  nUbere :  *  to  marry,'  lit.  '  to  veil  oneself  (as  a  bride)  for  the 
bridegroom.'  For  the  case  of  viro  see  B.  187,  ii ;  A.  368,  3  ;  H.  424,  3. 
nubere  is  the  subject  of  licet;  see  B.  327,  1 ;  A.  454  ;  H.  615.  haec  : 
i.e.  who?  8.  cum  .  .  .  comperisset :  ct.  cmn  .  .  .  tondret,  p.  30, 
1.  19.  Observe  that  the  time  of  comperisset  is  prior  to  that  of  the  verb  on 
which  it  depends,  i.e.  coniecit.  9.  matrem  :  sc.  puerorum ;  i.e.  Rhea 
Silvia.  10.   abici  lussit:   'commanded  to  be  cast  away.'      abici 

depends  on  iussit.     See  B.  331,  ii ;  A.  663,  a ;  H.  614. 

§  7.  11.  Tiberis  :  gen.  case  limiting  aqua.  ultra  ripam :  inunda- 
tions, caused  by  the  Tiber's  overflowing  its  banks,  were  a  common  occur- 
rence in  the  historical  period  as  well.  s5  :  see  note  on  se,  p.  30,  1.  18. 
12.  essent  positi :  for  the  mood  see  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  598.  re- 
iluens  :  'by  flowing  back,'  a  pres.  act.  part.,  expressing  the  manner  of 
reliquit.     See  B.  337,  2,  c  ;  A.  496  ;  H.  638,  1.  sicco  :  sc.  loco^  '  on 

dry  land.'  13.  ad  eorum  vagitum  :  '  attracted  by  their  crying,'  lit. 
'  lowai-ds  their  crying. '        accurrit :  perf.  tense. 

14.  Quod :  in  Latin  a  rel.  pron.  very  often  introduces  a  sentence, 
where  in  Eng.  we  use  a  dem.  or  pers.  pron.  See  B.  251,  6;  A.  308,/; 
H.  510.      Trans,  'one  Faustulus,  seeing  this.'  illius:    what  case? 

B.  87  ;  A.  146  ;  H.  178.  15.  Accae  Ltrentiae :  see  note  on  fllius, 
p.  30,  1.  6.  uutriendos  :  'to  be  nourished' ;  the  gerundive  (fut»  pass, 
part.)  agrees  with  jmeros,  and  expresses  the  purpose  of  dedit,  B.  337. 
7,  6,  2 ;  A.  500,  4  ;  H,  622.. 


Pages  31-32.]  NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  225 

§  8.  17.  transegerunt :  for  the  agreement  see  B.  255,  1  ;  A.  317  ; 
H.  392.  18.  cum  adolSvissent  .  .  .  comperlasent :  see  no:o  on 
comperisset,  1.  8  above.  quia  .  .  .  avus  :  so.  fuisset  from  the  follow- 
ing  clause,  quis  and'^ime  are  subjects,  each  of  its  own  clause,  while 
avus  and  mater  are  pred.  nouns.  19.  ipsorum :  i.e.  of  Romulus  and 
Remus,  the  subjects  understood  of  adolevissent  and  compenssent.  The 
word  is  here  equivalent  to  a  reflexive  pron.  See  B.  249,  3  ;  A.  300,  6  ; 
H.  509,  5.  fuisset:  subj.  in  an  ind.  question,  dependent  on  com- 
perissent.  See  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  573 ;  574  and  n.  ;  H.  649.  What  would  be 
the  direct  form  of  the  question,  quis  .  .  .  fuisset  ? 

21.  monte  Aventino  !  it  is  believed  by  modern  scholars  that  the  city 
of  Romulus  was  built  rather  on  the  Palatine  Hill,  situated  at  the  south 
corner  of  the  depression  where  the  Forum  Bomanum  was  afterwards 
built.  See  map,  opp.  p.  53.  22.  haec,  i.e.  urbs.  moenibus  :  abl.  of 
means.  See  note  on  hastis,  p.  30,  1.  20  above.  circumdaretur  :  '  was 
being  surrounded.'  23.  dura  .  .  .  transilit :  on  the  mood  and  tense 
see  B.  293,  i ;  A.  556;  H.  604,  1.  irridSns :  the  pres.  part,  expressing 
the  attendant  circumstances  of  transilit.  Cf.  refluens^  1.  12  above,  and 
the  note. 

§  9.  24.  ut  .  .  .  augeret :  ct.  ut  .  .  .  possideret,  1.  4  above.  asy- 
lum :  the  asylum  is  supposed  to  have  been  opened  in  the  natural  depres- 
sion lying  between  the  northeastern  and  southwestern  summits  of  the 
Capitoline  Hill.  See  map,  opp.  p.  53.  25.  pulsi :  '  who  had  been 
expelled '  ;  the  part,  is  often  equivalent  to  a  rel.  clause.  26.  conlu- 
gSs  :  deriv.  ?  See  Vocab.  27.  hos  :  sc.  ludos.  cum  .  .  .  vgnis- 
sent :  see  note  on  comperisset,  1.  8,  above.  Page  32.  1.  populis : 
'peoples,'  in  the  sense  of  'nations,'  'tribes.'  cimi  mulierlbus  et 
llberis  :  see  note  on  cum  Troidnls,  p.  30,  1.  7.  inter  ipsos  ludoa : 
'  in  the  very  midst  of  the  games.'  Note  the  trans,  of  ijisds.  2.  spec- 
tantgs:  modifies  virgines.     See  note  onpuls\  p.  31,  1.  25  above. 

§  10.    3.    quorum  :    *  whose.'  adversus :    prep.       See  Vocab. 

4.  Romae  :  on  the  case  see  B.  187,  iii  ;  A.  370 ;  H.  429.  appropin- 
quarent :  note  the  tense.  What  time  does  it  denote  ?  5.  forte  .  .  . 
incid§runt:  'they  happened  to  meet.'  in  area  .  .  .  prScfirabat: 
'  was  conducting  sacred  rites  in  the  citadel.'  6.  ut  monstraret :  '  to 
show. the  way.'  7.  ut  .  .  .  posceret:  'to  ask  for  herself.'  On  the 
tense  of  posceret  and  monstraret  (1.  6)  see  B.  267  ;  A.  482  ;  483  ;  H.  643  : 
545,  71.        ut  .  .  ,  darent :  ct  ut  .  .  .  monstraret^  1.  6  above. 


226  NOTES   TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  [Page  32. 

8.  gererent :  the  subj.  because  the  clause  of  which  gererent  is  the  verb 
is  a  part  of  the  purpose  clause.  See  note  on  rellquisset,  p.  31,  1.  2. 
9.  ab  ea :  i.e.  Tarpeid.  The  abl.  of  the  agent  requires  the  prep,  a,  ab. 
See  B.  210;  A.  405;  H.  407.  10.  perducti :  expresses  time.  How 
should  it  be  translated  ?  sciitis  :  see  note  on  Jiastis,  p.  30,  1.  20. 
et :  '  also,'  i.e.  as  well  as  what  ? 

§  11.  12.  hoste  :  i.e.  Sahinls.  montem  Tarpeium  :  the  famous 
'Tarpeian  Rock,'  probably  on  the  south  side  of  the  Capitoline  Hill. 
From  this  rock  traitors  and  criminals  were  hurled.  Cf.  Byron,  Childe 
Harold.,  iv,  112  : 

"  Where  is  the  rock  of  Triumph,  the  high  place 
Where  Rome  embrac^ed  her  heroes  ?  where  the  steep 
Tarpeian  —  fittest  goal  of  Treason's  race, 
The  promontory  whence  the  Traitor's  Leap 
Cured  all  ambition  ?  " 

13.  forum  Romanum  :  see  note  on  monte  Aventino.,  p.  31,  1.  21 
above.  14.  in  media  caede:  'in  the  midst  of  the  slaughter.' 
raptae  :  sc.  muUeres,  and  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause.  hinc  .  .  .  hinc  : 
'  on  this  side  ...  on  that.' 

15.  patres :  i.e.  Snhhids.,  while  coniuges  et  soceros  are  the  Romans. 
16.  ut  .  .  .  facerent :  cf.  ut  .  .  .  monstrdrent,  1.  6.  utrique :  from 
uterque.  17.  foedus  Tcit :  'made  a  treaty.'  In  early  Rome,  when  a 
treaty  was  made,  a  victim  was  killed  ('struck')  as  part  of  the  ceremony. 

§  12.  19.  descripsit :  '  divided '  the  citizens  into  classes.  legit : 
note  the  quantity  of  the  penult.  How  does  it  determine  the  tense  of  the 
word  ?  20.  cum  .  .  .  tum :  '  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. '  See  Vocab. 
ob  aetatem :  sendtores  is  connected  etymologically  with  senex  '  old  man.' 
debitam  :  see  note  on  pulsl.,  p.  31, 1.  25.  22.  raptarum  :  sc.  muUerum 
Sahinarum.  See  note  on  raptae^  1.  14.  23.  cum  .  .  .  lustraret: 
'  When  he  was  reviewing  the  army.'  The  time  is  contemporaneous  with 
that  of  subductus  est.  See  note  on  appropinqudrent,  1.  4.  Every  five 
years  a  review  (census)  of  the  citizens  was  made,  after  which  a  purifying 
sacrifice  (lUstrum)  was  offered.  Thus  lustrdri,  which  originally  meant  to 
perform  such  a  sacrifice,  came  to  mean  'review.'        inter  :  cfo  inter.,  1.  1. 

24.  ortam  :  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause.  oculis:  for  the  case  see  B.  187, 
III ;  A.  370 ;  H.  429.  Hinc  :  '  hence,'  i.e.  in  consequence  of  what  is 
related  in  the  preceding  sentence.  alii  .  .  .  alii:  'some  .  ,  .  others.' 
See  B.  253,  1  ;  A.  315,  a  ;  H.  516.  25.  a  senatoribus :  see  note  on 
ab  ed,  1.  9  above.        interfectum  :  sc.  esse. 


Pages  32-33.]        NOTES  TO   ROMAN  HISTORY.  227 

§  13.  27.  unius  :  on  the  form  see  B.  66  ;  A.  113  ;  H.  93  ;  166.  What 
other  adjectives  are  declined  in  the  same  way  ?  anni  :  gen.  of  measure. 
See  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H.  440,  3.  interregnum  :  determine  the 
meaning  from  the  derivation.  28.  quo  exacto  :  '  when  this  had 
come  to  an  end.'  Cf.  note  on  quod,  p.  31, 1.  14.  Curibus  :  '  at  Cures.' 
See  note  on  Albae,  p.  30,  1.  17.  29.  rex  creatus  est :  see  B.  177,  3  ; 
A.  393,  a;  H.  410,  1.  quidem  :  Numa  waged  no  wars  '  to  be  sure,'  yet 
he  was  useful  to  the  citizens  in  other  ways.  Page  33.  1.  civitati :  see 
note  on  Bomae,  p.  32, 1.  4.  et .  .  .  et :  correlative.  For  the  meaning  see 
Vocab.         2.   ut .  .  .  molliret :  see  note  on  ut ..  .  possid'eret,  p.  31,  1.  4. 

3.  bellicosi :  note  the  deriv.  See  B.  151,  3  ;  A.  245  ;  H.  346.  om- 
nia:  'everything.*        se  :  subject  of  facere.     To  whom  does  it  refer? 

4,  nymphae  :  with  iussu.  For  the  case  of  iussu  see  B.  219,  2  ;  A.  103, 
6,  5  ;  PI.  475,  3.  dicebat :  see  note  on  dlcebat^  p.  30,  1.  20.  morbo 
decessit:  sc.  de  vita,  '  he  died  a  natural  death.'  5.  quadragesimo 
tertio  :  see  B.  79  ;  A.  133  ;  H.  163. 

§  14.  6.  Numae  :  see  note  on  Bomae,  p.  32, 1.  4.  cuius  :  ♦  whose.' 
sS  .  .  .  praestiterat :  '  had  shown  himself. '  7.  adversus  :  cf.  adversus, 
p.  32, 1.  3  above.  8.  creatus  :  trans,  by  a  temporal  clause.  Albanis  : 
cf.  Numae,  1.  6.  idque  :  i.e.  bellum.  trigeminonim  .  .  .  CuriStio- 
rum:  i.e.  there  were  three  Horatii  and  three  Curiatii.  The  victory 
of  the  Horatii  was  commemorated  by  the  plla  Hordtia  in  the  Forum, 
a  pillar  which  bore  the  spoils  taken  from  the  Curiatii.  See  Macaulay, 
Lays  of  Ancient  Borne,  Virginia,  177  : 

"  And  sprang  upon  that  column, 
By  many  a  minstrel  sung, 
Whereon  three  mouldering  helmets, 
Three  rusting  swords  are  hung." 

10.  perfidiam  :  after  the  combat  ended  in  favor  of  the  Romans,  Mettius 
Fufetius,  though  bound  by  a  treaty  of  allegiance  to  the  Romans,  raised  a 
revolution  of  the  inhabitants  of  Veil  and  of  Fidenae  against  them. 
cum.  .  .  regnasset:  see  note  on  comperisset,  p.  31,  1.  8.  regndsset 
=  regndvisset.  See  B.  116,  1  ;  A.  181,  a  ;  H.  238.  11.  domo  :  note 
the  gender. 

§  15.  12.  ex  filia  :  explanatory  of  Numae  .  .  .  nepos.  Note  the  order. 
13.  aequitate  et  religione  :  abl.  of  specification.  See  note  on  ndtu,  p. 
30,  L  24  above.  avo  :  dat.  governed  by  the  adj.  similis ;  see  B.  192, 1  ;  A. 
384  ;  H.  434.  14.  nova  ei  moenia  circumdedit :  the  thought  might 
also  be  expressed  in  Latin  thus  :  novis  eam  moenibus  circumdedit.    For  the 


228  NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.         [Pages  33-34. 

case  of  el  see  B.  187,  i ;  A.  364  ;  H.  429 ;  426,  G.        15.    primus :  see 
note  on  primus,  p.  30,  1.3.        ad  :  '  at,'  in  the  sense  of  '  by,'  '  near  to.' 

§  16.  18.  Deinde  :  i.e.  after  the  death  of  Ancus  Marcius.  19.  qui  : 
the  antecedent  is  Demardfi.  Corinthi :  in  apposition  with  patriae. 
For  the  location  of  Corinth  see  Vocab.  fugiens  :  what  is  the  time  of 
the  action  of  the  part,  with  reference  to  that  of  the  main  verb,  venerat  ? 
Cf.  recepto^  p.  30,  1.  8.        20.  nomen  :  what  name  ? 

21.  Tarquiniis:  what  constr.  ?  The  Eng.  idiom  is  'of  Tarquinii.' 
aliquando  :  '  on  one  occasion,'  '  once.'  Romam  :  '  to  Rome,'  ace. 
expressing  limit  of  motion.  Why  is  the  prep,  omitted  ?  See  B.  182,  1, 
a  ;  A.  427,  2  ;  H.  418.  Advenienti :  sc.  ei  —  Tarquinio,  sometimes 
called  dat.  of  separation.  See  B.  188,  2,  (Z  ;  A.  381 ;  H,  429,  2.  Trans, 
'as  he  was  approaching  Rome,  an  eagle  carried  off  his  hat.' 
22.  pilleum :  a  simple  skull-cap  of  felt.  23.  reposuit :  trans,  re- 
'on  his  head  again.'  Hinc :  'because  of  this.'  auguriorum  :  for 
the  case  see  B.  204,  1 ;  A.  349,  a ;  H.  451,  1. 

§  17.  25.  cum  :  '  while.'  Romae  :  see  note  on  Albae,  p.  30,  1.  17. 
commoraretur  :  what  is  the  force  of  the  tense  ?  Cf.  lustrdret,  p.  32, 
1.23.  Page  34.  1.  eum :  i.e.  Tarquinium.  suorum:  notice  that 
although  this  word  refers  to  but  one  person,  i.e.  the  subject  of  reliquit,  it 
is  pi.  in  form,  in  agreement  with  its  noun.  2.  pupillis  :  dative  of 
interest,  3.  alios  :  sc.  sendtbres.  mindrum  gentium :  sc.  sendtores. 
4.  nee  paucos  :  '  and  not  a  few.'  Litotes  ;  see  B.  375,  1  ;  A.  326,  c  ; 
H.  752,  8.  5.  hostibus :  'from  the  enemy.'  For  the  case  cf. 
Advenienti,  p.  33,  1.  21.  ademptSs  :  for  the  trans,  see  note  on  pulsi, 
p.  31,  1.  25.        Primus:  see  note  on  primus,  30, 1.  3. 

6.  triumphaus  ;  the  triumph  was  a  solemn  procession  in  which  a  vic- 
torious general  entered  the  city  in  a  four-horse  chariot,  preceded  by  the 
captives  and  spoils  taken  in  war,  and  followed  by  his  troops.  For  a 
vivid  description  of  a  triumph,  see  Macaulay,  Lays  o/  Ancient  Rome, 
Pi'ophecy  of  Capys,  224-268.  cloacas  :  extensive  remains  of  the  '  sew- 
ers,' said  by  tradition  to  have  been  built  by  Tarquinius  Prisons,  are  still 
in  existence,  and  until  very  recently  were  still  in  use.  Capitolium  : 
i.e.  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  on  the  Capitoline  Hill.  7.  per  filios  : 
'  through  the  agency  of  the  sons.'  8.  quibus :  see  note  on  Advenienti, 
p.  33,  1.  21. 

§  18.  10.  ex  nobili  ietninS. :  see  note  on  a  Ldvinid,  p.  30,  1.  16. 
cum  •    for  the  meaning  cf.  p.  33,  1.  25.         11.    educargtur  :   what  Eng. 


Pages  34-35.]        NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  229 

word  is  derived  from  this  verb  ?  in :  '  upon.'  12.  prodlgio  •  abl 
of  cause.  See  B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475.  el:  stands  for  whom? 
13.  coniugl :  see  note  on  quibus,  p.  30,  1.  7.        ut  gducSret :  '  to  rear.' 

§  19.  17.  domus :  gen.  case.  For  the  decl.  see  B.  49,  4  ;  A.  93 ; 
H.  133,  1 ;  Note  the  quantity.  dicens  :  what  she  said  is  stated  indi- 
rectly in  regem  .  .  .  oboediret.  See  note  on  se  .  .  .  esse,  p.  30,  1.  18. 
Give  Tanaquil's  words  in  dir.  disc.  18.  quidem  :  see  note  on  qjiidem, 
p.  32,  1.  29.  eum:  i.e.  regem.  19.  dum  .  .  .  convaluiaset : 

'  until  he  got  well  again,'  representing  the  fut.  perf.  ind.  of  the  dir.  disc. 
See  B.  319,  b,  a  ;  A.  484  ;  H.  641,  2  ;  644,  2.  oboediret :  deriv.  ?  See 
Vocab.  Sic :  i.e.  by  the  device  employed  by  Tanaquil.  20.  rgg- 
n5re :  cf.  imperdret,  p.  80,  1.  5. 

21.  montes  tres :  inasmuch  as  the  Palatine,  Capitoline,  Quirinal,  and 
Aventine  hills  had  already  been  occupied,  the  hills  referred  to  are  prob- 
ably the  remaining  three  of  the  original  seven,  namely  the  Viminal,  Es- 
quiline,  and   Caelian.  censum :    a  division  of    the  whole  body  of 

Roman  citizens,  for  military  and  political  purposes,  into  six  classes,  ac- 
cording to  the  amount  of  their  property.  They  were  divided  into  193 
centuries,  each  of  which  cast  one  vote,  the  classes  voting  in  order,  be- 
ginning with  the  first.  As  the  first  class  contained  80  centuries,  this 
with  the  18  centuries  of  knights,  which  voted  before  the  first  class,  cast 
a  majority  of  the  votes.  Thus  the  political  power  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  rich.  See  note  on  lustrdi'et,  p.  32,  1.  28.  22.  sub  e6  :  cf.  sub  hdc 
rege,  p.  30,  1.  6.  capitum :  'of  lives'  or  'individuals,'  depending  on 
mllia,  while  civiurn  is  governed  by  capitum.  The  last-named  word  need 
not  be  translated  into  Eng.  mHia :  for  the  declension  see  B.  80,  5  ; 
A.  134,  d)  H.  168.  23.  cum:  'together  with.*  in  agris :  i.e.  in 
the  country  about  Rome. 

§  20.  24.  filiae  :  the  poss.  pron.  is  not  always  used  in  Latin,  as  in 
Eng.  See  B.  243,  1 ;  A.  302,  c  ;  H.  501.  26.  ab  ipsS  Tarquinio  :  for 
the  constr.  see  note  on  ab  ed,  p.  32,  1.  9.  dSiectus  .  .  .  interfectus 
est:  'he  was  thrown  down  .  .  .  and  killed.'  27.  domum:  cf.  Rd- 
mam,  p.  33, 1.  21,  and  see  B.  182,  b  ;  A.  427,  2  ;  H.  419,  1.  forum :  the 
senate-house  (curia)  was  situated  near  the  forum  ;  see  note  to  p.  32,  1.  13 
above.  29.    aurigam  agere  iussit :  see  note  to  p.  31,  1.  10  above, 

iacgns  :  modifies  corpus.  carpentum :  a  richly  decorated  carriage, 
two-wheeled,  and  provided  with  an  awning. 

Page  35.  §  21.  1.  cognomen :  i.e.  Superbus.  mCribuB  :  abl.  of 
cause  :  see  note  on  prodigio,  p.  84,  1.  12.         2.    bell5  :  see  note  on  tern- 


230  NOTES   TO    ROMAN   HISTORY.  [Page  35. 

poribtis,  p.  30, 1.  1.  populorum  :  partitive  gen.,  or  gen.  of  the  whole. 
Note  the  number,  and  cf.  populls,  p.  32,  1.  1.  3.  templum :  it  was 
begun  by  Tarquinius  Prisons  ;  see  p.  34,  1.  6  fol.  in  :  '  on.'  dum 

.  .  .  oppugnat :  'while  he  was  besieging.'  For  the  mood  and  tense,  see 
B.  293,  1  ;  A.  556  ;  H.  604,  1.  5.    eius  :  i.e.  of  Tarquinius.  Lu- 

cretiae  :  dat.  governed  by  vim  fecisset.  6.  occidit :  what  is  the  dif- 
ference in  meaning  between  occidit  and  occidit  9    See  Vocab. 

§  22.  9.  banc  ob  causam :  a  very  common  order.  See  B.  350,  7,  h  ; 
A.    699,    d\    H.    671,    5.  CoUatinus :    i.e.    Tarquinius    Colldtinus. 

nonnulli :   deriv.  ^     See  Vocab  10.    in  :    '  for. '         coniuranint :  = 

coniurdverunt  populoque  .  -  .  clauderet :  cf.  coniiuji  persudsit.  ut 
.  .  .  ecZwcare^,  p.  34,  1.  13.  11.  ei :  '  against  him.'  Cf.  Lucretiae,  \.  6 
above.  civitatem  Ardeam:  i.e.  the  citizens  of  the  town  of  Ardea, 
and  of  the  adjacent  tributary  land  (agri).  13.  itaque  :  /.e.  because 
he  was  deserted  by  the  army.  Ita  :  sums  up  the  rule  of  the  kings. 
Romae  :   locative.  regnatum  est :    '  the  government  was  adminis- 

tered,' impersonal ;  note  the  lit.  meaning.  14.  annos  :  for  the  case 
see  B.  181,  1 ;  A.  423,  2  ;  H.  417. 

§  23.  15.  coepere :  what  other  ending  for  this  tense  and  person  ? 
The  traditional  date  of  the  first  consulship  is  509  b.c.  ^  16.  duo  :  modi- 
fies consules.  Its  position  contrasts  it  with  pro  uno  rege.  unus  :  sc. 
consul.  malus :  pred.  adj.  ut  .  .  .  coerceret :  ci.  ut  .  .  .  pos- 
sideretj  p.  31,  1.  4.  17.  Aunuum :  'for  one  year.'  What  part  of 
speech  ?  ne  .  .  .  redderetur :  neg.  clause  of  purpose.  18.  in- 
solentiores:  'too  overbearing.'  See  B.  240,  1;  A.  291,  a;  H.  498. 
anno  :  abl.  of  time.  See  B.  230,  1 ;  A.  423,  1 ;  H.  486.  21.  Colla- 
tino  :  see  note  on  pupillis,  p.  34,  1.  2  above.  paulo  post :  '  a  little 
while  afterward' ;  j^ost  is  an  adv.  ;  for  the  case  of  paulo  see  B.  223 ;  A. 
414;  H.  479. 

22.  Placuerat :  '  it  had  been  resolved.'  For  the  lit.  meaning  see 
Vocab.  ne   .    .    .   maneret :    cf.    ne  .  .  .  redderetur,   1.    17   above. 

quis:  'anyone.'     See  B.  91,  5  ;  252,  1  ;  A.  149  ;  H.  512,  1.  24.    in 

eius  locum  :  '  in  his  place.'  Note  that  in  Latin  in  with  the  ace.  is  used, 
lit.  '  into. '        consul  factus  est :  see  note  on  rex  credtus  est,  p,  32,  1.  29. 

§  24.   25.    urbi :    dat.    governed   by   commovit  helium.  s§sg   in- 

vicem :    '  each    other.'  28.    Brutum :    direct   object    of    luxerunt. 

Note  the  position  of  the  word,  as  the  logical  subject  of  the  sentence.  The 
pass,  is  less  commonly  used  in  Latin  than  in  Eng.  quasi :  they 
mourned  for  Brutus  'as  if  for,  i.e.  just  as  they  would  for,  their  own 


Page  36.]  NOTES  TO   ROMAN  HISTORY.  231 

fathers.  Page  36.  2.  qui :  '  and  when  he.'  See  note  on  quod,  p.  31, 
1.  14.         4.   quinque  consules  :  name  them. 

§  25.  5.  Secundo  anno  :  i.e.  508  b.c.  On  the  Roman  method  of 
reckoning  dates  see  B.  371,  4  ;  A.  631  ;  H.  754 ;  755.  6.  Porsena 
ferente :  'with  the  help  of  Porsena';  abl.  abs.  expressing  manner. 
7.  pontem  ligneum  :  called  also  Pons  Suhlicius,  from  the  piles  {sub- 
licae)  on  which  it  was  built.  8.  donee  :  '  until '  ;  with  the  subj.  be- 
cause the  action  of  the  verb  is  viewed  as  anticipated  or  contemplated. 
See  B.  293,  in,  2  ;  A.  553 ;  H.  003,  ii,  2.  a  tergo  :  '  at  his  back.' 
Notice  the  peculiar  form  of  expression,  which  is  the  usual  one  in  such 
cases.  The  Romans  had  in  mind  the  place  from  which  the  action  pro- 
ceeded. 9.  ad  suos:  'to  his  friends,' I. e.  to  the  Romans.  Read  the 
story  of  Horatius  in  Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Borne. 

§  26.  11.  Dum  .  .  .  obsidet :  see  note  on  dum  .  .  .  oppugnat,  p.  35, 
1.  3.  12.  fortis  animi:  gen.  of  quality.  See  B.  203,  1 ;  A.  345  ;  H. 
440,  3.  hostis  :  gen.  case  with  castra.  The  hostis  was  Porsena,  since 
Scaevola  was  a  Roman.  eo  consilid  ut  .  .  .  occideret :  '  with  the 
purpose  of  killing  the  king ' ;  ut  .  .  .  occideret  is  a  subst.  clause  of  purpose 
in  apposition  with  consilid.  13.  ibi:  where?  pro:  'instead  of,' 
i.e.  'mistaking  him  for.'  14.   comprehensus  .  .  .  deductus :   cf. 

deiectus  .  .  .  interfectus  est,  p.  34,  1.  26.  Tlie  time  of  the  action  of  these 
participles  is  prior  to,  and  of  terreret,  contemporaneous  with,  the  action 
of  the  main  verb  imposuit. 

15.  allatis :  what  is  the  preposition  in  composition  ?  why  does  the 
preposition  take  the  form  af-  in  its  present  tense  and  al-  in  the  participle  ? 
See  B.  8,  4  ;  A.  16  ;  H.  374,  2.  The  abl.  abs.  expresses  means,  '  by  bring- 
ing fire.'  terreret :  Porsena  did  not  succeed  in  terrifying  Scaevola,  he 
'  attempted  to  terrify.'  See  B.  260,  3  ;  A.  471,  c  ;  H.  530.  16.  Srae : 
see  note  on  Bomae,  p.  32,  1.  4.  accensae  :  trans,  by  the  English  past 
participle  in  -ed  or  by  a  rel.  clause.  consumpta  esset :  see  note  on 
donee,  1.  8.  17.  facinuB  :  '  deed.'  incolumem  :  adjective  used  as 
a  predicate  accusative.     See  B.  177,  2  ;  A.  393,  n.  ;  H.  410,  3. 

18.  hic  :  i.e.  iuvenis.  ait :  a  defective  verb.  See  B.  135  ;  A.  206,  a  ; 
H.  300.  19.  alios:  ' other '  than  whom ?  coniurasse:  =  coniurd- 
visse.  Hac  rg  :  abl.  of  cause.  Cf.  prodigio,  p.  34,  1.  12.  territus: 
trans,  by  the  past  participle  in  -ed.  20.  Tuaculxim  :  see  note  on  Bo- 
mam,  p.  33,  1.  21.  For  the  location  of  Tusculum  see  Vocab.  21.  pri- 
vatuB  :  in  contrast  with  his  former  position  of  rex. 


232  NOTES   TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  [Pages  36-37. 

§  27.  22.  Sexto  decimo  anno :  i.e.  494  b.c.        post  reges  exactos : 

'after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings'  ;  cf.  ad  Bomam  cundUam,  p.  30,  1.  16. 
23.  questus :  'complaining.'  The  meaning  of  the  perfect  participle 
shades  off  into  that  of  the  present.  See  B.  336,  5 ;  A.  491 ;  H.  640,  1. 
The  English  expression  is  '  complaining  that,'  the  Latin  always,  '  complain- 
ing because.'  24.  exhauriretur  :  the  subjunctive,  because  the  reason 
given  is  viewed  as  that  of  the  popuhis.  See  B.  286,  1 ;  A.  540 ;  H.  688. 
25.  AniSnem :  the  nom.  case  is  ^mo.  sScessit:  what  English  words 
are  derived  from  the  present  and  from  the  perfect  stem  ?  patres:  i.e. 
sendtores.  See  p.  32,  1.  19  fol.  26.  qui  oonciliaret :  relative  clause 
of  purpose,  qui  being  used  instead  of  ut  is.  See  B.  282,  2  j  A.  537,  2  ; 
H.  690.         27.   alia  :  '  other  things.' 

28.  qua :  sc.  re.  Page  37.  1.  ut  .  .  .  rediret :  cf .  ut  educdret,  p.  34, 
1.  13.  The  expression  is  equivalent  to  populo  persudsum  est  ut  .  .  .  redi-' 
ret.  primum  :  '  for  the  first  time. '  See  note  on  primus,  p.  30, 1.  3. 
tribuni  plebis  :  these  plebeian  magistrates  were  clothed  with  extraordi- 
nai-y  power,  since  by  their  veto  they  could  check  the  whole  machinery  of 
state.  See  Vocab.  2.  qui  defenderent:  cf.  qui  .  .  .  concilidrent, 
p.  36,  1.  26  above.        adversum :  preposition. 

§28.  4.    Octavo  decimo   anno:    i.e.    492  b.c.  post  exactos 

reges:  cf.  p.  36,  1.  22.  5.  dictus :  'called.'  quam :  antecedent? 
6.  invisus:  agrees  with  the  subject  of  coepit.  See  B.  328,  2  ;  A.  458  ; 
H.  612,  1.  8.  exercitus  :  gen.  case.  Note  the  quantity  of  the  final 
syllable.  9.  miliarium  urbis  :  the  principal  Roman  roads  were  pro- 
vided with  milestones,  the  distances  being  reckoned  'from  the  city.' 
nee  =  et  non.  The  coordinate  conjunction  and  a  negative  are  regularly 
expressed  in  this  manner  in  Latin.  10.  ut  .  .  .  parceret :  see  note 
onut  .  .  .  rediret,  I.  1.  12.  ut  .  .  .  removgret:  ci.ut  .  .  .  rediret, 
1.  1.  13.  Quo  facto:  'for  this  act.'  See  note  on  quod,  p.  31,  1.  14. 
ut:  'as.'  occisus  esse:  see  note  on  venisse,  p.  30,  1.  1,  and  cf. 
invisus,  1.  6. 

§  29.  15.  Romani :  subject  of  gererent ;  the  order  is  a  very  common 
one  in  Latin.  Veientes: 'the  people  of  Veil.'  See  Vocab.  16.  sola: 
'alone.'  suscgpit:  translating  each  part  of  the  compound,  =  'under- 
took.' 17.  duce  Fabio  :  'under  the  leadership  of  Fabius,'  lit.  'Fabius 
being  leader,'  abl.  abs.,  with  a  noun,  duce,  instead  of  a  participle.  See 
B.  227,  1 ;  A.  419,  a ;  H.  489.  19.  dolo  :  what  case  ?  See  B.  218, 
1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477.  22.    potuerat :    note  the  tense.     What  is  the 

difference  in  spelling  between  this  form  and  the  corresponding  form  of 


Pages  37-38.]        NOTES   TO   ROMAN  HISTORY.  233 

the  imperfect  tense?  genus:   i.e.  Fahiorum.  ad:   'down  to.' 

23.  ilium  :  on  the  meaning  of  the  demonstrative,  see  B.  246,  3 ;  A. 
297,  6  ;  H.  507,  4.        Hannibalem  :  i.e.  in  the  Second  Punic  War. 

§30.     25.    Anno  .  .  .  alterS :   i.e.  452   b.c.         ab  urbe  condita: 

cf.    ad  Bomam  conditam,  p.   30,   1.    16.  decemviri  :    derivation  ? 

26.  qui .  .  .  Bcriberent :  a  rel.  clause  of  purpose.  27.  aecimdo  :  sc. 
anno.  28.  Appius  Claudius  :  in  apposition  with  unus.  virginem : 
object  of  corriimpere.  Page  38.  2.  veUet:  cf.  vellet,  p.  31,  1.  1. 
3.    Sublata  est :  notice  the  emphatic  position. 

§  31.  5.  Veientanos  =  Veientes,  p.  37,  1.  15  above.  6.  Palerioa: 
a  town  just  a  little  to  the  east  of  Veil.  ludi  litterarii  :  'of  a  school.' 
8.  hoc  donum :  i.e.  principum  filios.  9.  hominem  .  .  .  pueris 
.  .  .  rediicendum  tradidit :  cf.  piieros  .  .  .  uxorl  .  .  .  nutrieudos 
dedit,  p.   31,  1.   15  fol.  manibus  .  .  .   vinctis:    'with  his  hands 

bound,'  abl.  abs.  expressing  the  attendant  circumstances  of  reducendum. 
post:  'behind.'  10.  quibus  .  .  .  agerent :  'with  which  to  drive,' 
relative  clause  of  purpose.     Cf.  qui .  .  .  scrlberent,  p.  37,  1.  26. 

§  32.     12.    Hac  .  .  .  nobilitate  :  note  the  order.        Falisci :   '  the 

inhabitants  of  Falerii,'  'the  Faliscans.'  13.  Camillo  :  indirect  object 
with  the  passive  verb,  datum  est.  apud:  'among.'  crimini: 
dat.  of  purpose.  See  B.  191,  2  ;  A.  382,  1,  n.  1  ;  H.  4.33,  1.  14.  quod 
.  .  .  triumphasset  .  .  .  divisisset:  the  logical  subject  of  datum  est. 
See  B.  166,  1,  c;  A.  271  ;  H.  588,  ii,  3.  On  the  use  of  the  subjunctive 
in  causal  clauses,  see  note  on  quod .  .  .  exhauriretur,  p.  36, 1.  23.  quod  — 
'that.'  albis  equls  :  i.e.  he  triumphed  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  '  white 
horses.'  Abl.  of  attendant  circumstances,  see  B.  221.  15.  inique : 
derivation  ?      Why   is  the  penult  long  ?  damnatusque :    sc.    est. 

civitate:  abl.  of  separation.  See  B.  214,  2;  A.  401;  II.  463;  464. 
16.  Paulo  post :  cf.  p.  35,  I.  21.  17.  occupSrunt  =  ocmpdvernnt. 
18.  nihil :  subject  of  potuit.  19.  famg  laborabat :  '  was  suffering 
with  hunger';  fame  is  abl.  of  cause.  in  eo  erant,  ut .  .  .  emerent: 
'they  were  on  the  point  of  buying.'  The  subject  of  erant  is  praesidium, 
a  collective  noun.     See  B.  254,  4  ;  A.  317,  d ;  H.  389,  1. 

§  33.  22.  Anno  .  .  .  quSrto :  i.e.  360  b.c.  post  urbem  condi- 
tam: cf.  ad  Bomam  conditam,  p.  30,  1.  16.  23.  iterum:  'a  second 
time.'  25.  eximiS  .  .  .  mSgnitadlne  :  see  B.  224  ;  A.  415  ;  II.  473,  2. 
Note  that  the  abl.  of  quality,  like  the  gen.  of  quality,  must  regularly  have 
a  modifier.  26.  fortissimum  :  sc.  virum.  ad  certamen  singuiare 
provocavit :  '  challenged  to  a  single  combat.'        28.   torque:  see  note 


234 


NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.        [Pages  38-39. 


on  civitdte,  1.  15.  29.  ornatus  erat :  sc.  Gallns.  Hinc  ;  i.e.  from 
the  circumstance  just  described.  30.    Torquati :  derived  of  course 

from  torquis. 

Page  39.  §  34.  1.  bello  .  .  .  exorto  :  trans,  by  a  temporal  clause. 
anno  .  .  .  sexto  :  i.e.  348  b.c.  2.  robore  atque  armis  :  see  note  on 
ndtu,  p.  30,  1.  24.  3.  ex  Romanis  =  Bomdnorum.  See  B.  201,  1,  a  ; 
A.  340,  c;  H.  444.  secum  :  see  B.  142,  4;  A.  143,  /;  H.  175,  7. 
4.  decerneret:  'fight,' i.e.  'decide' the  contest.  tribunus  militum 
an  officer  in  the  Roman  army.  See  Intro.,  p.  13.  se  .  .  .  obtulit 
'presented  himself,'  i.e.  'volunteered.'  5.    ei:   trans,  by  the  posses- 

sive 'his'  with  bracchium.  See  B.  188,  1,  and  x.;  A.  377;  H.  425,  4,  n. 
supra:    'upon.'  7.   factiim   est:    'it  happened';    the   subject  is 

ut  iiiterjiceretiir,  a  substantive  clause  of  result.  See  B.  297,  2  ;  A.  569, 
2.;    H.    571,    1.  8.    facili  negotio :    'with   little   trouble';    abl.   of 

manner.  hinc:  'from  this  circumstance.'  Corvini:  derived,  of 
course,  from  corvus. 

§35.  10.  Samnitibus:  'the  inhabitants  of  Samnium,"  the  Sanmites.' 
11.  quod  :  antecedent  ?  honore  :  '  office  ' ;  not  to  be  translated  by 
the  corresponding  English  word.  dictatoris  :  see  Vocab.  12.  qui  : 
'when  he.'  Note  the  order.  causa:  B.  198,  1;  A.  359,  6;  404,  c; 
H.   475,  2.  13.    magistro  equitum :    see  Vocab.  14.   ne   .  .   . 

committeret :  cf.  ne  .  .  .  redderentur,  p.  35,  1.  17.  16.  capitis 
damnatus  est:  'he  was  condemned  to  death.'  For  the  case  of  capitis 
see  B.  208,  2,  a ;  A.  352,  a;  H.  456.  ille  :  i.e.  Fabius.  18.  in: 
'  against. ' 

§  36.  20.  Duobus  annis  post :  'Two  years  after.'  Cf.  pauld  post, 
p.  35,  1.  21.  21.  HI:  i.e.  the  consuls.  22.  Purculas  Caudinas : 
'the  Caudine  Forks,'  narrow  passes  in  the  mountains,  near  the  town  of 
Caudium,  in  Samnium.     See  Vocab.  23.    angustias  :  notice  that  this 

word,  as  well  as  insidids  (1.  22),  is  plural  in  form  in  Latin,  but  is  to  be 
translated  into  English  by  the  singular.  unde  =  a  quibus,  sc.  angus- 
tiis.  sese  :   reduplicated  form  of  se.      See  B.  85 ;  A.  144,  &,  n.  1 

H.  175,  5.  expedire  :  derivation  ?  See  Vocab.  24.  Ibi:  'there- 
upon.' 25.  putaret:  see  note  on  fuisset,  p.  31,  1.  19.  What  was 
the  direct  question  Pontius  asked  of  his  father  ?  faciendum :  sc.  esse, 
'ought  to  be  done.'  Tile  :  i.e. pater.  occidendos  .  .  .  dimittendos: 
sc.  esse.  27.  beneficio :  this  would  consist  in  letting  the  Romans  go 
(dimittere).  utrumque:  how  does  the  meaning  'each  of  tico^  apply 
here?  28.  sub  iugum:  see  note  on  p.  118,  1.  15.  29.  dSnique: 
*  finally.'        undequinquaginta  :  literal  meaning  ? 


Pages  40-41.]  NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  235 

Page  40.  §37.  1.  Tarentinis:  'inhabitants  of  Tarentiim.'  For  the 
location  of  the  city  see  Vocab.  2.  fecissent :  the  subjunctive  mood, 
because  the  reason  given  for  declaring  war  is  one  alleged  by  somebody 
else  than  the  narrator.  See  note  on  exhaurlretur,  p.  36,  1.  24.  Hi :  i.e. 
Tarentini.  3.  Epiri:  a  country  northwest  of  Greece.  See  Vocab. 
4.  primum  :  see  note  on  primus^  p.  30,  1.  3.  transmarino  :  deriva- 
tion?       7.   duel  .  .  .  dimitti :  see  note  on  p.  31,  1.  10. 

§  38.  9.  auxilio  :  abl.  of  cause.  10.  per  uoctem  :  '  during  the 
night.'  13.  adversis  vulneribus:  '  wounds  received  in  front' ;  these 
indicated  brave  soldiers  ;  only  cowardly  runaways  would  be  wounded  in 
the  back.  Abl.  of  attendant  circumstances.  See  B.  221.  truci  vultu  : 
abl.  of  attendant  circumstances.  Cf.  adversis  vulneribus  above.  etiam 
mortuos :    'even  when   dead,'   or    'even  in   death.'  14.    txilisse: 

'to  have  raised.'  manus:  note  the  quantity  of  the  final  syllable. 
15.  cum  hac  voce:  'with  this  remark,'  or  'with  these  words.'  Ego 
.  .  .  subigerem:  condition  contrary  to  fact  in  present  time,  the  con- 
dition being  expressed  by  cmn  tdlihus  virls,  i.e.  'if  I  commanded  such 
men,  I  would  subdue,'  etc.  See  B.  304,  1 ;  305,  1 ;  A.  517  ;  521,  a ;  H. 
579.        brevi  :  sc.  tempore. 

§  39.  17.  Romam:  the  meaning  is  'towards  Rome,'  not  'to  Rome.' 
18.    Campaniam  :   see   Vocab.  Praeneste :   see  Vocab.  ad : 

'toward,'  'to  the  neighborhood  of.'  Why  is  the  preposition  used  with 
the  name  of  this  town?  See  B.'182,  3;  A.  428,  a;  U.  418,  4.  Cf. 
Edmam,  1.  17  above.  20.  exercitus  :  object,  gen.  cum  consule : 
cf.  cum  mulfis  Troidnis,  p.  30,  1.  7.  se  recepit :  sc.  Pyvrhits.  Notice 
the  force  of  the  prefix  re-,  'he  went  back.''  21.  de  captlvis  redi- 
mendis  :  '  concerning  the  ransoming  of  prisoners.'  The  gerundive,  redi- 
mendis,  is  really  an  adjective  (=  future  passive  participle) ,  and,  as  such, 
limits  the  noun  captlvis.  22.  reddidit :  'he  gave  back';  cf.  recepit,  1. 
21  above.  23.  ex  legatis :  see  note  on  ex  Eomdnis,  p.  39,  1.  3.  Why 
is  there  no  ambiguity  in  Latin  about  the  persons  to  whom  ei,  sui,  and  86 
refer?  See  note  on  se,  p.  30,  1.  18.  24.  si  .  .  .  transiret:  i.e.  if  he 
would  desert  the  Romans,  and  own  allegiance  to  him  (Pyrrhus). 

§40.     26.    Cum:    'since.'  Romanorum :    objective    genitive. 

27.  Cineam :  in  apposition  with  legdtum.  virum :  in  apposition  with 
Cineam.  28.  qui  .  .  .  peteret :  see  note  on  qui  .  .  .  scriberent,  p.  37, 
1.  20.  ea  condicione  ut  .  .  .  obtineret :  '  on  condition  that  Pyrrhus 
should  hold.'  Ci.  eb  consilio  .  .  .  ?/f  occMe?'^^,  p.  36, 1.  12.  30.  eum: 
refers  to  whom  ?        Page  41.   1.   recessisset :  the  Romans  said  '  nisi  ex 


23G  NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  [Pages  41-42. 

Italia  recesseris  (fut,  perf.).'  See  note  on  dum  convaluisset,  p.  34,  L  19, 
Pyrrho  :  indirect  object  of  respondit.  eum  interroganti :  'who 
asked  him.'  2.  quSlis:  sc.  urbs,  'what  kind  of  a  city.'  ipsi:  for 
the  case-form,  see  B.  88 ;  A.  146 ;  H.  181. 

§  41.  4.  altero :  '  second.'  5.  interfecti  :  sc.  sunt.  6.  Inter- 
ecto  anno:  'after  a  year  had  intervened.'  8.  venit  promittens: 
came  and  promised.'  9.   vinctum  reduci:  '  to  be  bound  and  to  be 

taken  back.'  10.  dominum:  i.e.  Pyrrhuvi.  11.  qui:  subject  of 
dverti  potest  understood,  since  sol  is  the  subject  of  dvertl  potest  ex- 
pressed, difficilius:  'with  more  difficulty.'  12.  Paulo  post: 
cf .  paulo  post,  p.  38,  1.  16.        14.  apud :  '  near.'        Argos :  see  Vocab. 

§  42.  15.  Anno  .  .  .  conditam:  i.e.  264b.c.  16.  exercitus:  nom. 
pi.,  subject  of  trdiecerunt.  Note  the  quantity.  traiecenmt :  here 
used  intransitively,  '  crossed ' ;  this  case  is  probably  to  be  explained  by 
understanding  se  as  object  of  the  verb.  17.  regemque :   note  that 

-que  connects  the  two  verbs,  trdiecerunt  and  superdverunt,  while  the 
-qiie  of  Poenosque  connects  the  two  nouns,  regem  and  Poenos.  Syra- 
cusarum  :  the  name  of  this  city  is  in  the  plural.  Cf.  Cannae,  p.  44,  1.  11. 
18.    in  ea  insula:  i.e.  in  Sicilid. 

20  C.  Duilio  et  Cn.  Comelio  Asina  consulibus  :  'during  the  con- 
sulship of  C.  Duilius,'  etc.  See  note  on  duce  Fabio  constde,  p.  37,  1.  17. 
The  Romans  regularly  dated  events  thus  by  the  names  of  the  consuls  for 
the   current  year.  in:    'upon.'  21.   Carthaginignses :    another 

name  for  Poenos.  22.    quattuordecim :   sc.   naves.  23.   tria 

milia:  sc.  hostium.  Romanis:  dat.  case  with  the  adjective,  grdtior. 
See  B.  192,  1  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434.  24.  concessum  est :  impersonal, 
'it  was  allowed.'  25.  tibioen:  ordinary  nouns  of  the  third  decl. 
ending  in  -n  are  neuter,  but  this  word  is  masc.  by  signification.  See 
B.  14,  1 ;  A.  31 ;  H.  67,  1. 

§  43.  26.  Faucis  annis  interiectis :  cf.  Interiecto  anno,  1.  6. 
27.  navali:  an  adjective;  note  the  derivation.  28.  superatur:  B. 
259,  3  ;  A.  469  ;  H.  532,  3.  perditis  .  .  .  navibus  :  '  after  he  had  lost 
sixty-four  ships.'  29.  viginti  duas  :  sc.  naves.  Page  42.  1.  vice- 
runt:  sc.  Bomdni.  2.  in  fidem  acceperunt :  'received  under  their 
protection.'  4.  Quam  :  see  note  on  Quod,  p.  31,  1.  14.  The  ante- 
cedent is  pdcem.  Note  the  order.  5.  noUet:  for  the  derivation 
see  Vocab.  under  nolo.  nisi  durissimis  condicionibus :  'except 
under  the  harshest  conditions.'  Abl.  of  attendant  circumstance.  See 
note  to  p.  40, 1.  13.        8.    captus  :  sc.  est. 


Pages  42-43.]        NOTES  TO  ROMAN   HISTORY.  237 

§  44.  10.  aliquot :  indeclinable ;  limits  proeliis.  ut  .  .  .  proficT- 
sceretur  :  ci.  ut  .  .  .  monstraret^  p.  32,  1.  6.  11.    captlvonimque  : 

notice  that  the  -que  connects  pdcem  and  permutdtionem,  and  that  capti- 
vorum  belongs  in  the  second  of  these  two  members  ;  in  other  words,  that 
capfivorum  depends  upon  permutdtionem.  13.  inductus :  expresses 
time.  se  desiisse  Romanum  esse:   because  he  was  a  prisoner  of 

war  of  the  Carthaginians.  14.    qua:  on  the  gender  of  dies,  see  B. 

53  ;  A.  97  ;  H.  135.        Romanis :  cf .  coniugi,  p.  34,  1.  13. 

15,  suasit :  for  the  difference  in  meaning  between  this  word  and  per- 
suddeo,  see  Vocab.  illos  .  .  .  redderentur :   in  indirect  discourse 

depending  on  a  verb  of  saying  implied  in  suasit.  '  Exhorted  ohem  .  .  . 
saying.'  illos:  i.e.  Carthdginienses.  enim:  introduces  ti'3  reason 
for  ne  .  .  .  facerent.  16.  tot :  limits  cdsibuft ;  abl.  of  means,  tot  is 
indeclinable  ;  cf .  aliquot,  1.  10.  tanti  non  esse  :  '  it  was  not  worth 
while '  ;  for  the  case  of  tafiti  see  B.  203,  3 ;  A.  417  ;  H.  MO,  3 ;  448,  1. 
17.  ut  .  ,  .  redderentur :  the  logical  subject  of  esse.  propter : 

governs  paucos  as  well  as  se.  18.    ex  Romanis :    cf.  p.  39,  1.  3, 

19.  obtinuit :  '  prevailed.' 

§  45.  21.  C.  Lutatio  Catulo,  A.  Postumio  consulibus :  see  note 
on  C.  Dullio  et  Cn.  Cornelio  Asind  consulibus,  p.  41,  1.  20.  22.  annS 
.  .  .  tertio  :  i.e.  241  b.c.  The  adjective  Punici  is  derived  from  the 
noun,  Poenl ;  why  is  the  u  long  ?  23.  contra  :  '  opposite,'  '  just  off.' 
LUybaeum :  see  Vocab.  25.   captae  .  .  .  dSmersae  .  .  .  capta  • 

so.  sunt.  28.  Captivi:  derivation?  29.  SiciliS,  Sardinia,  et 
ceteris  insulis  :  abl.  of  separation  with  decesserunt.  31.  Iberum : 
see  Vocab. 

Page  43.   §  46.    1.   Anno  .  .  .  tindStricesimo :  i.e.  225  b.c.    What 

is  the  literal  meaning  of  undetricesimo  9         2.   pro  :  '  in  the  support  of.' 

4.  Res  prospere  gesta  est:   'a  successful   engagement  was  fought.' 

5.  apud:  see  note  on  apud,  p.  41,  1.  14.  6.  AUquot  annis  post: 
cf.  duohus  annis  post,  p.  39,  1.  20.  pugnatum  est :  passive  and  im- 
personal. 'A  battle  was  fought.'  9.  Viridomarum :  in  apposition 
with  regem.  10.  Galli:  i.e.  of  Viridoraarus,  the  Gallic  king.  stl- 
pitl :  dat.  governed  by  in-  in  composition. 

§  47.    11.    Paulo  post :  in  218  b.c.  per :  » through  the  action  of.' 

13.  novem  annos  :  ace.  expressing  extent  or  duration  of  time.  See  B. 
181,  1  •  A.  423  2  •  H.  417,  nStum  :  modifies  quern,  i.e.  Hannihalem. 
The  whole  expression  novem  annos  ndtum  means  'when  he  was  nine 
years  old.'        aris :  dat.  because  of  the  influence  of  the  prep,  ai-  in  com- 


238  NOTES   TO   ROMAN    HISTORY.         [Pages  43-41. 

position.  The  direct  object,  quern,  feels  the  force  of  the  action  of  the 
simple  verb  only,  -moverat.  perenne :  'eternal.'  Notice  the  deri- 
vation, in  Romanos :  to  be  taken  with  odium.  14.  annum 
agens  vicesimum  aetatis  :  '  when  in  his  twentieth  year.'  15.  Ro- 
maniB :  cf.  Bomdnis^  p.  41,  1.  23. 

16.    oppugnare :  depends  upon  aggressus  est.  aggressus  est : 

'started  to.'  Hmc  :  i.e.  Hannibali.  17.  cum:  'since.'  nollet : 
see  note  to  p.  42,  1.  5.  18.  ut  .  .  .  mandaretur  :  depends  upon  an 
idea  of  commanding  or  demanding  implied  in  miserunt.  Cf.  ut  abstineret, 
1.  17.  19.   ne  .  .  .  gereret :   cf.  we  .  .  .  redderentur^  p.  35,  1.   17. 

This  clause  is  the  logical  subject  of  mandaretur,  just  as  m^  .  .  .  absiineret 
(1.  17)  is  the  object  of  denuntidverunt.  socios  :  the  city  of  Saguntuni 

had  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Romans.  20.    reddita:   sc.  sunt. 

21.  CarthaginiensibuB :  cf.  Albdms,  p.  33,  1.  8. 

< 

§48.  22  iratre  .  .  .  relicto  :  '  having  left  his  brother.'  24.  sep- 
tem  et  triginta :  in  the  case  of  compound  numerals,  if  the  smaller 
number  precede,  et  must  be  used  to  connect  them.  When  the  smaller 
number  follows,  the  conjunction  is  unnecessary.  Cf.  viginti  quinque  and 
triginta  duo,  p.  42,  1.  25,  and  see  B.  81,  1  ;  A.  133  and  135,  a  ;  IT.  163  and 
p.  62,  footnote  4.  27.  Ticinum  .  .  .  Trebiam  .  .  .  Trasumenum 
lacum  :  see  Vocab.  Page  44.  1.  vulnere  accepts :  expresses  cause. 
3.  vincitur  :  see  note  on  superdtur,  p.  41,  1.  28.  populi :  'tribes,' 
^states.'        5.  intergmptus  :  sc.  est. 

§  49.  7.  Quingentesimo  .  .  .  conditam  :  i.e.  216  b.c.  9.  mit- 
tuntur:    cf.   vincitur,  1.   3  above.  10.    quam :    'than,'  with  aliter. 

mora  :  i.e.  by  continually  putting  off  a  decisive  engagement,  and  so 
w^earing  out  the  enemy.  11.  morae:  gen.  case  with  the  adjective,  im- 
patiens^  See  B.  204,  1,  a  ;  A.  349,  c;  H.  450.  apud  :  see  note  on 
apud,  p.  41,  1.  14.  Cannae:  see  note  on  Stjrdcusdrum,  p.  41,  1.  17. 
12.  victi :  sc.  sunt.  13.  consulares  .  .  .  praetorii:  men  who  had 
been  consuls,  or  praetors,  respectively.  14.   capti  .  .  .  occisi :  sc. 

sunt.  17.   quod  :  has  for  its  antecedent  the  thought  contained  in  the 

main  sentence,  Servl  .  .  .  manumissi  (sunt)  et  milites  fact'i  sunt.  Trans. 
'a  thing  which,' etc.  ante:  adverb.  factum:  sc.  erat.  manu- 
missi :  derivation  ?     See  Vocab. 

§  60.  18.  Post  earn  pugnam  :  i.e.  the  battle  at  Cannae.  19.  pa- 
ruerant :    notice   the   tense.  20.   Romania  :    see  note   on   quibus, 

p.  30,  1.  7.        21.   eos  cives  .  .  .  esse  :  depends  upon  responsum  est. 

22.  Hoa  omnga :  i.e.  captivos.  ille  :  Hannibal.  23.    Cartbagi- 


Pages  44-46.]         NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  239 

n«m :  why  is  the  preposition  omitted  ?  24.  manibus :  see  note  on 
Advenientl,  p.  33,  1.  21.  26.  duobus  Scipioiiibus :  I\  Cornelius 
Sclpio  and  Cn.  Cornelius  iScipio. 

§  51.  30.  apud  Noiam  :  what  would  Nolae  mean  ?  Cf.  note  on 
apud,  p.  41,  1.  14.  Page  45.  1.  bene:  'well,'  i.e.  'successfully.' 
2.  Macedoniae :  see  Vocab.  3.  elque  :  what  does  -que  connect  ? 
5.  qui  .  .  .  impedlret :  cf.  qui  .  .  .  peleret,  p.  40,  1.  28.  quo  mi- 
nus .  .  .  traiceret :  '  from  transporting.'  See  B.  295,  3  ;  A.  658,  b ; 
H.  508.        6.   idem  :  sc.  ille,  lit.  'he  likewise,'  'he  also.' 

§  52.  8.  quoque  :  i.e.  as  well  as  in  Macedonia.  res  gesta  est :  cf. 
p.  43,  1.  4.  9.  cepit :  'took,'  in  the  sense  of  'captured.'  occu- 
paverant :  note  the  tense.  10.  Syracusas  :  see  note  on  •  Sprdcusd- 
rum,  p.  41,  1.  17.  nobilissimam:  'famous.'  The  Latin  superlative 
is  sometimes  best  trans,  by  an  Eng.  positive.  expugnavit:  'took 
by  storm.'  Note  the  derivation.  11.  inde :  i.e.  from  Syracuse. 
12.  cum :  governs  populis  as  well  as  Philippb,  16.  regressus  est : 
what  is  the  force  of  re-  ? 

§  53.    17.    duo   ScipiSnSs :   see  note  on  duobus  Scipionibiis,  p.  44, 

1.  26.  ab  Hasdrubale  :  why  is  the  preposition  necessary  ?  See  note 
on  ab  ea,  p.  32,  1.  9.  19.  Hic,  puer  duodeviginti  annorum  :  '  he, 
when  a  boy  of  eighteen  years.'  annorum  is  gen.  of  measure.  See 
B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H.  440,  3.  20.  in  pflgnS  ad  Ticinum  :  men- 
tioned p.  43,  1.  26  fol.  21.  Cannensem  :  '  of  Cannae.'  On  the  use 
of  the  adj.  see  B.  353,  5.  22.  cupientium  :  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause. 
Note  the  tense.  23.  ab  hoc  consilio :  i.e.  vt  Italiam  desererent. 
Viginti  quattuor  annorum  iuvenis  :  cf.  jfflc,  puer  duodeviginti  anno- 
rum,]. 19.  24.  die  :  abl.  of  time.  qua :  see  note  on  gwa,  p.  42, 1. 14. 
28.  Qua  re :  i.e.  because  obsides  parentibus  reddidit.  ad  eum  .  .  . 
transierunt :  i.e.  allied  themselves  with. 

Page  46.   §  54.  1.  Ab  eo  inde  tempore :  '  from  that  time  on  {inde, 
in  dies :   'day  by  day.'        laetiores  :  notice  the  degree  of  comparison. 

2.  factae  sunt:  'became.'  frStre :  i.e.  Hannibal.  5.  Bruttils; 
'  the  country  of  the  Bruttii,'  a  district  in  southern  Italy.  6.  trSdidfi- 
runt :  derivation  ? 

§  55.  7.  Anno  .  .  .  venerat :  i.e.  203  b.c.  8.  creStus :  sc.  est. 
10.  piignat  .  .  .  delet :  cf.  superdtur,  p.  41,  1.  28.  11.  undecim . 
derivation  ?  Note  the  quantity.  14.  Qua  r5  audita  :  '  when  this 
was  heard,' or,  better,  'on  hearing  this.'        15.    a  CarthaginiSnaibua: 


240  NOTES  TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.         [Pages  46-47. 

with  iuhetur.  16.  anno  decimo  septimo :  i.e.  201  b.c.  17,  ab 
Haunibale  liberata  est :  '  was  freed  from  Hannibal.'  See  B.  214,  1, 
N.  1 ;  A.  ^Ui  ;  H.  4G2,   1. 

§56.  18.  plus  semel :  'more  than  once,'  the  regular  comparative 
adverb,  quam,  being  omitted.    See  B.  217,  3  ;  A.  407,  c  ;  H.  471,  4. 

19.  ad  Zamam  :  meaning  of  ad  f  This  battle  was  fought  in  202  b.c. 
20.  victor :  predicate  nom.  23.  Africanus  appellStus  est :  because 
ut  his  decisive  victories  in  Africa.  24.  Sic :  in  the  manner  above 
described.  fiuem  aocgpit :  the  subject  is  helium.  Lit.  '  received  an 
end,'  and  so,  '  was  ended.'  25.  post  .  .  .  quam  :  separated,  as  often 
in  expressions  of  time.  See  B.  287,  3  ;  A.  434  ;  H.  602.  Trans,  as  if  the 
Latin  read  anno  undevicesimo  postquam  coeperat. 

§  57.  26.  Fmito  Purdco  bello  :  i.e.  the  Second  Punic  War.  Mace- 
donicum  :  sc.  helium.  28.  Cynoscephalas  :  hills  in  eastern  Thes- 
saly.  his  legibus  :  '  on  these  terms.'  Abl.  of  accordance.  See  B. 
220,  3.  Page  47.  Following  legibus  we  have  six  substantive  clauses 
in  apposition  with  legibus :  ne  .  .  .  inferret,  ut  .  .  .  redderety  (ut)  .  .  . 
haheret,{ut)  .  .  .  daret ;  (iit)  .  .  .  praestdret,  et  .  .  .  daret.  For  the  con- 
struction, cf.  ed  condicione  ut  .  .  .  obtineret,  p.  40,  1.  28.  1.  Grae- 
ciae  :  gen.  modifying  civitdte.  2.  transfugas  :  derivation  ?  3.  so- 
lum :  '  only.'  Modifies  quinqudgintd.  reliquas  :  sc.  7idves  from  the 
preceding  sentence.  4.  talenta :  a  Greek  standard  of  value.  See 
Vocab.        5.    Laoedaemoniis  intulit  bellum  :  cf.  1.  1  above. 

§  58.  7.  Finito  bello  Macedonia 6  :  cf.  Fintto  Punico  bello,  p.  46, 
1.  26.  10.    legatus  :    predicate  nominative.         11.    victus  :  sc.  est. 

13.  Data  est:  sc. pax.  14.  hac  lege:  see  note  on  legibus,  p.  46, 
1.  28.  ut  .  .  .  recSderet,  atque  .  .  .  contineret.  .  .  .  praeberet, 
.  .  .  dederet:  see  note  on  legibus,  p.  46,  1.  28.  Asia  :  i.e.  from  Asia 
Minor.  See  Vocab.  intra  Taunim  :  '  within  the  limits  of  the  Taurus 
mountains.'         17.   et :  'also,'  i.e.  as  well  as  his  brother.  18.  ad 

imitationem  :  '  in  imitation  of.'  Asiatic! :  limits  nomen.  Why  did 
he  select  Asidticus  as  a  nomen  ? 

§59.  19.  Philippo  .  .  .  mortuo :  'after  the  death  of  Philip.' 
20.  rebellavit :  derivation  ?  ingentibus  .  .  .  paratJs  :  perhaps  best 
translated  by  changing  to  the  active  construction,  '  having  prepared, '  etc. 
copiis :  on  the  difference  of  meaning  between  the  singular  and  plural, 
8ee  Vocab.        21.   missus:   sc.  est.         23.    nisi  his  condicionibus. 


Pages  47-48.]  NOTES   TO   ROMAN    HISTORY.  241 

ut  .  .  .  dederet :  cf.  hdc  lege  ut  .  .  .  recederet,  1.  14.  25.  Pydnam : 
see  Vocab.  gius :  whose  ?  27.  tenuerat :  note  the  tense.  dedi- 
derunt :  is  this  from  the  same  word  as  dederet,  1.  24  ?  Ipse  :  '  him- 
self," the  intensive. 

28.  In:  governs  potestatem.  A  modifying  genitive,  like  an  adjec- 
tive, is  thus  very  often  placed  between  a  preposition  and  its  noun. 
30-  Persel:  gen.  case,  from  Perseus.  magnitudinis :  gen.  of  quality. 
See  B.  203,  i ;  A.  345  ;  H.  440,  3.  31,  remonim  ordines:  '  banks  of 
oars.'  Ordinarily  ancient  vessels  had  only  three  or  four  banks  of  oars  ; 
hence  the  word  inusitdtae,  applied  to  this  vessel  of  Perseus.  32.  duo- 
bus  filiis  .  .  .  adstantibus  ?  Here  the  abl.  abs.  expresses  attendant 
circumstances.  We  may  translate,  'with  his  two  sons  standing  by.' 
utroque  .  .  .'  latere :   '  on  each  side.'     See  B.  228  ;  A.  426,  3  ;  H.  485,  2. 

Page  48.  §  60.  4.  sescentesimo  .  .  .  condita  :  i.e.  149  b.c.  The 
war  was  forced  on  Carthage.  anno  quinquagesimo,  etc.  :  see  note 
on  Zamam,  p.  46,  1.  19,  and  cf.  note  on  quadrdgesimo  tertio,  p.  33, 
1.5.  7.  traieoerunt:  transitive  or  intransitive  ?  8.  ibi:  where? 
Scipionis  Afrioani :  see  p.  46,  1.  22,  fol.  10.  Huius :  i.e.  Sc'ipio- 
nis,  limits  metus  et  reverentia.  apud  omnSs  :  '  with  all. '  ingens : 
pred.  adjective.  neque :  '  and  .  .  .  not.'  The  Latin  regularly  unites 
thus  in  one  word  the  connective  and  a  negative.  11.  quidquam : 
direct  object  of  vitdhant.  quam  :  'than,'  with  magis.  12.  com- 
mittere :  depends  upon  vitdhant  understood. 

§  61.  13.  magnum :  pred.  adjective  with  nomen,  the  subject  of 
esset.      Mdgnum    is    emphasized    by   its    position.  14.    postquam 

traieoerunt:  see  B.  287;  A.  543;  H.  602.  15.  missus:  sc.  est. 
urbem  .  .  .  cepit:  in  146  b.c.  16.  ibi:  'where?'  facta:  sc.  esf . 
17.  plurima:  lit.  'very  many  things';  better,  'very  many  objects.' 
excidiis :  pi. ,  referring  to  the  destruction  of  different  cities.  19.  quae : 
the  antecedent  is  cimtdtihus.  sua  recognoscebant :  'recognized'  or 
'identified  as  their  own.'  21.  iunioris  :  'the  younger,'  in  distinction 
from  his  adoptive  grandfather,  who  also  bore  the  cognomen  of  Africdnus ; 
see  p.  46,  1.  22,  fol. 

§62.  22.  Pseudophilippus :  i.e.  one  who  falsely  (pseudo)  assumed 
the  name  of  Philippus.  This  was  a  certain  Andriscus  (see  below,  p.  49, 
1.  5),  who  pretended  to  be  a  son  of  King  Perseus.  arma  movit:  'in- 
cited to  arms.'  23.  ad  intemecionem :  'up  to  the  point  of  annihi- 
lation.' 25.  vigintT  quTnque  milibus  .  .  .  occisTs:  expresses  time. 
26.    ex  militibus  eius :  see  note  on  ex  JRdmdtiis,  p.  39,  1  3. 


242  NOTES  TO  ROMAN  HISTORY.         [Pages  49-50. 

Page  49.  1.  Romanis  legatis:  see  B.  187,  in;  A.  370;  H.  429. 
illatam :  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause.  2.  Hanc  :  sc.  civitdtem.  3.  fue- 
runt :  '  there  were ' ;  tres  triumphi  is  the  predicate.  See  note  on 
triumphdns,  p.  34,  1.  6  above.  Scipionis  .  .  .  Metelli  .  .  .  Mum- 
mii;  sc.  triumphiis  fuit.  5.  praecessit:  derivation?  et:  'also.' 
6.  signa:  'statues.'  7.  alia;  limits  brndmenta.  urbis  clarissi- 
mae:  i.e.  Corinth. 

§  63.  9.  Anno  .  .  .  conditam :  i.e.  144  b.c.  11.  primd :  '  at 
first.'  12.    ut  .  .  .  existimaretur :   see   B.    284 ;   A.    537  ;   II.    570. 

vindex :  pred.  noun  ;  sc.  ille  =  Viridthus.  ITbertdtis  depends  upon  vin- 
dex,  and  Hispdniae  in  turn  upon  llhertdtis.  13.  interfectores  :  derived 
from  the  verb,  interficib  (cf.  interfectus  est).  What  is  the  meaning  of 
the  suffix  -tor  ?  See  B.  147,  1 ;  A.  236,  a  ;  H.  334.  15.  placuisse : 
see  note  on  hunc  sonum  .  .  .  esse.,  p.  30,  1.  20.  imperatorem  .  .  . 
intertici :  the  logical  subject  of  placuisse.  On  imperdtorem  see  note  on 
interfectdres,  1.  13. 

§  64.  17.  civitate  :  in  apposition  with  the  name  of  the  city,  Numan- 
tid  implied  in  Numantinis.     Cf.  civitdti.,  1.  1.  18.   victus:  sc.  est. 

19.  eis:  i.e.  whom?  20.  infringi  .  .  .  tradi:  for  the  construction,  see 
note  to  p.  31,  1.  10.  quam  is  the  subject  of  the  first  infinitive,  Mancimiin 
of  the  second.  22.    militem  :  'soldiery,'  lit.  *  soldier.'         23.   par- 

tim  .  .  .  partim  :  '  partly  .  .  .  partly,'  with  the  verbs,  c^pit,  accepit. 
25.  fame :  abl.  of  means  with  coegit.  coegit :  derivation  ?  See 
Vocab.         26.   reliquam:  '  the  rest  of  the. ' 

§  65.    28.   lugurthae :  cf.    legdtis,  1.  1.        Page  50.    1.   interemis- 

set :  '  because,  according  to  the  charge  brought  against  him.,  he  had 
killed.'  See  note  on  quod  .  .  .  exhauriretur,  p.  30,  1.  23.  missus 
.  .  .  cormptus:  with /eciY.  Trans,  as  if  coordinate.  5.  vel .  i.e. 
he  killed  some  elephants  and  captured  the  rest.  7.  triumphantis  ; 
'  when  he  was  celebrating  his  triumph.'  8.  cum  duobus  filiis  :  cf. 
cum  multis  Iroidnis,  p.  30,  1.  7.  vinctus:  'in  chains,'  lit.  'bound.' 

9.    strangulatus :  sc.  est. 

§66.  10.  Dmn  .  .  .  geritur:  'while  the  war  was  being  carried 
on.'  Cf.  dum  .  .  .  oppugnat, -p.  o^,  ^' ^.  12.  Italiae  :  see  note  on  g?/i- 
bus,  p.  30,  1.  7.  plures :  '  several.'  13.  Ingens  :  note  the  emphatic 
position.  ne  .  .   .  occuparent:   depends  upon  (fuit)  timor.      See 

B.  296,  2;    A.  564;    II.   507.  iterum  :    see  §  32.  14.    creatus: 

sc.  est.  elquebellum  .  .  .  decretumest:  'war  was  entrusted  to  liim 
by  a  decree  (of  the  senate).'        16.   tertius  :  sc.  cunsuldtus.        17.    ce- 


Pages  50-51]        NOTES   TO   ROMAN   HISTORY.  243 

cidit :  what  enables  us  to  decide  that  this  form  is  the  perfect  tense  of 
caedo  and  not  of  cadb  ?  18.  milia :  what  word  is  to  be  supplied  ? 
propter  quod  meritum  :  '  on  account  of  this  service,'  i.e.  his  successes 
described  in  the  preceding  sentence.     Note  the  trans,  of  quod. 

19.  absens  :  '  though  absent. '  The  part,  contains  a  concessive  idea. 
quintum :  'for  the  fifth  time.'  20.  adhuo :  'still,'  i.e.  even  after 
Liieir  losses  in  battle  with  Marius.  infinita:  derivation?  21.  tran- 
sierunt :  i.e.  Alpes.  a  C.  Mario  et  Q.  Catulo  .  .  .  dimicatum 
est :  'C.  Marius  and  Q.  Catulus  fought.'  Cf.  pugndtum  est,  p.  43,  1.  6. 
22.   ad  :  see  note  on  ad,  p.  40,  1.  18.        24.    capta :  sc.  sunt. 

§  67.  25.  Sescentesimo  .  .  .  condita:  i.e.  90b.c.  26.  bellum : 
the  Social  War.  27.  multos  annos :  see  B.  181, 1 ;  A.  423,  2  ;  H.  417. 
28.  cumillis:  i.e.  cum  Romdnis.  iura :  'rights'  of  Roman  citizen- 
ship.       Page  51.   1.    in  eo  :  sc.  bello.        2.   fiisi  fugatique :  sc.  sunt. 

3.  cum  .  .  .  turn:  'not  only  .  .  .  but  also.'  egregie  :  how  are 
adverbs  of    this  class  formed?      See  B.    76,    1  ;    A.    218 ;    H.  307,   2. 

4.  copiiB :  cf.  the  plural  of  copiis  with  the  singular,  copia,  p.  50,  1.  20. 
quadriennium :  derivation?  6.  ei:  i.e.  bello.  1.  id:  in  apposi- 
tion with  the  phrase  ius  civitdtis,  and  at  the  same  time  antecedent  of 
quod.  prius:  'formerly.'  negaverant :  note  the  tense.  8.  so- 
ciis  :  indirect  object  of  tribuerunt. 

§  68.  9.  Anno  .  .  .  sexto:  i.e.  88  b.c.  Notice  the  three  modes  of 
expression,  urbis  conditae  here,  ab  urbe  condkd  in  p.  50, 1.  26,  post  urbem 
conditam,  p.  44,  1.  7.  10.  primum :  is  an  adj.,  limiting  bellum. 
11.  Mithridaticum  :  ^a.  bellum  exortum  est.  bello  civili:  '/or  the 
civil  war.'  12.  SuUae  :  see  note  on  eique,  p.  50,  1.  14.  15.  cum 
.  .  .  turn:  note  the  same  expression  in  1. 3.  Here  trans. '  either  ...  or'; 
i.e.  'killed  some  of  his  opponents,  and  put  to  flight  others.'  16.  ut- 
cumque  :  'in  some. way  or  other.'  19.  finibus  :  abl.  with  the  adj., 
contentus.     See  B.  219,  1  ;  A.  431,  a  ;  H.  476,  1. 

§  69.  20.  dum  .  .  .  vinoit :  see  note  on  dum  .  .  .  oppugnat,  p.  35, 
1.  3.  21.  ex  conaulibus:  see  note  on  ex  Romdnis,  p.  39, 1.  3.  22. 
repararunt :  =  repardverunt.  23.  ex  senatu :  i.e.  '  from  among  the 
senators.'  consulares  :  '  of  consular  rank,'  i.e.  who  had  at  some  time 
held  the  office  of  consul.  24.  proscripserunt :  'proscribed.'  The 
custom  of  proscription,  introduced  by  Sulla,  consisted  in  'posting  up  in 
writing '  or  '  publishing '  the  names  of  those  whom  he  desired  to  have 
killed  and  their  property  confiscated,  on  the  ground  that  they  were 
hostile  to  his  party.        ipsius :  intensive;  'himself.'        eversa:  note 


244  NOTES   TO   KOMAN   HISTORY.         [Pages  51-53. 

the  gender  of   domus.         25.    universus  :    'in  a  body.'        reliquus : 
'the  rest  of.'        28.   etiam:  'even.'        29.  inermium :  sc.  clciwm. 

Page  52.  1.  de  Mithridate  triumphavit :  '  celebrated  a  triumph 
over  Mithridates,'  the  regular  form  of  expression.  See  note  on  tri- 
2imphdns^ 'p.  34,1.  6.  2.  Italicum:  sc.  helium.  et :  'also.'  so- 
ciale  :  sc.  helium.  3.  civile  :  sc.  helium.  consumpserunt :  the 
subject  is  hella.,  1.  2.  ultra:  'more  than.'  4.  consulares:  see 
note  on  consulares,  p.  51,  1.  23.  praetorios :  '  ex-praetore,'  'men  of 
praetorian  rank' ;  cf.  CO wswZdres.        5.    aedillcios  :  'ex-aediles.' 


III.     VIRI   ROMAE. 

1.    Gaius  JuUifs  Caesar. 

100-44  B.C. 

Page  53.  1.  C.  lulius  Caesar :  the  character  C.  in  early  times  repre- 
sented both  C  and  G,  and  C.  stands  for  Gdius  ;  see  B.  373 ;  A.  1,  a ;  H.  5,  2-3. 
Of  the  three  names  Gdiusis  the praenomen,  corresponding  to  our  Christian 
name  ;  lulius  is  the  nonien  or  name  of  the  gens  ;  and  Caesar  is  the  cog- 
nomen, or  family  name.  The  cognomen  was  often  in  its  origin  a  nick- 
name (cf.  note  on  p.  61,  1.  13  below).  The  origin  of  the  name  Caesar 
is  doubtful ;  see  Class.  Diet.  nobilissima :  see  note  to  p.  45,  1.  10. 
lulionim :  see  Vocab.  and  Class.  Diet.  familia  :  for  the  case  see 
B.  215;  A.  403,  a;  H.  469,  2.  2.  annum  agens  sextum  et  deci- 
mum  :  'in  his  sixteenth  year.'  See  note  top.  43,  1.  14.  Corneliam: 
Roman  women  are  ordinarily  referred  to  only  by  the  nomen  or  gentile 
name.     Cf.  note  to  1.  1  above.  3.   Cinnae :  see  Vocab.  duxit 

uzorem  :  =  in  mdtrimdnium  duxit.  pater  :  subject  of  esset;  note  the 
order,  which  is  a  common  one  in  Latin. 

4.    SuUae :  for  the  case  see  B.  192,  1  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434,  2.  ut  earn 

repudiaret :   see  B.  295,   1  ;   A.  563  ;  H.   565.  5.   neque   potuit : 

'but  he  could  not.'  bonis:  'goods,'  'property.'  For  the  case  see 
B.  214,  1,&;  A.  401  ;  H.  462.  6.  etiam:  'besides.'  7.  quSrtanae 
morbo  laborabat :  'he  was  suffering  from  quartan  ague;'  qndrtdnae 
(sc.  fehris)  was  an  intermittent  fever,  the  attacks  of  which  occurred 
after  intervals  of  two  days,  i.e.  on  every  fourth  day,  according  to  the 
Roman  method  of  inclusive  reckoning.    For  the  case  of  morho  see  B.  219  ; 


Pages  53-54.]  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  245 

A.  404,  a ;  H.  475.     Note  the  mood  of  labordbat  in  the  concession  of  a 

fact. 

8.  prope  per  singulas  noctgs:  'almost  every  night.'  9.  ne  ,  .  . 
perduceretur :  depends  on  evdsU ;  note  the  order.  10.  propinquos 
et  affines  :  what  difference  in  meaning  between  these  two  words  ?  See 
Vocab.  11.  Satis  constat:  see  Vocab.  under  CO nsi5o.  12.  cum: 
is  this  the  prep,  or  the  conj.  ?  Why  ?  deprecantibus  .  .  .  viris : 
dat.,  ind.  obj.  of  denegdsset.  14.  expugnatum :  'forced  to  con- 
sent' ;  note  the  literal  meaning  of  the  word.  vincerent:  'that  they 
might  have  their  way.'  On  the  mood  see  B.  316;  A.  588;  H.  642,  4; 
15.  scirent :  see  B.  310,  ii ;  A.  528 ;  H.  587.  quern  incolumem  : 
sc.  esse.  16.  secum  :  refers  to  Sulla.  defendissent :  =  defendistis 
of  the  dir.  disc.  17.  exitio  futurum  :  '  would  be  the  ruin  ' :  for  the 
case  of  exitio  see  B.  191,  2  ;  A.  382,  1 ;  H.  433,  2.  18.  stipendia 
prima  .   .   .   fecit:    '.he   served  his  first  campaign.'  19.    Corona 

civica :  for  the  case  see  B.  187,  i,  a ;  A.  364  ;  H.  426,  6.  The  civic 
crown,  of  oak  leaves,  was  among  the  most  prized  of  the  various  rewards 
conferred  for  distinction  in  arms.  It  was  awarded  for  saving  the  life  of 
a  Roman  citizen  in  battle,  and  conferred  certain  privileges  on  its  possessor, 
including  immunity  from  taxation.  Cf .  Macaulay,  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome, 
Virginia,  314, 

*  How  she  danced  with  pleasure 
To  see  my  civic  crown.' 

Rhodum  :  Rhodes,  like  Athens,  was  a  favorite  resort  for  students  of 
oratory.  Cicero,  as  well  as  Caesar,  studied  with  Molo  at  Rhodes. 
20.   per  otium :  '  at  leisure.' 

Page  54.  1.  dicendi:  'of  oratory.'  Hue:  i.e.  Bhodum.  tra- 
icit:  for  the  mood  and  tense  see  B.  293,  i;  A.  556;  H.  604,  1. 
4.  terror!  veneratiomque :  cf.  exitio,  p.  53,  1.  17  above.  5.  ad 
expediendas  pecuniSs:  pi.,  like  English  'moneys.'  For  the  construc- 
tion see  B.  339,  2  ;  A.  506  ;  H.  628.  quibus  redimergtur :  '  with 
which  to  ransom  him ' ;  a  rel.  clause  of  purpose.  6.  dimisit :  note 
the  force  of  the  prefix.  quinquaginta :    sc.  talenta.     On  the  value 

of  the  talent  see  the  Vocabulary.  7.  daturum :  sc.  esse.  Note  the 
tense.  8.  quae  urbs  proxime  aberat :  '  which  was  the  nearest  city.' 
9.  invectus  .  .  .  fugavit :  'sailed  .  .  .  and  put  to  flight.'  What  is 
the  literal  meaning  of  invectus?  12.  quod  illis  saepe  minSLtus 
inter  iocum  erat :  '  with  which  he  had  often  jestingly  threatened  them.' 
For  the  case  of  illis  see  B.  187,  i ;  A.  362  ;  H.  426,  2.    Note  the  position 


246  NOTES   TO   VIRI  ROMAE.  [Pages  54-55. 

of  inter  iocuniy  and  its  meaning.  13.  cruel  suffixit:  'crucified,'  a 
common  mode  of  pimisliing  slaves  and  criminals. 

14.  Quaestor! :  sc.  el,  'as  quaestor,'  'in  his  quaestorship. '  ob- 
venit:    'fell   to   his   lot.'  Quo:    adv.  =  m   ulteribrem   Hispdniam. 

15.  ad  conspectum :  '  at  the  sight.'  16.  per  iocum  :  '  in  jest ' ;  cf. 
inter  iocum,  1.  12,  and  per  otium,  p.  58,  1.  20.  num :  note  the  force 
of  the  interrogative  particle,  and  see  note  to  p.  29,  1.  24  above.  illic 
etiam  :  'even  there.'  17.  ambitidni:  dat.  of  possession  :  'there  was 
room  for  ambition,'  more  literally,  '  ambition  had  a  place.'  18.  Dom- 
inationis:    B.  204,    1;    A.    349,    a;    H.    451,1.  22.   aliis  rebus: 

abl.  of  specification  ;  see  B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480.  pietatem  :  here  = 

'justice.'  colas:  B.  275,  2;  A.  439,  a;  H.  560,  1.  23.  Gades: 
why  is  the  preposition  omitted  with  this  word  ?  quod  :  note  the  gen. 
and  n. ;  see  B.  250,  3  ;  A.  306  ;  H.  396,  2.        25.   ingemult :  '  sighed.' 

25.  quasi  .  .  .  pertaederet :  '  as  if  he  were  disgusted  with  his 
lack  of  enterprise.'  For  the  case  of  eum  and  igndviae  see  B.  209,  1 ;  A. 
354,  h  ;  H.  457  ;  for  the  mood  of  pertaederet,  B.  307  ;  A.  524 ;  H.  584, 
II.  26.  nihildum:  'nothing  as  yet.'  Ictum  esset:  the  subj., 
because  the  reason  is  given  as  Caesar's  thought,  not  as  the  view  of  the 
writer.  qui:    B.  230;    A.   423,    1;    H.   486.  27.  subegisset : 

subj.  because  it  represents  a  part  of  Caesar's  thought.  This  is  some- 
times called  subj.  hy  attraction.  continuo  :  be  careful  in  the  trans- 
lation of  this  word;  cf.  continue.  28.  ad  captandas  .  .  .  occa- 
siones :  '  to  seize  the  opportunity '  ;  one  of  the  various  ways  of 
expressing  purpose  ;  see  note  on  ad  expediendds  pecunids,  1.  5  above. 
quam  primum  :  B.  240,  3  ;  A.  291,  c  ;  H.  159,  2.  maionim  rerum  : 
'  for  greater  deeds ' ;  objective  gen. 

Page  55.  1.  Aedilis  :  'as  aedile,'  or  'in  his  aedileship'  ;  see  Vocab. 
The  aediles  were  in  the  habit  of  giving  public  entertainments  at  their  own 
expense,  to  gain  the  good  will  of  the  populace,  and  so  pave  their  way  to 
election  to  the  praetorship  and  consulship.  4.  commilnium  quoque 
impensarum  :  i.e.  he  got  the  credit  for  the  entertainments  of  which  he 
and  Bibulus  jointly  bore  the  expense,  as  well  (quoque)  as  of  those  which 
he  gave  alone.  5.  eff  udit :  'wasted.'  6.  sibi  opus  esse:  'that 
he  needed.'  miliens  sestertium :  i.e.  miliens  centena  milia  sester- 

iiwTw,  'a  hundred  million  sesterces,'  about  $5,000,000.  7.  ut  haberet 
nihil :  i.e.  to  be  free  from  debt.  8.  societatem :  '  a  league,'  the  first 
triumvirate,  in  60  b.c.  10.   displicuisset :   subj.  because  it  is  an 

essential  part  of  the  clause  ne  quid  ageretur ;  cf.  subegisset,  p.  54,  1.  27 


Pages  55-56.]  NOTES  TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  247 

above.  11.  ager  Campanus  :  this  was  land  in  Campania,  which  be- 
longed to  the  state.  plebi :  '  among  the  people '  ;  dat.  of  the  ind.  obj. 
12.  cui  legi:  'this  law.'  rem  ad  populum  detulit :  'he  laid  the 
matter  before  the  people,'  i.e.  before  the  popular  assembly. 

15.    stercore ;   for  the  case  see  B.  218,  8  ;   A.  409,  a ;    H.  477,  ii. 
ei :  the  dat.  is  nearly  equal  to  a  poss.  gen.  modifying  fasces.     B.  188, 
1  and  N,  ;  A.  377  ;  H.  425,  4,  n.         16.    adeo  :    'even.'        17.    domo  : 
■ji  his  house';    really  an  abl.  of  means;  the  loc.  doml  would  mean 
at  home.'      See  B.   218,7.  18.   unus :    'alone.'  19.    si  quid 

lestandl  gratia  signarent :  '  if  they  signed  anything  as  witnesses ' ; 
more  lit.  '  for  the  purpose  of  bearing  witness.'  The  subjunctive  is  used 
because  the  conditional  clause  is  an  essential  part  of  the  result  clause,  ut 
.  .  .  scriberent.  General  conditions  are  ordinarily  in  the  indie.  See  B. 
302,   3;   A.   518;    H.    578,    1.  20.    per  iocum:    cf.   p.   54,   1.   16. 

21.  actum :  sc.  esse.  Cf.  the  Eng.  expression,  '  done  '  in  a  given  year. 
lulio   et  Caesare :    sc.  consulihus.  22.    duobus:    sc.  consulibus. 

23.  consulatu  :  for  the  case  see  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477,  i.  pro- 
vinciam  :   '  as  his  province, '  in  apposition  with  Oalliam. 

24.  novem  amiis,  quibus  :  time  within  which  ;  quibus  really  expresses 
duration  of  time,  but  its  case  is  attracted  to  that  of  novem  annis.  See, 
however,  B.  281,  1  ;  A.  424,  b  ;  H.  417,  2.  26.  primus  Romanonim 
.  .  .  affecit  cladibus  :  the  sentence  cannot  be  rendered  word  for  word 
into  good  English.  Trans.  '  He  was  the  first  of  the  Romans  to  make  a 
bridge  (across  the  Rhine)  and  attack  the  Germans,  whom,  etc.,'  or  in 
some  similar  way.     Note  the  order  of  the  Latin  words. 

Page  56.  1.  superatis :  sc.  ds,  =  Britannis,  and  see  B.  187,  1 ; 
A.  369  ;  H.  426,  1.  Note  that  these  verbs  govern  the  dat.  for  different 
reasons  :  in  this  case  the  dat.  is  really  governed  by  in-  in  composition  ; 
'he  conquered  them  and  imposed  on  them  a  requisition  of  money  and 
hostages.'  Britain  did  not  become  a  Roman  province  until  43  a.d. 
2.  Hic  :  adv. ;  '  in  this  campaign.'  cum  :  correlative  with  tnm  below  ; 
see  Vocab.  3.  illud  egregium  :  sc.  insigne ;  '  the  following  brilliant 
exploit.'  quod  .  .  ,  restituit:  a  subst.  clause  in  the  indie,  in  appo- 
sition with  illud  ;  trans,  quod  by  '  that.'  nutante  in  fugam  :  'giving 
way  to  flight '  ;  what  is  the  lit.  trans.  ?  4.  scuto  :  see  Intro.,  p.  16,  3. 
5.  Idem:  'again  .  .  .  he,'  or  'also  .  .  .  he.'  What  is  the  lit.  mean- 
ing? 6.  aquilifenim:  see  Intro.,  p.  17,  1.  ineundae  fugae 
causa:  B.  339,  1;  A.  504,  &;  H.  626,  1.  7.  comprehensum  .  .  . 
detraxit:   'seized  .  .  .  and  turned.' 


248  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  [Pages  66-57. 

10.  vincique :  trans,  with  pardtds  (sc.  legiones).  vincere  :  takes 
the  place  of  the  second  ace.  with  docuit.  See  B.  178,  b  ;  A.  396  and  n.  ; 
H.  411.  12.  interfecto  .  .  .  Craaso :  in  the  disastrous  defeat  at 
Carrhae,  in  53  b.c.  14.  lam  pridem  .  .  .  suspectae  :  sc.  eraut  .  .  . 
erat,  and   see  B.  260,  4 ;   A.  471,   b ;  H.  535.  15.   Pompeio  :    see 

B.   158,   2,    c;    A.   378,    1;    H.    425,   4.  Pompeiana :  =  Pow/^eL 

16.  ferebat :  we  should  say  '  could  bear.'  17.  imperfects  bello  : 
abl.  abs.  ;  trans.  '  before  the  war  was  ended.'  18.  quamvis  ab- 
sent! :  =  quamvis  absens  esset,  '  although  he  was  absent '  from  Rome. 
19.  su^dentibus  .  .  .  amicis :  '  at  the  solicitation  of  Pompey  and  liis 
friends.'  20.  negatum  est :  sc.  id,  =  ut  illi  liceret  alterum  coiisrdd- 
tumpetere.  acceptam:  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause.  21.  vindicatu- 
rus :  =  ut  vindicdret.  See  B.  337,  4  ;  A.  499,  2  ;  H.  638,  3.  In  what 
other  ways  might  this  purpose  be  expressed  ?  bellandum  ratus :  sc. 
esse,  '  thinking  that  war  was  inevitable ' ;  more  lit.  '  that  war  must  be 
waged.'     See  B.  138,  iv  ;  A.  208,  d ;  H.  302,  7. 

22.  Rubiconem  .  .  .  transiit :  since  the  Rubicon  was  the  boundary 
of  Caesar's  province,  to  cross  it  was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war. 
The  expression  '  to  cross  the  Rubicon '  has  become  proverbial.  qui : 
for  the  agreement  see  note  on  quod,  p.  54,  1.  23  above.  25.  quod  si  : 
'but  if.'  ponticulum  :  'that  little  bridge.'  The  dimin.  emphasizes 
the  insignificance  of  the  action  in  comparison  with  its  results.  26.  tran- 
sierimus  :  fut.  perf.  denoting  an  action  completed  at  the  time  of  agenda 
erunt.  See  B.  264  ;  A.  516,  c ;  H.  574,  2.  In  accordance  with  the  Eng. 
idiom  it  should  be  translated  by  the  present.  27.  lacta  alea  esto  : 
our  familiar  expression  is  '  the  die  is  cast ' ;  Caesar  uses  the  imperative. 
28.    quo  :  adv. 

Page  57.  3.  diutiua  :  'too  long.'  See  B.  240,  1  ;  A.  291,  a ;  H.  498. 
4.  ad  eas  aroessendas  :  see  note  on  ad  expediendds  pecunids,  p.  54, 1. 5. 
mirae  audaciae  :  '  of  astonishing  boldness '  ;  gen.  of  quality.  5.  mo- 
rae:    see  B.  204,  1,  a ;  A.  349,  b;   H.  451,  3.  6.    naviculam  :   'a 

small  boat.'  7.  saeva  tempestate  :  abl.  of  cause.  8.  navigium  : 
'  the  craft,'  a  general  term.  Derivation  ?  9.  gubernatore  :  '  steers- 
man,' 'helmsman,'  who  was  also  the  owner  of  the  boat,  and  the  only 
other  person  present.  11.  obrutus  esset :  note  that  the  action  of  the 
verb  did  not  take  place.  In  such  cases  the  subj.  is  used  with  prius  quam. 
Cf.  B.  292,  b  ;  A.  551,  b  ;  H.  605,  ii.  12.  Pharsalico  :  see  note  on 
p.  45,  1.  21  above.  15.  quoque :  i.e.  'as  well'  as  against  Pompey. 
videret :  B.  283,  3  ;  A.  535,  e  ;  H.  592.  17.  praeferocem  :  '  full  of 
confidence ' ;  note  the  force  of  prae-.        ab  adventu  :  note  the  position. 


Pages  57-58.]  NOTES   TO   VIRI  ROMAE.  249 

18.  quattuor  .  .  .  horis :  abl.  of  time  within  which.  Note  the  order. 
quibus  ill  conspectum  venit :  sc.  hostis,  or  eius ;  '  after  he  came  in 
sigiit  of  the  enemy.'     qidbus  (sc.  horls)  is  also  abl.  of  time  within  which. 

19.  acie:  'battle.'  Note  the  order.  more  fulmiiiis  :  'like  a  thun- 
derbolt.'    For  the  case  of  more  see  B.  220,  3;    A.  412,  b.  ;  H.  473,  3. 

20.  venit,  percussit,  abscessit :  note  the  perfect,  denoting  instantaneous 
action.  22.  Pontico  .  .  .  triumpho  :  i.e.  in  the  triumph  which  he 
celebrated  over  Pharnaces,  king  of  Pontus  ;  abl.  of  time.  trium  ver- 
bonim  .  .  .  titulum :  'an  inscription  of  three  words.'  For  the  case  of 
verhorum  see  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H.  440,  3.  25.  devicit :  note 
the  force  of  de^.  The  reference  is  to  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  in  46  b.c. 
26.  Africani  belli :  '  in  the  war  in  Africa '  ;  belli  is  an  objective  gen. 
governed  by  victor  em.  On  the  use  of  the  adj.  Africani  see  note  on  Phar- 
sdlico,  1.  12  above.  excepit :  '  met.'  The  subject  is  Hispdniense  (sc. 
bellum).        27.    Cn.  :  stands  for  Gnaeus.     Cf.  C,  p.  53,  1.  1  above. 

Page  58.  1.  sequentium :  '  from  those  who  followed ' ;  subjective 
gen.  with  auxiliis.  Note  that  the  Latin  expression  is  not  eorum  sequen- 
tium, which  would  have  a  different  meaning.  What  meaning  ?  auxiliis 
.  .  .  confluentibus  is  abl.  abs.  2.  Sua:  'his  usual.'  in  Hispa- 
niam  :  note  the  case.  4.  initum  :  sc.  est.  proelium :  the  battle  of 
Munda,  in  45  b.c.  plus  quam  dubio  Marte :  'when  the  battle  was 
more  than  doubtful,'  i.e.  was  going  against  Caesar.  Mdrte  is  used  by 
metonymy  for  proelio.  6.  servasset :  the  subj.  shows  that  Caesar's 
reason  is  quoted  by  the  narrator.  8.  vidSrent :  an  imperative  clause 
in  indir.  disc.  Cf.  vincerent,  p.  53,  1.  14.  quern  et  quo  loco  impe- 
ratorem  :  'what  a  commander  and  in  what  a  situation.'  Note  the 
omission  of  the  prep,  with  loco;  see  B.  228,  1,  b;  A.  429,  1 ;  H.  485,  2. 
deserturi  essent :  B.  115  ;  A.  194,  a  ;  H.  236. 

9.  Verecundia  .  .  .  virtu te  :  abl.  of  cause.  10.  omnium  :  '  over 
all.'  Cf.  Africani  belli,  p.  57,  1.  26,  and  the  note.  14.  annumque 
.  .  .  accommodavit :  after  Caesar's  reform  of  the  calendar,  in  46  b.c, 
the  year  consisted  of  365  days,  distributed  among  the  months  as  at 
present.  By  the  previous  arrangement,  which  tradition  attributed  to 
Numa,  March,  May,  July,  and  October  had  31  days,  February  28,  and 
the  rest  29.  Since  this  lunar  year  of  355  days  was  too  short,  the  defi- 
ciency was  partly  made  up  by  inserting  an  intercalary  month  (intercald- 
rio  mense,  1.  16)  every  other  year.  16.  dierum  :  see  note  on  verborum, 
p.  57,  1.  22  above.  unus  dies  .  .  .  intercalaretur :    the  present 

'leap-year.'  17.    lus    .    .    .    dixit:     'he    administered    justice.' 

18.    Repetundarum  :  sc.  rerum,  'extortion.'     For  the  case  see  B.  208, 


250  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  [Pages  68-59. 

1;  A.  362;  H.  456.  convictos :  notice  that  we  do  not  have  eos 
convictos.  See  note  on  sequentium,  1.  1  above.  19.  Peregrinaruin 
merciuin  :  '  on  imports ' ;  objective  gen. 

20.  legem  sumptuariam :  '  the  laws  against  extravagance. '  The 
existing  'sumptuary  laws,'  especially  those  regulating  the  expense  of  the 
table,  were  vigorously  enforced  by  Caesar,  who  also  passed  a  new  law 
forbidding  the  use  of  purple  garments,  of  litters,  and  of  pearls,  except  by 
persons  of  a  certain  rank  oi'  age,  or  on  certain  days.  exercuit :  '  en- 
forced.' 22.  ad  certum  modum  :  'to  a  definite  limit.'  23.  redi- 
gere  :  sc.  destindhat.  optima  quaeque :  '  all  the  best ' ;  see  B.  252,  5,  c  ; 
A.  313,  h  ;  H.  515,  2.  25.  posset  :  subj.  representing  Caesar's  design. 
publicare  :  '  to  open  to  the  public'  26.  Pomptinas  paludes :  locate 
these,  and  the  places  mentioned  in  the  following  four  lines,  with  the  help 
of  the  Vocab.  and  the  maps.  viam  munire  :  see  Vocab.  27.  ad 
.  .  .  usque:  'all  the  way  to,'  'as  far  as.'  30.  agentem  et  medi- 
tantem :  sc.  eum. 

Page  59.  5.  eius :  refers  to  whom  ?  Wliy  ?  rostiis  :  '  the  ros- 
trum '  (in  English  the  singular  is  used,  in  Latin  always  the  plural)  or 
speaker's  platform,  between  the  Comitium  and  the  Forum.  It  was  so 
called  because  it  was  decorated  with  the  beaks  of  the  ships  {rostra)  taken 
from  the  people  of  Antium  in  338  b.c.  diadema  :  '  crown.'  Note  that 
corona  is  not  used  of  a  kingly  crown,  and  cf.  p.  53,  1.  19.  6.  ita  :  '  in 
such  a  way.'  7.  off ensus  :  sc.  esse.  8.  sexaginta  amplius  virTs  : 
'more  than  sixty  men.'  Amplius  does  not  affect  the  construction; 
see  B.  217,  3;  A.  407,  c;  H.  471,  4.  decretumque :  sc.  est. 
10.    futuri  periculi:    'of    the   coming  danger.'  11.    Calpurnia : 

see  note  on  CorneUam,  p.  53,  1.  2.  nocturno  visu:  -by  a  dream.' 
12.  praedixerat :  note  the  tense,  denoting  an  action  prior  to  that  of 
orabat. 

13.  quasi  fatales  :  '  as  fateful.'  15.  Ecquid  :  simply  interroga- 
tive. Do  not  translate.  16.  is  :  sc.  respondit.  18.  specie  officii : 
'under  the  pretence  of  business.'  i.e.  as  if  to  proffer  the  request  referred 
to  in  rogdturus.  19.  rogatiirus  :  see  note  on  mndicdturus,  p.  56, 
1.  21.  renuentique :  sc.  el.  For  the  case  see  note  on  el,  p.  55,  1.  15 
above.  ab  utroque  umero  :  '  by  both  shoulders.'  See  note  on  a  tergo, 
p.  36,  1.  8  above.  20.  clamantem  :  sc.  eum.  Ista  :  note  the  force 
of  the  pron.  ;  for  the  agreement  cf.  note  on  quod.,  p.  54,  1.  23  above, 
and  qui.,  p.  56,  1.  22.  21.  adversum  :  sc.  eum,  'in  front.'  22.  ar 
reptum  .  .  .  traiecit  •  '  seized  .  .  .  and  stabbed. ' 


Pages  59-61.]  NOTES  TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  251 

25.  toga  caput  obvolvit :  see  Shakespeare,  Julius  Caesar,  Act  iii, 
185, 

'  In  his  mantle  muffling  up  his  face, 
Even  at  the  base  of  Pompey's  statue, 
Which  all  the  while  ran  blood,  great  Caesar  fell.* 

26.  filii  loco  habebat :  '  regarded  as  a  son.'  On  loco  without  the  prep, 
see  note  on  quo  loco,  p.  58,  1.  8.  27.  mi  fill :  note  the  form  of  the 
voc;  see  B.  25,  3  and  86,  2  ;  A.  110,  a,  n.  ;  H.  175,  1.  29.  constltit: 
'it  is  agreed.'  30.  ex  sententia :  'according  to  his  desire.'  et : 
'  not  only  ' ;  correlative  to  et  on  p.  60,  1.  3.        quondam  :  '  once.' 

Page  60.  1.  ultima  valetudine :  abl.  of  time.  3.  subitam  .  .  . 
celeremque  :  sc.  mortem.  occideretur  :  see  note  on  ohrutus  essct, 
p.  57,  1.  11.  Here  the  action  of  occideretur  had  not  yet  taken  place,  at 
the  time  ol praetulerat  (1.  5).  4.  nato  :  '  which  arose.'  5.  repenti- 
num  inopinatumque  :  sc.  finem  v'ltae.  7.  morte  necessaiia  :  '  by  a 
natural  death.'  9.  semet :  emphatic  form  of  se.  11.  Quo  rarior  .  .  . 
hoc  magis  :  '  the  rarer  .  .  .  the  more.'  Quo  and  eo  are  abl.  of  degree  of 
difference.  principibus  viris  :  'great  men.'  12.  victoria  civili : 
'  his  victory  in  the  civil  war.'  13.  scrlnia  .  .  .  epistulanmi :  '  some 
boxes  of  letters.'  The  scrinium  was  a  circular  box  or  case,  for  holding 
books   {i.e.  manuscript  rolls)    and  letters.  15.    diversis:    i.e.    not 

Caesar's.        noluit :  'refused.'         16.  ne  .  .  .  darent :  sc.  epistulae. 

17.  quod  .  .  .  soleret :  '•  that  he  was  accustomed,'  a  subst.  clause  in 
apposition  with  laiidem.  The  narrator  quotes  the  expression  of  Cicero ; 
hence  the  clause  is  in  the  subj.  See  B.  299,  314  ;  A.  592,  2  ;  580,  a ; 
H.  588,  II ;  649,  i.  18.  nisi:  'except.'  19.  prior:  i.e.  without 
waiting  to  hear  from  Calvus.  21.  versiculis  :  the  dimin.  appears  to 
have  a  contemptuous  force.  22.  non  ignorabat :  litotes  ;  see  B.  375, 
1 ;  A.  326,  c  ;  H.  752,  8.  adhibuit :  '  invited.'  Memmii :  objective 
gen.  with  suffrdgdtor.  25.  excelsa  statura  :  abl.  of  quality.  26.  cal- 
vitii:  see  B.  202  ;  A.  343,  d ;  H.  440,  4.  27.  iocis :  B.  192  ;  A.  383  ; 
H.  434.  aegre  ferebat :  see  Vocab.  under  aegre.  28.  decretis 
.  .  .  honoribus :  note  the  order.  30.  laureae  :  sc.  coronae.  vim  : 
for  the  case  see  B.  204,  1 ;  A.  349,  a  ;  H.  451,  2. 

Page  61.  1.  inimici:  'his  personal  enemies.'  Verbum  :  'saying.' 
3.  Armorum  et  equitandi:  B.  204,  1  ;  A.  349,  a;  H.  451,  1.  labo- 
ria:  cf.  domindtionis,  p.  54,  1.  17.  4.  ultra  fidem  :  'beyond  belief.' 
equo  .  .  .  pedibus:  B.  218,  7.  7.  niintios  dg  sg  :  i.e.  the  messen- 
gers which  were  sent  to  report  his  coming.  8.  inflatis  iitribus  :  B.  218, 
3 ;  A.  431  ;  H.  476,  3. 


252  NOTES  TO   VIRI  ROMAE.  [Pages  61-62. 

2.    Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 

106-43  B.C. 

10.  equestri  geuere  :  'the  equestrian  order.'  For  the  case  see  note 
to  p.  53,  1.  1.  The  knights  (equites)  were  originally  the  cavalry  of  the 
state,  consisting  of  the  richest  citizens.  The  equites  ceased  to  serve  in 
the  field  in  the  year  139  b.c,  their  place  being  taken  by  Gauls,  Numidians, 
etc.  Between  the  First  and  Second  Punic  Wars  the  equestrian  order 
came  into  being,  consisting  of  those  who  possessed  a  fortune  of  400,000 
sesterces  ($20,000).  It  was  thus  an  aristocracy  of  wealth  occupying  a 
position  in  the  state  between  the  nobility  and  the  common  people.  The 
members  of  the  order  wore  two  narrow  purple  stripes  on  the  tunic  and  a 
gold  ring,  and  the  first  fourteen  rows  of  seats  in  the  theatre  behind  the 
orchestra  were  assigned  to  them.  For  fuller  details,  see  Granrud,  Boman 
Constitutional  History.  Arpini:    'at  Arpinum.'     Note  the  constr. 

12.  in  extremo  naso  :  '  on  the  end  of  his  nose.'  See  B.  241,  1 ;  A.  293  ; 
H.  497,  4.  grano  :  dat.  with  similem.  13.  cogndmen  :  cognomina 
were  frequently  nicknames,  originating  in  personal  peculiarities,  e.g.  Ndso, 
'  big-nosed,'  Flaccus,  '  loose-eared,'  etc.  ;  but,  as  in  the  case  of  Cicero,  they 
were  handed  down  to  descendants  to  whom  they  did  not  of  necessity  apply, 

14.  istud :  note  the  force  of  the  pronoun,  =  '  that  surname  which  you 
criticise,'  or  something  similar.  16.  cum  :  with  disceret.  ubi :  = 
ut  ihi,  introducing  a  rel.  clause  of  purpose.  18.  ad  humanitatem 
solet  informari:  be  careful  in  the  trans,  of  these  words.  See  Vocab. 
tanto  successu  :  B.  220,  1 ;  A.  412  ;  H.  473,  3.  19.  tantaque  .  .  . 
admiratione  :  note  the  order.  20.  fama  de  Ciceronis  ingenio  :  see 
B.  353,  5,  N.  22.  scholas  :  B.  175,  2,  2)  ;  A.  388,  b  ;  H.  406.  adi- 
rent:  for  the  mood  see  B.  283,  2;  A.  535,  a;  H.  591,  1.  23.  in  rg 
publics :  'in  the  state,'  'in  public  life.'  25.  toto  animo  :  see  note 
on  tanto  successu,  1.  18  above.  eius  :  =  arte  dicendi.  27.  sectarg- 
tur  :  intensive  of  sequor,  '  attached  himself  to.'  This  was  the  usual  way 
of  preparing  oneself  for  the  legal  profession. 

Page  62.  1.  Primum:  'first.'  What  would  primus  mean?  See 
note  on  p.  30,  1.  3  above.  libertatem:    'independence.'  Sul- 

lanos:  'the  party  of  Sulla,'  'the  adherents  of  Sulla.'  2.  Roscium 
quendam :  'a  man  named  Roscius,'  'one  Roscius.'  Roscium  is  the 
object  of  defendere.  Read  the  sentence  slowly  and  carefully  in  the 
Latin  :   note  the  order  and  the  relations  of  the  words  to  one  another. 


Pages  62-63.]  NOTES  TO  VIRI  ROMAE.  253 

parricldii :    see  B.  208,   1 ;    A.  352  ;    H.  456.        3.    ob  Chrysogoiii : 

modifies  potentiam.         in:    'among.'  5.    iam   turn:    'even  then.' 

nullus  :  used  substantively,  =  wemo.  6.    Ex  quo:    'from  this,'  i.e. 

from  his  defence  of  Roscius.  The  antecedent  of  quo  is  the  entire  pre- 
ceding sentence.  7.  studiorum  :  '  study.'  8.  Rhodum  :  why  is 
the  prep,  omitted  ? 

9.  turn:  'at  that  time.'  Note  the  order.  11.  laude :  abl.  of 
separation.  12.  privaretur  :  what  is  the  meaning  of  the  mood  ? 
13.  quaestor  :  sc.  ille ;  '  as  quaestor.'  Cf .  qiiaestori,  p.  54,  1.  14. 
15.  cogeret :  B.  283,  3  ;  A.  535,  e  ;  H.  592.  18.  quam  uUi  prae- 
tor! :  sc.  detulerant.  20.  et  esaet  et  habSretur :  i.e.  he  was,  and 
was  admitted  to  be.  23.  Pliniua :  see  Vocab.  24.  secundo  .  .  . 
Punico  :  abl.  of  time.  Secundo  stipendio :  '  in  his  second  cam- 
paign' ;  abl.  of  time.  25.  stipendiis  duobus:  time  within  which. 
26.    neutra    manG :    abl.    of    specification.  27.    utilis :    sc.    erat. 

debilis  :  '  though  crippled.'  miles  erat :  '  he  continued  to  serve  as 
a  soldier.' 

Page  63.     1.   vinculorum:    obj.  gen.  with  profugus ;  =  e  vinculis. 

2.  viginti  mensibus  :  B.  231,  1  ;  A.  424,  b ;  H.  417,  2.  nullo  non 
die  :    '  every  day.'      See  note   on   non  ignordbat,  p.  60,  1.  22   above. 

3.  duobus  .  .  .  suffossis  :  an  abl.  abs.  within  an  abl.  abs.  He  had 
two  horses  killed  under  him.  4.  Dextram :  sc.  manum ;  note  the 
gender.  6.  duodena:  see  B.  81,  4,  & ;  A.  137,  6;  H.  164,  3. 
7.  hominum  :  '  over  men '  ;  see  note  on  Africdni  belli,  p.  57,  1.  26 
above.  8.  etiam  :  force  ?  11.  inopia  :  abl.  of  cause.  12.  domi- 
nandi:  'for  power' ;  objective  gen.  13.  passus  esset :  what  is  the 
meaning  of  the  subj.  ?  15.  Actum  erat  de  :  'it  would  have  been  all 
over  with  '  ;  lit.,  'it  was.'  The  indie,  is  used  for  vividness  ;  see  B.  304, 
3;  A.  517,  6;  H.  581,  1.  16.  in  .  .  .  consules  incidiaset :  'had 
happened  in  the  consulship  of  Cicero  and  Antonius.'  Note  the  literal 
trans.  18.  habito  aenatu  :  '  after  calling  the  senate  together,'  '  in  a 
meeting  of  the  senate.'  19.  in  praesentem  reum:  'against  the 
guilty  man  in  person.'  21.  iliatCmis:  see  note  on  vindicdtUrus, 
p.  56,  1.  21  above. 

23.  in  carcere  :  in  the  Tullidnum,  the  lower,  circular  dungeon  of  the 
Career,  the  oldest  prison  at  Rome,  which  is  still  to  be  seen  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Capitoline  Hill,  near  the  Forum.  The  Tullidnum  seems  to 
have  been  originally  a  reservoir,  and  to  have  derived  its  name  from 
tullii,  'springs.'         senatSrii  ordinis :    'of  the  senatorial  order,'  the 


254  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  [Pages  63-65. 

nobility  of  Rome,  consisting  of  those  eligible  to  election  into  the  senate. 
They  wore  broad  purple  stripes  (^Idtus  cldviis)  on  the  tunic,  and  the  best 
seats  were  reserved  for  them  at  the  theatre.  Cf.  the  note  on  equestri 
gcnere,  p.  01,  line  10  above.  25.  nitentem  .  .  .  secutum  .  .  .  re- 
tractum :  be  careful  in  the  trans,  of  these  participles.  Do  not  trans, 
them  literally.  26.  supplicio  mortis  affecit:  a  Roman  father  had 
the  power  of  life  and  death  over  his  sons. 

Page  64.    1.   inf estis  signis :  '  in  hostile  array.'        3.    dimicatum 

sit :  note  the  tense  ;  the  verb  is  dependent  as  regards  mood,  but  inde- 
pendent as  regards  tense.  See  B.  268,  6.  4.  quern  .  .  .  locum,  eum  : 
=  eum  locum,  quern.  See  B.  251,  4,  a  ;  A.  599,  e.  6.  pulcherrima 
morte:  sc.  concidisset ;  abl.  of  manner.  See  note  on  tanto  successu, 
p.  61,  1.  18  above.  8.  oratione  pro  Sulla:  see  note  on  p.  61,  1.  20 
above.  16.  tantum  dare  :  '  give  the  credit.'  17.  ut  dispexerim  : 
elliptical  result  clause  =  ut  dicam  me  dispexisse.  18.  rei  publicae  : 
subjective  gen.  factu  :  B.  340,  2  ;  A.  510  ;  H.  635,  1.  19.  paucis 
.  .  .  amiis  :  '  a  few  years  afterward ' ;  abl.  of  degree  of  difference.  diem 
dixit :  see  Vocab.  under  dies. 

20.  quod  .  .  .  necavisset:  note  the  mood  ;  '  alleging  that.'  elves 
Romanos :  i.e.  the  conspirators.  indicta  causa:  'without  a  trial'; 
abl.  abs.  of  attendant  circumstances.  21.  veste  mutata  :  '  in  mourn- 
ing garb.'  Lit.  trans.?  23.  quam  :  'rather  than,^  =  potius  quam. 
sua  causa:  'on  his  account';  swa  =  a  subjective  gen.  24.  Profi- 
ciscentem  :  sc.  eum.  omnes  born :  the  term  by  which  Cicero  desig- 
nates the  senatorial  party.  25.  edictum  proposuit :  sc.  populo ;  in 
his  capacity  as  tribunus  plebis.  ut  Marco  TuUio  .  .  .  interdicere- 
tur  :  the  regular  formula  for  banishment.  For  the  ens.  of  Marco  Tullio 
see  B.  187,  ii,  &  ;  A.  365;  H.  426,  3;  igni  and  aqua  are  abl.  of  sepa- 
ration. 26.  domum  et  villas:  i.e.  his  city  house  and  his  country 
residences. 

Page  65.    1.  maxim5  .  .  .  studio:  B.221.       2.  per  totam  vTtam : 

'  thoughout  his  whole  life '  ;  stronger  than  totam  vltam.  itinere  : 
with  iucundius ;  abl,  of  comparison.  quo:  B.  218,  7;  A.  429,  a. 
3.  obviam  .  .  .  itum  est :  '  everybody  went  to  meet  him  on  his  return.' 
ei  is  dat.  governed  by  obviam.  4.  publica  pecunia  :  '  at  the  public  ex- 
pense '  ;  abl.  of  means.  6.  gravissimae  :  note  the  emphatic  position. 
7.   ut  =  ita  ut.         nisi :    '  except.'  8.    quidem  :    '  for    his    part.' 

summo   studio:    abl.   of   manner.  12.    ultro :    'freely,'   'without 

solicitation.'  Octavianum  :  see  the  Life  on  p.  67  fol.  15.  Antonius  : 
see  Vocab.         16.    iam  diu  .  .  .  inimicum  :  '  who  had  long  been  his 


Pages  65-67.]  NOTES   TO  VIRI  ROMAE.  255 

enemy.'  17.    itineribus  :   see  note  on  quo^  1.  2  above.  ^  marl 

proxime  aberat :  '  was  nearest  to  the  sea.'  Note  the  Latin  idiom,  '  was 
nearest,  reckoning  from  the  sea.'  18.  transiturus  :  see  note  on  vin- 
dicdturus,  p.  56,  1.  21  above. 

19.  in  altum :  sc.  mare.  provectum :  sc.  eum.  20.  iactationem 
maris:  i.e.  he  was  seasick.  21.  fugae  et  vitae  :  objective  gen.  gov- 
erned by  taedium.  25.  lecticam :  litters  for  sick  persons  and  invalids 
seem  to  have  been  in  use  at  Rome  from  the  earliest  times.  They 
were  covered  and  enclosed  with  curtains,  or  with  sides  in  which  there 
were  windows,  and  resembled  a  sedan  chair.  In  later  times  they 
were  used  by  people  in  health,    especially   in   travelling.  quietos  : 

'quietly.'  Really  an  adj.  agreeing  with  sei'vos.  26.  Prominenti :  sc. 
el.     See  B.  188,  2,  d;  A.  381  ;  H.  425,  4,  n.  27.    abscisae :  sc.  sunt. 

28.  iussu :  see  note  on  more,  p.  57,  1.  19  above.  29.  rostris :  see 
note  to  p.  59,  1.  5  above. 

Page   66.     1.    quam  diu :    'as  long  as.'  2.   ipsa  =  res  publica. 

3.  plus  operae  ponebat  in  :  'gave  more  attention  to'  ;  operae  is  parti- 
tive gen.  6.  homine  :  B.  226,  2  ;  A.  418,  & ;  H.  481.  7.  rura  : 
'the  country,'  i.e.  he  went  from  one  of  his  country  residences  to  another. 
See  p.  64,  1.  26.  10.  rettulisset :  representing  the  thought  of  Cicero, 
sirettulero.  adulescens  :  '  in  his  youth.'  14.  brevi  tempore  :  time 
within  which.  eversa  re  publica :  '  after  the  overthrow  of  the  repub- 
lic' 15.  ea.  =  re  piiblicd.  Trans,  by  a  temporal  clause.  16.  eva- 
sit:  'he  finally  became,'  'turned  out  to  be.'  17.  oportere:  sc.  nos 
or  homines.  18.  si  quid  Insit  boni  :  '  whatever  good  there  may  be 
in  them.'  Why  is  Insit  subj.  ?  Cns.  of  boni  ?  19.  facete  ab  eo 
dicta :  '  witty  sayings  of  his.' 

•  20.  exiguae  staturae :  gen.  of  quality  or  description.  Cf .  excelsa 
staturd,  p.  60,  1.   25.  gladio  :   an  abl.  of  means.      See  B.  218,  7. 

23.  iuniorem  se:  sc.  esse.  dictitabat :  note  the  force  of  the  inten- 
sive verb  ;  cf .  sectdretur,  p.  61, 1.  27  above.  25.  audio  :  note  the  tense. 
See  B.  259,  4  ;  A.  466  ;  H.  532,  3.  26.  altero  consule  :  'the  other 
consul,'  that  is,  Caesar's  colleague.  die  Decembris  ultima  :  the  new 
consuls  would  enter,  upon  office  Jan.  1,  i.e.  on  the  following  day. 
27.  hora  septima :  about  1  p.m.  28.  salutatum :  B.  340,  1 ;  A.  509  ; 
H.  633. 

Page  67.  1.  Festinemus:  B.  274  ;  A.  430;  II.  559,  1.  abeat:  B. 
292,  1  ;  A.  551,  c  ;  H.  605,  i.  3.    viderit :  a  rel.  clause  of  cause  ;  on 

the  tense  see  note  on  dimicdtum  sit,  p.  64,  1.  3  above. 


256  NOTES  TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  [Pages  67-68. 

3.    Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus. 

63   B.C.    TO    14   A.D. 

4.  Octavianus :  his  name  was  originally  Gains  Octdvhis.  Upon  his 
adoption  by  C.  lulius  Caesar,  he  assumed,  after  the  custom  of  the  time, 
the  name  C.  lulius  Caesar  Octavianus.  quartmn  annum  agens :  see 
note  to  p.  53,  1.  2.  6.  eum:  i.e.  avunculum.  Hispanias :  the  pi. 
is  used  of  the  two  divisions  of  Hispdnia  Citerior  and  Hispdnia  Ulterior. 
7.  studii»  vacSvit :  '  he  had  leisure  for  study.'  8.  occisum  .  .  .  sS  : 
sc.  esse.        11.  Mutinae:  see  Vocab.,  and  locate  the  place  on  the  map. 

12.  urbis  aditu :  '  from  access  to  the  city '  ;  urhis  is  objective  gen. 
13.  piimo  :  '  at  first,'  i.e.  this  was  his  first  means  of  commuuication. 
15.  Quinet:  'then  too.'  16.  intemuntiis:  ' as  messengers ' ;  abl. 
in  apposition  with  avibus.  Columbis :  see  note  on  el,  p.  55,  1.  15 
above.  quas  inclusas  .  .  .  fame  affecerat :  '  which  he  had  shut  up 
and  starved.'  18.  moenibus :  dat.  governed  by  proximo.  lucis 
cibique :   B.  204,  1 ;  A.  349,  a;  H.  451,  1.  19.    altissima  aedifi- 

ciorum  :  'the  tops  of  the  buildings' ;  aedificiorum  is  partitive  gen.,  and 
altissima  is  the  n.  pi.  used  substantively.  21.  disposito  .  .  .  cibo  : 
'by  scattering  food.'  22.  instituit :  B.  287,  1 ;  A.  543  ;  H.  602,  and 
N-  1.  23.  Bellum  Mutinense  :  -the  war  before  Mutina.'  Note  the 
adj.,  and  see  B.  353,  5,  b.  25.  officio:  B.  218,  1;  A.  410;  H.  477. 
aquilifero  :  see  Intro,  p.  17,  1. 

Page  68.  1.  subisse  =  subwisse.  4.  mlsitque  :  sc.  eos.  nomine 
exercittis  :  '  in  the  name  of  the  army ' ;  abl.  of  manner.  7.  f Sceritis  : 
note  the  fut.  perf.  of  an  act  completed  at  the  time  of  faciet.  9.  invS- 
sisset :  note  the  word,  used  of  a  forcible  seizure  of  the  consular  power. 
ita  ut :    'on  condition  that,'  introducing  a  result  clause.  10.   rei 

publicae  constituendae :  B.  339,  7;  A.  505,  b\  H.  627,  2.  The 
reference  is  to  the  second  triumvirate,  in  43  b.c.  12.  SullSnS :  sc. 
proscriptibne.     This  was  in  82-81  b.c.  13.  multa  .  .  .  ezempla: 

note  the  order,  impietdtis,  '  unfilial  conduct. '  15.  partes:  'party.' 
17.    posset:   B.  282,  2  ;  A.  531,  2;   H.  590.  18.    Alius  quidam: 

'  another  man '  ;  quidam,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  has  the  force  of  the 
English  indefinite  article.  proscriptum  :  sc.  esse.  clientem  suum : 
'to  a  dependent  of   his.'  20.    occldendum  eum   .    .    .    obiecit: 

'gave  him  up  to  be  killed.'  See  B.  337,  7,  2);  A.  500,  d ;  H.  622. 
23.   torti :  this  was  the  usual  way  of  extracting  information  from  slaves. 


Pages  68-70.]  NOTES  TO   VIRI  ROMAE.  257 

24.    Non  sustinuit:    we  should   say    'could  not  endure.'  boni 

ezempli :  gen.  of  quality  or  description.  26.  senatoris  cuiusdam : 
'of  a  senator.'  See  note  on  alius  quidam,  1.  18  above.  28.  cognos- 
set  =  cognovisset.  29.  postico  :  abl.  of  means.  See  note  on  equo, 
p.  61,  1,  4  above.  31.  QuantI  viri :  B.  198,  3  ;  A.  343,  c ;  H.  439,  3. 
cum  :   '  although '  ;  note  the  mood  of  ostendantur.  32.  praemium 

fidei:  'as  the  reward  of  fidelity,'  in  apposition  with  mortem. 

Page  69.  2.  quamquam  .  .  .  aeger :  sc.  erat.  3.  duplicl  proe- 
lio :  abl.  of  means.  priore  :  sc.  proelio.  4.  Victor:  'as  victor,' 
'after  his  victory.'  5.  ndbilissimum  quemque  captivum :  'all  the 
noblest  captives.'  See  note  on  optima  quaeqiie,  p.  58, 1.  23  above.  non 
aine:  see  note  on  non  ignordbat,  p.  60,  1.  22  above.  7.  istam:  'that 
of  which  he  spoke '  =  sepulturam.  8.  Alios :  subject  of  sorth-i. 
9.  concedergtur :  sc.  vita,  or  ut  viveret.  10.  voluntariS  .  .  .  nece : 
abl.  of  manner.  Cf.  morte  necessdrid,  p.  60,  1.  7.  12.  cdnantibus: 
'  those  who  attempted.'  Note  that  the  Latin  expression  is  not  els 
cdnantibus,  and  cf.  note  on  sequentium,  p.  58,  1.  1  above.  voce : 
'remark,'  'word.'        moriendum  esse:  'that  they  must  die.' 

13.  quidam :  '  some.'  divo  lulio :  '  in  honor  of  the  deified  lulius' ; 
dat.  case  ;  for  the  meaning  of  dlvo,   see  Vocab.  15.    repudiata : 

'having  divorced,'  or  'after  divorcing.'  16.  duxisset  uxorem  =  in 
mdtrimonium  duxisset.  18.  centiens  sgstertium  =  centiens  centena 
milia  sestertium,  '  ten  million  sesterces,'  about  $500,000.  19.  drserat : 
sc.  ilia  =  Cleopatra.  20.  m&gnificam  alias  .  .  .  sed  cottidianam : 
i.e.  no  more  magnificent  than  usual.  21,  irridenti :  trans,  by  a  rel. 
clause.  22.    potuisset :  what  is  the  meaning  of  the  subjunctive  ? 

23.  Ez  praecepto :  'at  her  command,'  'in  accordance  with  her  com- 
mand.' Cf.  ex  sententid,  p.  59,  1.  30  above.  25.  quidnam  esset 
actura:  'what  in  the  world  she  was  going  to  do.'  26.  auribus:  an 
abl.  of  means;  see  B.  218,  7.  27.  absorbuit :  'drank.'  Victum? 
sc.  esse. 

Page  70-  '^--  Actium:  in  31  b.c.  For  the  location  see  Vocab.  and 
map  opp.  p.  75.  2.  Victum:  sc.  eum  =  Antonium.  3.  petiit: 
sc.  Octdvidnus.  5.  habitu  regis  :  B.  221.  6.  mortem  sibi  ipse 
conscivit:   'committed  suicide.'  8.   triumpho:   'for  his  triumph'; 

dat.  of    purpose.  9.   afferendam  :  see  note  on  occldendum  obiecit, 

p.  68, 1.  20.  11.  imperio  :  B.  218. 1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477,  i.  13.  m5n- 
Buetudinis  .  .  .  humanitatis :  B.  204,  1  ;  A.  349,  a  ;  H.  451,  2.  eXs : 
in    apposition   with   multls  ;  we    should  say   *of    those.'  14.   tri- 

umphans  :  '  in  triumph  ' ;  see  note  on  triumphdns,  p.  34, 1.  6.        15.    toto 


258  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  [Pages  70-72. 

orbe:    B.    228,    1,    b;    A.    429,   2;    H.    485,  2.  16.   lani   gemini 

portas:  'the  arch  of  two-faced  Janus.*  Janus  was  represented  with 
two  faces  turned  in  opposite  directions.  tantiim :  adv.  17.  sub 
Numa  rege  .  .  .  Punicum  bellum  :  the  traditional  date  of  Numa's 
reign  was  from  715-673  b.c.  ;  the  first  Punic  War  closed  in  241  b.c. 
20.   laetitia:  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410;  H.  477,  i. 

21.  Augusto  cognomen:  'the  surname  of  Augustus.'  Augusto  is 
attracted  to  the  case  of  ipsl.  See  B.  190,  1  ;  A.  373,  a  ;  H.  430,  1. 
22.  Sextnis :  the  original  name  of  the  month  now  called  August ;  it 
was  the  sixth  month  of  the  year,  reckoning  from  March  1,  which  was 
originally  the  beginning  of  the  year.  July  was  called  QmnctiUs,  or  the 
fifth  month,  until  it  received  the  name  lulius,  in  honor  of  Julius 
Caesar.  23.  Patris  .  .  .  cognomen  :  cf.  Augusto  cognomen,  1.  21 
above.  25.  compos  .  .  .  votorum  meonim :  '  since  I  have  gained 
my  heart's  desire.'  For  the  case  of  votorum  see  B.  204;  A.  349,  a; 
H.  451,  2.  26.  quid  habe5  .  .  .  quod  precer :  'what  else  have  I  to 
pray  for  ?  '     For  the  mood  of  precer  see  B.  283,  2  ;  A.  535,  a  ;  H.  591,  4. 

Page  71.  3.  non  semel :  '  more  than  once.'  See  note  on  p.  66,  1.  22 
above.  5.  commissum  iri :  the  subject  is  rem  publicam.  Note  that 
the  fut.  pass.  inf.  does  not  change  its  form  according  to  the  gender  of  its 
subject.  6.   quem   novi   status :    B.    209,   1 ;   A.    354,    6  ;   H.   457. 

8.  aliquando:  'once.'  12.  patriae:  B.  204,  1,  a;  A.  349,  h;  H. 
451,  3.  13.  Pedibus:  an  abl.  of  means;  see  B.  218,  7.  incedS- 
bat :  note  the  tense.  15.  ut  .  .  .  adesset :  a  subst.  clause  of  pur- 
pose, object  of  rogdvit.  16.  unum  e  comitatu  suo  :  '  one  of  his 
suite.'  18.  belloActiaco;  abl.  of  time.  Note  the  adj.  19.  vica- 
rlum:  '  a  substitute.'  ipse:  'in  person.'  23.  opif  ex  quidam  :  -  a 
workman.'  See  note  on  quldam,  p.  68, 1.  18  above.  25.  officiosam: 
'well-trained,'    'dutiful.'  viginti   milibus    nummorum :    'twenty 

thousand  sesterces,'  about  $1000.  On  the  case  of  milibus  see  B.  225; 
A.  416;  H.  478,  1.  28.    quem  .  .  .  rogavit:  trans,  as  if  it  were  et 

rogdvit  ut  eum  afferre  cogeretur. 

Page  72.     4.   soUicitavit :    'tempted.'  5.    impendio :    'outlay,' 

« expense.'  7.  periit :  B.  255,  3  ;  A.  317,  b  ;  H.  392,  4.  8.  dictam : 
'  which  had  been  taught  him.'  dum  transit :  see  note  on  p.  31,  1.  23 
above.  9.  superfuit    corvo    memoria  :    '  the    raven  had  memory 

enough  left.'  10.  ut  .  .  .  subtexeret :  'to  add.'  ilia:  ^c.  verba. 
12.  quanti  nullam  ante  emerat :  i.e.  at  a  greater  price  than  he  had 
paid  for  any  previous  bird.  On  quanti,  see  B.  203,  3  ;  A.  417  ;  H.  448,  4. 
14.   Graeculus  quidam :  'a  poor  Greek.'     Note  the  force* of  the  dimin- 


Pages  72-74.]  NOTES   TO   VIRI   ROMAE.  259 

utive ;  cf.  versiculis,  p.  60, 1.  21  above.  e  palatio  :  '  from  his  palace.' 
Note  the  derivation  ;  see  Vocab.  16.  facturum :  sc.  esse.  17.  breve 
.  .  .  epigramma  :    note  the  order.  18.    inter  legendum  :    '  while 

reading  it.'  Cf.  inter  iocum,  p.  54,  1.  12.  19.  laudare  mirarique  : 
historical  inf.  B.  335;  A.  463;  H.  610.  20.  qua:  'in  which,'  an 
abl.  of  means ;  see  B.  218,  7. 

22.   quos   .    .    .  daret :    '  to  give '  ;    a  purpose  clause.  daturum 

fuisse  :  B.  321,  2  ;  A.  589,  6,  2  ;  H.  647.  24.  satis  grandem  pecuniae 
summam :    'quite  a  large  sum   of    money.'  26.   fere    nuUi:     'to 

hardly  any  one  '  ;  nulll  is  used  substantively.  27.  quodam  :  '  a 
man.'  See  note  on  quldam,  p.  68,  1.  18  above.  28.  me  .  .  .  famili- 
arem  :  'that  I  was  such  an  intimate  friend  of  yours.'  29.  Pollionem 
quendam  •   '  a  man  named  PoUio ' ;  cf .  quodam,  1.  27  above. 

Page  73.  1.  piscina:  'a  fish-pond,'  for  keeping  fish  alive  for  the 
table  ;  these  ponds  were  often  of  great  size.  3.  petlturus :  see  note 
on  vindicdturus,  p.  56,  1.  21.  quam :  'than.'  5.  quidem  .  .  . 
autem  :  these  words  contrast  ilium  and  dn/stallina  ;  the  force  of  quidem 
may  be  expressed  merely  by  extra  stress  :  '  that  the  hoy  be  let  go. ' 
8.  cantu :  'hooting.'  10.  aucupii :  see  B.  204,  1;  A.  349,  a;  H. 
451,  1.  prehendendam  curavit :  '  had  the  owl  caught.'  For  the 
construction  cf.  occidendum  obiecit,  p.  68,  1.  20.  11.  spe  :  abl.  of 
cause.  12.    mille    nummos :    'a    thousand    sesterces,'    about    $50. 

13.  ut  .  .  .  vivat :  B.  296,  1  ;  A.  563,  b  ;  H.  565,  2.  16.  aequo 
animo  :  abl.  of  manner.  18.  neque  :  =  et  non,  with  et  correlative  to 
the  following  et ;  trans,  as  if  it  were  non.  19.  Imprimis  familiarem 
habuit :  '  he  was  most  intimate  with. '        Maecenatem  :  see  Vocab. 

20.  ea  .  .  .  gratia :  note  the  order  ;  qua  is  abl.  of  specification. 
21.  posset :  subj.  because  it  is  an  essential  part  of  the  purpose  clause  ut 
prodesset;  see  note  on  p.  54,  1.  26  above.  22.  aliquando  :  'once.' 
capite :  for  the  case,  see  B.  208,  2,  &  ;  A.  353,  1 ;  H.  456,  3.  23.  damna- 
turus:  sc.  esse.  circumstantium :  'of  bystanders.'  See  note  on 
sequentium,  p.  58,  1.  1.  25.  conabatur:  imperf.  of  repeated  action. 
26.  tabella  :  '  a  small  tablet '  ;  note  the  derivation.  27.  Qua  lecta  : 
'And  when  he  had  read  it.'  28.  quisquam  :  B.  252,  4  ;  A.  311  ;  H. 
513.  morte  :  see  note  on  capite,  1.  22  above.  30.  amplius  :  see 
note  on  amplius,  p.  59,  1.  8  above. 

Page  74.  1.  hieme  et  aestate :  abl.  of  time.  2.  privatae  elegan- 
tiae :  predicate  gen.  of  quality  or  description.  3.  quam  confectS : 
sc.  veste:  'than  that  made.'        4.  tamen :  i.e.  although  he  was  frugal 


260  NOTES  TO  VIRI  ROMAE.  [Pages  74-75. 

in  his  private  life.  8.  lenocinii:  '  foppishness,'  a  term  of  contempt. 
10.  illud  :  =  capM^  aut  legeret  .  .  .  aut  scriberet :  i.e.  he  was 
read  to  by  a  slave,  or  he  dictated  to  an  amanuensis.  12.  moreretur : 
the  subj.  because  at  the  time  of  accepit  the  act  expressed  by  moreretur  is 
merely  looked  forward  to.  14.  HSc :  sc.  cldde.  16.  lovl  optimd 
ma^mo  :  i.e.  the  Capitoline  Jupiter,  17.  vertisset:  subj.  in  'infor- 
mal ind.  disc'  implied  in  vovit^  representing  the  fut.  perf.  ind.  of  the 
direct  form.  He  might  have  said  mdgnos  ludos  tibi  dabo,  si  .  .  .  verteris. 
consternatmn  :  sc.  eumfuisse.        ferunt :  'they  say.' 

18.  per  continuos  mSnsSs  :  '  for  whole  months.'  On  the  use  of  per^ 
see  note  on  per  totam  vltam,  p.  65, 1.  2  above.  barbS  .  .  .  summisso : 
this  was  one  of  the  usual  signs  of  mourning.  20.  habuerit :  subj. 
because  it  is  part  of  the  result  clause  introduced  by  ut.  Note  that  it  is 
independent  in  tense,  and  cf.  note  on  dimicdUim  sit,  p.  64,  1.  3  above. 
Note  illlderet  in  1.  19.  22.  afflict  a  valetudine  :  an  abl.  abs.  denot- 
ing cause  ;  trans,  accordingly.  24.  petito  speculo  :  '  calling  for  a 
mirror.'  The  Roman  mirrors  were  of  polished  metal,  and  were  often 
very  beautiful.  25.  ecquid  :  '  whether  ...  at  all.'  26.  clausu- 
lam :  '  conclusion,'  '  tag,'  of  a  mime  or  other  play. 


ly.   COR^^ELIUS  NEPOS. 

1.  Miltiades. 

Page  75.  Chapter  I.  1.  Miltiades  :  Nepos  usually  begins  with  the 
name  of  the  person  whose  life  he  is  describing.  Miltiades  is  subject  of 
floreret  and  esset.,  a  common  order  in  Latin.  In  the  first  part  of  the  life 
of  Miltiades,  Nepos  confuses  the  victor  of  Marathon  with  his  uncle  of  the 
same  name.  antiquitate  generis  :  Miltiades  claimed  descent  from 
Aeacus  of  Aegina,  son  of  Zeus.  2.  unus  omnium  maxime :  '  most 
of  all ' ;  unus  need  not  be  translated.  For  the  case  of  omnium,  see 
B.  201,  1  ;  A.  346,  2;  H.  444,  1.  3.  eaque  aetate:  B.  224  ;  A.  415 
and  a ;  H.  480.  non  iam  solum :  '  no  longer  merely. '  4.  elves 
sni :  '  his  fellow-citizen. '  In  clauses  of  result  se  and  suus  are  not  com- 
monly used  to  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  main  verb ;  sui  is  used  here  on 
the  principle  of  B.  244,  4  ;  A.  301,  c ;  H.  503,  4.  5.  futiirmn :  sc. 
esse.  Nepos  frequently  omits  esse  with  the  compounded  forms  of  the 
inf. ,    especially  with  the   fut.  act.   inf.         cognitum  :   sc.  eum,   '  after 


Page  75.]      NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  261 

experience,'  more  literally,  'when  known,' =  cwm  cognovissent.  The 
thought  is,  that  the  Athenians  at  that  time  had  hopes  that  Miltiades 
would  turn  out  to  be  the  kind  of  man  that  he  did  actually  afterwards 
become. 

6.  Chersonesum  :  '  to  the  (Thracian)  Chersonese,'  see  map  of  Greece, 
opp.  p.  75.  The  word  is  used  without  a  prep.,  as  if  it  were  the  name 
of  a  town  or  island.  This  construction  is  common  with  Greek  geographi- 
cal names  in  -us.  colonos  .  .  .  mittere  :  the  Greeks  were  very  active 
in  that  regard  ;  their  colonies  were  to  be  found  all  along  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  Cuius  generis:    'of  such  people,'  i.e.  colonorum. 

7.  eius  dSmigrationis :  B.  200  ;  A.  348  ;  H.  440,  2.  8.  DelphSs : 
note  the  omission  of  the  prep.  deliberatum  :  '  to  consult  the  oracle,' 
B.  340 ;   A.   509 ;    H.  633.  9.    quo  potissimum  duce  uterentur : 

'whom  they  should  choose  in  preference  to  all  others  as  their  leader.' 
For  the  case  of  quo,  see  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410 ;  H.  477,  i ;  duce  is  in  apposi- 
tion with  quo.    For  the  mood  of  uterentur,  see  B.  300  ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii. 

10.  cum  quibus :  the  more  common  order  is  quibus  cum.  See 
B.  142,  4 ;  A.  150,  d,  and  n.  ;  H.  182,  2.  11.  His  consulentibus : 
dative,  ind.  obj.  of  praecepit.  nominatim  :  i.e.  mentioning  his  name, 
instead  of  returning  an  ambiguous  answer  as  was  frequently  done. 
12.  id  si  fecissent :  the  construction  changes  to  ind.  disc,  depending  on 
dixit,  implied  in  praecepit.  Note  the  moods  and  tenses,  and  see  B.  302,  1, 
and  319  ;  A.  516,  c,  and  589 ;  H.  574,  2,  and  644,  2.  The  direct  form 
might  be :  id  si  feceritis  (fut.  perf.),  incepta  prospera  erunt.  ut  .  .  . 
sumerent :  a  substantive  purpose  clause  object  of  praecepit  ;  see  B.  295, 
1  ;  A.  563  ;  H.  564,  i. 

14.  Miltiadgs  :  subject  of  accessisset ;  cf.  Miltiades,  1. 1  above.  Trans. 
'  When  Miltiades  had  set  out  for  the  Chersonesus  .  .  .  and  had  reached.' 
classe  :  '  with  a  fleet,'  B.  218,  7  ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476.  Chersonesum :  cf. 
1.  6  above,  and  the  note.  15.  Lemnum :  cf.  Delphbs,  1.  8  above,  and 
the  note.  16.  idque :  i.e.  surrender  to  the  Athenians,  implied  in  suh 
potestdtem  redigere  vellet.  19.  venisset :  represents  what  mood  and 
tense  of  the  dir.  disc.  ?  Give  the  reply  of  the  Lemnians  in  dir.  disc. ;  cf. 
note  on  id  si  fecissent,  1.  12  above.  20.  adversum  tenet  Athenis 
profioiscentibus :  '  is  dead  ahead  for  those  who  are  on  their  way  from 
Athens.'  For  the  case  of  proficiscentibus,  see  B.  188,  2,  a ;  A,  378,  2  ; 
H.  425,  4.  21.  morandi  tempus:  B.  338,  1,  a  ;  A.  504;  H.  626,  2. 
non  habens  :  trans,  by  a  causal  clause.  quo  tendSbat :  '  towards  his 
destination '  :  what  is  the  literal  meaning  ? 


262  NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.       [Pages  76-77. 

Page  76.  II.  1.  copiis  diaiectTs :  do  not  translate  the  abl.  abs.  liter- 
ally. 2.  quam  petierat :  i.e.  at  the  possession  of  which  he  had  aimed. 
easterns  :  13.  192,  2  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434,  2.  4.  locupletavit :  sc.  eos, 
implied  in  muUitudinem.  5.  prudentia  :  note  the  derivation  and  be 
careful  about  the  meaning.  See  Yocab.  6.  devicisset :  note  the  force 
of  de-.  See  Vocab.  summa  aeqiiitate  :  see  note  on  tantd  successu, 
p.  61, 1.  18  above.  7.  res  constituit :  '  he  arranged  matters,' '  set  affairs 
in  order.'  Erat  enim  .  .  .  dignitate  regia  :  his  reason  for  remaining 
in  the  Chersonesus  ;  he  was  given  royal  honors.  For  the  case  of  dignitate^ 
see  B.  224,  1 ;  A.  415,  and  n.  ;  H.  413,  2,  and  n.  2. 

8.  nomine  :  sc.  regis^  implied  in  regid.  For  the  case,  see  B.  214,  1,  c  ; 
A.  401  ;  H.  464.  9.  id:  'that  position,'  i.e.  ut  esset  regid  dignitate. 
imperio  :  i.e.  by  his  position  as  a  general  of  the  Athenians.  consecu- 
tus  :  sc.  est.  12.  voluntate :  for  the  case,  see  B.  220,  3  ;  A.  418,  a, 
and  N. ;  H.  475.  13.  illorum :  sc.  voluntdte.  14.  revertitur  et 
.  .  .  poatulat :  B.  259,  3  ;  A.  469  ;  H.  532,  3.  ex  pacto  :  *  according  to 
the  agreement.'     Cf.  ex  sententid,  p.  59,  1.  30  above. 

15.   ut  .  .  .  trSdant :  object  of  postulat.         cum  .  .  .  dedituros : 

express  this  in  the  form  of  dir.  disc.  Note  the  omission  of  the  subject  of 
deditUrds,  which  is  common  in  Nepos.  Here  it  is  justified  by  euphonic 
reasons,  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  se  or  sese.  16.  se  .  .  .  habere  : 
ind.  disc,  after  dixit,  implied  in  postulat.  Since  Miltiades  now  lived  in 
the  Chersonesus,  he  could  sail  to  Lemnus  with  a  north  wind ;  hence  he 
demanded  the  fulfilment  of  the  promise.  Chersonesi:  cf.  p.  75,  1.  6,  and 
the  note.  19.  dicto  :  'argument,' lit.,  'what  was  said.'  20.  capti : 
'  caught.'  21.    Pari  felicitate  .  .  .  potestatem :    Nepos  makes  a 

double  mistake.  In  the  first  place,  there  are  other  islands  in  the  Aegean 
besides  Lemnus  and  the  Cyclades  ;  and  secondly,  it  was  Conon  who 
reduced  the  islands  of  the  Aegean. 

III.  23.  Eisdem  temporibus  :  i.e.  b.c.  513.  25.  qua:  the  ad- 
verb instead  of  the  rel.  pron.  quo,  'by  which.'  traduceret :  B.  282,  2  ; 
A.  531,  2;  H.  590.  26.  Eius  pontis  :  B.  200;  A.  348;  H.  440,  2. 
abesset :  '  while  he  should  be  gone.'  The  subjunctive  is  used  because  it 
represents  the  thought  of  Darius,  which  in  the  dir.  form  might  be  ex- 
pressed thus :  pontem  mstodJte,  dum  abero.  28.  Sic  :  refers  to  the 
clause  si  .  .  .  trddidisset,  which  follows.  29.  Graeca  lingua  loquen- 
tes  :  '  the  Greek-speaking  peoples.'     Graeca  lingua  is  abl.  of  manner. 

Page  77.  1.  se  oppresso :  trans,  by  a  conditional  clause.  Express 
the  thought  of  Darius  in  dir.  disc.         4.    a  fortuna  :  the  prep,  is  used 


Pages  77-78.]       NOTES   TO   COENELIUS   NEPOS.  263 

because  fortune  is  thought  of  as  personified.  6.  Nam  si  .  ,  .  interis- 
set :  ind.  disc,  after  a  verb  of  saying  implied  in  hortdtus  est.  Give  the 
sentence  in  the  dir.  form.  Note  that  trdnsportdrat  {=  trdnsportdverat) 
is  indie. ;  it  is  an  explanation  of  the  writer,  not  forming  part  of  the  speech 
of  Miltiades.  See  B.  314,  3;  A.  583;  H.  643,  3.  8.  genere : 
'by  birth.'  B.  226;  A.  418;  H.  480.  Persarum  dominatione  et 
periciilo  :  '  from  the  rule  of  the  Persians,  and  the  danger  arising  from  it.' 

9.  ponte  .  .  .  rescisso:  see  note  to  p.  77, 1.  1.  10.  paucis  diebus  : 
'within  a  few  days.'  See  note  on  brevi  tempore,  p.  76,  1.  1.'.  12.  ne 
res  conficeretur  obstitit :  'opposed  the  carrying  out  of  the  plan.' 
13.  ipsis :  see  B.  249,  3 ;  A.  300,  6 ;  H.  509,  6.  Cf .  ipsorum  in 
1.  14  below,  and  se,  referring  to  Histiaeus  alone,  in  1.  16.  summas 

imperil :  the  plural  because  several  generals  are  referred  to.  14.  regno : 
B.  218,  3  ;  A.  431 ;  H.  476,  3.  quo  :  i.e.  Darius.  Trans,  the  abl.  abs. 
by  a  conditional  clause. 

20.  tam  multis  consciis  =  quod  tarn  multi  conscii  essent.  non 
dubitans  .  .  .  perventura  :  '  not  doubting  that  his  designs  would  come.' 
The  best  Latin  writers  use  quin  and  the  subj.  with  non  dubito,  meaning 
'  I  do  not  doubt.'  Nepos  commonly  uses  the  ace.  and  the  inf.,  although 
he  uses  the  sub],  p.  103,  1.  31.  See  B.  298,  and  a ;  A.  558,  a ;  H.  596. 
22.    ratio:  'way  of  thinking,'  'advice.' 

IV.   28.   ducenta  peditum  :  sc.  milia.        29.  causam  interserens : 

'  alleging  as  a'reason.'  30.  Atheniensibus  :  dat.  governed  by  hostem, 
instead  of  the  usual  objective  gen.  Sardis  expugnassent :  b.c.  499. 
Sardis  is  ace.  plu.  for  the  Greek  SctpSeis. 

Page  78.  2.  Eretriam  :  see  map  opp.  p.  75.  3.  eiusgentis:  i.e. 
of  the  Eretrians.  abreptos  miserunt :  '  carried  off  and  sent.'  5.  Ma- 
rathona  :  Greek  form  of  the  ace.  sing.,  'to  the  plain  of  Marathon,'  lit., 
'  to  the  plain  Marathon.'  The  battle  of  Marathon  was  fought  in  490  b.c. 
6.  oppido  :  i.e.  Athens  ;  urbe  is  more  usual  in  speaking  of  so  important 
a  city.  7.  tumultu  :  '  threatening  danger '  ;  tumultus  was  applied  by 
the  Romans  to  a  sudden  uprising  within  the  limits  of  Italy,  an  insurrec- 
tion. Here  it  is  used  of  a  danger  which  unexpectedly  presented  itself 
within  the  limits  of  Attica. 

9.  eius  generis,  qui :  '  of  the  kind  called.'  qui  agrees  not  with  the 
antecedent  generis,  but  with  the  predicate  nom.  hemerodromoe.  See  note 
on  quod,  p.  54,  1.  23  above.  hemerodromoe:    'day-runners,'   i.e. 

couriers  who  could  run  ail  day  and  cover  great  distances.     Herodotus 


264  NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS   NEPOS.       [Pages  78-79. 

tells  us  that  Pliidippus  made  the  140  miles  between  Athens  and  Sparta 
within  48  hours.  11.    aiurilio  :    B.   218,  2  ;    A.   411  ;    H.   477,    iii. 

creant :  see  note  on  revertitur,  p.  76, 1.  14.  12.  praetorgs :  in  speak- 
ing of  the  Greeks,  =  '  generals,'  the  Greek  (rrparTfyds.  The  word  also 
meant  '  general '  in  early  Latin,  but  was  afterwards  used  in  a  different 
sense.  Note  the  derivation  ;  see  Vocab.  praeessent :  see  note  on 
trdduceret,  p.  76,  1.  25. 

13.  utnim  .  .  .  defenderent  an  .  .  .  decernerent :  B.  300,  and 
4  ;  A.  335  and  574  ;  H.  380  and  650,  1.  15.  Unus  :  '  alone.*  prim5 
quoque  tempore:  'at  the  first  possible  moment.'  Cf.  B.  252,  5,  c; 
A.  313,  h  ;  H.  515,  2.  16.  castra  fierent:  i.e.  that  they  should  take 
the  field.  17.  eonim  :  we  might  expect  sua  (cf.  adversus  se,  1.  19), 
but  the  demonstrative  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  the  reflexive  to  avoid 
a  possible  ambiguity.  The  best  writers  show  occasional  irregularities  in 
the  use  of  se  and  suus.  18.  non  desperarl:  'that  no  discourage- 
ment was  felt,'  representing  an  impersonal  verb  of  the  dir.  disc.  So 
auderi,  in  1.  19.        tardiorSs:  'more  cautious.' 

V.  22.  ea  :  refers  to  clvitds^  instead  of  qm  referring  to  Plataeenses. 
militum :  partitive  gen.  with  mille.  The  subst.  use  of  rniUe  is  rare  in 
the  sing.,  although  it  is  found  three  times  in  Cicero.  It  is  the  regular 
construction  in  the  plural.  25.  plus  .  ..  .  valSret :  '  had  more  influ- 
ence,' i.e.  his  view  prevailed.  27.  locoque  idoneo  :  B.  228,  1,  b ; 
A.  429,  1  ;  A.  485,  2.  28.  sub  montis  radicibus  :  '  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain.'  acie  regione  instructa  non  apertissima :  note  the 
order.  See  B.  350,  11,  d;  A.  598,  h.  regione  non  apertissima  =  'in  a 
place  which  was  not  very  open.'  Tlie  omission  of  the  prep,  in  is  unusual, 
unless,  perhaps,  regione  apertissima  may  be  regarded  as  abl.  abs. 
29.  multis  locis :  see  note  on  locoque  idoneo,  1.  27  above.  rSrae : 
'scattered,'  an  attributive  adj.  30.  h6c  consili5  :  '  with  this  design,' 
an  abl.  of  attendant  circumstance.     See  B.  221. 

Page  79.  1.  aequum :  sc.  esse.  vidibat :  note  the  mood  and 
tense.  B.  309,  2,  a;  A.  627,  c ;  H.  585.  fretus  numero :  '  rely- 
mg  on  the  number.'  For  the  case  of  numero^  see  B.  218,  3  ;  A.  431,  a  ; 
H.  476,  1.  3.  venirent :  the  subjunctive,  because  at  the  time  of 
arbitrdbdtur  the  action  represented  by  venirent  had  no  existence  except  in 
the  mind  of  Miltiades.  In  general,  when  the  action  of  the  priusquam 
clause  is  anticipated  or  prevented  by  that  of  the  main  clause,  the  sub- 
junctive is  used.  Nepos  always  uses  priusquam,  never  antequam. 
utile  :  sc.  esse.        4.    peditum  centum  :  sc.  milia. 


Pages  79-80.]        NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  265 

6.  tanto:  abl.  of  degree  of  difference.  7.  profligarint :  Neposhas 
a  great  many  cases  of  the  perf.  subj.  in  a  result  clause  after  a  past  tense. 
See  B.  268,  C ;  A.  485,  c ;  H.  550,  1.  In  this  so-called  exception  to  the 
rule  of  the  'scrnence  of  the  tenses,'  the  verb  of  the  result  clause  is  inde- 
pendent so  far  as  its  tense  is  concerned.  When  the  imp.  subj.  is  used, 
the  result  is  more  closely  connected  with  the  time  represented  by  the 
main  verb.  Cf.  dUmicdtum  sit,  p.  64,  1.  3  above.  8.  petierint :  see 
note  on  prdJTigdrint,  1.  7  above.  9.  adhuc :  i.e.  up  to  the  writer's 
own  time.  nobilius :  'more  famous.'  Note  the  derivation;  see 
Vocab.  nulla  enim  umquam  tarn  exigua  manus :  '  for  never  did  so 
small  a  force.'  In  Eng.  we  transfer  the  negative  to  the  adv.  10.  op3s : 
*  power,'  including  men,  ships,  money,  and  resources  of  all  kinds. 

VI.  11.  Cuius  victoriae :  '  for  this  victory,'  gen.  modifying  prae- 
mium.  Note  the  order,  which  is  involved  but  natural.  Head  the  sen- 
tence carefully  through  in  the  Latin  order,  noting  the  endings  of  the 
words  and  their  relation  to  one  another.  aliSnum:  'out  of  place,' 
i.e.  foreign  to  the  subject.  12.  quo  :  '  in  order  that.'  Why  is  quo 
used  rather  than  ut^  13.  eandem:  predicate  adj.,  emphatic  posi- 
tion. 14,  quondam:  'in  former  times.'  15.  effusi:  'lavish,' 
contrasted  with  both  rdrl  and  tenues,  while  obsolete  'worthless,'  lit. 
'  worn  out,'  is  contrasted  with  gloriosi.  17.  liberarat  =  fiberdverat. 
talis  honos  tributus  est,  etc.:  note  the  order;  cf.  note  to  1.  11  above. 
talis  honos  is  explained  by  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  committeret ;  the  clause 
cum  .  .  .  depingeretur,  which  modifies  the  nt  clause,  is  put  before  it, 
instead  of  being  included  within  it,  an  order  of  which  Nepos  is  rather 
fond,  talis  =  hic,  as  is  frequently  the  case  in  Nepos.  The  special  honor 
was  that  Miltiades  was  represented  as  foremost  among  the  ten  generals, 
encouraging  the  soldiers  and  directing  the  battle.  22.  largitione 
magistratuum :  it  is  not  clear  to  what  Nepos  refers.  He  probably 
speaks  generally,  and  with  some  confusion  of  Greek  and  Eoman  con- 
ditions. 

VII.  27.  plerasque:  sc.msulds.  28.  Parum  :  see  map  opp.  p.  75. 
Parum  is  objective  of  reconcilidre.  The  position  of  aim  is  not  unusual ; 
cf.  1.  18  above.  opibus  elatam:  'full  of  confidence  in  its  strength'; 
for  the  meaning  of  opibus  see  1.  10  above. 

Page  80.  2.  vineis  ac  testudinibus :  see  Intro,  p.  23.  3.  muros: 
governed  hj propius.  See  B.  141,  3;  A.  432,  a;  H.  420,  5.  4.  in  eo 
.  .  .  potiretur :  '  was  on  the  point  of  taking  the  town.'  Cf.  p.  38,  1.  19. 
5.    nescio  quo  casu:    'by  some  chance.'    Do  not  trans,  nescio  by  a 


266  NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.         [Pages  80-81. 

verb ;  nescio  quo  forms  a  compound  indef .  pron.  See  B.  253,  6 ;  A.  575, 
d;  H.  189,  1.  6.  Cuius  flamma:  'the  light  of  this,'  'the  flame 
caused  by  this.'  7.  utrisque  venit  in  opmionem:  -both  sides  got 
the  idea.'  For  the  case  of  utrisque  see  B.  188,  1 ;  A.  377  ;  H.  425,  4,  n. 
9.  deterrerentur :  see  note  on  projligdrint,  p.  79,  1.  7. 

13.  proditionis :  B.  208,  1;  A.  352;  H.  456.  14.  infectis 
rebus :  '  without  accomplishing  his  purpose. '  discessisset :  subj. ,  be- 
cause it  gives  the  reason  alleged  by  the  accusers  of  Miltiades.  16.  ipse : 
'in person.'  17.  Stesagoras:  a  mistake  of  Nepos.  Stesagoras  died 
some  time  before  these  events.  18.  capitis :  see  note  on  proditionis^ 
1.  13  above.  pecunia:  B.  208,  2,  b;  A.  353,  1;  H.  456,  3. 
19.  lis  .  .  .  aestimata  est:  see  Vocab.,  under  lis.  quinqtiaginta 
talentis  :  abl.  of  price  ;  we  should  say  '  estimated  a«.'  quantus  .  .  . 
f actus  erat :  '  the  sum  which  had  been  expended  on  the  fleet ' ;  i.  e. 
tantd  pecunia  muUdtus  est  quantus  sumptus  /actus  est.  21.  vincla 
publica:   'the  public  prison,'  'state  prison.' 

VIII.  23-.  Hic  :  note  the  position  ;  see  note  on  Miltiades^  p.  75, 1.  1 
above.  crimine  Pario  :  '  a  complaint  about  Paros. '  For  the  case  cf . 
pecmiid,  1.  18;  for  a  different  constr.  proditionis,  1.  13.  25.  quae 
paucis  annis  ante  fuerat :  the  rule  of  the  sons  of  Pisistratus  is  included, 
hence  the  period  from  560  to  510  b.c.  is  meant.  The  trial  of  Miltiades 
was  in 489.  27.  multum  .  .  .  versatus:  'who  had  had  long  experi- 
ence.' nonvidebatur  posse  esse:  we  should  say 'it  did  not  seem 
possible  that  Miltiades  could  be,'  i.e.  that  he  could  be  satisfied  to  be. 
30.  hahitaisit :  =  hahitdverat.  31,  fuerat  appellatus :  here  =  erat 
appelldtus.  32.  erat  ,  .  .  consecutus:  sc.  tyrannidem,  implied  in 
tyrannus  fuerat  appelldtus. 

Page  81.  2.  potestate  sunt  perpetua :  abl.  of  quality  =  potestdtem 
perpetuam  obtinent,  'have  absolute  power.'  4.  ut  .  .  .  esset:  result 
clause  without  any  introductory  word  meaning  'so.'  5.  pateret:  B. 
283,  2 ;  A.  635,  a ;  H.  591,  1.        magna  auctoritas :  sc.  ei  fuit. 

2.     Themistodes. 

Chapter  t  9.  Themistodes  .  .  .  Atheniensis :  this  abrupt  begin- 
ning is  found  in  several  of  the  lives.  NeoclT:  gen.  oi  Neocles.  See 
Vocab.  Huius:  governs  the  expression  vitia  inpuntis  adulescentiae, 
»his  early  faults,'  'the  faults  of  his  early  life.'  12.  est  ordiendus: 
» his  story  must  be  told,'  lit.,  'he  must  be  described.'  generosus  :  do 
not  trans,  by  the  cognate  Eng.  word.    Note  the  derivation.     See  Vocab. 


Pages  81-82.]        NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  267 

13.  duxit :  sc.  in  mdtrimonium.  14.  Qui  cum  :  '  since  he.'  minus 
esset  probatus  parentibus  :  '  incurred  tlie  displeasure  of  his  parents ' ; 
parentibus,  '  in  the  eyes  of  his  parents,'  is  dat.  'of  the  person  judging. 
See  B.  188,  2,  c ;  A.  378,  1  ;  H.  424,  4.  15.  liberius  :  '  too  freely,' 
'  too  fast,'  a  common  meaning  of  the  comparative.  16.  non  fregit 
eum  :  '  did  not  crush  him,'  '  did  not  break  his  spirit.'  18.  earn  :  sc. 
contumeliam. 

19.  amicis  famaeque  serviens  :  '  devoting  himself  to  his  friends  and 
to  (acquiring)  fame.'  multum  .  .  .  versabatur  :  'he  took  an  active 
part.'  iudiciis  privatis :  i.e.  'in  the  legal  diflficulties  of  his  friends.' 
20.  contionem  populi  :  i.e.  the  popular  assembly.  21.  maior  :  i.e. 
of  more  than  ordinary  importance.  quae  opus  erant  reperiebat : 
'he  discovered  the  course  of  action  which  was  necessary.'  For  the 
construction  of  quae  see  B.  218,  2,  a  ;  A.  411,  6 ;  H.  477,  in,  n. 
22.  eadem  :  i.e.  ea  quae  opus  erant.  23.  excogitandis :  i.e.  in  rebus 
excogitandls.  instantibus  :  '  the  present,'  more  lit.,  '  what  was  imme- 
diately urgent,'  contrasted  with  futuris.  25.  Quo:  i.e.  on  account  of 
the  course  of  conduct  described  in  line  24  ;  quo  factum  est  might  be 
translated  'and  so  it  happened.' 

Page  82.  II.  1.  Primus  autem  gradus :  'now  his  first  step.'  capes- 
sendae  rei  pUblicae :  see  Vocab.  under  capesso.  2.  bello  Corcy- 
raeo  :  Nepos  is  in  error  here.  Themistocles  was  not  a  general  in  the  war 
between  Athens  and  Corinth  about  Corcyra,  and  his  advice  to  build  sliips 
was  given  in  connection  with  the  war  against  Aegina,  b.c.  482.  3.  re- 
liquo  tempore  :  '  in  the  future,'  contrasted  with  praesenti  bello.  B.  231, 
1  •  A.  424  b  N.  •  H.  417,  2.  5.  metallis  :  the  silver  mines  of  Mount 
Laurium  in  Attica,  southeast  of  Athens ;  these  mines  are  worked  at  the 
present  time  by  a  French  company,  and  still  yield  considerable  amounts 
of  silver.  largitione  magistratuum :  see  note  to  p.  79,  1.  22.  largi- 
tione  publico,  would  be  more  appropriate  here,  since  the  money  yielded 
by  the  mines  was  distributed  by  a  law  passed  in  the  regular  way. 
7.  Qmb.  =  classe.        8.   maritimos  praedones :  'pirates.' 

9.  In  quo  :  *  and  by  this  policy,'  lit.,  '  in  which,'  i.e.  in  making  Athens 
a  maritime  power.  Cf.  quo  factum  est,  p.  81,  1.  26.  These  relative 
expressions  to  connect  two  sentences  are  a  favorite  usage  with  Nepos, 
especially  7W0 /«cfo.  10.  belli  navalis:  'naval  warfare.'  Athe- 
nienses :  object  of  both  omdvit  and  fecit.  Nepos  is  fond  of  reserving 
the  object  or  the  subject  until  the  end  of  the  sentence.  Cf.ferociorem 
reddidit  civitdtem,   1.    3   above.  quantae   saluti :    dat.   of  purpose. 


268  NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  [Page  82. 

11.  fuerit :  see  note  on  prdfllgarint,  p.  79,  1.  7.  Result  clauses  and  ind. 
questions  are  less  closely  subordinated  to  the  main  clause  than  purpose 
clauses  (for  instance),  and  hence  admit  these  so-called  exceptions  to  the 
rule  of  the  '  sequence  of  tenses.'  bello  .  .  .  Persico :  the  second 

Persian  invasion  is  meant,  under  Xerxes,  b.c.  480.  12.  et  mari  et 
terra :  the  more  common  expression  is  terra  manque.  For  the  constr. 
see  B.  228,  i,  c;  A.  427,  a;  H.  485,  2.  14.  quisquam:  see  note  on 
Athenienses,  1.  10  above.  15.  navium :  see  note  on  trium  verborum, 
p.  57,  1.  22  above.  fuit :  'consisted  of.'  17.  fuSrunt:  agrees  by- 
attraction  with  milia,  instead  of  with  the  subject  exercUus. 

20.  miseriint :  sc.  Athenienses.  quidnam  facerent :  an  indirect 
dubitative  question  ;  the  direct  form  would  be  quidnam  facidmus  !  These 
differ  from  ordinary  indirect  questions,  which  are  indicative  in  the  direct 
form.  See  B.  300,  2  ;  A.  575,  h  ;  H.  642,  3.  21.  Deliberantibus :  sc. 
eis.  respondit  ut  .  .  .  munirent :  the  subj.  is  due  to  the  idea  of  com- 
mand or  advice  in  respondit^  which  =  monuit  ot  persiidsit.  "What  would 
the  ace.  with  the  inf.  mean  ?  22.  Id  responsvun  .  .  .  nemo :  note 
the  order.  See  note  on  Athenienses,  1.  10  above,  and  cf.  quisquam^  1.  14 
above.  Id  responsum  quo  valeret :  'what  this  reply  meant';  quo 
is  the  adv.  What  is  the  literal  meaning  ?  23.  persuasit  consilium 
esse :  '  persuaded  them  that  the  advice  was. '  Some  verbs  are  used  with 
either  the  inf.  or  the  subj.  with  a  difference  of  meaning  ;  the  former  if  the 
idea  is  ind.  disc,  the  latter  if  it  is  purpose.  See  note  on  respondit  ut 
.  .  .  munirent,  1.  21  above. 

24.  ut  .  .  .  conferrent:  in  apposition  with  consilium.  What  kind 
of  a  clause,  and  why  subj.  ?  eum  euim  .  .  .  murum  ligneiun  :  '  for 
that  was  the  wooden  wall  meant  by  the  god.'  eum  agrees  by  attraction 
with  murum  ligneum.  Note  that  murum  is  used  here,  and  moenibus  in 
1.  22.  The  distinction  in  meaning  is  shown  by  Caesar,  B.  G.  2,  6 :  cir- 
cumiectd  multitudine  hominum  totis  moenibus  undique  in  murum  lapides 
iacl  coepti  sunt.  The  distinction  is  observed  here.  They  were  to  protect 
themselves  in  a  city  with  wooden  walls  (moenibus  ligneis),  of  which  the 
wooden  wall  (murum)  was  to  be  the  fleet.  25.  Tall  =  hoc;  so  fre- 
quently in  Nepos.  Cf.  p.  79,  1.  17.  superiSres  :  '  the  former,'  sc. 
naves.  26.  sua  omnia  quae  moverl  poterant :  '  all  their  movable 
property,'  as  well  as  their  wives  and  children.  28.  arcem  .  .  .  tra- 
dunt :  according  to  Herodotus,  those  who  remained  behind  did  so  because 
they  did  not  accept  the  interpretation  of  Themistocles.  They  barricaded 
the  Acropolis  (arcem)  with  a  '  wooden  wall.' 


Pages  83-84.]       NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  269 

Page  83.   ni.   1.    Hviius:  i.e.  Tkemistoclis.       2.   in  terrS  dimicari : 

♦  that  the  war  be  waged  on  land '  ;  dimicdri  stands  for  an  impersonal 
verb  in  the  direct  form.  missi  sunt :  the  battle  of  Thermopylae  took 
place  before  the  events  described  at  the  end  of  Chap.  II.  4.  longl- 
usque  .  .  .  non  paterentur:  instead  of  neve  longius  .  .  .  paterentur, 
because  non  modifies  paterentur  especially  ;  nbn  paterentur  =  prohiberent. 
5.  omngs  :  used  loosely  of  the  delecti  in  1.  2.  Only  the  Lacedaemonians 
and  Thespians  remained  until  the  end.  9.  Angustias :  '  a  narrow 
part  of  the  sea.*  10.  Hinc :  'from  there,'  i.e.  from  Artemisium. 
pari  proello  :  'after  an  indecisive  battle.'  Abl.  of  attendant  circum- 
stance. See  B.  22L  12.  superSsset  =  swperavme^,  '  should  round. ' 
The  subj.is  due  to  Implied  ind.  disc,  their  thought  being:  si  pars  ndvium 
Euhoeam  snperdverit,  ancipiti  prememur  periculo.  premerentur  is  subj. 
after  the  expression  periculum  erat  =  timehant.  See  B.  296,  2  ;  A.  564  ; 
H.  649. 

IV.  17.  astu:  the  omission  of  ad  with  accessit  is  not  common. 
18.  Cuius  :  sc.  incendii.  19.  cum  .  .  .  non  auderent :  note  the 
position  of  cum  in  the  clause.  21.  universes  :  '  all  together,'  '  united,' 
opposed  to'dispersos.  22.  testSbatur :  an  emphatic  word.  23.  sum- 
mae  imperii  praeerat :  '  held  the  chief  command '  ;  imperii  is  partitive 
gen.  24.  minus  quam  vellet :  the  subj.  represents  the  thought  of 
Themistocles  transferred  to  past  time,  eum  moved,  minus  quam  void,  or 
perhaps  minus  quam  velim.  25.  d5  servis  suis :  sc.  eum.  26.  suis 
verbis :  '  in  his  name,'  i.e.  in  the  name  of  Themistocles.  28.  con- 
fecturum  :  sc.  eum.     Give  the  words  of  Themistocles  in  dir.  disc. 

Page  84.  1.  Hoc  e5  valSbat:  'the  purpose  of  this  was.'  Cf.  quo 
valeret,  p.  82,  1.  22.  ad  depugnandum  :  'to  fight  it  out.'  Note  the 
force  of  de-.  2.  barbarus :  i.e.  Xerxes.  5.  potuerit :  note  the 
tense.  See  note  on  prdjligdrint,  p.  79,  1.  7  above.  The  battle  was  fought 
in  480  B.C. 

V.  8.  HIc  I  adv.  male  rem  gesserat :  '  he  had  been  unsuccessfi^.' 
10.  ab  eodem  gradu  dSpulsus  est :  do  not  connect  eddem  and  gradu  ; 
gradu  depellere,  'to  drive  from  one's  position,'  hence  'to  baffle,'  is  a 
metaphor  from  the  gladiatorial  contests,  eodem  refers  to  Themistocles. 
12.  id  agi:  'that  this  was  being  agitated,'  i.e.  that  steps  were  being 
taken.  in  HellSsponto :  we  should  say,  '  over  the  Hellespont.' 
fScerat :  see  note  on  trdyisportarat,  p.  77,  1.  6.  13.  excliideretur : 
sc.  ille.  14.  sex  mSiisibus  :  in  his  life  of  Agesilaus,  Nepos  gives 
the  time  as  a   year.     The  actual  time  was  four  months.         eadem : 


270  NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.        [Pages  84-85. 

adv.  15,  minus  diebus  triginta :  the  actual  time  was  forty-six 
days.  18.  Haec  altera  victoria  :  sc.  est,  'this  is  a  second  victory.' 
19.  possit :  B.  283,  2;  A.  5o5  ;  H.  591,  1.  tropaeo  :  =  victoria. 
21.   devicta :   note  the  force  of  de-.     See  Vocab. 

VI.  23.  Cum  enim  .  .  .  uterentur  :  the  emphatic  words  are  bo7id  and 
mdgno.  We  should  say  in  English,  '  for  since  the  harbor  at  Phaleruni 
which  the  Athenians  used  was  neither  large  nor  good.'  24.  triplex 
Pirael  portus  :  the  port  at  the  Piraeus  included  three  separate  harbors, 
—  the  Piraeus,  in  a  narrower  sense,  Munychia,  and  Zea.  See  the  plan 
on  the  map  opp.  p.  75.     It  was  begun  in  482  b.c,  and  finished  in  477. 

25.  eisque:  '  such,' 'so  strong.'  26.  dignitate  :  'splendor.'  Idem: 
'he  also.'  27.  praecipuo  suo  periculo :  'at  particular  personal 
risk '  ;  suo  represents  an  objective  gen.  ;  periculo  is  abl.  of  attendant 
circumstance.  29.  qu5  negarent  oportere  :  '  for  saying  that  it  was 
not  necessary.'  For  the  mood  of  negarent,  see  B.  282,  3;  A.  535,/; 
H.  591,  7. 

Page  85.  1.  quae  hostes  posslderent :  'for  the  enemy  to  seize.' 
B.  282,  2;  A.  531,  2;  H.  590.  aedificantes  :  'in  their  building,' 
instead  of  quominus  aedificdrent.  2.  Hoc  .  .  .  volebant :  '  this  had 
a  far  different  purpose  than  they  were  willing  to  let  appear,'  lit.,  '  looked 
in  a  very  different  direction.'  Cf.  hoc  eo  valebat,  p.  84,  1.  1.  5.  prln- 
cipatu :  '  the  hegemony ' ;  i.e.  the  chief  place  among  the  states  of  Greece. 
9.  deaierunt :  sc.  illl  =  Athenienses.  The  omission  of  the  subject  in 
such  a  case  as  this  is  careless  writing.  12.  tuendo  :  modifies  satis 
alti.     B.  338,  2,  a  ;  A.  505,  a  ;  H.  627.  exstructi :  cf.  strui,  1.  7  ;  ex- 

gives  the  idea  of  completeness.  13.  neque  :  instead  of  the  more 
exact  rieve.  14.  esset :  subj.  because  it  forms  part  of  the  command 
of  Themistocles ;  so  putdrent  in  1.  15. 

VII.  18.  Themistocles:  subject  of  venit.  See  note  on  Miltiades, 
p.  75,  1.  1.  19.  dedit  operam  ut  .  .  .  ducerat:  'did  his  best  to 
prolong  the  time,'  i.e.  before  appearing  before  the  ephors.  20.  causam 
interponens :  '  alleging  as  a  reason.'  23.  superesse  :  '  remained  to  be 
done.'  24.  ephoros :  see  Vocab.  25.  summum  .  .  .  imperium  : 
summa  potestds  would  be  a  more  proper  term  for  the  civil  power  of  the 
ephors  ;    the   imperium,  or  militaly  command,  belonged  to  the  kings. 

26.  falsa  eis  esse  delSta  :  '  that  a  false  report  had  been  made  to  them.' 
illos:  .subject  of  mi^ere.  27.  nobilSs:  'prominent.'  Note  the  deri- 
vation, quibus  fidSs  habSrgtw: :  a  clause  of  characteristic,  quihus 
isdat,  governed  by  the  phrase  ^des  Aa6ere«wr=/ifZeren«.        28.   retine- 


Pages  85-86.]        NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  271 

rent :  representing  an  imperative  of  the  dir.  disc.  Give  the  words  of 
Themistocles  to  the  ephors  in  dir.  disc.  29.  functi  summis  honori- 
bus  :  '  who  liad  held  tlie  higliest  offices,'  31.  ut  ne  .  .  .  dimitterent : 
sabj.  on  account  of  tlie  idea  of  command  in  praedixU.  On  ut  ne,  see 
B.  282,  1,6;  A.  563,  e,  n.  2.  32.  esset  remissus  :  part  of  the  injunc- 
tion of  Themistocles,  which  in  the  dir.  form  might  be  :  nolite  prius  Lace- 
daemoniorum  legdtos  dimittere,  qnam  ipse  remissus  ero. 

Page  86.  1.  magistratus  senatumque  :  i.e.  to  the  ephors  and  the 
gerusia,  or  council  of  elders.  3.  liberrime  professus  est :  '  declared 
with  the  utmost  frankness.'  quod  .  .  .  facere  possent :  '  a  thing 
which  they  had  a  right  to  do  according  to  the  common  law  of  nations.' 
The  antecedent  of  quod  is  the  clause  deos  .  .  .  saepsisse,  below.  In  such 
cases  id  quod  is  more  usual ;  see  B.  247,  1,  6  ;  A.  307,  d  ;  H.  399,  6. 

4.  deos  piiblicos  :  i.e.  the  gods  of  Greece,  while  patrios  (sc.  deos) 
are  the  gods  of  Athens,  and  Penates,  the  household  gods.  6.  neque 
.  .  .  fecisse :  i.e.  in  so  doing  had  acted  for  the  best  interests  of  Greece. 
neque  .  .  .  inutile  is  litotes.  See  B.  375, 1 ;  A.  326,  c ;  H.  752,  8.  7.  illo- 
rura  :   i.e.  Atheniensium. 

8.  oppositum  esse  :  agrees  in  form  with  the  predicate  ace.  propugnd- 
cuJum,  instead  of  with  the  subject  urhem.  bis :  in  what  battles  ? 
9.  feciase  :  note  the  inf.  in  a  rel.  clause.  See  B.  314,  4  ;  A.  583,  c  ;  H. 
643,  2.  10.  facere  :  '  were-  acting.'  Note  the  tense.  intueren-. 
tur  :  B.  283,  3,  a ;  A.  535,  e  ;  H.  592.  12.  miserant :  not  part  of  the 
words  of  Themistocles.  Cf.  note  to  p.  77,  1.  6.  13.  remitterent :  see 
note  on  retinerent,  p.  85,  1.  28  above.  illos  :  i.e.  legdtos.  essent 
recepturi :  '  they  were  not  likely  to  recover.'  See  B.  115  ;  A.  194,  a ; 
H.  236. 

VIII.  15.  effSglt:  sc.  Themistocles.  16.  quo  damnatus  erat 
Miltiades :  see  p.  80,  1.  28.  17.  tSstularum  suffragiis  e  civitate 
eiectus :  under  certain  conditions,  after  due  notice  and  discussion,  the 
Athenians  might  vote  for  the  banishment  of  a  citizen  who  was  so  power- 
ful as  to  seem  to  menace  the  freedom  of  the  state.  P^ach  voter  wrote  a 
name  on  an  oyster-shell  (6(rTpaKov,  whence  the  name  ostracism)  or  on  a 
potsherd,  and  if  6000  shells  bore  the  same  name,  the  person  so  designated 
was  banished  for  ten  years,  but  without  loss  of  honor  or  possessions. 
Themistocles  was  ostracized  about  476  b.c.  20.  absentem :  '  in  his 
absence,'  i.e.  without  a  hearing.  cum  rege  Perse  :  '  with  the  king  of 
the  Persians '  ;  the  more  common  expression  is  rex  Fersdrum. 


272  NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS   NEPOS.        [Pages  86-88. 

21.  fecisset :  the  reason  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  hence  the  mood. 
Hoc  crimine  :  '  on  this  charge.'  See  note  on  crimine  Pario^  p.  80,  1.  23. 
23.  tutum  se  :  sc.  esse.  24.  principes  :  '  the  leading  men '  of  the 
state.  25.  se  :  Themistocles,  while  els  refers  to  the  people  of  Corcyra, 
including  principes.  26.   Molossum :    an   old  gen.  pi.,   instead   of 

Molossorum  ;  not  a  contraction.  cum  quo  ei  hospitium  non  erat : 
i.e.  to  whom  he  was  bound  by  no  ties  of  hospitality.  Note  the  order  cum 
quo.,  and  cf.  note  on  cum  quibus.,  p.  75,  1.  10.  28.  receptum :  trans, 
by  a  finite  verb.    The  subject  of  tueretur  is  i-ex  understood. 

Page  87.  1.  eum  ...  in  fidem  reciperet :  '  received  him  under 
his  protection.'  When  the  verb  of  the  main  clause  is  negative,  the  perf. 
ind.  is  usual  in  the  prius  quam  clause.  Here  the  subj.  denotes  the  thought 
of  Themistocles,  who  had  resolved  to  remain  in  the  shrine  until  the  king 
pledged  him  his  protection.  2.  quam  praestitit :  '  which  (pledge)  he 
kept.'  3.  publice  :  '  ofiBcially,'  '  in  the  name  of  the  state.'  5.  tuto  : 
adv.  6.  esset:  represents  the  thought  of  the  king,  'such  guard  as 
(he  thought)  would  be  sufficient.'  7.  omnibus  .  .  .  nautis  :  B.  192,  1  ; 
A.  384  ;  H.  434.  8.  ferretur :  '  was  being  carried '  ;  note  the  tense. 
9.  sibi  :  B.  189,  1  ;  A.  374  ;  H.  431.  12.  conservasset :  implied  ind. 
disc. ;  si  me  conservdris,  tibi  multa  dabo.  14.  neque  quemquam  .  .  . 
passus  est :  '  and  did  not  allow  any  one.' 

IX.  18.  potissimum :  '  in  preference  to  all  others.'  19.  aetate 
proximus  :  '  nearest  in  time,'  i.e.  he  came  nearest  to  being  contemporary 
with    the   events  described.  20.    Is   autem   ait :    '  Now  he   says.' 

21.  his  verbis  :  '  in  these  terms '  ;  abl.  of  means  modifying  the  expres- 
sion epistulam  misisse  =  scripsisse.  22.  Themistocles,  veni :  we 
should  say,  '  I,  Themistocles,  am  come.'  23.  omnium  Qraiorum  : 
part.  gen.  modifying  qui.  25.  Idem  :  '  On  the  other  hand,  I.' 
26.  ipse :  sc.  esse  coepi.  Note  the  chiastic  order  of  in  tuto  ipse.,  ille  in 
periculo.  See  B.  350,  11,  c  ;  A.  598,  /,  and  n.  ;  H.  666,  2.  28.  id  agi 
ut  pons  .  .  .  dissolveretur :  cf.  p.  84,  1.  9,  fol.,  and  notice  the  real 
motive  of  Themistocles.  29.  fecerat :  what  does  the  mood  denote  ? 
See  note  to  p.  77,  1.  6.  circumiretur :  sc.  ille  =  rex.  The  omission 
of  the  subject  under  the  circumstances  is  careless  writing. 

Page  88.  2.  quam:  trans,  by  a  demonstrative  and  a  conjunction. 
4.  quts  :  de  quibus  is  more  usual.  In  the  best  writers  colloqui  governs 
the  ace.  only  of  neu.  prons.  or  num.  adjs.  annuum  .  .  .  tempus : 

'the  space  of  a  year.'        5.  venire  :  sc.  me. 


Pages  88-80.]        NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS   NEl'OS.  273 

X.  6.  Huius:  'his.'  7.  veniam  dedit :  'granted  his  request.' 
8.  litteris  sermonique  Persarum :  i.e.  to  reading  and  speaking  Per- 
sian, quibus  :  has  for  its  antecedent  litteris  sermonique.  9.  multo 
commodius  .  .  .  verba  fScisse  :  '  to  have  made  a  speech  in  much 
better  style.'  11.  gratissimumque  illud :  sc.  pollicitus  esset,  '  and 
what  pleased  him  most  of  all,  that.'  13.  Asiam  :  Nepos  speaks  from 
the  Roman  point  of  view,  meaning  the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  compris- 
ing only  a  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

17.  redibant:  i.e.  there  was  a  revenue  of;  cf.  our  Eng.  expression 
'returns.'  unde  .  .  .  Bumeret:  rel.  clause  of  purpose,  like  ex  qua 
haheret.  18.  obsonium  :  'dainties,'  including  everything  but  bread, 
which  was  regarded  as  the  only  essential  article  of  diet ;  obsonium,  there- 
fore, means  meat,  vegetables,  fruits,  and  especially  fish.  20.  oppidum  : 
i.e.  Magnesia.  22.  eundem  :  'the  aforesaid,'  referring  to  p.  87,  1.  18. 
23.  auctorem  probamus :  '  accept  as  authority '  ;  prohdmus  is  the 
'  editorial  plural,'  used  for  modesty.  24.  neque  negat :  '  and  yet  he 
does  not  deny.'  25.    sumpsisse  :    sc.    eum.         pollicitus   esset : 

subj.  as  part  of  the  thought  of  Themistocles.  Express  his  thought  in  a 
direct  form.  26.  Idem:  i.e.  Thucydides.  27.  sepulta:  sc.  e.sse. 
quoniam  legibus  non  concSderetur :  explains  clam.  28.  prodi- 
tionis :  see  note  to  p.  80,  1.  13  above. 


3.   Pausanias. 

Page  89.  Chapter  I.  1.  varius  in  omni  genere  vitae :  *  unreliable 
in  all  the  relations  of  life.'  3.  illustrissimum :  used  as  subst.,  '  his 
most  glorious  exploit.'  proelium  apud  PlataeSs:  'the  battle  at 
Plataea.'  A  prepositional  phrase  modifying  a  noun  is  used  quite  fre- 
quently by  Latin  writers,  but  by  Cicero  less  commonly  than  an  adj.  or  a 
rel.  clause  (quod  apud  Plataeds  factum  est).  It  is  better  to  avoid  the 
construction  in  writing  Latin.  See  B.  352,  6.  The  battle  was  fought  in 
479  B.C.  5.    rSgius:    'of  the  king.'  MSdus  :  the  Romans  gen- 

erally confused  the  Medes  and  Persians.  Mardonius  was  a  Persian. 
6.  manu  fortis :  '  a  man  of  personal  bravery.'  What  is  the  lit.  trans.  ? 
■>.  viritim:  'man  by  man';  i.e.  it  was  an  army  of  picked  men. 
viginti  :   sc.   milia.  8.   baud  ita  magna  manu   Graeciae :    '  by  a 

comparatively  small  band  of  Greeks '  ;  lit.  trans.  ?  Only  01,000  Lacedae- 
monians, Tegeans,  and  Athenians  took  an  actual  part  in  the  battle. 
9.    plurima  miscere :    'to  cause  a  great  deal  of  disturbance.' 


274  NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS   NEPOS.        [Pages  89-90. 

10.  in  eo :  'in  this  respect,'  explained  by  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  posu- 
isset.  The  subj.  shows  that  it  was  the  reason  given  by  those  who  cen- 
sured him.  12.  in  quo  haec  erat  seutentia  :  'of  which  this  was 
the  purport.'  What  follows  is  a  free  rendering  of  the  metrical  inscription 
(epigramma)  on  the  tripod.  13.  ergo  :  '  on  account  of.'  Used  only 
in  antiquated  style, — laws,  inscriptions,  etc.  14.  dedisse  :  sc.se,  a 
careless  omission.  15.  nomina  eanun  civitatmn :  the  brazen  support 
of  this  tripod,  composed  of  three  serpents  twisted  together,  on  whose 
coils  the  names  are  inscribed,  is  now  in  the  Hippodrome  at  Constanti- 
nople. 

n.     17.    classe   communi :   sc.   Graeciae.  18.   Cypnim  atque 

Hellespontum  :  note  the  omission  of  the  prep,  with  Hellespontum. 
See  note  on  Chersonesum,  p.  75,  1.  6.  The  influence  of  Cyprum  is  also 
to  be  taken  into  account.  19.  praesidia :  '  garrisons.'  23.  effu- 
gisse :  sc.  eos.  24.  Gongylum :  sc.  misit,  since  remisit  can  only  be 
used  properly  of  the  captives.  A  case  of  zeugma.  B.  374,  2,  a  ;  A.  640  ; 
H.  751,  2,  N. 

Page  90.   2.   cgperat:  B.  265;  A.  479;  H.  539,  1.  3.    misit :  sc. 

eos,  antecedent  of  quos.  4.  des :  B.  274  ;  A.  439,  a  ;  H.  559.  nup- 
tum:    'in   marriage.'      B.   340,    1;   A.   509;    H.   633.  5.    se :   ace, 

while  te  is  abl.  7.  certum:  'reliable.'  mittas  face:  'see  to  it 
that  you  send,'  'pray  send.'  face  is  an  archaic  form  for /ac.  See  B. 
116,  3  ;  A.  182,  n.,  and  449,  c ;  H.  241  and  561,  2.  Put  the  letter  of 
Pausanias  into  ind.  disc.  9.  tam  sibi  neceBsarionim  :  '  so  nearly 
related  to  him.'  11.  ng  cui  rel  parcat :  'that  he  spare  no  means.' 
12.  polliceretur:  the  imp.  subj.  instead  of  the  present,  petit  is  his- 
torical present.  See  note  to  p.  76,  1.  14.  In  vivid  narration  the  tenses 
in  both  the  ind.  and  the  subj.  are  often  changed  from  pres.  to  past  or 
from  past  to  pres.  in  the  same  sentence.  13.  laturum  :  sc.  eum  esse. 
Huius:  'Ais,' I.e.  the  king's.  15.  Quo  facto:  'on  account  of  this' 
=  cum  in  susplcionem  cecidisset.  See  note  on  in  quo,  p.  82,  1.  9. 
16.  capitis:  modifies  both  accusdtus  and  absolvitur ;  'he  was  accused 
on  a  capital  charge  and  acquitted.'  17.  remissus  non  est:  Dorcio 
was  sent  in  his  place,  but  found  the  hegemony  transferred  to  the  Athe- 
nians.    This  was  in  477  b.c. 

m.  18.  post  non  multo :  a  common  order  in  Nepos  for  the  usual 
non  multo  post.  sua  sponte :  i.e.  as  a  volunteer.  19.  cogitata  : 
'ideas.'  He  developed  ideas  which  were  not  foolish  (i.e.  that  expression 
is  not  strong  enough),  but  those  of  a  mndnian.  20.  mores:  'ways,' 
'habits.'         21.  rggio :  i.e.  of  a  Persian  king.         23.   qui  aderant : 


Pages  90-92.]        NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  275 

sc.  ei,  'his  associates.'  possent :  B.  283,  2,  a  ;  A.  535,  c;  H.  591,  b. 
28.  clava :  a  means  of  secret  communication  used  by  the  Spartan 
ephors.  When  a  king  or  general  left  home,  he  was  given  a  staff,  or  cylin- 
drical piece  of  wood,  exactly  similar  to  one  in  the  possession  of  the  ephors. 
When  they  wished  to  communicate  with  him,  they  cut  the  writing  material 
into  strips,  wound  it  around  the  staff,  and  wrote  their  message  along  the 
length  of  the  staff.  When  it  was  unrolled,  only  detached  letters  or  frag- 
ments of  words  were  seen  ;  but  the  person  to  whom  it  was  sent  could  read 
it  by  wrapping  it  around  his  staff.  Both  the  staff  and  the  despatch  were 
called  a-KVTdXri,  of  which  cldva  is  the  Latin  equivalent.  29.  more  illo- 
rum :  'after  their  fashion,'  i.e.  as  just  described.  On  more,  see  note  to 
p.  57,  1.  19. 

Page  91.  3.  vincla  publica  :  cf.  p.  80,  1.  21.  4.  regl :  Pausanias 
was  not  king,  but  as  guardian  of  the  young  King  Pleistarchus,  who  was 
his  cousin,  he  acted  as  regent.  Hinc  =  ex  vinclis.  6.  rege  :  i.e. 
the  king  of  the  Persians.  7.  quod  :  qui  would  be  more  in  accordance 
with  the  common  usage.  Hilotae  :  lit.  '  captives,'  prisoners  taken  in 
war  or  their  descendants  ;  they  were  the  original  owners  of  the  country, 
and  were  serfs  rather  than  slaves.  9.  munere  :  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410  ; 
H.  477,  I.  11.  crimen:  'charge.'  12.  et  ezspectandum :  sc. 
esse,  '  but  that  they  ought  to  wait '  ;  putdhant  has  a  negative  force  with 
oportere  iudicdri,  but  not  with  exspectandum  .  .  .  aperiret,  B.  293,  in, 
3;  A.  553;  H.  603,  ii,  2. 

IV.   14.   Argilius :   see  Vocab.     Subject  of  accepisset.  15.   eo  : 

i.e.  Pausanias.  eique  :  refers  to  adulescentulus  ;  trans,  as  subject. 
17.    redisset  .  .  .  missi  erant :    meaning  of  the   moods  ?  vincla 

epistulae :  the  tablet  on  which  the  letter  was  written  was  fastened 
together  by  a  cord,  which  was  secured  by  a  seal.  18.  si  pertulisset : 
'  if  he  should  deliver  it '  ;  force  of  per-  ?  19.  Erant  in  eadem  epia- 
tula  :  '  there  were  also  contained  in  the  letter.'  quae  :  '  correspondence 
which.'  22.    gravitas:    '  deliberateness.'     They   were   unwilling  to 

take  decisive  measures  until  they  had  absolute  proof.  hoc  loco  -  '  on 
this  occasion.'  25.  indicasset :  the  subj.  is  due  to  ind.  disc.  huic  : 
i.e.  Argilib  adulescentulo.  27.  violari  nefSs:  hence  one  who  took 
refuge  there  was  secure  from  molestation.  28.  banc  iuxta :  B.  144, 
3;  A.  435;  H.  676,  1.  29.  posset:  subj.  representing  the  design  of 
the  ephors.  loqueretur  :  not  a  condition  contrary  to  fact,  but  a  future 
condition  in  implied  ind.  disc.        30.    Hue  :  '  into  this.' 

Page  92.  2.  supplicem :  '  as  a  supplicant,'  in  apposition  with  Quern. 
3.  causae  quid  sit  =  quae  causa  sit ;  causae  is  part.  gen.        5.  neu  = 


276  NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.        [Pages  92-93. 

nere,  the  regular  connective  of  two  negative  purpofie  clauses.  See  note 
to  p.  85, 1.  13.  meritum  :  trans,  by  a  rel.  clause.  6.  si  earn  veniam 
.  .  .  dedisset : ,  'if  he  granted  him  that  request ' ;  of.  p.  »S,  1.  7. 
7.  magno  ei  praemio  fatumin :  the  subject  is  id  understood  =  earn 
veniam  sibi  dediise  et  .  .  .  subievasse.  On  praemio^  see  B.  191,  2  ; 
A.  382,  1,  and  x.  1 ;  H.  433,  1,  2. 

V.  9.  His  rSbus  ephon  cognitis  :  this  position  of  the  subject  of  the 
sentence  is  common,  when  it  would  also  be  the  subject  of  the  clause 
represented  by  the  abl.  abs.  ;  here  .the  abl.  abs.  =  qvae  (has  res)  enm 
ephori  cognossent.  pntSnint  =  pirtavemnt.  10.  Qo6  =  in  \trhem. 
12.  in  eo  esset  nt :  '  was  on  the  point  of  being » ;  cf .  p.  8<),  1.  4.  ex 
vultu  ciiiusdam  ephori :  '  from  the  expression  of  one  of  the  ephors.' 
14.  gradibus  :  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ;  H.  479.  15.  quae  :  refers  to  Minervae, 
16.  Cbalcioicos :  see  Vocab.  The  temple  was  one  of  the  most  ancient 
in  Sparta.  The  statue  <A  the  goddess  was  of  bronze,  and  the  i)art  of  the 
temple  in  which  it  stood  was  sheathed  with  bronze  plates,  decorated  with 
bas-reliefs.  19.  vizisoe:  'was  still  alive.'  The  personal  construc- 
tion, mater  dicitnr  vlocisse.,  is  better.  iam  magnd  natd  :  '  then  very 
old,'  abl.  of  quality  modifying  earn;  the  more  common  expression  is 
grandem  ndtu  or  mdximam  ndtu.  20.  comperit :  why  indie.  ?  See 
note  to  p.  77, 1.  6.  25.  quo  il :  sc.  inferrentur.  The  place  was  a  ravine 
near  Sparta  called  Caeddas  (KaiaSas).  26.  ploribiis  :  *  the  majority.' 
procnl  ab  :  here  means,  as  the  words  of  Thucydides  show,  '  a  little  way 
from,'  i.e.  outside  the  sacred  precinct,  but  not  very  far  off.  27.  dei 
DelphicI ;  Apollo  at  Delphi.  28.  eodem  loco  :  '  in  the  very  place,' 
i.e.  just  outside  the  temple. 

4.   Ejpaminondas. 

Page  93.  Chapter  I.  2.  scrlbimiiB  :  B.  292,  a;  A.  5.51,  c;  H.  605, 
I.  praecipienda  -.  sc.  esse.  3.  alienos  mores  ad  snos  referant : 
i.e.  judge  the  customs  of  other  nations  by  comparison  with  their  own. 
ipms :  dat.  of  the  person  judging.  See  note  on  parentihus^  p.  81,  1.  14. 
4.  leviora :  'somewhat  trivial.*  fnisse:  note  the  tense.  Nepos  is 
thinking  of  times  gone  by,  especially  the  time  of  the  Greek  generals  of 
whom  he  writes.  5.  abesse  iL  =  alienam  esse  d,  '  is  inconsistent  with.' 
pirincipis  personft :  'the  character  of  a  great  man.'  Persona  means, 
first,  the  mask  worn  by  actors  on  the  stage,  then  the  character  personated 
by  the  actors.  8.  exprim^re  imgginero  :  '  to  give  a  picture,'  '  to  give 
a  clear  idea.'  10.  earn  :  refers  to  imdginem.  11.  a  quibus  :  note 
the  prep.    What  does  it  show  ? 


Pages  93-95.]        NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  -  <  « 

n.     15.    quo  dIzimuB :  sc.  eum  ndtum  esse.        16.   iam  a  m&iori- 

bus :  iam  implies  that  his  ancestors  had  been  poor  for  some  generations 
back.  em^tus :  sc.  est.  17.  at  nemo  Thebanus  magis :  sc. 
eruditus  sit,  i.e.  his  education  was  equal  to  that  of  any  Theban  whatso- 
ever. 19.  muBicis:  see  Vocab.,  under  musicus.  20.  cantare 
tibiis:  'to  play  the  flute'  ;  the  pi.,  because  two  pipes  joined  together 
were  commonly  played  at  the  same  time.  For  the  case  see  B.  218,  7  ; 
A.  409;  H.  476,  4.  23.  tristem  ac  severum :  *  grave  and  austere.' 
25.  antecessit :    see  note  to  p.  87,  1.  1.  26.   superaturom :    sc. 

eum  esse. 

Page  94.  1.  ad :  •  according  to.'  3.  ephebus  :  see  Vocab.  5.  ser- 
vivit :  '  aimed  at,'  '  devoted  himself  to.'  illam  .  .  .  pertinere  :  sc 
existimdmt.  Trans.  '  for  he  thought  the  former  was  necessary  for  ath- 
letes, while  the  latter  was  helpful  in  war.'  6.  exercSbatur  =  se  exer- 
cebat.  7.  ad  eum  finem,  quoad  stana  complecti  posset  atque 
contendere  :  '  so  far  as  to  be  able  to  grapple  standing  up  and  to  fight  in 
that  way.'  There  was  another  style  of  wrestling,  in  which  the  contest- 
ants grappled  lying  down,  posset  is  subj.  of  design  or  purpose.  B.  293, 
III,  2  ;  A.  553  ;  H.  603,  2. 

m.  11.  modestuB,  prudens,  etc. :  be  careful  in  translating  these 
adjs.  temporibus :     •  circumstances.'  13.    ioco :    B.    220,    2 ; 

A.  412,  b  ;   H.  473,  3.  Idem :    '  He  was  also.'  16.    commissa 

celans  :  '  keeping  secrets' ;  more  lit.,  '  things  confided  to  him.'  quod : 
refers  to  studiosus  audiendi  as  its  antecedent.  17.  studidsas  audi- 
endi :  -  a  good  listener ' ;  lit.  trans.  ?  ex  hoc  :  i.e.  ex  studiose  audiendd. 
18.  cum  venisset :  subj.  of  repeated  action.  B.  302,  2,  a  ;  A.  518,  c; 
H.  602,  3.  19.  re  publica:  -politics.'  21.  esset  adductua:  see 
note  to  p.  87,  1.  1.  23.  caruit  =  non  usus  est.  24.  facultatibus  : 
for  the  constr.,  see  B.  214,  i,  c  ;  A.  401 ;  H.  462.  25.  iudicari  possit : 
'  it  can  be  judged.'  Note  the  tense  of  possit.  Cf.  B.  259,  i  ;  A.  485,  c ; 
H.  550 ;  and  the  note  to  p.  79,  1.  7.  27.  propter  paupertStem  .  .  . 
non  posset :  the  dowry  was  an  important  feature  in  ancient  marriages, 
as  in  those  of  European  nations  of  to-day.  The  subj.  in  esset  captus  and 
posset  is  that  of  repeated  action.  See  note  on  1.  18  above.  28.  pro 
facultatibus  :    '  according  to  his  means.'  29.  fecerat :    note  the 

mood.  The  idea  is  temporal,  and  cum  =  '  as  soon  as.'  The  pluperf.  ind, 
with  cum  is  not  common.  30.   potius  quam  acciperet  =  tii  ipse 

acciperet.    The  subj.  represents  the  design  of  Epaminondas. 

Page  95.  1.  quaerSbat:  sc.  peciiniam.  ipeSi:  nom.,  »the  donors 
themselves.'  2.    quantum  cuique  deberet :    *  how  much  he  owed 


278  NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS   NEPOS.        [Pages  95-96. 

each  man'  ;  so  that  he  could  pay  the  money  back  at  some  future  time,  if 
he  should  be  able. 

IV.  4.  Temptata  est :  '  was  tested.'  abstinentia:  'integrity.* 
This  word  is  used  especially  of  incorruptibility  in  money  matters  on  the 
part  of  public  officials.  5.  Artaxerxis :  Artaxerxes  Mnemon  is 
meant.  6.  corrumpendum  susceperat :  'had  undertaken  to  bribe.' 
corrumpendum  is  gerundive  agreeing  with  Epnmlnondam.  8.  quinque 
talentis :  abl.  of  price.  9.  convenit :  •  called  on,'  '  went  to  see.' 
11.  coram  :  adv.,  '  to  his  face,'  '  in  a  personal  interview.'  Note  the 
derivation  of  coram.  Nihil :  adv.  ace,  an  emphatic  71671.  pecunia  : 
see  note  on  mixilio,  p.  78,  1.  11.  13.  contraria  :  sc.  viiU.  non 
habet  .  .  .  satis  :  sc.  ad  me  coirumpendum.  15.  Tu  :  emphatic,  with 
a  gesture  towards  Diomedon.  18.  tu  :  like  Tu  in  1. 15.  19.  facis  : 
instead  of  feceris  on  account  of  confestim.  Cf.  B.  261,  2;  A.  468; 
H.  5:W,  2.  20.  attulerat :  iud.  because  it  is  not  part  of  the  request 
of  Diomedon,  but  is  an  explanation  of  Nepos. 

21.  Istud :  '  what  you  ask.'  What  is  the  lit.  meaning  of  Istud  ? 
neque  tua  causa:  'and  that,  not  for  your  sake.'  22.  tibi :  'from 
you.'  For  the  case  see  B.  188,  2,  rf  ;  A.  381  ;  H.  529,  2.  aliquis :  quis 
is  usual  after  ;ie;  aliquis  is  more  emphatic.  See  B.  252,  2  ;  A,  310,  h  ; 
H.  512,  1.  23.  Sreptum  .  .  .  delatum  :  appositive  adjs. ;  they  may 
be  translated,    'by   force'  ...  'as   a  gift.'  25.    deduci :    'to   be 

escorted,'    'to  be   conducted.'  26.    Athenas :    sc.   se  dc'ducl  velle. 

27.  Neque  .  .  .  satis  habuit :  '  and  he  was  not  even  satisfied  with 
that.'  29.  supra  :  in  the  life  of  Chabrids.  Abstinentiae  :  obj. 
gen.  ;  for  the  meaning  see  1.4  above.  30.  possumus  :  'we  might.' 
For  the  mood  see  B.  271,  i,  a;  A.  437,  a  ;  H.  525,  1.  31.  uno  hoc 
volumine:  refers  to  the  book  De  Excellentibus  Ducibus  Exte7'drum 
Gentium,  not  to  the  whole  work,  De  Vi7'is  lllustribus. 

Page  96.  1.  versuum :  we  should  speak  of  so  many  pages,  but  the 
ancients  measured  their  rolls  of  manuscript,  each  of  which  formed  a 
voZwmen,  by  the  number  of  lines.  2.  complures  scriptores  :  see 
Intro.,  p.  9. 

V.  3.  disertus:  sa.ita.  ut  nSmo  .  .  .  ThebSnus  :  not  very  high 
praise.  Cf.  1.  7  below.  Nepos,  however,  thinks  highly  of  the  oratory 
of  Epaminondas,  as  we  see  by  Ch.  VI.  4.  concinnus  :  '  happy.' 
6.  indidem  Thebis:  see  Vocab.  under  indidem;  the  expression  is  an 
unusual  one.  et :  connects  obtrectdtorem  and  adversdrinm.  7.  ut 
Thebanum  scilicet :   '  for  a  Theban,  of  course.'        11.   imperatoris  : 


Pages  96-98.]         NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  279 

?as  a  general,'  in  apposition  with  illius.  12.  verb 6  :  'by  your  use  of 
terms,'  i.e.  'of  the  terms  pax  and  otium.''  13.  paritur  pax  bello: 
note  the  alliteration ;  the  expression  was  doubtless  a  proverbial  one. 
14.  diutina :  trans,  by  an  adv.  15.  Qua  re  bi  .  .  .  vultis  :  addressed 
totheThebans  generally.  principes  Graeciae :  i.e.  to  be  the  chief 
state  in  Greece,  to  hold  the  hegemony.  castris  .  .  .  utendum,  non 
palaestra :  '  you  must  practise  in  the  camp,  not  in  the  gymnasium  ' ;  lit. 
trans.  ?  18.  insolentiam :  object  of  obiceret,  like  the  quod-clauses 
which  precede.  21.  nuUius :  used  as  the  gen.  of  nemo  ;  see  Vocab. 
under  nemo.  Habebat  suspicionem :  '  was  suspected  of.'  22.  Quod 
.  .  .  putas:  '  As  to  your  supposing.'  See  B.  299,  2 ;  A.  572,  a  ;  H.  588, 
3,  N.        25.    Lacedaemoniis  fugatis:  at  Leuctra,  B.C.  371. 

VI.  29.  omnes :  object  of  praestdbat,  which  usually  governs  the  dat. 
in  classical  prose. 

Page  97.  1.  multa :  adv.  2.  in  eisque :  i.e.  among  the  charges, 
implied  in  invectus  esset.  animum  advertere :  =  animadvertere. 
6.  natum:  sc.  esse.  8.  perorasset:  'had  said  what  he  had  to  say.' 
9.  rhetoris:  said  contemptuously,  'speechifier.'  13.  legati:  in  ap- 
position with  eiiis ;  trans,  as  if  it  were  cum  legatus  esset.  14.  pugnam 
Leuctricam :  cf.  note  to  p.  89,  1.  3.  18.  quod :  i.e.  eum  perfecisse 
ut  auxilio  .  .  .  prwdrentur.  They  were  led  to  desert  by  the  speech  of 
Epaminondas. 

VII.  20.  Fuisse:    sc.  eum.        23.  praeficere  .  .  .  noluissent:  in 

368  B.C.  24.  res  eo  esset  deducta:  'affairs  had  been  brought  to 
such  a  pass.'  esset  deducta  is  subj.  because  it  forms  part  of  the  cum- 
clause.  26.  obsidebantur :  what  does  the  mood  show  ?  deside- 
raricoepta  est:  see  B.  133,  1  ;  A.  205,  a.  27.  privatus  numero 
mmtis:  'without  command,  in  the  capacity  of  a  common  soldier.' 
28.  contumeliae:  see  1.22  fol.  29.  et:  'but.'  30.  hoc  .  .  .  fgcit : 
i.e.  ostendit  se  esse  patientem  subrumque  iniurids  ferentem  civium.  See 
1.  20.  Maxime  autem  fuit  illustre  :  sc.  hoc,  '  But  the  most  remark- 
able instance  was.'  Mdxime  .  .  .  illustre  is  pred.,  and  hoc  the  subject; 
hoc  has  the  same  meaning  as  the  hoc  in  I.  30. 

Page  98.  1.  duxisset :  b.c.  370.  5.  eis:  for  the  case,  cf.  tibi, 
p.  95,  1.  22.  6.  alii  praetores  successissent :  the  term  of  the 
Boeotarchs,  or  generals,  expired  naturally.  The  whole  account  of  the 
part  played  by  Epaminondas  is  exaggerated  by  Nepos.  11.  multSbat : 
3c.  eum.        12.   retiiroisset  .  .  .  praefinitum  foret:  subj.  in  implied 


280  NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.      [Pages  98-100. 

ind.  disc;  the  language  of  the  law  is  quoted.  Give  it  in  the  direct  form* 
14.  cSnferri:  'to  be  turned,'  'to  be  employed.' 

VIII.  17.  crimine:  see  note  to  p.  80,  1.  23.  18.  factum:  sc. 
esse;  the  subject  is  the  following  ut  clause.  21.  quid  die eret  non 
haberet :  '  he  would  not  know  what  to  say ' ;  diceret  is  an  ind.  dubita- 
tive  question,  of  which  the  direct  form  would  be  quid  dicam!  'what  am 
I  to  say.'  22.  crimini:  dat.  of  purpose.  24.  eis:  'the  judges,' 
implied  in  indicium  in  1.  21.  27.  se :  instead  of  eum,  as  if  Nepos 
were  quoting  a  speech  of  Epaminondas  and  not  an  inscription  for  his 
tomb.  28.  auBUS  sit :  subj.  of  characteristic,  with  the  idea  of  conces- 
sion, B.  283,  3,  6  ;  A.  535,  e ;  H.  593,  2 ;  the  perfect  tense  is  used  because 
the  clause  is  parenthetical,  and  hence  the  tense  is  independent. 

Page  99.  1.  utronimque:  'of  both  nations,'  i.e.  the  Thebans  and 
the  Lacedaemonians.  2.  possent:  represents  the  thought  of  the 
Lacedaemonians,  satis  habebimus,  si  salvi  esse  poterimus.  4.  clauait : 
see  note  to  p.  87,  1.  1.  5.  risus  omnium:  'general  laughter.' 
6.  ferre  suffragium  :  'to  casta  vote,'  i.e.  for  his  condemnation. 

IX.  8.  extreme  tempore :  =  tandem.  The  battle  of  Mantinea  was 
in  362  B.C.  9.  cognitus  .  .  .  iiniversi:  Nepos  begins  as  if  he  were 
going  to  make  Epaminondas  the  subject,  but  changes  his  mind;  such  a 
change  of  construction  is  called  anacoluthon.  See  B.  374,  6;  A.  640. 
Trans,  'he  was  recognized  by  the  Lacedaemonians,  and  they  in  a  body,' 
etc.  unius  and  eius  belong  together.  14.  viderunt :  cf.  clausit  in 
1.4.  15.  nequetamen: 'but  yet  they  did  not.'  16.  profligarunt : 
cf.  clausit  in  1.  4.        19.  retinuit:  sc.ferrum. 

X.  23.   in  quo:  'And  .  .  .  with  regard  to  this.'        25.  ineo:  cf. 

in  quo  in  1.  23.  26.  relinqueret :  the  subject  is  Epaminondas,  while 
that  of  the  preceding  verb  is  Felopidds.  This  is  careless  writing.  con- 
sulas  :  sc.  patriae.  27.  ex  te  natum  :  'as  your  son.'  relicturus 
818:  note  the  tense.  28.  ex  me  natam :  'as  my  daughter.'  30.  sit : 
see  B.  295,  8  ;  A.  569,  2 ;  H.  564,  ii,  1.  Quo  tempore  :  =  eo  tempore^ 
quo,  'at the  time  when.'     b.c.  379. 

Page  100.  3.  domo :  '  in  his  house ' ;  domo  is  aDl.  of  means.  See 
B.  218,7;  A.  409;  H.  476,3.  The  abl.,  instead  of  the  loc.  domi, 
is  usual  when  domus  means  house,  i.e.  refers  to  the  building. 
malos:  'traitors'  ;  the  word  is  used  in  a  political  sense.  4.  suonim  : 
'of  his  fellow-citizens.'  5.  civilem:  'over  citizens.'  6.  pugnari 
coeptum  est :  see  B.  1.33,  1  ;  A.  205,  a.  9.  Ibit  infitiSs  :  see  Vocab. 
under  Injitiae,  and  B.   182,  6;    A.   428,  i;  H.  418.         10.   perpetuo: 


Pages  100-102.]     NOTES  TO   CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  281 

adv.  11.  aliens  pamisse  imperio  :  i.e.  they  never  held  the  hege- 
mony, but  followed  the  lead  of  other  states  of  Greece.  They  had  not, 
however,  been  actually  subject  to  any  other  state.  praefuerit:  the 
perf.  of  dir.  disc,  is  usually  retained  in  the  in.d.  disc,  after  a  past  tense, 
although  the  rule  of  the  '  sequence  of  tenses '  would  require  the  pluperf. 
See  B.  268,  6  ;  A.  485,  c,  n.  2  ;  H.  550. 

5.  Hamilcar. 

Chapter  I.  14.  Barca :  The  Latin  form  of  Edp/cas,  meaning  '  light- 
ning.' 15.  Poenico  :  =  Punico.  temporibus  extremis  :  '  towards 
the  end.'  Hamilcar  came  into  Sicily  in  247  b.c,  seventeen  years  after 
the  beginning  of  the  war.  17.  male  res  gererentur :  the  Carthagini- 
ans retained  only  a  few  strongholds  in  Sicily,  but  held  the  supremacy  on 
the  sea.  19.  locum :  '  opportunity.'  20.  lacessivit :  sc.  hostem. 
22.  bellum  eo  loco  gestum  non  viderStur :  '  that  the  war  did  not 
seem  to  have  been  finished  in  that  quarter.'  23.  apud  insulas 
Aegates:    in  241   b.c.  26.    serviendum :    sc.   esse,    'ought  to  be 

striven  for ' ;  for  the  meaning,  cf.  p.  94,  1.  5. 

Page  101.  1.  essent  refectae :  subj.  in  implied  ind.  disc.  Hamilcar's 
thought  was,  si  res  erunt  refectae,  bellum  renovabinms.  2.  donicum : 
an  archaic  form  of  donee.  3.  mauus  dedissent :  '  should  submit,' 
lit.  'should  stretch  out  their  hands,'  to  receive  the  fettei-s.  The  subj. 
represents  the  design  of  Hamilcar.  4.  in  quo  :  '  and  in  this  matter,' 
I.e.  in  the  negotiations  for  peace.  ferocia :' high  spirit. '  5.  com- 
positurum  :  sc.  se  and  esse.  6.  decederent :  pi.  because  ille  cum 
suis  forms  the  subject.  ut  .  .  .  dixerit:  modihes  tanta  ferocia ;  for 
the  order,  cf.  p.  79,  1.  16  fol.  8.  suae  .  .  .  virtutis :  =  suae  virtuti 
convenire;  for  the  case,  see  B.  187,  in  ;  A.  343,  c  ;  H.  439,  3.  10.  ces- 
sit :  to  the  extent  of  letting  them  march  out  under  arms. 

II.  11.  aliter  .  .  .  se  habentem:  'in  a  very  different  condition.' 
14.  cum  deleta  est :  note  the  mood  ;  the  cum  clause  gives  the  date. 
17.  abalienarunt :  t.e. 'caused  to  revolt.'  19.  eaque  impetranmt : 
the  Romans  sent  no  troops,  but  aided  them  in  various  ways.  21.  im- 
peratorem  :  in  239  b.c.  22.  cum  .  .  .  facta  essent:  i.e.  although 
the  number  of  the  enemy  had  been  increased  to  more  than  100,000  men. 
27.   tota  Africa  :  locative  abl.    See  B.  228,  1,  &  ;  A.  429,  2  ;  H.  485,  2. 

Page  102.  III.  2.  causam:  'pretext.'  bellandi:  sc.  cum  Romd- 
n'ls.        4.    annorum  novem :  gen.  of  measure,  instead  of  the  common 


282  NOTES   TO   CORNELIUS   NEPOS.     [Pages  102-104. 

expression  annos  novem  ndtus.  5.  illustris :  i.e.  '  of  uoble  birth.' 
8.  princeps  :  =  j)n?»Ms. 

IV.  14.  in  Italiam  .  .  .  inferre  :  '  to  carry  war  into  Italy,'  while 
Italiae  helium  inferre  woald  mean  '  to  make  war  on  Italy.'  16.  vene- 
rat :  for  the  tense,  see  B.  287,  3  ;  A.  543,  a  ;  H.  602,  1.  20.  Roma- 
tios  non  experiri  :  i.  e.  than  not  to  try  conclusions  with  the  Romans. 

6.    Hannibal. 

Chapter  I.  22.  ut  .  .  .  superarit,  a  subst.  clause  subject  of  est. 
The  usual  constr.  with  verum  est  is  the  ace.  and  the  inf.  24.  tanto 
.  .  .  quanto :  abl.  of  degree  of  diiference.  imperatores :    see  note 

to  p.  96,  1.  29.        26.   cum  eo  :  i.e.  cum popiilo  liomdnb. 

Page  103.  1.  discessit  superior :  as  we  say,  '  came  off  victor.' 
Quod  nisi  :  '  And  if  he  had  not ' ;  quod  is  really  the  neu.  of  the  rel.  pron. 
in  the  adverbial  ace.  =  '  as  to  which.' 

II.  5.  erg5  Romanos  :  the  best  vn-iters  rarely  used  this  word  of 
unfriendly  feelings.  Cf.  in  Bomdnos,  1.  18  below.  6.  qui  qxiidem  : 
i.e.  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he.  patria:  abl.  of  separation.  The 
prep,  is  found  with  pello  in  the  best  prose.  8.  omittam  :  B.  282,  4  ; 
A.  532;  H.  568,4.  absens  :  i.e.  without  a  personal  interview,  while 
he  himself  was  carrying  on  war  with  the  Romans  in  Italy.  hostem  : 
from  215  to  205  b.c.  11.  rubro  marl :  here  refers  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 
13.  consiliis :  abl.  of  means  modifying  adducerent.  14.  regi  :  B. 
188,  1;  A.  377;  H.  425,  4,  n.  15.   tamquam  :    i.e.   'alleging  that.' 

atque  :  Hhan.'  16.  ab  interioribus  consiliis:  i.e.  of  Antiochus. 
17.  tempore:  'opportunity.'  20.  puerulo  me  :  trans,  by  a  temporal 
clause  modifying  proficlscens. 

21.  lovi  Optimo  mazimo  ;  the  sacrifice  was  made  to  Baal,  the  great 
divinity  of  the  Phoenicians  and  Carthaginians,  but  the  Romans  identified 
the  gods  of  foreign  nations  with  their  own.  22.  conficiebatur :  the 
pres.  with  dum  is  the  rule,  unless  the  action  of  the  dum  clause  and  that 
of  the  main  clause  are  coextensive  in  time.  23.  in  castra  proficisci  : 
i.e.  to  go  to  war.  26.  fidem  :  '  pledge.'  28.  tenentem  :  the  per- 
son who  took  oath  by  a  god  before  an  altar  laid  hold  of  the  altar. 
31.  quin  .  .  .  sim  futurus :  the  usual  constr.  with  non  duhium.  The 
more  common  constr.  in  Nepos  is,  however,  the  inf.  ;  see  p.  77,  1.  20. 

Page  104.  1.  mS  :  for  the  constr.  see  B.  178,  1,  e  ;  A.  396,  c ;  H.  411,  2. 
celaris  =  ceZavem.  cum  quidem  :  '  when,  however.'  2.  si  non: 
why  not  nisi  ?       in  eo  :  i.e.  in  hello  or  in  hello  parando. 


Pages  104-105.]     NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  283 

III.  6.  detulit :  'offered.'  7.  Id:  'that  action,' of  making  Han- 
nibal commander-in-chief,  delatum  :  'reported.'  8.  minor  quin- 
que  et  viginti  annis  natus  :  an  unusual  expression  instead  of  minor 
quinque  et  viginti  annos  ndtus.  Hannibal  was  really  26  years  old  at  the 
time.  10.  civitatem  :  here  =  wr6em.  vi  expugnavit :  219  b.c. 
13.  duxit:  in  218  b.c.  18.  quo  facto  :  abl.  of  cause.  20.  muniit: 
'built,'  the  regular  Roman  expression.  ornatus :  i.e.  fully  equipped, 
contrasted  with  inermis^  as  is  repere  with  ire.  The  elephants  carried 
towers. 

IV.  23.  Conflixerat  .  .  .  pepulerat :  note  the  tense.  These  events 
were  concluded  at  the  time  of  decernit,  which  begins  the  main  narration. 
The  affair  at  the  Rhone  was  a  mere  cavalry  skirmish,  in  which  the  Romans 
were  victorious.  24.  Clastidii  .  locative,  instead  of  ad  or  apud  with 
the  ace. ,  the  usual  expression  for  a  battle  near  a  town  ;  cf .  apud  Plataeds, 
p.  89,  1.  4.  Nepos  confuses  the  battle  of  Clastidium  with  that  at  the 
Ticinus  river  in  218  B.C.  27.  utrosque  :  we  should  expect  w^rwrngwe, 
of  two  individuals.         28.    petens  :  '  on  his  way  to,'  in  217  b.c. 

Page  105.  1-  afficitur :  historical  present.  3.  valetudine  :  '  infirm- 
ity.' 6.  praetorem  :  i.e.legdtuspro  praetore.  saltus  occupantem  • 
'while  holding  the  mountain  passes.'  He  was  actually  defeated  and 
killed  in  Umbria,  while  marching  to  the  aid  of  Flammius.  7.  Hino 
.  .  .  pervenit:  the  account  of  Hannibal's  campaigns  is  confused  and 
inaccurate.  8.  utriusque  :  the  usual  usage  ;  cf .  utrosque,  p.  104, 1.  27, 
and  note.  9.   uno  proelio .    at  Cannae,  in  216  b.c.         Pauluxn: 

L.  Aemilius  Paulus. 

V.  15.  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  :  the  reference  is  to  Quintus  Pabius 
Maximus,  surnamed  Cunctdtor,  or  '  the  Lingerer,'  whose  policy  of  ma^ 
terly  inactivity  checked  Hannibal's  victorious  career  during  the  early 
part  of  the  second  Punic  War,  and  contributed  gi-eatly  to  the  final  triumph 
of  Rome.  '  Fabian  policy'  became  proverbial.  18.  dedit  verba  :  see 
Yocab.  under  verbum.  This  really  took  place  in  211  b.c,  after  the 
battle  of  Cannae.  obducta  noote  :  sc.  nubibus,  '  on  a  cloudy  night.' 
19.  eiusque  generis:  i.e.  iiivencorum  quorum  in  cornibus  sarmenta 
deligdta  erant.  22.  extra  vallum:  'outside  the  rampart'  of  their 
camp.  The  Romans  fortified  their  camp  in  regular  order  whenever  they 
halted  for  the  night.  Hanc  .  .  .  diebus :  a  favorite  order  with 
Nepos.     Cf.  p.  90,  1.  18. 

24.  pari  ac  dictatorem  imperiS  :  the  master  of  horse  was  usually 
the  lieutenant   of  the  dictator,  and  Rufus  held  that  relation  to  the  dicta- 


284  NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.     [Pages  105-107. 

tor  Q.  Fabius  Maximus.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  exciting  distrust  of 
the  '  Fabian  policy '  and  finally  induced  the  people  to  give  him  equal 
authority  with  the  dictator.  26.  itenim  consulem  :  this  expression 
is  used  strictly  of  a  man  who  is  holding  his  second  consulship  ;  as  Sem- 
pronius  was  killed  after  his  second  consulship,  the  proper  expression 
would  be  Ms  consulem.  On  the  other  hand,  Marcellus,  who  was  holding 
his  fifth  consulship  when  he  fell,  should  be  designated  as  qulntum  (adv.) 
consulem.  Gracchus  was  killed  in  212  b.c,  Marcellus  in  208  b.c.  in 
Lucanis :  modifies  sustulit.  absena :  i.e.  through  one  of  his  lieu- 

tenants. 28.  Longum  est :  we  should  expect  the  subjunctive.  See 
note  to  p.  95, 1.  30.        30.   possit :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

Page    106.    VI.    1.    revocStus:  in  203  b.c.        2.   P.  Scipionem : 

called  Africdnus,  on  account  of  his  victory  over  Hannibal,  5.  bellum 
componeie  =  pdcem  facere.  7.  Post  .  .  .  diebus:  cf.  1.  1,  above. 
8.  apud  Zamam:  b.c.  202.  12.  ipsos:  emphatic,  ^them\-  i.e.  he 
ruined  the  very  men  who  expected  to  ruin  him. 

VII.  18.  P.  Sulpicium  .  .  .  consules :  b.c.  200.  His  .  .  .  magis- 
tratibus:  '  in  their  consulship.'  20.  cum  eis  .  .  .  eorum:  we  should 
expect  secum  and  sui;  the  ambassadors,  however,  speak  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians as  a  third  party.  24.  acceptum :  adj. ;  see  Vocab.  obsides 
.  .  .  futuros :  a  condensed  expression  for  obsides  ed  loco  futuros  in  quo 
ut  essent  rogdrent.  25.  remissuros:  sc.se.  30.  rex:  here  stands 
for  the  highest  magistrate  of  Carthage,  the  suffes^  or  'judge.' 

Page  107.  4-  e^:  'in  consequence  of,' 'through.'  6.  penderetur: 
'to  be  paid':  subj .  of  design  or  purpose.  8.  M.  Claudio  .  .  .  con- 
sulibus :  B.C.  196.  10.  senatus  dargtur :  '  an  opportunity  of  address- 
ing the  senate  was  given  them.'  For  the  mood,  see  note  to  p.  79,  1.  3. 
11.  Antiochmn:  cf .  p.  103,  1.  10.  13.  possent:  subj.  because  it 
forms  part  of  the  design  of  the  Carthaginians  and  of  the  instructions 
given  to  the  commander  of  the  ships. 

VIII.  17.  L.  Cornelio  .  .  .  consulibus :  b.c.  193.  18.  si  forte 
.  .  .  inducere  posset :  '  if  haply  he  might  be  able  to  induce,'  a  colloquial 
expression  for  ««,  SI /o»'«e  posset,  indwcerei.  19.  Antiochi:  objective 
gen.  depending  on  sj)e /idwciagwe.  21.  Hiac  :  i.e.  in  fines  Cyrenae- 
oi'um.  23.  nil:  i.e.  Hannibal  et  Mdgo.  25.  duplex  memoria  :  i.e. 
two  accounts.  26.  servulis :  diminutives  without  any  particular  force 
were  common  in  the  language  of  everyday  life.  interfectum  :  a  case 
of  zeugma,  since  with  naufrdgio  alone  perisse  would  have  been  used ; 
cf.  p.  89,  1.  24.        28.   Sius  =  Hannibalis,  a  careless  use  of  the  pron. 


Pages  107-110.]     NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  285 

29.  Tiberl:  dat.  of  nearness;  the  ace.  is  the  usual  construction  with 
propius.  Thermopylis  :  locative.  Antiochus  was  defeated  there  in 
191  B.C.  de  summa  imperii :  '  for  dominion ' ;  i.e.  for  the  rule  of  the 
world. 

Page  108.   2.   Asiam:  see  note  to  p.  88,  1.   13.        3.   Pamphylio 

man  :  see  map  of  Asia,  opp.  p.  93.        4.   sui:  'his  own  men.' 

IX.  6.  fugato :  the  battle  was  fought  near  Magnesia,  in  190  b.c. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75.  7.  si  sui  fecisset  potestatem:  i.e.  if  he 
had  allowed  himself  to  be  taken.  What  is  the  literal  trans.  ?  8.  quo 
se  conferret :  an  ind.  dubitative  question ;  in  the  dir.  form  quo  me  con- 
feram !  13.  summas :  sc.  amphords.  He  filled  the  jars  nearly  full 
of  lead,  and  then  put  a  little  gold  and  silver  on  top  of  the  lead. 
15.  illorum  :  i.e.  of  the  Gortynians  ;  cf.  eis,  p.  86,  1.  25.  17.  abicit  • 
i.e.  as  if  they  were  of  no  value.        19.    eis :  we  should  expect  sihi. 

X.  21.  Poenus  illusis  Cretensibus:  it  was  a  case  of  'diamond  cut 
diamond,'  for  both  the  Carthaginians  and  the  Cretans  were  noted  for 
their  craft.  23.  neque  aliud  quicquam  egit:  i.e.  'he  devoted  all 
his  attention.'  25.  conciliSbat  .  .  .  adiunggbat:  sc.  Prusiae. 
27.  ab  eo:  i.e.  Prusias.  This  happened  in  184  b.c.  Eumenes : 
Eumenes  II.  is  meant.  See  Vocab.  28.  utrobique  :  i.e.  et  marl  et 
terra.  30.  quem  si  removisset  .  .  .  arbitrabatur  :  '  for  he  thought 
that  if  he  got  him  out  of  the  way.' 

Page  109.  3.  Superabatur:  'he  was  inferior,'  i.e.  Hannibal  to 
Eumenes.  5.    colligi :  the  pass.  inf.  with  impero  is  found  in  Cicero, 

and  is  not  uncommon.  An  ut  clause  with  the  subj.  is,  however,  the 
usual  constr.  6.  effScisset:  'had  brought  together.'  9.  a  cSterls 
.  sS  defendere:  'that  they  should  be  satisfied  merely  to  defend 
themselves  against  the  rest.'  11.  rex  .  .  .  sS  factunim:  note  the 
order,        13.    eis  :  to  be  taken  with  praemid  fore. 

XI.  15.  Quarum:  i.e.  classium.  21.  ducis:  i.e.  regis.  23.  so- 
luta  epistula:  cf.  vinda  epistulae  laxdvit,  p.  91,  1.  17,  and  the  note. 
24.  Cuius  rei:  i.e.  of  sending  the  letter.  27.  praecepto :  'at  the 
command.'  29.  sua  praesidia:  i.e.  his  naval  camp  {castra  nautica) 
on  shore.     See  p.  110,  1.  7,  below. 

Page  110.  3.  conici  coepta  sunt :  see  note  to  p.  100, 1.  6.  6.  nova : 
'strange.' 

XII.  12.  apud:  'at  the  house  of.'  15.  dStulit:  'reported.' 
18.    suTim  .  .  .  Bibique :  refer  to  the  Romans,  while  secum  refers  to 


286  NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.      [Pages  110-112. 

Prusias.  19.  Prusia:  another  form  of  the  nom.  Prusids.  illud 
recusavit,  ne  .  .  .  postularent:  'he  objected  to  their  asking.'  id 
a  se  fieri:  the  usual  constr.  with  postulo  is  ut  with  the  subj.  ;  the  ace. 
with  the  inf.  is  rare.  25.  usu:  an  old  form  of  the  dat.,  instead  of 
usul;    a  dat.  of   purpose.  veniret  :    the   subject  is  quod  accidit. 

27.  puer :  '  a  slave ' ;  slaves  were  designated  as  piier  without  regard 
to  age.  29.  circumiret :  'go  around  to,'  'make  the  round  of.' 
30.  num :  expecting  a  negative  answer.  It  implies  that  Hannibal  had 
hope  that  not  all  the  putlets  were  blockaded. 

Page  111.  2.  sensit ;  sc.  ille^  —  Hannibal.  3.  se  peti :  se  is  the 
emphatic  word;  'that  he  was  the  object  of  the  attack.'  4.  alieno 
arbitrio  .  IJ.  220,  3  ;  A.  418,  «,  and  n.  ;  H.  476,  3.  5.    pristinarum 

virtutum:  '  his  former  deeds  of  valor,'  note  the  pi. 

XIII.  8.  septuagesimo :  Hannibal  was  sixty-three  years  old  at  the 
earliest  of  the  dates  which  Nepos  gives.  9.  M.  Claudio  Mar  cello 
.  .  .  consulibus:  b.c.  183  ;  the  other  dates  are  182  and  181.  14.  lit- 
teris :    i.e.  to  composition.  16.    ad  Rhodios :    sc.   ordtio  or  liber.. 

rebus  gestis:  Volso  conquered  the  Galatians  in  189  n.c.  17.  Huius  : 
i.e.  Hannibalis.  gesta :    neu.    pi.    used   substantively.      The   more 

common  expression  is  res  gestae.  18.  simul :  =  cum  eo.  20.  hoc 
Sosilo  .  .  .  doctSre :  cf.  quo  .  .  .  duce^  p.  75,  1.  9,  and  the  note. 

7.    Cato. 

Chapter  I.  22.  municipio :  a  municipium  was  a  town  to  whose 
inhabitants  Roman  citizenship  had  been  granted.  23.  daret :  note 
the  subj.  with  priusquam.  The  writer  puts  himself  at  the  standpoint  of 
versdtus  est,  from  which  daret  is  something  looked  forward  to,  as  not  yet 
existing.  24.    herSdium  :    '  an   hereditary   estate '    of  two  iugera, 

assigned  to  him  in  the  distribution  of  the  land  by  the  Romans.  27.  in 
foro  esse  :  '  to  frequent  the  forum,'  at  first  to  get  acquainted  with  public 
business  and  the  method  of  conducting  it ;  then  to  take  an  active  part. 

28.  stipendium  meruit:  see  Vocab.  under  stipendium.  anndniin 
septem  decemque  ;  '  at  the  age  of  seventeen,'  gen.  of  measure.  Q. 
Fabio  .  .  .  consulibus :  in  214  b.c. 

Page  112,  2.  castra  secutus  est :  cf.  in  Hispdniam  proficiscens, 
p.  103,  1.  21.  3.  in  proelio  apud  Senam  r  known  also  as  the  battle 
of  the  Metaurus  River.  See  map  of  Italy,  opp.  p.  30.  The  battle  was 
fought  in  207  b.c.        5.    obtigit :  '  felJ  to  the  lot  of ' ;  the  quaestors  were 


Pages  112-113.]     NOTES  TO  CORNELIUS  NEPOS.  287 

assigned  by  lot.  This  was  in  205  b.c.  pro  sortis  necessitudine : 
for  the  meaning  of  necessitudine,  see  Vocab.  The  relations  of  the  consul 
and  his  quaestor  were  usually  very  intimate  ;  Cicero  says  that  they  should 
be  like  those  of  father  and  son.  7.  Aedilis :  in  199  b.c.  Praetor: 
in  198  B.C.  9.  ex  Africa  decedens  :  '  on  his  way  home  from  Africa.' 
That  Ennius  came  back  with  Cato  was  mere  chance.  Cato  had  no  love 
for  poets,  and  was  bitterly  opposed  to  the  tendencies  which  Ennius  repre- 
sented. 

n.    12.    consulatum  gessit:  in  195  b.c.     Sorte  .  .  .  nactus :  the 

provinces  were  assigned  to  the  consuls  by  lot.  13.    triumphum 

deportavit :  in  194  b.c.  17.  cum  quidem :  'even  although,'  'in 
spite  of  the  fact  that.'  18.  principatum  .  .  .  obtineret :  i.e.  he 
was  the  most  influential  man  in  the  state.  Note  the  tense  and  meaning 
of  obtineret.  19.  turn:  'in  those  days,'  contrasted  with  the  writer's 
own  time.        potentia :    'personal  influence.'     Cf.   potestds  in  1.   22. 

20.  privatus  in  urbe  mansit :  i.e.  he  refused  to  accept  another  prov- 
ince. 21.  censor:  in  184  b.c.  22.  nobiles :  at  that  time  the 
nobiles  were  those  whose  ancestors  had  held  such  offices  as  admitted 
them  to  senatorial  rank.  23.  multas  res  novas  .  .  .  addidit:  i.e. 
he  introduced  many  innovations  into  the  usual  edict  which  was  published 
by  the  censors  on  their  entrance  to  office.  24.  reprimeretur :  subj.  of 
purpose,  qua  re  is  relative,  referring  to  muUds  novas  res.  25.  Cir- 
citer  amiSs  octoginta:  he  died  in  149  b.c,  at  the  age  of  85. 
28.   fecit :  we  should  say  '  suffered.' 

Page  113.  III.  3.  probabiUs:  note  the  derivation  and  meaning. 
Nepos  is  appraising  Cato  by  the  standard  of  his  own  times.  Cato  was 
the  greatest  orator  of  his  day.  4.    arripuerat:    'had  taken   up.' 

5.  reperiri  posset :  sc.  aliquid.  7.  historias  :  'history.'  9.  imde 
quaeque  civitas :  the  first  three  books  contained  the  origin  of  each 
state,  including  that  of  Rome,  and  also  the  history  of  Rome  from  tho 
expulsion  of  the  kings  until  the  first  Punic  War.  10.    omnes :  sc. 

libros,  i.e.  'the  whole  work.'  14.  dlrlpuit  Lusitanos  :  in  150  b.c. 
In  149  Galba  was  impeached  for  his  misconduct.  15.  horam  bel- 
lorum  duces:  i.e.  those  after  the  second  Punic  War.  He  spoke  of 
them  merely  as  consul,  praetor,  etc.         18.    comparet :    'are  shown.' 

21.  studiosos  Catonis:  'those  who  are  interested  in  Cato.' 


288  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   I.  [Page  114 


CAESAR,   BOOK  I. 

Page  114.  C.  luLi  Caesaris  :  C.  stands  for  Gai.  Why  ?  See  note 
to  p.  53,  1.  1.  luli :  why  the  ending  i  instead  of  ii  ?  B.  25,  1;  A.  49, 
b ;  H.  83,  6.  Caesaris  :  the  origin  of  the  name  Caesar  has  been  much 
discussed,  but  remains  uncertain ;  see  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Biography 
and  Mythology,  vol.  i,  p.  536. 

De  Bello  Gallico  :  the  subjects  of  books  in  Latin  are  often  put  in 
the  abl.  with  de.  Commentarius  :  'memoir,'  'commentary';  commen- 
tdrius,  properly  an  adjective  modifying  liber  expressed  or  understood,  is 
here  used  as  a  noun.     What  case  is  it  in  and  why  ? 


Introduction.     Gaul  and  Its  Peoples,     i. 

Chapter  I.  1.  Gallia  :  study  pp.  25-26,  in  connection  with  the  map 
of  Gaul.  omnis  :  'as  a  whole.'  divisa:  B.  337,  2;  A.  495;  H. 
640,  3.  If  est  dlvlsa  were  a  perfect  passive,  it  would  have  to  be  translated 
'  has  been  divided,'  or  '  was  divided.'  unam  :  sc.  partem.  2.  aliam  : 
alteram  might  have  been  expected.  tertiam,  qui :  =  tertiam  partem  el 
incolunt,  qui.  B.  251, 1 ;  A.  307,  c  ;  H.  399,  4.  ipsorum  :  for  sua  ipso- 
rum,  emphatic,  '  their  own.'        lingua  :  B.  218 ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476. 

3.  Celtae:  B.  168;  A.  283,284;  H.  393,8.  nostra :  i.e.  Latlnd 
[lingua].  Caesar,  though  writing  in  the  third  person,  often  uses  nos  and 
noster  for  Bomdni  and  Bumdnorum.  lingua :  B.  226.;  A.  418 ;  H.  480. 
The  language  of  all  transalpine  Gaul  except  Aquitania  belonged  to  the 
Keltic  family,  but  there  were  numerous  dialects ;  some  dialects  of  the 
Belgae  in  Caesar's  time  may  still  have  retained  Germanic  elements  (cf. 
p.  152,  22-24).  Modern  scholars  have  gained  a  scanty  knowledge  of  the 
Gallic  language  from  proper  names  and  other  words  of  this  speech  pre- 
served in  Greek  and  Latin  texts,  from  inscriptions  and  from  coins.  The 
peculiar  speech  of  the  Aqultdni  survives  in  the  Basque  language.  lin- 
gua, institiitis,  legibus :  in  translating  supply  '  and '  with  the  last  two 
words.     B.  341,  4,  a  ;  A.  323,  b ;  H.  657,  6. 

4.  inter  sg :  'from  one  another.'  B.  245;  A.  801,  /;  H.  502,  1. 
5.  dividit :  sing,  number  because  the  Marne  and  Seine  were  looked  upon 
as  forming  one  boimdary.     B.  255,  3  ;  A.  317,  b  ;  H.  392,  4. 


Pages  114-115.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  I.  289 

6.   Horum  :   B.  201,  1  ;   A.  346,  a,  2 ;   H.  442.        propterea  quod : 

'  because '  ;  propterea,  (for  propter  ed)  is  properly  an  adv.  meaning  '  on 
this  account,'  but  when  closely  connected  with  quod,  as  here,  the  two 
may  be  translated  by  one  word.  7.  cultu  :  '  mode  of  life,'  refers  to 
external  characteristics,  as  dress,  food,  etc.,  while  humdnitds  suggests 
'  refinement '  and  culture  of  mind.  minime  .  .  .  saepe ;  =  rdrissime, 
'very  seldom.'  8.  mercatores  :  .'traders'  from  the  Province  found 
their  way  into  central  Gaul  by  following  the  course  of  the  Rhone  and  the 
SaOne,  so  that  naturally  they  did  not  often  go  so  far  north  as  the  region 
of  the  Belgae. 

9.  ad  effeminandos  animos:  'tend  to  weaken  the  courage.'  1'. 
339,  2;  A.  503,  506;  H.  628.  10.    Germanis:  B.  192,  1;  A.  ;J8i ; 

H.  434,  2.  What  other  case  sometimes  found  after  proxiwms?  Cf.  p.  150, 
23,  and  note.         quibuscum  :  see  note  to  p.  75,  1.  10. 

11.  Qua:  B.  251,  6;  A.  308, /;  H.  510.  12.  reUquos  :  'the  rest 
of  the.'  A.  293;  H.  497,  4.  virtute:  not  'virtue.'  B.  226;  A.  418; 
H.  480.  13.  proeliis  :  B.  220,  1  ;  A.  412 ;  H.  473,  3.  cum :  the 
conj.  cum  can  be  distinguished  from  the  prep,  cum  only  by  the  sense  and 
the  connection.  suis  :  B.  244,  i,  1 ;  A.  299  ;  H.  503,  504.  finibus  : 
B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464,  and  1.        14.   eoB  :  =  Germdnos. 

15.  Eorum  :  =  horum  omnium,  i.e.  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul  as  a  whole 
mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  the  chapter;  pars,  'division,'  is  used 
because  eorum  refers  to  the  country  rather  than  to  the  people.  quam : 
object  of  obtinere  ('occupy'),  which  with  Gallos  stands  as  subject  of 
dictum  est.  B.  330 ;  A.  561,  a,  566,  b  ;  H.  615.  The  Galli  here  are  sim- 
ply the  inhabitants  of  the  central  part  of  Gaul,  the  Celtae  of  1.  3. 

16.  capit  a  :  '  begins  at.'  Garumna:  why  abl.?  For  the  omission 
of  the  conjunction  cf.  1.  3  and  note.  17.  Oceano  :  Oceanus  was  often 
used  to  designate  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  the  part  here  referred  to  is  known 
to-day  as  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  ab  :  'on  the  side  of.'  See  note  on  a 
tergo,  p.  36, 1.  8.  18.  vergit  ad  septentriones :  '  it  lies  to  the  north,' 
of  the  Roman  Province.  19.  extremis:  'furthest,'  i.e.  from  the 
Province.        Galliae  :  here  '  the  land  of  the  Galli,' 

Page  115.  1.  inferiorem  partem :  the  part  of  the  Rhine  near  its 
mouth.  in  septentrionem  et  orientem  solem  :  i.e.  toward  the 
northeast.         4.    ad:    'near.'         occasiun   s5Us  et  septentrionSa : 

toward  the  northwest. 


290  NOTES   TO    CAESAR,   BOOK   I.  [Page  115. 


The  War  with  the  Helvetii.     ii-xxix.     b.c.  58. 

11.  6.  longe:  B.350,6;  A.  598,  6;  H.672.  ditissimus :  see  Vocab. , 
dives.  7.  Orgetorix  :  for  the  meaning  of  the  name,  see  Vocab.  The 
form  Orcetirix  is  found  on  Gallic  coins.  M. :  =  Marco.  consuli- 
bus :  B.  227,  1 ;  A.  419,  a  ;  H.  489.  Trans.  '  in  the  consulship  of '  ; 
=  B.C.  61.  See  note  to  p.  41,  1.  20.  8.  cupiditate  :  B.  219  ;  A.  404, 
b;  H.  475,  1.  civitati:  B.  187,  ii,  a;  A.  307;  H.  426,  2.  9.  ut : 
the  clause  ut  .  .  .  exirent  stands  as  object  of  persudsit ;  'to  go  out,'  etc. 
B.  295,  1 ;  A.  563 ;  H.  565.  exirent :  pi.  because  of  the  idea  of 
elves  in  civitdti. 

10.  perfacile  to  potiri:  indirect  discourse;  sc.  dixit^  or  dicens.  B. 
313,  314,  2  ;  A.  579,  580,  a  ;  H.  641-643.  The  subject  of  esse  is  potlri. 
How  does  perfacile  differ  from  facile,  and  why  is  it  neuter  ?  A.  33,  267, 
d,  1,  289,  d;  H.  159,  1,  and  70.  virtute  :  B.  226;  A.  418;  H.  480. 
omnibus  :  B.  187,  in,  1  ;  A.  370 ;  H.  429.  praestarent :  B.  286,  2, 
314;  A.  549,  580,  585;  H.  598,  643.  11.  imperio:  B.  218,  1;  A. 
410 ;  H.  477. 

12.  Id:   refers  to  the  clause  perfacile  .  .  .  potiri ;    'that  (course).'' 
B.  176,  2,  a  ;    A.  309 ;    II.  426,  6.         hoc  :   B.  219  ;    A.  404  ;    H.  475. 
loci  natura :   '  by  the  character  of  their  country  '  (lit.  '  of  their  situa- 
tion').       13.  una,  etc. :  'on  one  side.'        latissimo  :  B.  240,  2;  A.  291, 
6;  H.  498. 

14.  qui  :  why  masc?  Cf.  quod,  p.  54,  1.  23,  and  the  note.  a  Ger- 
manis :  '  from  (the  territory  of)  the  Germans '  ;  the  name  of  a  people  is 
often  put  for  that  of  their  country.  15.  altera  :  here  for  secundd,  as 
often.  16.  tertia  :  sc.  ex  parte ;  trace  out  these  boundaries  on  the 
map.        17.    nostram  :  \.q.  Bomdnam. 

18.  flebat :  the  subject  is  ut  .  .  .  possent.  B.  297,  2,  cf.  284,  1  ;  A. 
537,  509,  1;  H.  571,  1.  minus  late,  minus  facile:  i.e.  than  they 
wished.  19.  finitimis  :  B.  187,  in,  2  ;  A.  370 ;  H.  429.  qua  ex 
parte  :  '  and  in  this  respect.'  homines  :  a  kind  of  appositive ;  '  being 
men.'  20.  bellandi :  B.  3.38,  1,  &;  A.  504,  349,  a;  H.  626,  451,  1. 
Pro  :  '  in  proportion  to,'  '  considering.'  The  number  of  the  Helvetii  is 
given  as  263,000  (p.  132,  3).         22.    qui:  i.e.  fines. 

23.  milia:  B.  181,  1;  A.  425;  H.  417.  The  Roman  mile  (mllle 
pissfis,  pi.  milia  passuum)  —  4854  English  feet ;  the  pnssus  (originally 
a  double  pace)  as  a  measure  of  length  =  5  Roman  pedes  =  4  feet  10^ 


Pages  115-1  1G.]        NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  291 

inches  by  English  measurement.  ccxl :  =  dncetita  et  quadn,  .ntd. 
Always  read  numbers  in  the  text  with  the  Latin  words.  From  the  ,  oun- 
daries  given  we  see  that  the  country  of  the  Helvetians  was  about  two- 
thirds  the  size  of  modern  Switzerland.  As  the  shorter  distance  actually 
measures  only  about  80  Roman  miles,  it  has  been  conjectured  that  Caesar 
wrote  Lxxx,  which  was  changed  to  clxxx  through  a  mistake  of  an  early 
copyist.  The  same  territory  now  supports  a  population  of  about  two 
millions.  The  reasons  assigned  by  Caesar  for  this  national  migration  do 
not  seem  adequate.  The  pressure  of  the  Germans  may  have  been  more 
serious  than  implied  in  chap,  i.,  11.  11-14.    Cf.  p.  131, 19-23  ;  p.  134, 16-20. 

III.  25.  constituerunt :  i.e.  Helvetii.  ea  quae  :  '  such  things  as.' 
proficTscendum  :  B.  338,  3  ;  A.  506  ;  H.  628.  pertinerent :  the  subj. 
implies  that  Caesar  was  giving  the  thought  of  the  Helvetii  rather  than  his 
own.     B.  323  ;  A.  592,  3  ;  H.  649,  i. 

26.  comparare,  coemere,  facere,  confirmare  :  B.  328,  1 ;  A.  457 ; 
H.  607,  1.  carrorum :  two-wheeled  carts,  often  covered.  Carrus 
is  of  Keltic  origin;  our  word  "car"  is  connected  with  it  in  derivation. 
quam :  adv.  B.  240,  3  ;  A.  291,  c  ;  H.  159,  2  ;  quam  maximum  (=  tarn 
magnum  quam  maximum),  'as  large  as  possible,'  'the  greatest  possible.' 
28.    suppeteret :   B.  282  ;  A.  530,  531,  1  ;  H.  568. 

Page  116.  1.  coiificiendas  :  B.  339,  2  ;  A.  503  ;  H.  626,  1.  2.  sa- 
tis :  takes  the  place  of  a  predicate  adj.  duxerunt :  *  they  reck- 
oned.'       in:  'for.' 

4.  sibi :  B.  187,  iir  ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429.  5.  persuadet :  see  note  to 
p.  41,  1.  28.  6.  filio,  Sequano  :  B.  169,  2  ;  A.  282,  and  c ;  H.  393. 
regnum  :  '  headship,'  '  chief  authority.'  At  this  time  there  was  no  abso- 
lute or  hereditary  monarchy  among  the  Gauls.  7.  annos:  B.  181, 
1  ;  A.  423  ;  H.  417.  8.  amicus  :  B.  168,  2,  &  ;  A.  283,  284  ;  H.  393,  8. 
Not  infrequently  the  Roman  Senate  conferred  the  title  of  "friend"  upon 
foreign  chiefs  and  rulers  as  a  means  of  winning  their  favor.  ut  .  .  . 
occuparet :  object  of  persuadet ;  cf.  p.  115,  9.  Notice  the  imperfect 
after  a  historical  present.  sua  :  'his  own.'  9.  quod:  not  'because.' 
10.  civitate:  i.e.  Aeduorum.  obtinebat:  force  of  the  imperfect? 
B.  230,  1  ;  A.  470  ;  H.  534,  3.  11.  plebl :  B.  192,  1  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434,  2. 
acceptus  :  here  an  adj.  idem:  ace,  'the  same  thing.'  12.  in 
niS.trimonium  dat :  see  Vocab. 

13.  Perfacile  to  possent:  see  note  to  p.  115,  10-11.  factu  :  B. 
340,  2  ;  A.  510,  n.  2  ;  H.  635,  1.         illis  probat :  '  he  shows  them.' 


292  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  I.         [Pages  11(5-117. 

14.  obtenturus  esset :  a  periphrastic  form  is  here  used,  because  there 
is  no  future  tense  in  the  subj.  proper.  B.  115 ;  A.  194,  195 ;  H.  541,  2, 
N.  1. 

15.  dubium  :  neuter,  because  the  subject  of  esse  is  a  clause  (qum  .  .  . 
•possent).  Galliae :  B.  201,  1 ;  A.  346,  a,  2  ;  H.442.  plurimum  :  neut. 
ace,  used  adverbially.  B.  176,  3,  a ;  A.  214,  d,  390,  c,  <?,  n.  2 ;  H.  306, 
3,  and  409,  1.  Trans.  vjitYi  possent,  'had  the  most  power,'  'were  the 
most  powerful.'  possent :  B.  298  ;  A.  568,  a  ;  H.  595, 1.  16.  copiTs  : 
'means,'  'wealth.'  conciliatunim :  in  the  future  infinitive  esse  is 
usually  omitted  ;  '  would  procure.'  17.  inter  sg  fidem  et  ius  iuran- 
dum  dant :  *  they  give  one  another  an  oath-bound  pledge  of  good  faith  '  • 
hendiadys  in  fidem  et  ius  iurandum.  B.  374,  4  ;  A.  640  ;  H.  751,  3,  n.  1. 
18.  regno  occupato :  =  cum  regnum  occupdvissent.  tres  .  .  .  po 
pulos  :  i.e.  Helvetios^  Aeduos,  Sequanos.  19.  Galliae  :  B.  212,  2  ;  A. 
410,  a  ;  H.  458,  and  458,  3.         sese :  subject  of  posse. 

IV.  20.  Ea  res  :  what  *  fact '  ?  per  indiciiun  =  per  indices^  '  by 
informers'  (lit.,  'by  means  of  information').         Moribus  :  B.  220,  3; 

A.  404  ;  H.  475,  3.  21.  ex  :  we  should  say  '  in.'  causam  dicere  : 
'to  plead  his  case,'  i.e.  '  to  make  his  defence.'  22.  danmatum  :  =  si 
damndtus  esset.  Sc.  eum,  obj.  of  seqiii.  B.  138,  ii ;  A.  496  ;  H.  302,  1. 
ut  .  .  .  cremaretur :  in  apposition  with  poenam.  B.  294 ;  A.  561,  a, 
and  570  ;  H.  571,  4.  The  Gauls  punished  grave  offences  by  burning, 
and  on  certain  occasions  offered  human  sacrifices.  Die  :  B.  230 ;  A. 
423  ;  H.  486.     Is  dies  usually  fem.  ?    See  note  to  p.  42,  1.  14. 

23.  dictionis:  'for  the  pleading.'      B.  200.        24.    familiam:  not 

'  family  ' ;  see  Vocab.        ad  :  adv.  modifying  decern  ;  '  about.'        milia  : 

B.  80,  5  ;  A.  134,  d  ;  H.  168  ;  appositive  of  familiam.  25.  obaeratos  : 
the  derivation  of  this  word  suggests  the  kind  of  money  most  common 
among  the  Romans.  26.  eodem :  adv.  diceret :  B.  282  ;  A.  530, 
531,  1 ;  H.  568. 

27.  se  eripuit:  he  overawed  the  judges  so  that  they  did  not  dare  call 
him  to  account.        ius  suum  :  the  right  of  the  state  to  punish  traitors. 

28.  conaretur,   cogerent  :    B.    288,    1,   B ;    A.    546  ;    H.   600,    ii,    1. 

29.  neque  :  =  et  non.  B.  341,  I,  d  ;  A.  328,  a  ;  H.  657,  1.  30.  ut : 
what  does  ut  mean  with  the  indie.  ?  see  Vocab.  sibi  mortem  consci- 
verit :  '  committed  suicide.'     B.  284,  2,  a,  3  ;  A.  558,  a  ;  H.  595,  1. 

Page  117.  1.  gius :  =  Orgetorigis.  nihilo  :  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ;  H.  471, 
10,  and  479.      2.  conantur  :  see  note  to  p.  41,  1.  28.      ut  .  .  .  exeant : 


Page  117.]  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  293 

explains  id.  B.  297,  3  ;  A.  561,  a  ;  H.  393,  3.  3.  paratos  :  adj.  op- 
pida:  '  walled  towns,'  while  the  vici  were  rows  or  groups  of  houses  in 
the  open  country.  4.  numero  :  B.  226  ;  A.  418 ;  H.  480.  ad :  adv. 
reliqua :  etc. :  the  buildings  belonging  to  individuals  not  in  the  walled 
towns  and  the  villages.  5.  incendunt :  'set  fire  to,'  while  comburere 
means  *to  burn  up,'  and  cremdre  '  to  burn '  with  bright  flames. 

6.  domum :  B.  182,  1,  6 ;  A.  427,  2  ;  H.  419,  1.  The  idea  of  motion 
is  suggested  by  reditionis,  which  takes  the  place  of  redeundi.  spe:  B. 
227  ;  A.  419  ;  H.  489.  7.  subeunda  :  B.  339,  2  ;  A.  503  ;  H.  628. 
essent :  B.  282  ;  A.  530,  531,  1 ;  H.  568. 

8.  cibaria  :  here  used  for  frumentum.  On  an  allowance  of  three- 
quarters  of  a  pound  of  coarse  flour  per  day  for  each  person,  24,840,000 
pounds,  or  12,420  tons,  would  be  needed  to  feed  368,000  people  (cf.  p. 
132,  6  and  note)  for  90  days.  If  we  assume  that  the  strong  and  heavy 
carts,  each  drawn  by  a  yoke  of  draft-animals,  would  on  the  average  carry 
a  ton,  more  than  12,000  carts  must  have  been  required  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  the  supplies,  and  perhaps  half  as  many  more  for  other  purposes ; 
but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  the  Helvetians  and  their  allies  all  obeyed 
literally  the  order  here  mentioned.  18,000  carts,  allowing  20  feet  to  each, 
if  arranged  in  a  single  file  would  form  a  line  68  miles  long.  domo  :  B. 
229,  1,6;  A.  427,  1 ;  H.  462,  4.       efferre :  B.  331,  ii ;  A.  563,  a  ;  H.  614. 

9.  Rauracis  :  B.  187,  ii,  a  ;  A.  367  ;  H.  426,  2.  The  Rauraci  were 
in  the  vicinity  of  modern  Basle,  the  Tulingi  about  SchafEhausen,  the  Lato- 
brigi  on  the  upper  Danube,  in  the  Black  Forest.  See  map  opp.  p.  1 14. 
10.  usi:  'adopting'  (lit.  'having  used').  consilio  :  B.  218,  1;  A. 
410;  H.  477.       11.    una:  adv.        eis  :  Helvetus.       Boios  :  seeVocab. 

12.  Norgiam:  the  site  of  Noreia  is  occupied  by  the  town  of  Neu- 
markt,  about  125  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  13.  oppugnarant :  B. 
116,  1  ;  A.  181,  a ;  H.  238.  receptos  :  agrees  with  Boios.  B.  337,  2  ; 
A.  496,  N.  2  ;  H.  639.  socios  :  B.  177,  1  ;  A.  282 ;  H.  393.  sibi : 
after  asciscunt ;  ad  se  goes  with  receptos. 

VI.  14.  Erant:  'There  were.'  Forms  of  esse  should  often  be  ren- 
dered with  the  expletive  '  there. '  itineribus :  not  to  be  translated.  B. 
251,  3 ;  A.  307,  a  ;  H.  399, 1.  domo  :  as  in  1.  8.  15.  possent :  subj. 
of  characteristic  ;  '  routes  (of  such  character  that)  by  them  they  [the 
Helvetii]  could  go  out.'  B.  283  ;  A.  535;  H.  591,  1,  2.  flnum  {iter) 
and  alterum  (iter)  are  in  partitive  apposition  with  itinera.  B.  169,  6  ; 
A.  282,  a ;  II.  393,  4. 


294  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  [Page  117. 

16.  inter  .  .  .  Rhodanum:  i.e.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone. 
There  was  no  route  across  the  Jura  range  practicable  for  so  large  a  force, 
while  the  passage  down  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  beween  the  Jura  and 
the  Vosges  Mountains,  was  left  out  of  consideration,  not  only  (we  may- 
assume)  because  it  was  less  direct,  but  also  because  it  was  exposed  to  the 
attacks  of  Ariovistus  and  the  Suebi.  qua :  B.  140  ;  A.  214,  e  ;  H.  307,  3, 
singuli :  B.  81,  4,  a  ;  A.  137,  a  ;  H.  162,  3 ;  '  one  by  one,'  here  =  '  in 
single  file.'  The  narrowest  point  of  the  route  is  at  the  Defile  of  the 
Ecluse  (Pas  de  r]Ecluse)  19  Roman  miles  (about  17^  English  miles)  below 
Geneva.  This  route  is  now  traversed  by  a  railway  connecting  Geneva 
with  French  cities,  the  most  difficult  part  being  avoided  by  a  tunnel  2| 
miles  long. 

17.  ducerentur :  for  mood  see  note  to  possent  above ;  the  relative 
adv.  qua  has  the  force  of  a  relative  pron.  18.  perpauci:  force  of 
per  ?  A.  267,  d,  1  ;  U.  159,  1.  possent :  B.  284, 1  ;  A.  637,  1  ;  H.  570. 
19.  nostram :  note  to  p.  115,  17.  multo  ;  as  nihilo,  1.  1.  propterea 
quod  :  note  to  p.  114,  6. 

20.  Allobrogum :  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  in  the  Province  ; 
they  were  subdued  by  C.  Pomptinus  in  61  b.c.  21.  locis  :  B.  228,  1, 
h  ;  A.  429,  1 ;  H.  485,  2.  vado :  B.  218 ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476.  At  pres- 
ent the  Rhone  is  said  to  be  fordable  only  at  6ne  place,  a  few  miles  below 
Geneva.  Once  having  crossed  the  river,  the  Helvetii  would  find  the  route 
along  the  left  bank  through  the  Province  easy  enough.  transitur  :  = 
trdnslri  potest. 

23.    finibus :  B.  192,  1  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434,  2.         24.   AUobrogibus  :  B. 

187,  IT,  a  ;  A.  367  ;  H.  426,  2.  persuasuros  :  sc.  esse  ;  so  with  codctii- 
rosy  below.  B.  331,  i ;  A.  459;  H.  242,  613,  1.  25.  bono  animo  : 
'kindly  disposed'  ;  in  pred.  with  esse  understood.  B.  224,  1 ;  A.  415  ; 
H.  473,  2.  viderentur  :  B.  314,  1 ;  A.  580  ;  H.  643.  26.  vi :  how 
declined  ?        suos  :  refers  to  the  Allobroges  ;  eos  =  JMvetios. 

27.  die :  B.  230 ;  A.  423  ;  H.  486 ;  cf.  note  to  itinerihus,  1.  4  above. 
28.  conveniant :  B.  282,  2  ;  A.  530,  531,  2  ;  H.  590  ;  qua  =  ut  ea,  '  that 
on  that  day.'  a.  d.  v.  Kal.  Apr.  :  =  ante  diem  quintum  Kalendds 
Apriles  ;  trans,  as  if  quinto  die  ante  Kalendds  Apriles,  the  phrase  ante 
diem  being  followed  by  the  ace.  as  if  it  were  a  preposition  ;  '  the  fifth  day 
before  tjie  Kalends  of  April '  =  March  28  of  the  unreformed  calendar, 
March  24  (Napoleon,  Goeler),  or  April  16  (Mommsen)  according  to  the 
Julian  calendar  (see  note  to  p.  58,  1.  14) ;  authorities  disagree.    B.  371. 


Pages  117-118.J        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   I.  295 

372;  A.  631,  a,  424,  g ;  H.  754,  in,  2,  755.  29.  consulibus  :  note 
to  p.  41,  1.  20.     The  date  is  58  b.c. 

Page  118.  VII.  1.  Caesari :  B.  187  ;  A.  365,  598,  I ;  H.  424,  665,  1. 
nuntiatum  esset :  B.  288,  1,  -B;  A.  540;  H.  600,  ii,  1.  eos  .  .  . 
conari  :  appositive  of  id.  B.  294;  A.  561,  a;  H.  616,  2.  2.  urbe: 
Rome,  which  by  way  of  distinction  was  "  the  city."  3.  quam :  of. 
note  to  p.  115,  26.  Galliam  ulteriorem  =  Galliam  Transalpinam. 
4.  ad:  'into  the  vicinity  of,'  'as  far  as.'  B.  182,  3;  A.  428,  a;  H. 
418,  4.  Genavam :  derived,  from  Keltic  genus,  '  mouth,'  because  the 
lake  there  presses  into  the  narrow  river  course.  Plutarch  states  ( Caesar, 
17)  that  Caesar  made  the  journey  from  Rome  to  Geneva  in  eight  days. 
Provinciae  :  B.  187,  ii,  a;  A.  369;  H.  426,  1.  5.  imperat :  'levies.' 
6.  legio  una  :  the  tenth  legion. 

8.  certiores  .  .  .  sunt:    'were  informed.'        9.  nobilissimos :   B. 

169,   1,   2,  3;    A.   282,  288;    H.  494,  393.  legationis :  =  Ze^a«orwm. 

11.  dicerent:  B.  282,  2;  A.  530,  531,  2;  H.  590.  sibi:  B.  190;  A. 
373;  ■  H.  430.  The  rest  of  the  sentence  is  in  indir.  disc;  the  subject  of 
esse  is  facere  ;  with  rogdre,  supply  se.  sibi  esse  in  animo  :  '  that  it 
was  their  intention.'  12.  nullum:  emphatic  position.  13.  liceat: 
this  would  be  subj.  in  dir.  disc.     B.  295,  1 ;  A.  563 ;  H.  565. 

14.  memoria  :  B.  218  ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476  ;  memorid  tenehat  =  memi- 
nerat.  occisum  :  suj)ply  esse,  as  also  with  pulsum,  missum,  conceden- 
dum,  and  temperdturos.  15.  sub  iugum  :  two  spears  were  set  up  and 
a  third  placed  across  on  top  ;  this  was  the  '  yoke,'  and  conquered  soldiers 
were  made  to  pass  under  it,  one  by  one,  as  a  token  of  complete  submis- 
sion and  humiliation.  The  terrible  defeat  here  referred  to  took  place 
107  B.C.  See  Mommsen's  History  of  Rome,  ed.  of  1895,  vol.  iii,  p.  435. 
16.  concedendum  :  '  that  it  (the  request  of  the  Helvetii)  ought  not  to 
be  granted.'        neque  =  et  non.        animo  :  B.  224  ;  A.  415  ;  H.  473,  2. 

17.  data  facultate :  =isifacuUds  data  esset.  B.  227,  2,  6  ;  A.  496, 
521,  a  ;  II.  575,  9.  faciundi :  =faciendl  B.  116,  2,  339,  1 ;  A.  503 ; 
H.  243,  and  626,  1.  18.    spatium :  (nom.)  =  tempus.         20.   con- 

vemrent :    B.    293,   iii,  2  ;    A.   553 ;    H.  603,  ii,  2.  diem :    '  time.' 

21.  quid  :  indef.  After  si  and  ne,  quis  and  quid  mean  '  any  one,'  'any- 
thing.' _vellent:  B.  314,  1;  A.  585,  589,  1;  H.  643.  ad:  'about,' 
'on.'  Id.  April. :  =  ^ws  JpnZes  =  Apr.  13,  of  the  unreformed  cal- 
endar. See  note  to  p.  58,  1.  14.  reverterentur  :  B.  316  ;  A^588  ;  H. 
642.  In  dir.  disc,  the  sentence  would  read.  Si  quid  voletis,  ad  Id.  April, 
revertimini. 


296  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   I.         [Pages  11^-119. 

VIII.  22.  legione,  militibuB:  looked  upon  as  instrument  rather 
than  as  agent.  B.  218,  10;  A.  405,  6,  n.  1  ;  H.  476.  23.  qui  .  .  . 
influit :  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  Rhone  flows  into  the  lake  at  the  upper 
end,  and  out  at  the  lower.  25.  Sequanorum  :  west  of  the  Jura  ;  see 
map  opp.  p.  114.        milia  passuum  :  see  note  to  p.  115,  23. 

26.  pedum :  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  h  ;  H.  440,  3.  mumm  .  .  .  fos- 
samque :  we  are  not  to  suppose  that  Caesar  built  a  rampart  and  dug  a 
trench  from  Geneva  to  Pas  de  I'^cluse  (see  note  to  p.  117,  16,  and  Plan  I). 
For  a  large  part  of  the  distance  the  cliffs  on  the  left  bank  are  so  steep  as 
to  render  fortifying  unnecessary.  What  Caesar  did  was  to  make  the 
gentler  slopes  difficult  to  scale  by  cutting  the  face  down  from  the  top  for 
16  feet,  and  throwing  the  dirt  out  towards  the  river ;  in  this  way  the 
general  effect  of  a  wall  and  moat  was  produced,  as  shown  by  the  '*  Sec- 
tion" in  Plan  I.  At  points  especially  exposed  he  erected  redoubts  (cas- 
telld).  Recent  surveys  indicate  that  the  whole  distance  which  really 
needed  to  be  fortified  was  hardly  more  than  three  miles  out  of  the  nine- 
teen.   The  work  was  probably  completed  in  three  or  four  days. 

27.  praesidia:  'garrisons,'  referring  to  the  forces  occupying  the  re- 
doubts ;  the  redoubts  themselves  were  called  ca Stella.  28.  quo  :  B. 
282,  1,  a;  A.  530,  531,  2,  a ;  H.  568,  7.  se  invito:  'without  his 
leave,'  'against  his  will'  (lit.  'he  being  unwilling').  B.  227,  1 ;  A.  419, 
a  ;  H.  489.  conSrentur :  B.  324, 1;  A.  593  ;  H.  652.  Notice  that  the 
hist.  pres.  communit  is  followed  both  by  a  primary  tense  (possit)  and  by 
a  secondary  tense  (condrentur) .     B.  268,  3  ;  A.  485,  e  ;  H.  646. 

Page  119.  2.  negat :  =  dicit  non.  more:  B.  220,  8  ;  A.  404  ;  H. 
475,3.  3.  iter:  '  right  of  way.'  vimfacere:  'use  force.'  4.  c6- 
nentur :  B.  314,  1 ;  A.  580,  585  ;  H.  643.  prohibiturum :  =  se  pro- 
hibiturum  esse.        ape :  B.  214  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464. 

5.  navibuB  iunctis,  etc.:  'by  joining  boats,'  probably  brought  down 
from  the  lalie  (p.  121,  1.  4,  on  the  Arar,  lintribus,  not  ndvibus)  ;  the  rafts 
were  '  made  '  for  the  occasion.  B.  227  ;  A.  419  ;  H.  489,  1.  We  should 
expect  alii  before  ndvibus  correlative  with  alii  before  vadls,  'some  .  .  . 
others. '  But  the  use  of  the  latter  alii  alone  implies  that  most  of  the  Hel- 
vetii  tried  to  cross  over  in  the  way  first  mentioned. 

7.  conati  si  .  .  .  possent :  '  having  tried  (to  see)  whether  they  could.' 
B.  300,  3  ;  A.  576,  a  ;  H.  649,  ii,  3.  What  particle  is  commonly  used  in 
single  indirect  questions  ?  operis  munitione :  '  by  the  strength  of  the 
works. '  8.  concursu  :  the  rapid  massing  of  the  soldiers  at  any  pouit 
attacked.         conatu  :  B.  214  ;  A.  400,  402  ;  H.  464. 


Pages  119-120.]        NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  297 

IX.  10.  una  via  :  '  only  the  way.'  quS  :  B.  218,  9  ;  A.  429,  a  ; 
H.  476.  Sequanis:  cf.  note  to  p.  118,  28,  se  invito.  11.  angu- 
stias:  the  Pas  de  I'Ecluse,  where,  as  stated  in  Chapter  6,  a  few  men 
could  prevent  the  passage  of  the  Helvetii.  sua  sponte  :  '  by  their  own 
influence.'     B.  220,  3 ;  A.  412  ;  H.  473,  3.         12.  posseut :  B.  288,  1,  B  ; 

A.  546  ;  H.  600,  ii,  1.         13.  eo  deprecatore  :  '  by  his  intercession ' 
('  he  being  intercessor ').     B.  227,  1 ;  A.  419,  a ;  H.  489.        impetrarent  : 

B.  268,  3  ;  A.  485,  e  ;  H.  546  ;  '  they  might  gain  their  request.' 

14.  gratia:  'popularity.'  B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475.  plurimum  : 
see  note  to  p.  116,  15.  15.  Helvetiis :  B.  192,  1 ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434,  2. 
17.  novis  rebus  :  '  a  revolution.'     B.  187,  ii,  a  ;  A.  367  ;  H.  426. 

19.  ut  .  .  .  patiantur :  object  of  impetrat ;  uti  .  .  .  dent  is  object  of 
perficit.  B.  295,  1  ;  A.  563 ;  H.  565.  20.  obsides :  hostages  were 
exchanged  between  states  and  tribes  as  a  pledge  of  good  faith.  If  the 
agreement  were  violated,  the  hostages  were  usually  put  to  death  with 
the  most  horrible  tortures.  Sequani,  Helvetii:  sc.  obsides  dent. 
21.  itinera  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464.  prohibeant,  transeant : 
B.  295,  4  ;  A.  563,  d ;  H.  565. 

X.  23.  renuntiatur :  '  word  is  brought  back ' ;  the  re-  implies  that 
men  had  been  sent  out  by  Caesar  who  now  returned  with  the  informa- 
tion sought.  The  subject  is  the  following  infin.  Helvetiis,  etc. :  cf. 
p.  118,  10-13.  The  Helvetii  intended  to  settle  near  the  west  coast  of 
Gaul.  25.  non  longe  :  about  100  miles,  not  a  long  distance  for  a 
victorious  enemy  to  traverse  in  an  open  country.  In  reality  the  Helvetii, 
if  they  reached  their  destination,  would  be  further  from  the  Province 
than  before  they  started ;  but  Caesar  had  no  reason  for  interfering  with 
the  passage  of  the  Helvetii  through  the  country  of  the  Sequani  unless  he 
could  show  that  Roman  interests  would  be  unfavorably  affected  by  it. 
quae  civitas:  '  a  state  which,'  the  state  of  the  Tolosates. 

26.  Id  :  refers  to  zYer  .  .  .  facere  above.  fieret :  B.  314,  1  ;  A.  580, 
585 ;  H.  643.  The  principal  verb  of  the  indir.  disc,  is  futurum  (esse), 
whose  subject  is  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  haher^t.  B.  284,  1,  297,  2;  A.  537,  1, 
569,  a  ;  H.  571,  1. 

Page  120.  1.  inimicos:  B.  169,  1,  2,  3;  A.  282;  H.  393.  locis : 
A.  384;  H.  434,  2.  2.  munitioni:  B.  187,  in;  A.  370;  H.  429. 
3.  legatum  :  what  were  the  officers  of  the  Roman  army?    See  Intro., 

p.  12.    Titus  Labienus  was  the  ablest  of  Caesar's  lieutenants,  and  one  of 
the  most  trusted.        4.  Italiam :  at  this  period  Italia  proper  extended 


298  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   I.  [Page  120. 

north  only  as  far  as  the  Rubicon ;  but  Caesar  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the 
Gallic  War,  includes  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which  later  lost  its  provincial  organi- 
zation and  became  a  part  of  Italy  (43  e.g.). 

5.  Aquileiam  :  a  Roman  colony  (founded  b.c.  181)  near  the  head  of 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  east  of  Venice.  It  was  the  centre  of  the  Roman  mili- 
tary operations  for  the  Northeast,  and  was  hence  strongly  garrisoned. 
The  word  circum  implies  that  the  winter-quarters,  as  usual,  were  outside 
the  walls  of  the  city. 

6.  ulteriorem  Galllam  :  =  Galliam  Trdnsalpinam  ;  see  p.  25. 
7.  quinque :  the  two  legions  levied  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  were  the  xith 
and  xiith,  the  three  drawn  from  winter-quarters  at  Aquileia,  the  viith, 
viiith,  and  ixth.  As  the  xth  legion  was  already  near  Geneva,  Caesar's 
force  now  consisted  of  six  legions  (how  many  men  ?  cf.  p.  10)  and 
soldiers  from  the  Province  (11.  4-6  above).  8.  Ibi  :  i.e.  in  Alpihus ; 
Caesar's  route  lay  by  way  of  Mt.  Gen^vre,  a  pass  described  as  "  one  of 
the  best  and  safest  in  the  Alps"  ;  see  Map. 

9.  itinere  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400 ;  H.  464.  Compluribus  :  order,  Ms 
pnlsis  complUribus  proeliis.  10.  ab  :  'from.'  citerioris  :  on  the 
side  nearer  Rome  ;  citerioris provinciae  =  Galliae  Cisalpinae.  11.  ex- 
tremum  :  sc.  oppidum  ;  'last,'  here  =  ' most  westerly.'  14.  trans 
Rhodanuni :  Caesar  crossed  to  the  north  of  the  upper  Rhone,  and  went 
outside  the  Province  in  order  to  intercept  or  overtake  the  Helvetii,  who, 
with  their  throng  of  women  and  children  and  their  loaded  carts,  had  gone 
only  about  100  miles,  in  the  time  that  he  had  taken  (not  less  than  40-50 
days)  to  bring  the  five  legions  from  Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  Segusiavi  were 
clients  of  the  Aedui,  hence  on  good  terms  with  the  Romans, 

XI.  15.  angustias  :  see  p.  117,  14-18,  and  p.  119,  10-11.  17.  popu- 
labantur :  notice  the  change  from  the  plupf.  trddUxerant  to  the  impf., 
implying  that  the  devastation  was  still  going  on.  sua:  B.  236,  1;  A. 
288,  302,  d ;  H.  503,  4.  18.  possent :  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  508. 
19.  rogatum  :  B.  340,  1,  a  ;  A.  509  ;  H.  633.  Ita  se  meritos  esse  : 
'(saying)  that  they  had  so  deserved.'  As  early  as  121  b.c.  the  Aedui 
were  called  socupopuTi  Bomdnl  ;  see  note  to  p.  135,  22.  20.  nostri: 
with  exercitus  =  Bomdnl.  21.  vastari :  B.  270,  2  ;  A.  486,  a  ;  11. 
618,  2.        eorum  :  =  sui. 

24.  depopiUatis:  passive.  B.  112,  6;  A.  190.  6;  H.  222,  2. 
25.  trans  Rhodanum :  cf.  1.  14.  26.  fuga :  B.  218;  A.  409; 
H.  476.  27.  demonstrant  :  i.e.  eum  certiorem  faciunt.  sibi : 
B.  190  ;  A.  373  ;   H.  430.        solum  :  noun.         28.   reUqui  :  B.  201,  2  ; 


Pages  120-121.]        NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  299 

A.  846,  a,   1  ;    H.   440,   5;  'that  they   had  nothing  left.'        Quibus  : 

B.  251,  6  ;  A.  308,/;  H.  510.  exspectandum  [esse]  sibi :  'that  he 
ought  not  to  wait.'  B.  189,  1 ;  337,  7,  &,  2  ;  A.  374,  582,  a ;  H.  431  and 
302,  7.  29.  fortunis  consumptis :  render  by  a  clause  beginning 
with  '  after.'        30.    pervenirent :  B.  293,  in,  2  ;  A.  553  ;  H.  603,  ii,  2. 

Page  121.  XII.  1.  Flumen,  etc. :  '  There  is  a  river  (called)  the 
Arar'  ;  cf.  note  to  p.  117,  14.  For  a  part  of  its  course  the  Arar 
(Sadne)  formed  the  boundary  between  the  territories  of  the  Aedui  and 
the  Sequani,  between  whom  there  was  a  strife  for  the  possession  of  the 
stream  ;  each  state  claimed  the  exclusive  right  to  levy  tolls  on  passing 
vessels.  The  best  bacon  was  brought  to  Rome  from  the  country  along 
the  Arar. 

2.    lenitate :  B.  220,  1  ;  A.  412  ;   H.  473,  3.         3.    fluat :  B.  300,  1  ; 

A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii.  possit :  B.  284,  1  ;  A.  537,  1 ;  H.  670. 
4.  iunctis  :  cf.  note  to  p.  119,  5.  Where  the  Helvetii  crossed  the 
Sa6ne  is  not  known ;  perhaps  not  far  from  Mtcon. 

6.  copianim  :  'forces.'  partes,  flumen:  B.  179,  1;  A.  395  ;  H. 
413.  7.  citra :  on  the  east  side.  Ararim :  B.  38,  1  ;  A.  75,  a,  1 ; 
H.  102,  3,  N.  de  tertia  vigilia :  '  in  the  third  watch,'  between  12  and 
3  A.M. ;  de  with  vigilia  implies  that  the  watch  had  already  begun.  H.  487. 
8.  castris :  perhaps  at  Sathonay,  east  of  the  Sadne,  and  near  the  point 
where  it  enters  the  Rhone.  profectus  :  from  proficiscor.  10.  con- 
cidit :  how  different  in  meaning  from  concidit  ?        11.    mandarunt : 

B.  116,  1 ;  A.  181,  a  ;  H.  238.  in  silvas  :  the  ace.  with  in  implies  the 
idea  of  motion  in  ahdiderunt ;  they  (went)  into  the  woods  and  concealed 
themselves. 

12.  Tigurinus  :  B.  167,  168,  2,  6 ;  A.  283,  284  ;  H.  393.  The  word 
pdgus  ('  canton ')  which  properly  has  reference  to  a  division  of  territory, 
is  here  used  of  the  people  inhabiting  it.  13.  divisa  :  cf.  note  to 
p.  114,  1. 

14.  domo  :  B.  229,  1,  &  ;  A.  427,  1 ;  H.  462,  4.  exisset :  B.  288, 
\,  B\   A.  546;  H.  600,   ii,  1.  15.    memoria  :  B.  231;  A.  423;  H. 

487.  L.  Cassium :  see  p.  118,  14-16,  and  notes.  16.  casu  :  B. 
219  ;  A.  404  ;  H.  475.  17.  quae  pars,  etc.  :  =  ea  pars  clvitcitis  Hel- 
vetiae,  quae.  B.  251,  4  ;  A.  307,  ft,  n.  ;  H.  399,  5.  18.  princeps  per- 
solvit :  'was  the  first  to  pay.'  See  B.  239  ;  A.  290;  H.  497,  3,  and  cf. 
note  to  p.  29,  1.  1.  20.  quod,  etc. :  quod  Tigurini,  eddem  proelib  quo 
Cassium  (interfecerant) ,  interfecerant  Lucium  Pisonem  legdtum,  avum 


300  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  121-122. 

Lucl  Pisonis,  eius  (Caesar's)  soceri.     Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso,  consul 
B.C.  58,  was  the  father  of  Caesar's  fourth  wife.     Tlience  she  took  the  , 
name  Calpurnia,  familiar  to  the  readers  of  Shakespeare's  Julius  Caesar. 
21.   proeUo  :  B.  230,  2 ;  A.  423  ;  H.  486. 

XIII.  23.  "B.bc  ^loeMb  idiCtb  =  post  hoc proelium.  24.  posset: 
B.  282,  1  ;  A.  530,  531,  1 ;  H.  568.  in :  '  over.'  faciendum,  etc.  : 
'  he  had  a  bridge  built.'  B.  337,  7,  6,  2  ;  A.  600,  4  ;  H.  622.  26.  id  : 
object  of  fecisse;  explained  by  ut  flumen  trdnsirent.  B.  297,  3  ;  A.  561, 
a  ;  H.  393,  3.  27.  ilium :  =  Caesarem,  inteUegerent :  B.  288,  1, 
B\  A.  546  ;  H.  600,  ii,  1.        28.   legationis :  cf.  p.  118,  9,  and  note 

29.  bello  CassianS  :  '  war  with  Cassius.'  B.  230,  2  ;  A.  343,  a  ;  H. 
437.  As  the  defeat  of  Cassius  took  place  b.c.  107,  at  the  time  of  which 
Caesar  was  writing  (b.c.  58),  Divico  must  have  been  at  least  eighty  years 
of  age  ;  but  though  the  Helvetii  clearly  preferred  to  avoid  a  conflict  with 
Caesar,  the  braggart  insolence  of  Divico's  language  (as  of  Ariovistus's, 
p.  137,  26-30)  was  barbaric  rather  than  senile  ;  it  was  calculated  to  make 
a  mutual  understanding  impossible. 

Page  122.  1.  SI,  etc. :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter.  The 
direct  form  is  given  in  A.  590  ;  and  in  Comstock's  First  Latin  Book, 
p.  226  ;  cf.  also  Madvig's  Latin  Grammar,  §§  404,  405.  A  general  outline 
of  each  sentence  follows.    (Cf.  Comstock's  First  Latin  Book,  pp.  147-148.) 

Si  to  Helvetionun :  this  sentence  is  Declaratory^  as  far  as  voluisset ; 
the  remainder  is  Imperative.  The  Principal  Verbs  in  the  Declaratory 
part  are  itiiros  (esse),  futures  (esse)  ;  the  Principal  Verb  in  the 
Imperative  part  is  reminisceretur,  '  let  him  remember'  ('he  should 
remember').  Quod  to  niterentur  :  this  sentence  is  Imperative^  to 
dSspiceret;  the  remainder  \s,  Declaratory.  The  Principal  Verbs  in  the 
Imperative  part  are  (nS)  trlbueret,  dSspiceret,  '  let  him  not '  ( =  '  that 
he  should  not')  attribute  (the  victory),  etc.,  'or  despise  them';  the 
Principal  Verb  in  the  Declaratory  part  is  didicisse.  Qua  r5  to  pro- 
deret :  this  sentence  is  Imperative,  the  Principal  Clause  being  ne 
(Caesar)  committeret :  'let  him  not  (  =  that  he  should  not)  cause  the 
place  where  they  should  take  (should  have  taken)  their  stand  to  receive 
(lit.,  'cause  that  it  should  receive')  a  name,'  etc.,  'or  transmit  the 
remembrance'  (of  the  defeat  to  future  generations). 

1.  faceret,  constituisset,  voluisset :  B.  314,  1  ;  A.  680,  589,  1 ; 
H.  643.  2.  ituros  [esse]  and  futur5s  [esse]  represent  the  indie,  fut. 
of  the  direct  form.    B.  331,  1 ;  A.  469,  689,  2 ;  H.  613,  646.        ubi :  = 


Page  122.]  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  301 

in  qua.  3.  constituisset,  voluisset :  in  dir.  disc,  indie,  fut.  perf. 
bello  :    B.    218  ;   A.    409  ;    H.   476.  4.    perseveraret  :    sc.   Caesar. 

remimsceretur  :  =  reminiscere  (imper.)  in  direct  disc.  B.  316  ;  A.  588  ; 
H.  642.  incommodi :  the  defeat  of  Cassius.  B.  206,  2 ;  A.  350,  c ; 
II.  454. 

5.  Quod :  conjunction,  '  aa  to  the  fact  that.'  B.  299,  2 ;  A.  572,  a ; 
H.  588,  II,  3,  N.  6.  pSgum :  i.e.  Tigurinum.  adortus  esset, 
7.  transissent :  B.  314,  1 ;  A.  580,  585 ;  H.  643.  poasent :  why 
subj.  ?         ne  :  B.  276  ;  A.  450  ;  H.  559. 

8.  rem :  refers  to  the  clause  quod  ,  .  .  adortus  esset.  virtuti :  B. 
187  ;  A.  362  ;  H.  424.  The  place  of  the  dir.  obj.  is  taken  by  mdgnopere. 
tribueret :  B.  316  ;  A.  588  and  n.  2  ;  H.  642.  How  would  ne  tribueret, 
despiceret  be  expressed  in  dir.  disc.  ?  ipsos  =  Helvetibs.  9.  sS 
ita,  etc. :  in  dir.  disc,  {nos)  ita  a  patrihus  mdioribusque  nostris  didici- 
mns,  ut  magis  virtute  contenddmus  quam  dolb  aut  insidiis  nitdmur. 
didicisse  :  =  institutos  esse.  10.  contenderent :  B.  284,  1 ;  A.  537, 
1;  H.  570.  Insidiis  niterentur :  'rely  on  ambuscades.'  B.  218,  3; 
A.  409,  431 ;  H.  476  and  476,  3. 

11.  committeret :  'give  occasion.'  B.  316;  A.  588  and  n.  2 ;  H. 
642.  constitissent :  in  dir.  disc,  fut.  pf.,  '  where  we  shall  have  taken 
our  stand.'  13.  caperet,  proderet :  what  mood  in  direct  disc  ?  B. 
297,  1  ;  A.  568,  n.  1  ;  H.  571,  3.  memoriam  proderet:  i.e.  memo- 
riam  calamitdtis  posteris  proderet. 

XIV.     14.    Hia:  sc.  legdtis.        15.   E6 :  'for  this  reason.'    B.  219; 

A.  404  ;  H.  475 ;  indir.  disc,  from  Eo  to  p.  123,  1.  4.        dubitationis : 

B.  201,  2;  A.  346,  a,  3  ;  H.  442.  dari :  B.  314,  1;  A.  680;  H.  642. 
16.  memoria  teneret :  'he  remembered.'  B.  218;  A.  409;  H.  476. 
eo  .  .  .  quo :  B.  223  ;  A.  414,  a ;  H.  471,  10,  and  479.  17.  merito  : 
B.  220,  3;  A.  412,  b ;  H.  474,  1.  qui: -populus  Bomdnus,  'it.' 
18.  iniuriae  :  B.  204,  1  :  A.  349,  a ;  H.  451,  1.  fuisse :  fuit  in  dir. 
disc. ,  '  it  was  not ' ;  the  subject  is  cavere. 

19.  eo  :  B.  219  ;  A.  404 ;  H.  475.  deceptum  :  populum  Rdmd- 
num  deceptum  esse.  commissum :  sc.  quicquam  esse.  20.  time- 
ret:  subj.  also  in  dir.  disc,  characteristic;  for  qua  re  here  =  propter 
quod;  see  B.  283;  A.  535,  a;  H.  691,  1,  timendum:  sc  esse;  impers. 
B.  138,  IV ;  A.  682,  a;  H.  302,  7.  21.  Quod:  'Now';  properly  an 
adverbial  ace.  referring  to  the  thought  of  the  preceding  sentence  (lit.,  '  as 
to  which').     B.  185,  2  ;  A.  397,  a  ;  H.  416,  2  and  610,  9.        contumfi- 


302  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   1.         [Pages  122-123. 

liae :  B.  206,  2  ;  A.  350,  b  ;  H.  454.  num :  what  sort  of  an  answer 
does  num  expect  ?    B.  162,  2,  6  ;  A.  332,  b  ;  H.  378. 

22.  iniuriarum  :  depends  on  menioriam.  The  '  wrongs '  are  specified 
in  the  following  clauses  introduced  by  quod^  'that.'     B.  299,  1,  a,  169; 

A.  561,  a,  and  572  ;  H.  588,  3,  and  393,  3.  eo  :  =  Caesare.  B.  227, 
1 ;  A.  419,  a  ;  H.  489.  23.  temptassent:  B.  116,  1,  314,  1  ;  A.  181, 
a,  580  ;  H.  238,  643.  24.  AUobrogas  :  Greek  ace.  of  a  Keltic  word 
ended  in  -as.  B.  47,  3 ;  A.  81,  5  ;  H.  109,  110.  posse  :  in  dir.  disc. 
possum, 

25.  Quod  :  '  the  fact  that '  ;  the  two  clauses  introduced  by  quod  stand 
as  subject  of  pertinere.  B.  299,  2  ;  A.  561,  a,  572  ;  H.  588,  ii,  3,  n.  sua : 
'their,'  of  the  Helvetii.  victoria:  over  the  Romans  under  Cassius, 
B.C.  107.  26.  eodem  pertinere:  'pointed  to  the  same  thing,'  i.e. 
impending  destruction  of  the  Helvetii.  27.  Consuesse  :  is  this  per- 
fect in  meaning  ?  B.  116,  1  and  262,  a  ;  A.  181,  a,  and  205,  5,  n.  2  ;  H. 
238,  and  299,  2.  quo:  B.  282,  1,  a;  A.  530,  531,  2,  a ;  H.  568,  7. 
30.    Cum :  temporal,  causal,  or  concessive  ?     B.  309  ;  A.  549 ;  H.  598. 

Page  123.  1-  ea:  object  of  facturos  [esse'],  with  which  supply  eos. 
2.  Aeduls:  sc.  satis  faciant.  B.  187,  ii,  a  ;  A.  368,  2  ;  H.  426,  1,  n.  2. 
ipsis :  =  Aeduls.  3.  sese,  etc. :  in  dir.  disc,  vobiscum  pdcem  faciam 
(indie).        6.    consuerint:  B.  284,  1 ;  A.  537,  1  ;  H.  570. 

XV.  9.  movent:  sc.  Helvetii.  Idem:  neut.  ace.  11.  coac- 
tum  habebat :  B.  337,  6  ;  A.  497,  b  ;  H.  431,  3.  12.  videant :  pi. 
from  the  idea  of  equites  in  equitdtum.  B.  282,  2;  A.  530,  531,  2;  H. 
590.  13.  faciant :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii ;  quds  is  interroga- 
tive. Qui:  how  trans.  ?  B.  251,  6  ;  A.  308,/;  H.  510.  cupidius  : 
*too  eagerly.'  B.  240,  1  ;  A.  291,  a  ;  H.  498.  novissimum  agmem  : 
the  '  rear '  of  the  line  of  march  of  the  Helvetii.  14.  alieno  loco  :  '  in 
an  unfavorable  place,'  probably  too  hilly  to  admit  of  free  movement.  B. 
228,  1,  6 ;  A.  429,  1 ;  H.  485,  2.  15.  de  nostris  :  =  nostrorum.  B. 
201,  1,  a ;  A.  348,  c  ;  H.  444.  From  pauci  .  .  .  cadunt  we  are  to  infer 
that  the  rest  saved  themselves  by  flight. 

16.  equitibus  :  looked  upon  as  instrument  rather  than  as  agent.  Cf. 
note  to  p.  118, 1.  22.  17.  novissimo  agmine:  'rear'  of  the  Helvetian 
line  of  march.     B.  228,  1,  6  ;  A.  429,  2 ;  H.  485,  2.         18.    proelio  : 

B.  218,  7 ;  A.  409 ;  H.  476.  nostros :  sc.  milites.  19.  in  praesentia  : 
'  for  the  moment.'  20.  rapinis  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464.  pro- 
hibSre  :  object  of  habebat,  with  satis  as  predicate  ace.    B.  177,  2,  328,  1 ; 


Pages  123-124. J        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  303 

A.  393,  456 ;   H.  410,  607.        21.    Ita :   correlative  with  uti.        dies : 

B.  181,  1 ;  A.  423 ;  H.  417.  circiter  :  adv.  modifying  quindecim. 
22.  primmn  [agmen]  :  '  van '  ;  see  p.  18.  23.  quinis  .  .  .  senis : 
distributive,  '  five  or  six  miles  (each  day).'  B.  78,  i,  c,  81,  4,  a;  A.  137,  a  ; 
H.  162,  3.         milibus  :  B.  217  ;  A.  407,  c,  414  ;  H.471  ;  note  to  p.  115,  23. 

XVI.  24.  Aeduos  frumentum :  B.  178,  1,  a;  A.  396;  H.  411. 
25.  publice  :  '  in  the  name  of  the  state.'  essent  polliciti :  Caesar 
the  writer  presents  the  statement  of  Caesar  the  commander  as  if  it  were 
fhe  thought  of  some  one  else,  or  a  clause  in  indir.  disc. ;  '  which  (he  said) 
they  had  promised.'  B.  323;  A.  592,  3,  n.  ;  H.  649,  i.  flagitare: 
B.  335  ;  A.  463 ;  H.  364.  Notice  the  frequentative  (or  iterative)  force, 
'  kept  asking,'  '  asked  again  and  again.'  B.  155,  2  ;  A.  263,  2  ;  H.  364. 
fiigora :  '  cold  spells. '  What  diJBference  in  meaning  between  sing,  and 
pi.  of  such  words  ?  B.  55,  4,  c ;  A.  100,  c ;  H.  138,  2.  26.  posita  : 
B.  337,  2 ;  A.  495 ;  H.  640,  3. 

27.  frumenta :  standing  grain.  Why  pi.  ?  ne  pabuli,  etc.  :  the 
season  must  have  been  very  backward,  for  it  was  now  the  middle  of 
June  or  later.  Caesar,  too,  was  writing  with  the  early  spring  of  Italy  in 
mind.  ne  .  .  .  quidem  :  '  not  even.'  B.  347,  1 ;  A.  322,  /;  H.  656,  2. 
28.  frumento :  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410 ;  H.  477.  29.  flumine  :  B.  218  ; 
A.  429,  a  ;  H.  476.  30.  averterant  :  the  Helvetii  had  turned  to  the 
northwest,  in^^o  the  valley  of  the  Loire  (Liger),  avoiding  the  mountains 
in  the  region  of  the  Aulerci  Brannovices.     See  Map. 

Page  124.  1.  Diem  ex  die  duceTe  =  ducere  ('were  putting  off') 
Caesarem  ex  die  in  diem  ('  from  day  to  day ')  ;  ducere  is  hist,  inf.,  diem 
ace.  of  time.  conferri,  etc. :  climax  ;  conferri  refers  to  the  collecting, 
comportdri  to  the  transportation  to  Caesar's  headquarters,  adesse  to  the 
immediate  delivery. 

3.  di§  :  not  to  be  translated.  B.  251,  3  ;  A.  307,  a ;  H.  399,  1. 
4.  metiri :  B.  327,  1 ;  A.  454,  465,  2  ;  H.  615.  How  often  was  the 
grain  measured  out  to  the  army  ?  See  p.  14.  oporteret :  B.  314 , 
A.  580,  585  ;  H.  043.  6.  Diviciaco,  Lisco  :  sc.  convocdtis  ;  abl.  abs. 
magistratui :  B.  187,  in  ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429.  7.  vergobretum  :  mean- 
ing?  See  Vocab.  B.  177,  1;  A.  393;  H.  410.  annuus :  B.  239, 
A.  290  ;  H.  497.  8.  in  suos  :  '  over  his  people.'  eos :  =  Divicidcum 
et  Liscum. 

9.  posset  :  sc.  frumentum.  B.  323,  324,  1  ;  A.  592  ;  H.  649,  i 
10.    tarn  necessario  tempore  •  '  at  so  urgent  a  crisis.'         hostibus . 


304  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   I.         [Pages  124-125. 

B.   227,  1 ;  A.  419,  a ;  H.  489.        11.  sublevStur :  see  note  to  p.  123, 

25.  essent  poUicUi  ;  also  B.  268,  3  ;  A.  485,  e  ;  H.  646.  magnS  ex 
parte  :  '  in  great  measure.'  12.  multo  :  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ;  H.  471,  10, 
and  479. 

XVII.  15.  quod  :  sc.  id,  object  of  proponit.  16.  Esse,  etc. : 
indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter.  plurimmu  valeat :  '  has  the 
greatest  influence' ;  see  note  to  p.  116,  15.  17.  plus  possint :  'have 
more  power.'  The  state  of  things  here  depicted  arose  from  the  feudal 
organization  of  society,  which  rendered  it  possible  for  the  great  land- 
holders and  chiefs  to  control  multitudes  of  personal  adherents. 

19.  ne  .  .  .  conferant :  pi.  from  the  plural  idea  in  muUitudinem  ; 
'  from  furnishing.'  B.  294,  295,  3  ;  A.  558,  h  ;  H.  566.  d5beant :  sc. 
conferre,  praestare  .  .  .  erepturi  :  'that  it  was  better,'  etc. ;  paren- 
thetical, giving  the  arguments  used  by  the  demagogues  to  stir  up  the 
people.  23.  una:  adv.  reliqua :  B.  241,  1;  A.  293;  H.  497,  4. 
Aeduis:  B.  188,  2,  <? ;  A.  381 ;  H.  429,  2,  and  427.  sint  greptflri: 
more  emphatic  than  eripiant,  which  might  have  been  used.  B.  298 ; 
A.  558,  a  ;  H.  594,  ii. 

24.  quaeque  .  .  .  gerantur  :  '  and  whatever  is  done '  (lit.,  '  and  what 
things   are    done').        25,  Be  =  Lisco.        Quin    etiam :    'moreover.' 

26.  quod :  '  in  that.'     B.  299,  1,  314,  1 ;  A.  572,  a  ;  H.  588,  ii,  3,  n. 

27.  id:  refers  to  the  clause,  Quod  .  .  .  enuntidrit.  28.  tacuisse : 
trans,  by  plupf.  indie.     B.  270,  1,  6 ;  A.  584,  a ;  H.  617,  620. 

XVIII.  30.   pliirlbus :  B.  227 ;  A.  419,  a  ;  H.  489. 

Page  125.  1.  iactari:  'discussed.'  2.  dimittit,  retinet :  what 
is  the  omission  of  a  conj.  (a  usage  common  in  Caesar)  called  ?   B.  341,  4,  a  ; 

A.  323,  b  ;  H.  667,  6.        solo  :  sc.  eo. 

4.  esse  :  sc.  haec.  vSra  :  case  ?  B.  233,  2  ;  A.  285,  2  ;  H.  612,  2. 
Ipsum  :  in  pred. ;  '  that  Dumnorix  was  the  very  man '  ;  indir.  disc,  to  1.  24. 
5.  magna  .  .  .  gratia  :   B.  224,  1  j  A.  415 ;  H.  473,  2.        7.   annos  : 

B.  181,  1 ;  A.  423  ;  H.  417. 

8.  vectigaiia :  from  veho,  vectus,  meaning  what  is  brought  in  to  the 
public  treasury  ;  revenues  in  general,  taxes  on  grain  and  other  products 
of  the  soil,  stock,  etc.  The  portoria  were  customs  duties  collected  on 
imports  and  exports,  levies  on  goods  passing  through  the  country  on  rivers 
and  roads,  bridge  tolls,  and  the  like.  These  revenues  were  "farmed 
out,"  as  among  the  Romans, —  that  is,  the  privilege  of  collecting  them 


1 


Pages  125-126.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  305 

was  sold  at  auction  to  the  highest  bidder,  who  guaranteed  to  the  State  a 
certain  sum,  did  the  collecting  through  his  agents,  and  kept  for  himself 
all  that  he  could  get  over  and  above  the  amount  paid  in  to  the  public 
treasury.  redempta  habere  :  =  redemisse.  B.  337,  6  ;  A.  497,  b  ; 
H.  431,  3.  9.  1116  licente  :  Dumnorix  was  so  powerful  and  arbitrary 
that  when  he  bid  for  the  collecting  of  the  revenues  no  one  dared  oppose 
him  ;  hence  he  was  awarded  the  privilege  on  the  most  favorable  terms. 

10.  largiendum  :  B.  338,  3  ;  A.  506  ;  H.  628.  11.  comparSsse  : 
sc.  e«m.  B.  116,  1;  A.  181,  a;  H.  238.  12.  neque  :  =  et  non. 
B.  341,  1,  (? ;  A.  328,  a ;  H.  657,  1.  domi :  B.  232,  2  ;  A.  427,  3  ; 
H.  484,  2.  13.  largiter  :  what  peculiarity  in  the  formation  of  this 
adv.  ?  largiter  posse  :  =  largiter  potentem  esse.  14.  causa  :  '  for 
the  sake  of.'  B.  219  ;  A.  404,  c ;  H.  475,  2.  15.  ipsum  :  Dumnorix, 
whose  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Orgetorix  ;  see  Chap.  3.  16.  sororem 
ex  matre  :  '  half-sister  on  the  mother's  side.'  B.  353,  5,  n.  nuptum  : 
B.  340,  1,  &;  A.  509;  H.  633,  1.  niiptum  .  .  .  collocSsse  :  'had 
given  in  marriage.' 

17.  cupere  Helvetiis:  'was  well-disposed  toward  the  Helvetii.' 
B.  187,  11,  a;  A.  367;  H.  426,  1.  18.  suo  nSmine  :  'on  his  own 
account.'      B.    219 ;    A.    404 ;     H.    475.  19.    deminuta :     sc.    sit 

20.  Diviciacus  :  a  Druid,  and  a  man  of  some  culture  ;  he  had  been 
at  Rome  in  b.c.  63,  endeavoring  to  get  the  help  of  the  Romans  against 
Ariovistus. 

21.  quid  :  cf.  note  to  p.  118,  21.  accidat :  here  used  of  something 
unfavorable,  i.e.  si  vincantur  Bomdnl.  22.  per  :  'with  the  help  of.' 
A.  405,  h  ;  H.  468,  3.  imperio  :  B.  230  ;  A.  423  ;  H.  486  ;  '  while  the 
Roman  people  were  in  power.' 

25.  quod,  etc.  :  '  in  regard  to  the  unsuccessful  cavalry  skirmish  which 
had  taken  place ' ;  proelium  is  attracted  into  the  relative  clause,  while  its 
proper  place  in  the  antecedent  clause  is  taken  hy  fug ae. 

Page  126-  XIX.  1.  Quibus,  etc.  :  '  after  these  things  had  been 
found  out.'  suspIciSnes  :  'grounds  of  suspicion.'  2.  acc§de- 
rent :  =  adderentur,  '  were  added.'  B.  288,  1,  i? ;  A.  546 ;  H.  600,  ii,  1, 
quod:  'that,'  'the  fact  that.'  3.  trSduxisset:  B.  823;  A.  692,  3; 
H.  688,  II,  and  649,  i.  curasset,  etc.  :  '  had  procured  an  exchange 
of  hostages.'  4.  iniussu:  'without  his  own  (Caesar's)  bidding  and 
that   of  the  State '   of  the   Aedui.  5.   ipsis  :  =  Caesare  et  Aeduis. 

magistratu  :  the  vergobret,  Liscus  ;  see  Chap.  16.        6.   causae  :  dep. 


306  NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  126-127. 

on  satis,  which  is  used  as  a  noun.  B.  201,  2  ;  A.  346,  a,  4 ;  H,  443. 
7.  animadverteret :  subj.  also  in  dir.  disc.  ;  qua  re  =  propter  quam. 
B.  283,  1  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591,  2. 

9.  rebus:  B.  187,  11,  a;  A.  367;  H.  426,  i.  unum :  nom.,  'one 
consideration.'         12.    cognoverat :  'he  was  familiar  with.'     B.  2(32,  ^  ; 

A.  476,  and  n.  ;  H.  299,  2.  Notice  the  omission  of  the  conjunctions  in  this 
line.  Cf.  note  to  p.  114,  3,  lingua,  etc.  ne  :  '  that.'  B.  296,  2  ;  A.  564; 
H.  567,  1.        eius  :  =  Dumnorlgis. 

13.    prius,    quam  :    trans,    as    one    word,    '  before.'  conarStur : 

B.  291,  292,  1,  a  ;  A.  551,  h  ;  H.  605,  ii.  14.  cotidianis  :  'ordinary.' 
Cf.  p.  69,  1.  20.  16.  Galliae:  noun  or  adj.?  cui  :  'in  whom.' 
omnium  rerum  :  '  in  every  respect.'        17.    eo  :  =  Dlvicidco. 

19.  sint  dicta  :  B.  300,  1 ;  A.  586  ;  H.  G49,  ii.  eo  :  =  Dumnorige. 
20.  apud  se :  'in  his  (Caesar's)  presence.'  eius:  dep.  on  animi, 
'  without  wounding  his  (Diviciacus's)  feelings.'  21.    ipse  :    Caesar. 

causa  cognita  :  abl.  abs. ;  '  after  trying  the  case.' 

XX.     24.    gravius:    'too  severe.'      B.  240,  1;    A.  291,  a;    H.  498. 

25.  Scire,  etc.  :  sc.  dixit ;  indir.  disc,  to  p.  127, 1.  4.  nee  quemquam : 
'and  no  one.'  B.  252,  4.  ex  eo  :  'from  that  fact,'  'on  account  of 
that  fact.'  plus  .  .  .  doloris :    B.    201,  1;    A.  346,  a,  3  ;    H.  442. 

26.  ipse  :  Diviciacus.  gratia  :  B.  219  ;  A.  404  ;  H.  475.  pluri- 
mum:  sc.  posset;  see  note  to  p.  116,  15.  27.  domi :  =  m  Aedtiis. 
ille  :  Dumnorix.  28.  crevisset :  with  proptered  quod ;  sc  opihus  ac 
nervis.  Dumnorix  had  become  powerful  through  the  influence  and  with 
the  help  of  Diviciacus.  opibus  :  refers  to  resources,  means,  while 
nervis  means  strength,  power.  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477.  30.  ute- 
retur:  B.  314,  1 ;  A.  580,  585;  H.  643.  fraterno  :  =frdtris.  B.  353, 
5,  6  ;  A.  343,  a  ;  H.  437. 

Page  127.     1.    Quod  :    cf.  note  to  p.  122,  25.  ei :  =  Dumnorigi. 

a  Caesare  :  '  at  the  hands  of  Caesar.'  2.  cum  :  '  while.'  apud 
eum  :  =  apud  Caesarem.  3.  non  factum  [esse]  :  '  that  it  was  not 
done,'  object  of  exislimdturum  (esse).  4.  futurum  [esse]  :  'it  would 
come  about.' 

5.  peteret :  B.  288, 1,B;  A.  546  ;  H.  600,  ii,  1.  6.  faciat :  B.  295,  8  ; 
A.  565,  a ;  H.  565,  4.  7.  tanti  .  .  .  esse  :  '  that  his  (Diviciacus's) 
influence  with  him  (apud  se,  Caesar)  was  so  great '  (lit.,  '  of  so  great 
account').  B.  203,  3;  A.  417  and  n.  ;  H.  448.  8.  volrmtati :  'in 
answer  to  his  wish.'        10.  intellegat :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574 ;  H.  649,  ii. 


Pages  127-128.]         NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  307 

12.  praeterita  :  =  res  praeteritds,  '  by-gones.'  13.  agat,  loquatur  : 
B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;   H.  649,  ii ;  cf .  B.  324,  2  ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652. 

XXI.  15.  hostBs,  etc.  :  the  Helvetii  were  now  in  the  valley  of  the 
Llger,  some  distance  southeast  of  Bibracte.        17.  esset  :  B.  300,  1 ; 

A.  574  ;  H;  649,  ii.  in  circuitti  ascensus :  '  the  ascent  in  case  one 
should  go  around'  (lit.,  '  in  the  going  around'),  i.e.  in  case  one  should 
try  it  from  the  other  side.  Caesar  planned  a  flank  movement,  by  which 
he  intended  secretly  to  get  on  the  other  side  of  the  height,  and  occupy 
the  summit  above  the  heads  of  the  enemy, — a  very  advantageous  posi- 
tion. 18.  cognoscerent :  B.  282,  2 ;  A.  530,  531,  2  ;  H.  590.  misit : 
sc.  explordtores,  '  scouts.'  esse  :  sc.  ascensum.  De  tertia  vigilia : 
see  note  to  p.  121,  7. 

19.  pro  praetore  :  when  a  lieutenant  was  given  a  special  responsi- 
bility, to  act  outside  the  presence  of  the  commander,  he  was  called 
legdtus  pro  praetore,  '  lieutenant  in  place  of  the  general,'  and  for  the  time 
being  had  the  authority  and  insignia  of  the  commander.     See  p.  12. 

20.  ducibus  :  appositive,  'with  those  men  as  guides,'  referring  to  the 
scouts  previously  sent  out.  21.  consili  :  B.  201,  1  ;  A.  346,  a,  3 ;  H. 
442.         22.   itinere  :  B.    218,     9  ;   A.   429,   a ;  H.   476.         quo  :    '  as.' 

24.  rei  :  B.  204,  1  ;  A.  349,  a;  H.  451,  1.        peritissimus  :  pred.  adj. 

25.  M.  Crassi  :  sc.  exercitu. 

XXII.  27.  Prima:  B.  241,  1  ;  A.  293;  H.  497,  4.  As  it  was  now 
midsummer,  daybreak  was  not  far  from  four  o'clock.  summus  mons : 
'  the  top  of  the  height.'  29.  passibus  :  B.  217,  1  ;  A.  407,  c,  414; 
H.  471. 

Page  128.  1.  cognltus  esset:  B.  288,  1,  5;  A.  546;  H.  600,  ii,  1. 
equo  admisso  :  abl.  abs.,  '  with  his  horse  at  full  speed.'        3.  voluerit : 

B.  314,  1  ;  A.  580,  585  ;  H.643.  4.  insignibus :  particularly  the  crests 
of  their  helmets. 

7.  committeret :  B.  295,  1 ;  A.  566  ;  H.  565.  vlaae  essent : 
B.  319,  B,  a ;  A.  589 ;  H.  646.  8.  fieret :  subj.  of  purpose.  9.  proe- 
lio  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464.  10.  Multo  dig  :  '  late  in  the 
day '  ;  abl.  of  time.  12.  perterrituin  :  participle  ;  force  of  per  f 
pro  viso  :  used  as  a  noun,  =:  '  as  (something)  seen.'  Considius  in  the 
dim  light  had  mistaken  the  detachment  of  Labienus  on  the  height  for 
a  Gallic  force.  13.  renuntiasse  :  sc.  id.  intervallo  :  five  or  six 
miles,  as  we  learn  from  p.  123,  21-23.  B.  251,  4;  A.  307,  e;  H.  399,  3, 
14.    milia  :  B.  181,  1  ;  A.  425  ;  H.  417. 


308  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  L         [Pages  128-129. 

XXIII.  15.  diSi:  B.  201,  3,  a;  A.  359,  b;  H.  440,  5.  16.  cum: 
'before,'  'within  which.'  oporteret:  B.  288,  1,  B;  A.  546;  H. 
600,  II,  1.  17.  Bibracte :  B.  81),  2 ;  A.  76,  n.  2  ;  H.  103,  2. 
18.  milibus  passuum  xviii :  =  about  16|  English  miles ;  cf .  note  to 
p.  115,  23.  rei:  B.  187,  in  ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429.  19.  prospiciendum : 
sc.  esse  ;  impers.        20.   Bibracte  :  B.  182,  1,  a  ;  A.  427,  2  ;'  H.  418. 

21.  fugitives:  'runaway  slaves';  deserters  from  the  ranks  were 
caWed  transfugae.  decurionis:  what  was  his  position?  See  pp.  11, 
12.  23.  existimSrent :  B.  286,  1  ;  A.  692,  3  ;  H.  588,  ii.  eo  :  B. 
223;   A.  414,  a,  n.  ;   H.  479.  25.   eo  :  'on  this  account.'     B.  219  ; 

A.  404;  H.  476.  re:  B.  214,  2;  A.  400;  H.  464.  posse:  sc. 
Bomdnos.  26.  itinere  converso  :  abl.  abs.,  '  having  reversed  their 
line  of  march.'        27.    novissimo  agmine  :  see  pp.  18,19. 

Page  129.  XXIV.  1.  animum  advertit  :  =  animadvertU ;  animum 
is  object  of  vertit,  id  is  governed  by  ad.  B.  179,  2  ;  A.  395.  2.  sus- 
tineret:  B.  282,  2;  A.  530,  531,  2;  H.  690.  There  are  no  data  in 
the  text  fixing  the  place  where  this  battle  was  fought  outside  the  fact 
inferred  from  Chap.  23,  that  it  must  lie  within  eighteen  Roman  miles  from 
the  site  of  Bibracte.  Recent  investigations  by  Colonel  Stoffel  have  lo- 
cated the  field  of  battle  near  the  village  of  Montmort,  southeast  of  Mt. 
Beuvray  (the  site  of  Bibracte) ,  about  three  miles  northwest  of  the  town 
of  Toulon  on  the  Arroux. 

3.  in  coUe  medio  :  *half-way  up  the  hill.'  See  Plan  II.  triplicem 
aciem  :  see  p.  22.  The  four  legions  were  placed  in  a  line.  5.  supra 
se  :  this  implies  that  Caesar  was  near  the  four  legions  at  the  front. 
summo  :  B.  241,  1 ;  A.  293 ;  H.  497,  4.  quas,  etc.  :  see  Chap.  10. 
6.  auxilia  :  soldiers  that  were  not  Romans, — light-armed  troops  and 
cavalry.  See  p.  11.  7.  sarcinas  :  how  different  from  impedimenta  ? 
See  p.  12. 

8.  superiore  acie  :  '  the  upper  line,'  the  two  legions  posted  on  the  top 
of  the  hill.  The  outline  of  the  trenches  and  rampart  thrown  up  was 
discovered  and  traced  by  Colonel  Stoffel;  it  is  indicated  on  Plan  II 
by  a  curved  red  line.  11.  acie  :  B.  218 ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476.  pha- 
lange :  the  Gauls  in  the  front  line  of  a  phalanx  interlocked  their  shields, 
so  as  to  present  a  firm  barrier  to  the  enemy. 

XXV.    13.  su6:   sc.  equo  remoto.         omnium  .  .  .  equis:   i.e.  of 

Caesar's  staff  and  the  mounted  officers,  not  of  the  cavalry.  According  to 
Plutarch  {Caes.  xviii),  Caesar,  in  sending  his  horse  away,  said,  *' After 


Pages  129-130.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  309 

conquering  I  shall  need  it  for  the  pursuit  (of  the  enemy)."  At  the  battle 
of  Munda,  as  his  troops  were  retreating,  Caesar  gave  orders  that  his  horse 
be  led  out  of  sight,  and  rushed  on  foot  into  the  front  rank.  16.  pilis : 
see  p.  16.  What  other  weapons  did  the  Roman  soldier  use  ?  17.  Ea : 
render  the  first  abl.  abs.  by  a  temporal  clause,  the  second  by  a  participle 
with  object. 

18.    Gallis  .  .  .  impediments :   B.  191,   2,   a  ;  A.  382,  1 ;   H.  433. 

19.  scutis,  etc. :  as  the  strong  bayonet-hke  point  of  the  pike  was  more 
than  1^  feet  long,  by  the  force  of  the  hurling  it  could  well  penetrate  two 
or  more  shields,  which  in  so  dense  a  throng  overlapped  one  another. 

20.  inflexisset :  B.  288,  S,  a;  A.  548,  542  ;  H.  601,  4.  sinistra :  the 
shield  was  carried  on  the  left  arm.  21.  ut :  'so  that.'  iactato  :  '  ex- 
erted' in  trying  to  pull  the  bent  point  of  the  pike  from  the  shields. 
22.  nudo :  '  unprotected  '  by  a  shield.  23.  pedem  referre  :  see 
Vocab.  24.  m5ns :  north  of  Montmort ;  see  Plan  II.  mille : 
here  a  noun.  B.  181,  1,  80,  5,  a  ;  A.  134,  d,  n.,  426  ;  H.  168,  417.  eo  : 
adverb. 

26.  Capto :  abl.  abs.;  'after  having  reached,'  referring  to  the  Hel- 
vetia 27.  mllibus:  B.  218;  A.  409;  H.  476.  agmen  claude- 
bant:  'were  bringing  up  the  rear.'  28.  novissimis  {=  novissimo 
agmini)  praesidio :  B.  191,  2,  a ;  A.  382,  1  ;  H.  433.  ex  itinere : 
'leaving  their  {i.e.  of  the  Boii  and  Tulingi)  line  of  march.'  ab  latere 
apert5 :  '  on  the  open  flank,'  approaching  from  the  left.  See  Plan  II. 
29.   circumvenire  :  sc.  coeperunt. 

Page  130.  1.  conversa  :  B.  337,  2  ;  A.  496,  n.  2  ;  H.  639  ;  « changed 
their  front  and  advanced  in  two  divisions,'  in  opposite  directions,  one 
division  facing  straight  ahead  (prima  et  secunda  acies),  the  other  facing 
toward  the  rear  (tertia  acies).  See  Plan  II.  2.  vicfis  ac  summotis: 
=  Helvetiis.  3.  venientgs :  =  ^oios  et  Tulingos ;  these  had  been  in 
the  rear  of  the  Helvetian  host,  came  up  too  late  to  join  in  the  main  en- 
gagement, and  so  attacked  on  the  left  flank  the  Roman  line  that  was  just 
driving  the  Helvetii  up  the  height. 

XXVI.  4.  ancipiti:  'twofold,'  because  the  Romans  were  fighting 
on  two  fronts.  pugnatum  est:  'fighting  went  on'  (lit.,  'it  was 
fought').  B.  138,  IV  ;  A.  208,  d;  H.  302,  6.  5.  possent:  sc.  Hel- 
vetii, Boil  et  Tulingi.  8.  proelio :  B.  231  ;  A.  424,  d ;  H.  486. 
cmn:  'although.'  B.  309,  3;  A.  549;  H.  598.  horS  septimS :  one 
o'clock.  The  day,  from  sunrise  to  sunset,  was  divided  by  the  Romans 
into  twelve  hours  of  equal  length.        9.   aversum  hostem  :  '  the  back 


310  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   I.         [Pages  130-131. 

of  a  foe.'  Caesar  states  this  with  evident  admiration  of  the  bravery  of 
the  enemy  ;  cf.  note  to  p.  40,  1.  13.  Ad  multam  noctem  :  '  to  a  late 
hour  of  the  night '  ;  cf.  multo  die,  p.  128,  10. 

11.  loco  superiore :  the  top  of  the  rampart  made  by  the  vehicles. 
Even  this  elevation  would  be  of  great  advantage  in  throwing  their  darts 
and  missiles.  13.  mataras  :  Gallic  spears  ;  trdgulae  were  light  darts 
thrown  by  means  of  a  leather  thong.  subiciebant:  some  sheltered 
themselves  behind  the  carts,  casting  their  missiles  from  underneath  and 
between  the  thick,  solid  wheels.  14.  impedimentis,  castris :  B.  218, 
1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477.  Here  were  the  women  and  children,  a  large  number 
of  whom  were  doubtless  immediately  slaughtered  (cf .  Plut.  Caesar,  xviii) . 
15.  captuB  est ;  agrees  with  the  nearer  subject.  B.  255,  2  ;  A.  317,  c ; 
H.  392. 

18.   nocte:  B.  231,  1 ;  A.  424,  h  ;  H.  417,  2.        partem:  B.  181,  1  ; 

A.  423  ;  H.  417.  19.  fines  Lingonum  :  60  or  70  miles  from  Bibracte, 
almost  directly  north.  See  map  opp.  p.  114.  21.  triduum :  =  «res 
dies  (ace).  The  fact  that  the  Romans  delayed  so  long  before  following 
up  the  victory  shows  that  it  must  have  cost  them  dearly.        potuissent : 

B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  598.  22.  Lingonas  :  Greek  form  ;  see  note  to 
p.  122,  4.  B.  47,  3 ;  A.  81,  5  ;  H.  109,  5.  23.  iuvarent :  B.  316  ; 
A.  588  and  n.  2  ;  H.  642,  4.  iuvissent :  fut.  pf.  in  dir.  disc.  B.  319,  B, 
a ;  A.  589,  1 ;  H.  646.  se,  etc. :  se  habiturum  esse  eos  (  =  Lingonas) 
eodem  loco,  quo  Helvetios  haberet.  24.  loco:  'position.'  B.  228,  1, 
b  ;  A.  429,  1  ;  H.  485,  2. 

XXVII.  27.  Qui:  B.  251,  6;  A.  308,/;  H.  510.  28.  convenis- 
sent :  here  transitive.  29.  eos  :  =  Helvetios,  not  legdtbs.  30.  es- 
sent :  B.  324,  1 ;  A.  592,  1 ;  H.  652. 

Page  131.  2.  perfugissent :  B.  323  ;  A.  592,  3 ;  H.  649,  i.  3.  ea  : 
neut.  pi.  (B.  235,  B,  2,  b ;  A.  296,  2,  and  287,  3  ;  H.  395,  2)  =  obsides, 
arma,  (fugitivi)  servl,  spoils  of  war.  nocte  :  the  collection  of  hostages, 
etc.,  was  not  completed  in  one  day.  4.  circiter:  adv.  with  sex  (vi). 
Verbigenus :  at  home  this  canton  dwelt  east  of  the  pdgus  Tigurmus ; 
see  Map.  5.  perterriti :  with  milia.  B.  235,  B,  2,  c  ;  A.  286,  b  ;  H. 
394,  7.  ng;  'that.'  B.  296,  2;  A.  564;  H.  567,  1.  How  is  'that 
not '  expressed  with  words  implying  fear  ?  8.  ezistimarent :  B.  323  ; 
A.  592,  3  ;  H.  588,  ii.         prima :  B.  241,  1  ;  A.  293  ;  H.  497,  4. 

XXVin.  10.  Quod  :  B.  251,  6  ;  A.  308,  /;  H.  510.  ubi  :  of 
place  or  time  ?        quorum  :  precedes  its  antecedent,  his.        11.   con- 


Pages  131-132.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  311 

quirerent :  B.  295,  1 ;  A.  563  ;  H.  565.         sibi  :  '  in  his  sight.'     B.  188, 
1,  N. ;  A.  376;  H.  425,4.        purgati:  pf.  part,  used  as  adj.,  'cleared,' 
'  blameless.'     B.  328,  2  ;  A.  681,  n.  3  ;  H.  620,  2,  and  612,  1.         12.    in 
.  .  habuit :  a  polite  way  of  saying  that  they  were  all  massacred. 

15.  unde  :  =  e  quibus.  16.  quo  :  B.  218  ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476.  tole- 
rarent:  B.  283,  2;  A.  535,  a;  H.  591,  1.  17.  facerent  :  furnish.' 
18.  ipsos  :  =  Helvetios^  Tulingos,  Latobrigbs.  oppida,  etc. :  see 
p.  117,  2-7. 

19.  unde  :  =  ex  quo.  22.  translrent :  B.  282,  1  ;  A.  530,  531, 1 ;  H. 
568.  As  the  Helvetii  were  reduced  to  one-third  of  their  former  number, 
much  of  their  land  must  have  been  left  unoccupied  after  their  return,  and 
was  probably  soon  seized  upon  by  German  tribes.  They  sent  only  eight 
thousand  men  to  the  relief  of  Alesia ;  and  the  population  of  that  whole 
region  now  is  of  Germanic  origin. 

23.  Boios,  etc.  :  Aeduis  petentibus  (abl.  abs.),  ut  Boios  in  finibus 
suis  collocdrent^  quod  {Bon)  egregid  virtute  cogniti  erant  {Caesar  id  = 
this  request)  concessit.  The  Aedui,  hard  pressed  in  their  struggles  with 
the  Sequani,  desired  an  accession  of  strength.  25.  quibus,  quos  = 
et  els,  eos.  B.  251,  6;  A.  308,  /;  H.  510.  postea :  after  the  great 
Gallic  rebellion  under  Vercingetorix,  narrated  in  Book  VII.  26.  at- 
que  :  'as.'     B.  341,  1,  c  ;  A.  324,  c  ;  H.  657,  1,  n. 

XXIX.  28.  tabulae:  'lists.'  29.  litteris :' characters.'  Greek 
letters  were  used  by  the  Druids,  but  a  knowledge  of  them  was  by  no 
means  widely  diffused.  As  the  word  tabulae  implies,  the  'lists'  were 
probably  written  in  wax,  on  thin,  small  boards,  fastened  at  the  back  by 
a  hinge,  so  as  to  open  like  the  leaves  of  a  book.  30.  tabulis  :  B.  251, 
3;  A.  307,  a;  H.  399,  1.  ratio:  'statement.'  qui:  interrogative. 
B.  90 ;  A.  148,  b  ;  H.  184,  1. 

Page  132.     1.  exisset ;  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii.        possent :  B. 

283,  2  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591,  1.  2.  rgrum  :  'items,'  here  used  of  persons  ; 
Caesar  had  in  mind  the  numbers  rather  than  the  personality.  3.  capi- 
tum  Helvetiorum  :  =  Helvetiorum.  We  say  '  head  '  of  stock,  but '  souls  ' 
of  human  beings.  cclxiii  :  =  ducenta  sexdgintd  tria  ;  read  all  these 

numbers  in  the  Latin. 

6.  fugrunt :  B.  254,  4  ;  A.  316,  b  ;  H.  390.  miUa :  nom.  in  pred. ; 
ad  has  the  force  of  an  adv. 


312  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.        [Pages  132-133. 


The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus.     xxx-liv. 

XXX  9.  Galliae:  the  land  of  the  Galli,  or  Keltic  Gaul. 
10.  gratulatum  :  B.  340,  1 ;  A.  509  ;  H.  633. 

12.  Intellegere,  etc. :  sc.  dlxerunt.  B.  314,  2 ;  A.  580,  a  ;  H.  642, 
643.  iniuiiis:  with  two  genitives  (B.  199;  A.  348,  b;  H.  446,  2); 
♦inflicted  upon  the  Roman  people  by  the  Helvetii.'  Notice  here  the 
difference  in  meaning  between  the  subjective  genitive,  denoting  the  agent 
of  an  action,  and  the  objective  genitive,  denoting  the  object  (person  or 
thing)  toward  which  the  action  or  feeling  is  directed.  B.  200  ;  A.  343, 
348  ;  H.  440,  1,  2. 

14.  rem :  refers  to  the  preceding  clause.  ex  uau  :  '  of  advantage,' 
'  advantageous.'  15.  accidisse :  dep.  on  Intellegere.  eo  consilio  : 
'  with  this  design ' ;  explained  by  the  compound  wfl-clause,  which  is  in 
apposition  with  it.  florentissimis  rebus  :  '  although  their  circum- 
stances were,'   etc.     B.    227,    1  ;   A.    419,   a,  and  420,  n.  ;    H.  489,   1. 

17.  inferrent :  B.  282,  1  ;  A.  561,  a  ;  H.  393,  3.        imperlo  :  B.  218, 
1;   A.  410;    H.   477.         domicilio  :    B.  191,  1  ;    A.  382,  1;    H.  425,  3. 

18.  copiS:   sc.  locorum.         20.    stipend! ariSs :  predicative.    B.  233, 
2  ;  A.  285,  2,  and  n.  ;  H.  410,  2  and  3. 

21.  Petierunt,  uti  sibi  .  .  .  liceret :  '  they  asked  permission  ' ;  so 
also  1.  28  below.  22.  id  .  .  .  liceret :  they  wished  Caesar's  consent 
in  order  not  to  appear  to  him  to  be  acting  disloyally  or  too  independently, 
habere  :  B.  331,  i ;  A.  580,  a ;  H.  642,  1. 

25.  n§  quis  :  *that  not  any  one,' =  ' that  no  one.'  enuntiaret : 
*  should  make  an  announcement '  of  what  might  be  done  in  the  council. 
B.  295,  1 ;  A.  563  ;  H.  565.  nisi,  etc.  :  i.e.  nisi  ut  e'l  enuntidrent, 
quibus,  '  except  those  to  whom,'  etc.  26.  mandatum  esset :  plup. 
subj.  for  fut.  perfect  ind.  of  dir.  disc.     B.  314,  i ;  A.  580,  585  ;  H.  644,  2. 

XXXX.     27.    idem  :  =  eidem.        28.    fuerant :  sc.  apud  eum. 

Page  133.  1.  agere  :  B.  327,  1  ;  A.  454  ;  H.  615,  1.  2.  Caesari: 
trans,  as  if  Caesaris.  B.  188,  1,  n.  ;  A.  377  ;  H.  425,  4,  n.  3.  id: 
explamed  by  the  appositive  clause  ne  .  .  .  enuntidrentur.  se  con- 
tendere :  sc.  dlxerunt.  4.  vellent :  B.  314,  i ;  A.  580,  585 ;  H.  643. 
5.  gnuntiatum  esset :  impers.  ;  '  if  disclosure  should  have  been  made.' 
B.  319,  A,  B,  a  ;  A.  689,  1  ;  H.  646  ;  the  conclusion  is  represented  by 
venturos  {esse).        7.    Divici&cus  :  see  note  to  p.  125,  20. 


Pages  133-134.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  L  313 

8.  Galliae,  etc.  :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter ;  study  care- 
fully the  moods  and  tenses.  factionea  :  'parties.'  principatum  : 
'headship.*  11.  factum  esse:  'it  had  come  to  pass.'  B.  314,  i; 
A.  580 ;    H.  642.  Arvemis   Sequanisque  :   for  the  original  cause 

of  contention  see  note  to  p.  121,  1.  The  Sequani,  having  attacked  the 
Aedui,  found  themselves  unequal  to  the  contest  and  called  in  the  aid 
of  Ariovistus.  At  this  time  the  Sequani  were  tributary  to  the  Arvemi. 
mercSde  :  B.  225  ;  A.  416 ;  H.  478.  12.  arcesserentur :  B.  297,  2  ; 
A.  568,  N.  1  ;  H.  571,  1. 

14.  adam assent :  ad-  is  here  intensive.  tr&ductos:  sc.  esse. 
plures :  sc.  Germdnos.         15.    esse  :  subject  ? 

16.    clientes :    '  dependents,'    here    dependent    or    tributary  states. 

19.  fractos  :  sc.  eos,  as  antecedent  of  qui  and  subject  of  codctos  esse. 

20.  pliirimum,  etc.:  'had  previously  possessed  the  greatest  power.' 
See  note  to  p.  116,  15. 

22.  obsides :  appositive.  23.  sese  .  .  .  repetituros,  etc. :  ap- 
positive  of  iiire  iurando  (B.  294  ;  A.  561,  a  •  H.  616,  2)  ;  the  meaning  is, 
'  and  to  make  the  citizens  pledge  themselves  that  they '  (sese).  25.  quo 
minus  essent  sub:  'to  be  under.'  B.  295,  3  ;  A.  558,  h\  H.  568,  8. 
quo  minus  is  milder  than  quin.        illorum  :  =  Sequanorum. 

26.  Unum  se  esse:  'that  he  (Diviciacus)  was  the  only  one.' 
27.  potuerit :  would  be  subj.  in  dir.  disc.  B.  283,  2  ;  A.  535,  b ;  H. 
591,  5.  ut  iuraret :  '  to  take  the  oath.'  B.  295,  1  ;  A.  563,  e  ;  H.  566. 
29.  postulatum  :  B.  340,  1 ;  A.  509  ;  H.  633.  31.  peius  :  '  a  worse 
fate.'        victoribus  :  here  an  adj.    A.  321,  c ;  H.  495,  3. 

Page  134.  3.  altera  parte  tertia :  '  a  second  third-part.'  4.  men- 
sibus :  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ;  H.  488,  1.  Harudum  :  a  German  tribe  south 
of  the  headquarters  of  the  Danube  ;  see  Map  opp.  p.  114. 

5.  exirri :  =  Ariovistum.  Futiirum  esse:  'it  would  come  about.' 
The  subject  is  the  clause  introduced  by  uti.  6.  omnSs :  sc.  Galli. 
8.  Gallicum  :  sc.  agrum.  9.  banc  :  refers  to  the  Gauls,  ilia  to  the 
Germans.  B.  246,  1  ;  A.  297,  a  and  h  ;  H.  505,  1.  At  this  time  the 
civilization  of  the  Gauls  was  far  in  advance  of  that  of  the  Germans. 

10.  Ariovistum  :  subject  of  the  infinitives  below.  ut  semel :  ♦  as 
soon  as'  (lit.,  'when  once').  vicerit :  in  dir.  disc,  would  be  vicit. 
11.  proeUum  :  B.  251,  3  ;  A.  307,  a  ;  H.  399,  i.  Admagetobrigae  : 
for  the  meaning  of  the  word,  sfee  Vocab.  ;  where  the  place  was,  is  not 


314  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  134-135. 

known.  12.  nobilissimicuiusque  :' of  all  of  the  highest  rank.'  Cf. 
p.  69,  1.  5.  13.  exempla  cruciatusque :  '  all  kinds  of  tortures '  ; 
hendiadys.  B.  374,  4  ;  A.  640  ;  H.  751,  3,  n.  1.  edere :  implies  pub- 
licity ;  '  inflicted  pubUcly.' 

15.   posse :    sc.  se,  =  Gallos.  16.    quid  .  .  .  auxili :  B.  201,  2 ; 

A.  346,  a,  3 ;  H.  442.  17.  Gallis  :  B.  189,  1  ;  A.  374  ;  H.  431 ; 
'  all  the  Gauls  would  have  to  do  the  same  thing.'  idem  :  subject  of 
faciendum  esse,  explained  by  the  appositive  clause  introduced  by  ut. 

B.  297,  3;  A.  571,  c;  H.  571,  4.  20.  quaecumque:  indefinite  rela- 
tive, referring  to  fortunam ;  'endure  whatever  fortune  might  befall 
them.' 

21.   dubitare :    sc.   se,  =  Divicidcum.         23.    sumat :    B.    284,    3 

A.  658,  a  ;  H.  594,  ii.  exercitus  :  sc.  auctoritdte.  24.  deterrere 
etc.  :  '  prevent  a  larger  population  of  Germans  from  crossing  the  Khine. 
25.    Rhenum :  B.  179,  3  ;  A.  395,  and  n.  2  ;  H.  413.        traducatur 

B.  295,  3.;  A.  558,  b  ;  H.  596,  2. 

XXXII.  29.  fletu  :  B.  220,  1  ;  A.  412  ;  H.  473,  3.  30.  unos : 
'alone.'     B.  66.        nihil:  'none.' 

Page  135.  1.  facerent :  B.  314  ;  A.  580,  585  ;  H.  643.  2.  quae  : 
from  the  interrogative  adj.  pron.  qui,  in  pred.,  hence  agreeing  with  ca«sa  ; 
'what  the  reason  was.'  esset :  B.  300,  1 ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii.  The 
clause  stands  as  object  of  mlrdtus.  3.  respondere  :  B.  335  ;  A.  463  ; 
H.  610.  4.  quaereret:  B.  288,  1,  B ;  A.  546  ;  H.  600,  ii,  1.  5.  ne- 
que  :  =  et  non.     B.  341,  \,d\  A.  328,  a ;  H.  657,  i. 

7.  H6c :  abl.  of  degree  of  difference  and  cause  ;  '  all  the  more 
wretched  on  this  account '  ;  explained  by  the  following  ^wod-clause. 
8.  ng  .  .  .  quidem:  'not  even.'  B.  347;  A.  322,  /;  H.  656,  2. 
10.  adesset :  would  be  subj.  also  in  dir.  disc.  ;  velut  (horrerent),  si 
(Ariovistus)  coram  adesset.  B.  307,  1,  2  ;  A.  524 ;  H.  584.  11.  re- 
liquis  :  '  to  the  rest '  of  the  Gauls.  tamen :  '  at  any  rate.'  Sequa- 
nis  .  .  .  essent  perferendi:  'the  Sequani  must  endure'  (lit.,  'by  the 
Sequani  must  be  endured'),'    B.  189,  1 ;  A.  374  ;  H.  431. 

XXXIII.  16.  sibi,  etc. :  '  that  he  would  look  after  that  matter ' 
(lit.,  '  that  that  matter  would  be  a  care  to  him').  17.  se  habere 
spem  =  se  sperdre.        18.   iniurus  :  B.  186  ;  A.  362  ;   H.  425,  4,  n. 

20.  secundum  ea:  prep.;  '  besides  those  (considerations).'  21.  co- 
gitandam  (esse):  'ought  to  be  taken  into  consideration.'        putaret : 


Pages  135-136.]         NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  315 

B.  283  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591,  1.  qua  re  here  =  propter  quds  =  ut  propter 
eds.  22.  fratres  :  B.  108,  2,  6  ;  A.  281,  283  ;  H.  393.  consanguineos  : 
probably  on  the  ground  of  a  Trojan  orighi  (as  did  the  Arverni),  the  Aedui 
claimed  kinship  with  the  Romans,  who  flattered  them  by  admitting  it. 
25.  quod :  '  a  state  of  things  which '  ;  the  antecedent  lies  in  the  infin. 
clauses  dep.  on  videhat  and  intellegebat.  in  :  '  in  the  case  of ' ;  trans, 
freely,  '  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  dominion  of  the  Roman  people  was 
so  great.' 

28.  Germanos  consuescere :  '  for  the  Germans  to  become  accus- 
tomed ' ;  sc.  esse,  of  which  this  infin.  clause  and  multitudinem  venire 
form  the  subject,  perlculosum  ('a  thing  full  of  danger')  being  in  the 
pred,  31.  quin  .  .  .  ezirent  :  'from  going  out.'  32.  ut :  'as' 
ante  :  b.c.  102. 

Page  136.    1.  eairent :  B.  298  ;  A.  558  ;  H.  594,  ii.        3.  divideret : 

B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549 ;  H.  598  ;  trans,  the  Latin  impf.  here  by  an  English 
pres. ,  '  only  the  Rhone  separates. '  quibus,  etc. :  '  and  these  matters 
he  thought  that  he  ought  to  take  up.'  How  lit.?  B.  187,  in;  A.  370; 
H.  429.  quam  maturrime  :  '  as  early  as  possible.'  B.  240,  3  ;  A.  291, 
c;  H.  159,2.        5.  ferendus  non  :  'unbearable.' 

XXXIV.  7.  placuit  ei,  ut  :  '  he  (Caesar)  resolved  to.'  ut .  .  .  mit- 
teret :  subject  oi placuit,  8.  qui  .  .  .  postularent :  '  to  ask.'  9.  me- 
dium utrTusque  :  '  midway  between  both.'  B.  204  ;  A.  349,  a  ;  H.  450. 
velle  sese  :  in  trans,  supply '  stating.'        10.  Ei  legationi  =  els  legdtis. 

12.  Si  .  .  .  asset :  '  If  he  himself  (Ariovistus)  should  want  anything 
of  Caesar.'  B.  218,  2,  a  ;  A.  411,  &  ;  H.  477,  in,  n.  What  is  the  usual 
construction  with  opus  est  f  venturum  fuisse :  B.  321,  2,  a  ;  A.  589,  h  ; 
H.  647.  13.  ille  :  Caesar.  quid  se  :  B.  178,  1,  a;  A.  390,  d\ 
H.  412.  velit  =  velit  poscere.  14.  sine,  etc.  :  Ariovistus  was  a 
iong  distance  from  Caesar,  probably  over  near  the  Rhine. 

17.  mirum :  agrees  with  the  clause  quid  .  .  .  esset.  quid  .  .  . 
negoti,  etc. :  '  what  business  either  Caesar  or  the  Roman  people 
had';  indirect  question,  subject  of  videri.  18.  vicisset  :  B.  314; 
A.  580,  585 ;  H.  643.  '  Caesari,  popxilo  :  B.  190  ;  A.  373 ;  H.  430. 
19.   negoti :  B.  201,  2  ;  A.  346,  a,  3  ;  H.  442. 

XXXV.  22.  affectus  :  '  although  treated.'        23.  consulatu  suo : 

Caesar  was  consul  b.c.  59.  rex  atque  amicus  :  note  to  p.  116,  1.  7. 
The  Roman  Senate  had  clearly  played  a  double  part.  After  the  battle  of 
Admagetobriga  (see  p.  134,  11),  fearing  the  great  power  of  Ariovistus, 


316  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  186-137. 

and  perhaps  foreseeing  the  possibility  of  an  alliance  hostile  to  the  Romans 
between  him  and  the  Helvetii,  the  Senate  had  recognized  him  as  a 
"ruler,"  and  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  "friend."  But  at  this 
very  time  it  was  proclaiming  its  regard  for  the  Aedui,  and  claiming  to 
maintain  their  cause  against  Ariovistus. 

24.  gratiam  referret :  see  Vocab.  25.  neque,  etc. :  '  and  did  not 
consider  himself  under  obligation  to  discuss  and  investigate  a  matter  of 
common  interest,'  26.  haec  esse,  quae  :  '  these  were  (the  things) 
which,'  explained  by  the  following  clauses.  27.  quam :  '  any.' 
28.  amplius:  '  afterwards '  (lit.,  'anymore').  trSduceret :  B.  316; 
A.  588,  and  n.  2  ;  H.  642,  4.     What  other  verbs  in  the  same  constr.  ? 

Page  137.     1.  ill!  =  Sequani.        2.  liceret :  hardly  necessary  to  the 

sense  ;  trans,  as  if  ut  illi  (i.e.  Sequani)  obsides  redderent.    B.  295,   2 ; 

A.  563;  H.  565.         iniuria  :  B.  220,  2  ;  A.  412,  6  ;  H.  474,  i. 

4.  fecisset  .  .  .  futuram  [esse] :  in  dir.  disc,  feceris  (fut.  pf.),  — 
erU.  B.  319,  A,  B,  a  ;  A.  589,  2  ;  H.  646.  sibi,  etc.:  '  he  himself  and 
the  Roman  people  would  cherish  uninterrupted  kindly  feeling  (for  him) 
and  friendship  with  him.'  5.  impetraret:  sc.  Caesar;  i.e.  si  nonim- 
petrdbo, — non  neglegam.  6.  M.  Messala,  etc.  =  b.c.  61.  See  note 
top.  115,  7.  7.  provinciam :  'as  a  province.'  B.  177;  A.  392; 
H.  410,  I.  8.  quod:  'so  far  as.'  B.  283,  5  ;  A.  535,  d]  H.  691,  3. 
commodo  :  cf.  B.  220,  2 ;  A.  412,  h ;  H.  474,  1  ;  rei  puhlicae,  objective 
gen.  9.  sS  :  repetition  of  sese  above,  so  as  to  bring  neglecturum  into 
close  relation  with  its  subject. 

XXXVI.  12.  qui  :  the  antecedent  is  the  implied  subject  of  imperd- 
rent;  '  they  who  had  conquered  should  command  those,'  etc.  13.  vel- 
lent :  why  subj.  ?  14.  victis  :  B.  236  ;  A.  288,  n.  ;  H.  494.  alterius  : 
'of  a  second  person,'  'of  another.'  16.  suo  :  'its  own,'  referring  to 
populo  Bomdno.        17.    suo  :  '  his  own,'  referring  to  Ariovistus. 

19.  stipendiarios  :  obliged  to  pay  the  stlpendium,  which  was  a  fixed 
tax,  not  regulated  according  to  the  produce  of  each  year.  Magnam  : 
emphatic.    B.  350, 11,  a;  A.  598,  i;  H.  665,  1.        20.   qui:  'since  he.' 

B.  283,  3,  a  ;  A.  535,  e  ;  H.  592.  suo  :  refers  to  Caesar  ;  sibi,  to 
Ariovistus.  vectigalia  :  note  to  p.  125,  8.  21.  deteriora :  '  less 
profitable.'  22.  iniuria:  'wrongfully.'  B.  220,  2;  A.  412,  6; 
H.  474,  I.  23.  in  eo,  quod  convSnisset  :  '  in  that  (relation)  which 
had  been  agreed  upon.'  24.  penderent  :  the  use  of  this  word  points 
back  to  the  time  when    money  was  weighed  out   in  uncoined  metal ; 


Pages  137-138.]        NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  .  817 

compare  the  English  "pound  sterling."  longe  eis  .  .  .  afutumm  : 
'would  be  of  little  avail  to  them,'  'far  from  helping  them.'  eis:  B. 
188,  2,  (? ;  A.  381  ;  H.  428,  2.  fraternum  :  '  of  brethren.'  B.  353, 
5,  6  ;  A.  343,  a  ;  H.  437. 

26.  Quod  :  '  In  regard  to  the  fact  that '  (B.  299,  2  ;  A.  572,  a  ;  H.  588, 
3,  N.)  ;  freely,  '  So  far  as  Caesar's  threat  was  concerned.'  se  =  Caesa- 
rem.  In  1.  27,  secum  refers  to  Ariovistus,  sua  to  the  imaginary  opponent 
implied  in  neminem.  27.  neminem  :  '  (he  would  simply  say)  that 
no  one.'  28.  congrederetur  :  '  let  him  come  on  ! '  B.  316  ;  A.  588  ; 
H.  642.  intellectunun  :  i.e.  Gaesarem  intellecturum  esse.  quid 
.  .  .  virtute  possent:  'what  measure  of  prowess  the  Germans  —  had.' 
B.  176,  2,  a;  A.  390,  c;  H.  409,  i.  29.  inter:  'during';  stronger 
than  the  simple  ace.  of  time. 

Page  138-  XXXVII.  2.  Aedui  questum :  sc.  veniebant.  B.  340  ; 
A.  509,  N.  2  ;  H.  633.  3.  transportati  essent :  by  Ariovistus.  B. 
324,  1 ;  A.  592,  1  ;  H.  649,  1.  4.  popularentur :  B.  323  ;  A.  592,  3  ; 
H.  588,  II.  n5  .  .  .  datis :  '  not  even  by  the  giving  of  hostages,' 
abl.  abs.  5.  Treveri :  sc.  veniebant  questum.  6.  Sueborum :  see 
Vocab. 

8.  vehementer  commotus  :  a  very  strong  expression,  not  used  else- 
where by  Caesar ;  it  indicates  how  extremely  critical  he  perceived  that 
the  situation  had  become.  10.  veteribus  copiis  :  the  forces  of  Ario- 
vistus already  in  Gaul.  coniunxisset ;  B.  324,  1  ;  A.  593  ;  H.  652. 
11.  resist! :  impers.  ;  '  resistance  could  be  made  less  easily.'  B.  138,  iv ; 
A.  208,  d  ;  H.  302,  6.         12.    mSgnis  itineribus :  see  Intro.,  p.  19. 

XXXVIII.  14.  tridul  =  trium  dierum.  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H. 
440,  3.  viam :  B.  176,  4,  a  ;  A.  390 ;  H.  409.  Caesar  was  marching 
eastward  from  the  country  of  the  Lingones,  where  he  had  caught  up 
with  the  fleeing  Helve tii.  Trace  his  route  on  the  map.  15.  occu- 
pandum:  gerundive.  The  gerund  in  the  ace.  does  not  take  a  direct 
object.  16.  quod :  why  not  qui  f  B.  250,  3;  A.  306  ;  H.  396,  2. 
17.  suls  finibus :  probably  the  territory  ceded  to  Ariovistus  by  the 
Sequani,  west  of  the  Rhine  and  south  of  the  Vosges  mountains.  Id  : 
emphatic.  18.  sibi  praecavendum :  '  that  he  ought  to  take  every 
precaution.' 

19.  ad  bellum  =  bello.  Cf.  B.  192,  2,  n.  ;  A.  882.  fisui:  dat.  of 
purpose.  20.    facultas:     'abundance.'         id:    oppidum.         loci: 

*  situation.'        21.   ad  diicendum  bellmn:   *for  prolonging  the  war,' 


318  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  138-139. 


i.e.  till  the  arrival  of  the  Suebi.  22.  ut :  'as  though,'  'just  as  if.* 
circumductum :  with  flumen.  The  Dubis  (modern  Doubs,  'Black 
River ')  here  bends  into  the  form  of  a  loop,  leaving  only  one  side  of  the 
town  {reliquum  spatium)  not  surrounded  by  it ;  and  this  space  is  taken 
up  by  a  high  hill,  the  top  of  which  forms  an  irregular  plateau. 

24.  pedum  :  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  h  ;  H.  440,  3.  Why  not  abl.?  B.  217, 
3  ;  A.  407,  c ;  H.  471,  4.  The  distance  across  the  neck  of  the  loop  is 
1600  feet ;  but  the  distance  which  needed  to  be  fortified,  measured  across 
the  top  of  the  plateau,  was  only  600  feet.  25.  altitudine :  B.  224 ; 
A.  415  ;  H.  473,  2.        radices :  object  of  contingant. 

26.  Hunc  (montem)  arcem  :  B.  177  ;  A.  393 ;  H.  410  and  410,  1. 
Excavations  at  Besangon  have  brought  to  light  many  traces  of  the  Gallic 
city  of  Vesontio  ;  and  the  foundations  of  several  structures  of  the  Roman 
period  —  among  them  a  theatre  —  have  been  discovered.  28.  noctur- 
nis,  etc. :  '  by  night  and  by  day.' 

Page  139.  XXXIX.  2.  moratxir  :  sc.  Caesar.  B.  293,  i ;  A.  556  ; 
H.  604,  1.  ex  percontatione :  '  in  consequence  of  the  questions.' 
3.  vocibus:  'remarks.'  mercatorem :  there  were  always  many 
traders  about  the  army.  Caesar  elsewhere  speaks  of  the  great  frame  of 
the  Germans.  The  Romans,  as  the  modern  Italians,  were  of  smaller  size 
than  the  average  of  Englishmen  or  Americans.  The  barbarians  of  North- 
ern Europe  seemed  larger  to  them  than  they  would  have  appeared  to  us. 

6.  aciem:  'keen  look.'  7.  timer:  'panic,' a  shrinking,  cowardly 
fear ;  while  metus  is  a  well-grounded  dread  of  impending  evil. 
9.  mentis  animosque :  '  minds  and  spirits.'  Dio  (xxxviii,  35)  repre- 
sents the  soldiers  as  saying  '  that  they  were  undertaking  a  war  which  was 
neither  just  nor  voted  (by  the  Senate  and  People),  merely  on  account  of 
Caesar's  personal  ambition.' 

10.  praefectTs :  these  were  not  the  praefecti  equitum  (see  page  12, 
and  compare  11,  21-22  below),  but  probably  officers  in  command  of  the 
light-armed  troops.  Caesar  left  Rome  heavily  in  debt.  As  it  was  quite 
the  fashion  for  young  men  of  means  to  get  some  experience  in  military 
life,  he  no  doubt  filled  many  secondary  positions  with  the  relatives  of 
creditors  and  others  whose  favor  he  wished  to  retain.  In  the  campaign 
these  proved  always  a  hindrance,  as  in  this  instance  ;  and  they  were 
given  as  little  to  do  as  possible.  We  see  here  why  Caesar's  military 
tribunes  were  of  so  little  account;  compare  Intro,,  p.  13.  urbe:  = 
Bbma.        amicitdae  causa  :  Caesar  is  politic  as  well  as  polite  in  ascrib- 


Pages  139-140.]         NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  319 

ing  the  presence  of  these  worthless  men  in  his  army  to  personal  attach- 
ment to  himself. 

12.  alius  alia  causa  illata :  '  (each)  one  presenting  a  different  ex- 
cuse.' B.  253,  2  ;  A.  315,  c ;  H.  516,  1,  and  667  ;  causa  is  abl.  abs. 
13.  diceret:  B.  323;  A.  592,  3;  H.  649,  i;  'which,  as  he  said, 
made  it  imperative.'  petebat  ut  .  .  .  liceret :  '  asked  permission.' 
16.  vultum  fingere  :  '  control  their  features,'  '  put  on  a  cheerful  ex- 
pression.' 17.  abditi  :  'hiding  themselves.'  B.  256,  1;  A.  156,  a, 
N.  ;  H.  517.  What  kind  of  tents  did  the  Romans  have?  See  p.  21. 
19.  castris :  B.  228,  1,  b  ;  A.  429,  2  ;  H.  485,  2.  testamenta :  for- 
mal documents,  written  and  sealed,  as  shown  by  ohsigndhantur. 

21.  milites:  the  private  soldiers.  centurionSs :  generally  the 
bravest  men  in  the  army,  promoted  from  the  ranks  on  account  of  eflS- 
cient  service.  qui,  etc. :  praefectl  equitum  and  decuriones.  23.  ve- 
reri  :  implies  a  fear  arising  from  a  worthy  cause.  25.  rem :  ace.  of 
anticipation  ;  a  nominative,  subject  of  posset,  would  have  been  the  ordi- 
nary construction.  Cf.  the  scriptural  "I  know  thee,  who  thou  art."  B. 
374,  5,  a  ;  A.  640,  prolepsis.  26.  ut :  '  that  not.'  B.  296,  2  ;  A.  564  ; 
H.  567,  1.  28.  signafeni:  i.e.  'advance.'  iussisset:  'should  give 
the  order.'  B.  314  ;  A.  580,  585  ;  H.  644,  2.  fore  dicto  audientgs  : 
'  obey  the  command,'  like  the  scriptural  "  Ye  will  not  hearken  unto  me." 
B.  187,  II,  a ;  A.  367,  a,  n.  2  ;  H.  433,  4.  Cf.  the  derivation  of  "  obedient " 
from  oboediens  :=  ob-audiens. 

Page  140-  XL.  1.  ordinum:  how  many  ordines,  and  how  many 
centuriones,  in  a  legion  ?  See  pp.  10,  13.  As  Caesar  at  this  time  had  six 
legions,  how  many  centurions  in  the  council  ?  Usually  of  the  centurions 
only  the  primorum  ordinum  centuriones  took  part  in  the  council  of  war. 
See  note  to  p.  141,  27. 

3.  Primum,  etc. :  Dio  puts  into  the  mouth  of  Caesar  a  long  harangue 
of  the  conventional  kind,  resembling  the  exercises  in  declamation  that 
students  of  oratory  were  taught  to  write  (xxxviii,  36-46).  quam  in 
partem  :  '  in  what  direction  ? '  The  indirect  question  stands  as  subject 
oi  quaerendum  lesse']  ?ind.  cogitandum  iesse'].  4.  putarent:  B.  323; 
A.  592,  3  ;  H.  588,  ii.         5.    se  :  B.  227,  1 ;  A.  419,  a  ;  H.  489. 

6.  ab  officio:  'from  his  obligation'  of  allegiance.  7.  iudicS- 
ret :  in  dir.  disc,  iudicet.  B.  315,  3;  A.  444,  587  ;  H.  642,  3.  Sibi 
.  .  .  persuader! :  '  he  at  least  was  persuaded.'     B.  187,  ii,  h ;  A.  372  : 


320  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   I.  [Page  140. 

H.  426,  3.  cognitaa,  etc. :  trans,  by  a  clause  beginning  with  '  after.' 
8.    eiim  :  =  Ariovistum, 

10.    Quod :  '  But.'    B.  185,  2  ;  A.  397,  a ;  H.  610,  9.  11.    quid 

tandem:    'what,  pray.*     H.  378,  3.        vererentur,  desperarent :  B. 

315,  3 ;  A.  444,  587  ;  H.  642,  3.  What  mood  in  dir.  disc.  ?  sua : 
'their  own.'  12.  Factum  [esse]  periculum :  ' trial  bad  been  made.' 
hostis :  =  Genndnorum.  13.  memoria  :  B.  231 ;  A.  423  ;  H.  487. 
Cimbris  et  Teutonia :  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  formed  a  great  horde 
of  barbarians,  mainly  of  Grermanic  origin,  that  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
second  century  b.c.  set  out  to  invade  Italy.  They  were  well-nigh  anni- 
hilated in  two  great  battles,  at  Aquae  Sextiae,  in  Transalpine  Gaul,  102 
B.C. ;  and  at  Vercellae,  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  following  year.  Cf.  p.  50, 
§  66,  and  notes.  See  Momrasen's  History  of  Rome,  ed.  of  1895,  vol.  iii, 
pp.  441-449.  15.  meritus  [esse]  :  cf.  B.  328,  2 ;  A.  582  ;  H.  612,  1. 
videbatur :  the  subj.  would  have  been  more  regular ;  the  indie,  is  em- 
phatic, making  prominent  the  fact.     B.  314,  3  ;  A.  583,  a  ;  H.  643,  4. 

16.  servni  tumultu :  '  at  the  time  of  the  uprising  of  the  slaves. '  The 
gladiators,  who  were  for  the  most  part  slaves  captured  in  war,  rebelled 
under  Spartacus,  and,  with  other  slaves  that  flocked  to  their  standards, 
resisted  the  Roman  arms  for  three  years,  73-71  b.c.  As  many  of  these 
were  of  Germanic  origin,  Caesar  here  speaks  of  the  Romans'  having  be- 
come familiar  with  the  prowess  of  the  Germans  in  the  Servile  War.  The 
word  tumuUus  is  used  instead  of  helium  in  case  of  any  sudden  war  within 
the  limits  of  Italy.  quos:  the  antecedent  is  implied  in  servili  =  servo- 
rum.  B.  251,  2;  A.  306,  &;  H.  399,  4.  aliquid :  adv.  ace,  'some- 
what,' 'considerably.'  uaus  :  although  barbarians,  yet  (tamen)  the 
slaves  had  had  the  benefit  of  acquaintance  with  the  Roman  methods  of 
warfare,  and  of  gladiatorial  training. 

17.  quae  :  B.  250,  2,  and  235,  b,  2  ;  A.  287,  3  ;  H.  398, 1.  18.  quan- 
tum, etc.  :  '  how  much  advantage  there  is  in  steadfast  courage '  (lit.,  'how 
much  of  good  firmness  has ').  B.  201,  1 ;  A.  485,  c?,  574  ;  H.  649,  ii,  549. 
19.  inermos :  referring  to  the  lack  of  weapons  among  the  followers  of 
Spartacus  at  the  beginning  of  the  insurrection. 

23.  auperSrint :  sc.  eos.  qui:  ' and  they,' the  Helvetii.  24.  Si 
quoa,  etc.  :  '  If  the  defeat  (of  the  Gauls  by  the  Germans)  and  the  rout  of 
the  Gauls  alarmed  any '  of  the  soldiers,  etc. 

25.  Order:  hos  posse  reperire,  si  quaererent,  Ariovistum,  Gallis  de- 
fatlgdtls  diuturnitdte  belli,  cum  mnltos  jnenses  se  castris  ac  paludibus 


Pages  140-141.]        NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  821 

tenuisset  neque  sui  potestatem  fecisset  ('  and  had  given  them  no  chance  of 
attacking  him,'  lit.,  'no  chance  at  himself)  subitd  adortum  (eos)  despe- 
rantes  iam  de  pugnd  ('giving  up  hope  of  battle')  et  dispersos,  vlcisse 
{eos)  ratione  et  consilio  ('  by  skill  and  strategy  ')  magis  quam  virtute. 

30.  ration! :  B.  251,  4,  a  ;  A.  307,  b  ;  H.  399,  3.  Trans.  Cui  ratiom, 
hdc  as  though  it  were  Hdc  ratione,  cui.  Ariovistus  himself  knew  that 
for  the  clever  tactics  with  which  he  had  defeated  the  Gauls  there  would 
be  no  chance  against  the  Romans. 

Page  141.  1.  Qui :  '  (Those)  who  assigned  their  fear  to  a  pretence  (of 
anxiety,  i.e.  a  pretended  anxiety)  about  the  supply  of  grain.'  3.  prae- 
scribere  :  sc.  officium.  vidSrentur :  subj.  in  dir.  disc.  B.  286,  2, 
314  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  598.         4.    sibi  curae  :  B.  191,  2,  a  ;  A.  382,  1 ;  H.  433. 

7.  Quod :  B.  299,  2  ;  A.  572,  a  ;  H.  588,  it,  3,  n.  dicto  :  note  to 
p.  139,  28.  laturi :  cf.  B.  328,  2  ;  A.  582  ;  H.  612,  1.  dicantur : 
sc.  milites  ;  trans,  'it  is  said  that.'  B.  332,  c;  A.  582;  H.  611,  n.  1. 
8.    nihil :  has  the  force  of  an  emphatic  won,  'not  at  all.'     B.  176,  2,  h  ; 

A.  390,  c,  and  n.  2  ;  H.  416,  2.  scire  :  sc.  se.  quibuscumque  : 
dat.  after  dicto  audiens,  taken  together  =  oboediens  ;  for  antecedent  sc. 
els  after  defuisse.  9.  fortunam  :  the  Romans  avoided  any  undertak- 
ing which  bad  luck  seemed  to  follow,  thinking  that  a  curse  rested  on  it, 
or  that  a  deity  was  against  them.  Ill-luck  and  wrong-doing  on  the  part 
of  commanders  Caesar  considers  the  chief  cause  of  mutiny.        11.  vita  : 

B.  231,  1 ;  A.  424,  b  ;  H.  417,  2. 

13.    longiorem:    'more  distant.'  14.    repraesentaturum  :    'he 

would  at  once  do.'  de  vigiliS  :  note  to  p.  121,  7.  15.  quam 
primum  :  B.  240,  3  ;  A.  291,  c  ;  H.  159,  2.  utrum  .  .  .  an  :  B.  300,  4  ; 
A.  334,  335;  H.  380.  16.  pudor:  properly  ' feeling  of  shame'  at 
doing  something  dishonorable  ;  hence  '  sense  of  honor.'  Quod  si : 
'moreover,    though.'  18.    non    dubitS.ret  :    'he   had   no   doubts.' 

praetSriam  oohortem  :  '  body-guard. '  The  tenth  legion  always  re- 
mained Caesar's  favorite.  Make  an  analysis  of  this  speech  of  Caesar's, 
showing  to  what  motives  and  feelings  of  his  men  he  appealed,  and  the 
oratorical  skill  with  which  he  brought  it  to  a  climax. 

XLI.     23.   princeps:   B.  239;  A.    290;   H.  497,  1.         24.    ei  grS- 
tias  egit:  'thanked  him.'        fecisset:  B.  323;  A.  592,  3;  H.  588,  it.. 
27.   primorum  ordinum  centurionibus  :  whether  these  were  the  cen- 
turions of  the  first  cohort  in  each  legion,  or  the  first  centurions  of  the  ten 
cohorts,  cannot  now  be  determined.     See  Smith's  Diet,  of  Greek  and 


322  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  141-142. 

Roman  Antiquities,  vol.  i,  pp.  798-800.  egenint :  '  made  an  arrange- 
ment,' satis  facerent :  'apologize.'  28.  se,  etc.:  so.  dixerunt. 
29.  de  summa  belli  :  '  on  the  general  management  of  the  campaign,'  to 
be  taken  closely  with  indicium.  B.  353,  5,  n.  suuin,  sed  impera- 
toris  :  '  not  theirs,  but  the  general's '  ;  in  pred.  with  esse.  B.  198,  3 ; 
A.  343,  6  ;  H.  447. 

Page  142.  3.  milium  :  sc.  passuum  ;  dep.  on  circuitu.  Could  it  have 
been  in  the  abl.  ?  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H.  440,  3.  Why  not  abl.  ?  B. 
217,  3  ;  A.  407,  c;  H.  471,  4.  locis  apertis  :  'through  (lit.,  'in'  or 
'by')  open  country.'  He  was  marchuig  to  the  northeast  from  Veson- 
tio,  but  avoided  the  mountains  and  forests  of  the  valley  of  the  Doubs 
(p.  139,  24;  p.  141,  1-3)  by  a  detour,  entering  the  valley  of  the  Rhine 
near  the  southern  end  of  the  Vosegus  range.  Follow  his  course  on  the 
map  opp.  p.  114.  4.  duceret :  this  subj.  of  result  explains  itinere^  but 
follows  exqulsito.  5.  Septimo  die  :  at  the  close  of  the  seventh  day 
Caesar  had  probably  brought  his  army  about  120  miles  from  Vesontio, 
for  the  latter  part  of  the  distance  marching  along  the  base  of  the  Vosegus 
range.  He  was  the  first  Roman  general  to  enter  the  valley  of  the  Rhine. 
Cf.  note  to  p.  147,  8.  6.  miUbus  :  B.  223 ;  A.  425,  b  ;  H.  417,  3. 
7.  XX :  =  vlgintl.  In  Latin  expressions  of  number,  words  and  symbols 
are  often  connected. 

XLII.  9.  quod :  indir.  disc,  to  exlstimdre.  Notice  that  the  relative 
clause  is  before  the  antecedent,  id.  per  se  :  'so  far  as  he  was  con- 
cerned.' 10.  accessisset:  sc.  Caesar.  12.  ad  sanitatem :  'to 
his  senses.'  13.  petenti  :  sc.  Caesari.  denegasset  :  B.  314;  A. 
680,  585  ;  H.  643.  14.  in  spem  veniebat  :  has  the  force  of  sperdbat, 
and  so  is  followed  by  the  fut.  infin.  fore,  of  which  the  subject  is  uti  .  .  . 
desisteret.  B.  331,  1;  A.  563,  &;  H.  613,  3.  pro:  'in  return  for.' 
15.  in  eum  :  'toward  him,'  =  ' bestowed  on  him.'  beneficiis  :  Ario- 
vistus  understood  as  well  as  any  one  the  hollo wness  of  these  'favors.' 
See  note  to  p.  136,  23.  16.  pertinacia  :  B.  214 ;  A.  400 ;  H.  464. 
coUoquio  :  dat.  of  purpose.        ex  :  'after.' 

18.  ultro  citroque  :  '  back  and  forth,'  between  the  two  generals. 
20.  Ver§ri :  sc.  dTixit  How  are  tie  and  ut  rendered  after  verbs  of  fear- 
ing ?  21.  veniret :  veniat  in  dir.  disc.  B.  316 ;  A.  588,  a  ;  H.  642. 
alia  ratione  :  '  on  any  other  condition.' 

23.  interpositS  causS:  'by  the  pretext  that  had  been  alleged.' 
24.  Gallorum  equitatui:  Caesar's  cavalry  was  drawn  mainly  from  the 
Aedui  and  their  allies.     See  p.  123,  9-13.        commodissimum  :  agrees 


Pages  142-143.]        NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  323 

with  imponere.  Why  neut.  ?  25.  equitibus  :  B.  188,  2,  ^  ;  A.  381  ; 
H.  427.  eo  :  'thereon,'  i.e.  on  the  horses,  =  m  eos.  Cf.  "Hath  not 
where  to  lay  his  head."  27.  si  .  .  .  esset :  '  if  there  should  be  any 
need  of  action.'        quid:  B.  176,  3,  a ;  A.  390,  d;  H.  416,  2. 

28.  facto  :  B.  218,  2,  c  ;  A.  411,  a,  n.  2  ;  H.  477,  in.  Quod  cum 
iieret :  'while  this  was  being  done.'  non  irridicule :  'not  without 
wit '  ;  litotes.  See  note  to  p.  60,  1.  22.  29.  ex  militibus  :  why  not 
genitive  ?  quidam  is  here  not  wholly  indefinite,  but  refers  to  a  particu- 
lar person.  Plus  .  .  .  facere  :  i.e.  for  the  legion.  30.  pollicitum : 
is  esse  to  be  supplied?  in  loco  habiturum:  'would  regard  as.' 
31.  ad  equum  rescribere  :  the  phrase  has  a  double  meaning,  — '  enroll 
as  cavalrymen,'  or  '  enroll  as  knights,'- a  rank  of  nobility.  In  this  lies  the 
point  of  the  joke. 

Page  143.  XLIII.  1.  tumulus :  identified  by  Colonel  Stoffel  with 
the  hill  of  Plettig,  an  elevation  of  oval  shape,  24  miles  southwest  of 
Strassburg,  between  the  villages  of  Epfig  and  Dambach  ;  it  rises  in  isola- 
tion more  than  170  feet  above  the  surrounding  plain. 

3.  ut  erat  dictum  :  '  as  previously  agreed.'  4.  equis :  abl.  of  means  ; 
'on  horseback.'  passibus  :    B.  223;   A.  425,  b;   H.  417.         What 

distance  in  English  feet?  Cf.  note  to  p.  115,  23.  6.  constiterunt : 
how  different  in  meaning  from  constituerunt  ?  ex.  equis  :  '  on  horse- 
back' (lit.,  'from  horses').        7.    se  :  pi.        denos  :  'ten  apiece.' 

9.  ventum  est:  impers.  ;  trans,  'when  they  had  come  thither.' 
10.  appellatus  esset:  B.  323  ;  A.  592,  3  ;  H.  649,  i.  11.  munera  : 
such  as  embroidered  robes,  an  ivory  chair  of  state,  and  the  like. 
missa:  sc.  essent.  12.  quam  rem:  'and  this  distinction,'  'this 
honor.'  pro  maguis  officiis  :  'in  return  for  distinguished  services.' 
13.  aditum:  'ground  of  approach,'  'access.'  15.  sua,  etc. :  cf.  p. 
136,  22-24  and  Notes.  consecutimi :  the  word  implies  that  Ariovistus 
had  sought  after  the  favors  shown,  —  probably  an  unjust  insinuation. 

16.  necessitudinis :  'alliance.'  17.  ipsis :  Bomdnis.  B.  187, 
III ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429.  ipsis  cum  Aeduis  intercederent :  '  existed 
between  themselves  and  the  Aedui.'  18.  honSrifica :  how  com- 
pared? B.  71,  5;  A.  127,  a;  H.  153.  in  eos  facta  essent: 
'had  been  passed  in  their  behalf.'  19.  ut :  'how';  interroga- 
tive. 20.  prius,  quam:  B.  291,  314;  A.  551,  a,  580;  H.  643, 
605,  I.  21.  ut  .  .  .  velit :  '  to  desire.'  22.  sui  nihil :  '  none 
of  their  standing.'      B.  237,  2,  a,  201,  2 ;  A.  288,  346,  a,  1  ;   H.  441. 


324  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  143-144. 

23.  quod  vero,  etc.  :  order,  quis  posset  pati  id,  quod  .  .  .  attulissent, 
eripi  els,  etc.  quod  .  .  .  attulissent :  spoken  by  way  of  compliment 
to  the  Aedui,  referring  to  their  independence  and  power  {principdtum, 
1.  19).  24.  eis:  B.  188,  2,  d ;  A.  381;  H.  427.  What  would  be  the 
mood  oi  posset  in  dir.  disc.  ?    B.  277  ;  A.  444,  587  ;  H.  642,  3. 

26.  Postulavit  eadem :  '  made  the  same  demands '  ;  the  following 
clauses  are  in  apposition  with  eadem.  27.  inferret,  redderet,  pate- 
retur:    B.  316;  A.  588,  and  n.  2  ;  H.  642.  29.    at:  'at  any  rate.' 

quos:  B.  252,  1  ;  A.  149,  h  ;  H.  512,  1.         ampUuB  :  as  p.  136,  28. 

Page  144.    XLIV.     1.   pauca  :  object  of  respondit. 

3.  TrSnsisse :  the  direct  form  is  in  part  given  in  H.  653.  roga- 
tum,  arcessitum :  'because  he  had  been,'  etc.  B.  337,  2,  /;  A.  496; 
H.  638,  1.  4.  spe  magmsque  praemiis :  trans,  as  if  spe  mdgnorum 
praemiorum ;  hendiadys.  B.  374,  4  ;  A.  640  ;  H.  751,  3,  n.  1.  6.  ip- 
818:  Gallis.  concessas  :  '  which  had  been,'  etc.  B.  337,  2  ;  A.  496  ; 
H.  637.         obsides  :  as  sedes,  object  of  habere. 

7.  stipendium  .  .  .  belli:  just  so  in  1871,  as  a  result  of  the  Franco- 
German  War,  France  was  obliged  to  pay  her  conqueror  an  indemnity  of 
a  thousand  million  dollars.  8.  sibi  :  i.e.  Ariovisto.  10.  castra 
Yiahynsse  :  =  pugndvisse.  12.   decertare  :    'fight   it   out.'         uti: 

'  enjoy  '  ;  followed  by  what  case  ?  iniquum  :  agrees  with  recusdre, 
'it  was  unfair  to  refuse  (to  pay)  the  indemnity.'  13.  sua:  'their 
ow«,'  of  the  Gauls  •  they,  however,  told  a  different  stoiy.  See  Chap- 
ters 31,  37. 

16.  oportere  :  the  subject  is  amicitiam  .  .  .  esse.  17.  per :  A. 
405,  b  ;  H.  468,  3. 

20.  Quod,  etc.  :  '  in  regard  to  his  bringing  over.*  B.  299,  2  ;  A.  572, 
a;    H.   588,   ir,  3,   n.  22.   nisi    rogStus :    'without   being  asked.' 

23.  dSfenderit:  'had  acted  on  the  defensive.'  24.  populum : 
populus  [venisset^  might  have  been  expected.  B.  314,  4 ;  A,  681,  n.  2  ; 
H.  643,  2.        26.    Quid  sibi  vellet :  '  What  did  he   (Caesar)   mean  ? 

27.  banc    Galliam :    '  this    part    of    Gaul,'   i.e.  towards    the    Rhine. 

28.  illam  :  'that  part  over  there.'  Ut :  'as.'  ipBi:=  sibi,  i.e. 
Ariovisto.        concSdl  non  oporteret :  '  no  concession  should  be  made.' 

29.  noB :  =  Bomdnbs. 

31.  diceret:  sc.  Caesar.  Quod  .  .  .  diceret :  ♦  With  reference  to 
his  saying,'  '  As  to  his  harping  on  the  fact.'        sS  .  .  .  esse :  '  (he 


Pages  144-146.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  825 

would  like  to  mform  him)  that  he,'  etc.  32.  rerum  :  B.  204,  1  ;  A. 
349,  a  ;  H.  451,  1.  ut  non  sciret :  '  as  not  to  know  '  (lit.,  '  that  he,' 
etc.). 

Page  145.  1.  bellS  :  b.c.  61.  2.  ips5s  :  Aeduos.  5.  D6b6re 
suspicari:  'had  good  reason  to  suspect.'  quod:  conj.,  'in  that.' 
6.  habere:  'had  (it)  there,'  sc.  eum  (exercitum)  ;  the  subject  is 
Caesarem. 

7.  Qui  nisi  dScSdat :  'Now  if  he  (does  not)  should  not  withdraw.' 
8.  hoste:  sc. pro.  9.  Quod,  etc.:  Quod  ('moreover'),  si  te  inter- 
fecero,  faciam  grdtum  ('a  thing  pleasing').  10.  gratum  :  here  used 
as  a  noun.  11.  compertum  habere :  almost  =  comperisse.  B.  337, 
6  ;  A.  497,  b  ;  H.  431,  3.  12.  eius :  =  Caesaris.  Whether  Ariovis- 
tus  here  spoke  the  truth  or  not,  he  was  evidently  familiar  with  the  party 
strifes  and  jealousies  at  this  time  in  Roman  politics.  Caesar's  enemies 
at  Rome  heard  the  reports  of  his  successes  with  ill-concealed  alarm, 

13.    Quod:    'on    the    other    hand.'  15.    Sius :    'on    his    part.' 

16.  oonfecturum  :  the  subject  is  se  {=  Ariovistum).  In  case  Caesar 
will  withdraw,  the  German  king  will  fight  his  battles  for  him.  The  reply 
of  Ariovistus  throughout  is  spirited  and  brave,  but  less  defiant  than  his 
former  answer  (Chap.  36). 

XLV-  17.  in  earn  sententiam  :  'to  this  effect,'  i.e.  'to  show.' 
:|.8.  qua  re  :  =  quihus  de  causls.  negotio  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  464. 
Derivation  ?         posset :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii. 

20.  neque :  =  e«  non.  21.  esse  AriovistI  :  'belonged  to  Ario- 
vistus.' B.  198,  3  ;  A.  343,  b  ;  H.  447.  22.  Arvernos  et  Rutgnos  : 
conquered  121  b.c.  23.  ignovisset :  the  Romans  with  good  reason 
had  'pardoned'  them,  —  their  country,  lying  beyond  the  C^vennes 
Mountains,  could  have  been  held  only  with  the  greatest  difiBculty. 
25.  antlquissimum  quodque  tempus  :  'priority  of  time'  (lit.,  'each 
earliest  period'  of  possession).  B.  252,  5,  c  ;  A.  313,  b;  H.  615,  2. 
28.    suis:  'its  own,'  referring  to  the  subject  of  uti. 

XL VI.     29.    geruntur :  B.  293,  1  ;  A.  556  ;  H.  533,  4. 

Page  146.  1.  tumulum  :  B.  141,  3 ;  A.  432,  a  ;  H.  420,  5.  See 
p.  148,  1,  and  n.  4.  quod  omnino  telum :  'any  missile  at  all.' 
5.  legionis  :  '  to  the  legion.'  B.  200  ;  A.  348  ;  H.  440,  2.  6.  com- 
mittendum  [esse]  :  '  that  occasion  ought  to  be  given  '  ;  the  subject  is  ut 


326  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  146-U7. 

.  .  .  posset.    Cf.  B.  297,  2;  A.  569,  1;  H.  571,  1.        7.   per  fidem: 
'  through  confidence  '  in  his  pledge. 

9,  qua  arrogantia  usus:  'with  what  arrogance.'  Gallia  Ro- 
manis.  See  note  to  p.  64,  1.  25.  10.  interdixisset :  indir.  question. 
11.   ut:  'how.'        dirgmisset:  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;  H.  649,  ii. 

XLVII.  14.  Biduo  :  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ;  H.  479,  488,  1.  16.  uti  : 
'  (asking)  that.'  17.  constitueret :  B.  296,  1  ;  A.  563,  b  ;  H.  565. 
minus  :  =  non.        suis  :   Caesaris.        18.    sS  :  =  Ariovistum. 

19.  visa  non  est :  'seemed  unreasonable.'  eo  magis  :  'all  the 
more  for  this  reason.'  20.  diei  :  B.  201,  3,  a  ;  A.  359,  b  ;  H.  446,  5. 
quin  .  .  .  conicerent:  'from  hurling.'  B.  295,  3;  A.  558;  H.  595,  2. 
21.  Legatum :  an  'envoy,'  not  a  lieutenant,  from  'his  own'  staff. 
sese  cum  periculo  missunim  :  i.e.  it  would  be  a  hazardous  thing  for 
him  to  send,  etc. 

23.  visum  est :  mittere  (1.  29)  is  subject.        24.    C.  Valeri  Caburi ; 

see  p.  246,  1.  1,  n.  to  C.  lulius  Caesar. 

26.  civitate  :  'citizenship.'  B.  187,  1,  a;  A.  364;  H.  426,  6.  The 
Romans  often  conferred  the  distinction  of  citizenship  upon  foreigners 
who  had  been  useful  to  them.  In  such  cases,  frequently  the  person 
honored  became  a  client  of  the  Roman  through  whom  citizenship  was 
bestowed,  and  adopted  his  gentile  name.  Thus  Procillus  took  the  name 
ofFlaccus.    Flaccus  was  governor  of  Gaul,  83  B.C. 

27.  qua  multa  utebatur :  '  which  Ariovistus  spoke  fluently.'  28.  in 
eo  :  '  in  his  case.'  peocandi  causa  :  '  temptation  to  do  wrong.' 
Procillus  being  a  Gaul,  the  Germans  would  neither  feel  so  harshly 
towards  him  as  towards  a  Roman,  nor  have  the  same  object  in  getting 
possession  of  his  person.        29.   esset  :  B.  323  ;  A.  592,  3,  n.  ;  H.  588,  ii. 

Page  147-  4.  Quid  :  =  Cur.  B.  176,  3,  a ;  A.  390,  c,  and  n.  2  ; 
H.  511,  5.  venlrent:  B.  315,  1;  A.  586;  H.  642.  an:  'or  (was 
it)  .  .  . '  ?  B.  162,  4,  a  ;  A.  335,  b  ;  H.  380,  3.  5.  Conantes  :  sc. 
eos.  Ariovistus  apparently  wished  to  convey  to  his  army  the  impression 
that  these  men  were  spies  ;  hence  he  'called  out  loudly'  {c  o  n-cldmavit) 
and  would  not  let  them  speak,  in  order  to  forestall  any  explanation  on 
their  part. 

XTiVIII.  7.  milibus:  distance  expressed  as  degree  of  difference. 
8.    Caesaris  castiis ;   Caesar's  camp  is  located  by  Colonel  Stoffel  be- 


Pages  147-148.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  I.  327 

tween  Gemar  and  Ostheim,  about  36  miles  southwest  of  Strassburg.  See 
Plan  III  a.  9.  diei  :  as  p.  146,  20.  10.  castra  :  this  camp  (b  on 
the  Plan)  probably  lay  on  the  low  spurs  of  the  Vosges  Mountains,  which 
rise  from  the  plain  west  of  Ostheim.  In  transferring  his  forces  thither, 
Ariovistus  was  protected  from  attack  by  the  low  elevations  and  ridges 
behind  which  they  could  march. 

11.  frumento  :  B.  214,  2  ;  A.  400 ;  H.  464.  Ariovistus  thought  to 
force  an  engagement  on  his  own  ground  by  cutting  off  Caesar's  supplies. 
12.  supportaretur  :  subj.  by  attraction.  B.  324,  1 ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652, 
and  652,  1.  14.   vellet :  B.  324,  1  ;  A.  593  ;  H.  652.        15.    ei  .  .  . 

deesset :  'he  might  not  lack  opportunity.' 

16.  diebus:  B.  231,  1;  A.  424,  6;  H.  417,  2.  castris :  'within 
the  camp.'      B.   218,  7;    A.  409;    H.  476.  19.   numero :   B.   226; 

A.  418 ;  H.  480.  quos,  etc.  :  '  whom  they  (the  cavalrymen)  had 
chosen  from  the  entire  force  (selecting)  a  man  apiece.'  B.  81,  4,  a; 
A.  137,  a;  H.  164,  1,  and  162,  3.  21.  versSbantur  :  'associated 
themselves. ' 

22.  M:  the  foot-soldiers.  si  quid,  etc.:  *if  there  was  any  serious 
difficulty  '  ;  duriiis  is  nom.  neut.  concurrebant :  '  rushed  to  their 
assistance.'  si  qui  :  =  si  quis.  23.  equo  :  B.  214,  2 ;  A.  402 ;  H. 
464.  24.  SI  quo  erat,  etc.  :  '  if  it  was  necessary  to  advance  or  retreat 
to  any  place.'  26.  sublevati:  'supporting  themselves.'  B.  256,  1  j 
A.  156,  a;  H.  517.         cursum  :  taken  lit.,  'running,'  'galloping.' 

XLIX.  27.  eum  :=  Ariovistum ;  se  is  object  of  tenei^e.  30.  cas- 
tris: B.  192,  1;  A.  384;  H.  434,  2.  locum:  the  camp  placed  here 
(marked  c  in  the  Plan)  is  called  castra  minora,  to  distinguish  it  from 
Caesar's  first  camp,  which  is  called  castra  mdiora  (marked  a).  The  two 
camps  were  probably  between  two  and  three  miles  apart ;  both  were  no 
doubt  on  elevations.  The  purpose  of  the  smaller  camp,  which  was  a  little 
more  than  half  a  mile  from  the  Germans,  was  to  keep  open  the  road  to 
Vesontio,  and  so  maintain  communication  with  the  base  of  supplies. 

Page  148-  4.  hominum  .  .  .  expedita :  =  sedecim  milia  hominum 
expeditorum.  5.  quae  copiae  :  '  in  order  that  these  forces ' ;  copiae 
takes  the  place  of  the  antecedent  repeated  (milia  ;  B.  251,  4,  6 ;  A.  307, 
e  ;  H.  399,  1),  the  relative  being  equivalent  to  ut  eae.  B.  282,  2  ;  A.  530, 
631,  2  ;  H.  590.  6.  Nihilo  setius :  '  none  the  less.'  B.  223  ;  A.  414  ; 
H.  471,  10. 


328  NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  I.         [Pages  148-149. 

L.  10.  instituto  suo  :  '  in  accordance  with  his  plan.'  B.  220.  3  ;  A. 
418,  a  ;  H.  475  and  475,  3.  12.  poteatatem  fScit :  '  gave  an  oppor- 
tunity.'       15.    quae:  ut  ea. 

21.    esset:   B.    323;  A.    592,  3;   H.  588,   ii.         22.    sortdbus:   the 

Germans  drew  lots  in  this  way.  Having  lopped  off  a  bough  from  a  fruit- 
bearing  tree,  they  cut  it  up  into  small  pieces,  which  were  marked  in 
different  ways  and  scattered  at  random  over  a  white  cloth.  The  person 
drawing  the  lot  looked  upward,  took  up  each  bit  of  wood  three  times, 
and  found  in  it  a  meaning  according  to  the  mark  previously  impressed. 
vaticinationibus :  these  '  predictions '  were  drawn  from  '  the  eddies  of 
rivers  and  the  whirlings  and  noises  of  currents '  (Plut.  Caes.  xix). 
declararent :  B.  297,  3 ;  A.  570 ;  H.  571,  4.  utrum  .  .  .  necne :  B. 
300,  4,  a  ;  A..335,  586  ;  H.  380,  i,  and  650,  1.  23.  ex  usu  :  '  expedient.' 
24.  f as  :  '  the  divine  will.*  ante  novam  lunam  :  it  has  been  computed 
that  the  '  new  moon '  for  which  the  Germans  were  waiting  became  visible 
September  18.  Many  people  now  will  not  commence  certain  kinds  of  work 
"  in  the  old  of  the  moon." 

LI.  26.  die! :  as  p.  146,  20.  27.  ^^rios  :  =  auxilia,  the  light- 
armed  troops,  called  dldrii  because  usually  stationed  on  the  wings  {dlae). 
29.  minus  .  .  .  valebat :  '  was  weaker.' 

Page  149.  1.  ad  speciem :  'for  show,'  in  order  to  hide  from  the 
enemy  his  real  weakness  in  infantry ;  Ariovistus  would  take  the  dldrios 
for  legiondrios.  triplici  aci§ :  the  front  formed  by  the  six  legions 
was  about  a  mile  and  a  half  long.  In  Plan  III  only  two  cohorts  are 
shown  in  the  rear  line,  on  the  assumption  that  one  cohort  was  drawn  off 
from  each  legion  for  guard  duty  (praesidio  castris,  p.  148,  26).  4.  in- 
tervallis :  B.  221 ;  A.  412 ;  H.  473,  3.  Harudes,  etc.  :  locate  all 
these  from  the  map.  6.  raedis  :  the  raeda  had  four  wheels,  and  was 
usually  provided  with  a  strong  leather  covering,  resembling  the  gypsy 
wagons  of  to-day.  7.  E6  :  '  thereon '  (see  note  to  p.  142,  1.  26)  upon 
the  wagons  and  carts. 

LII.  10.  singulos  .  .  .  quaestorem :  Caesar  put  a  lieutenant  each 
over  five  of  the  six  legions,  the  quaestor  over  the  other,  with  the  special 
purpose  of  noting  and  encouraging  praiseworthy  conduct ;  he  himself  was 
confined  closely  with  the  right  wing.  12.  earn  partem  .  .  .  hostium  : 
the  left  wing  of  the  enemy,  opposite  the  Roman  right.  13.  Ita :  modi- 
fies dcriter.  15.  spatinm  :  =  tempus.  16.  coniciendi :  dep.  on 
spatium,  If  this  were  changed  to  the  gerundive,  what  form  would  pila 
take? 


Pages  149-150.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  I.  329 

18.  phalange :  see  note  to  p.  129,  11.  19.  complures  :  '  in  many 
cases.'  B.  239  ;  A.  290 ;  H.  497.  insilirent :  B.  283,  2  ;  A.  535  ;  H. 
591,  1.  20.  desuper  :  in  hand-to-hand  fighting  the  Koman  soldiers, 

usually  stooping  slightly,  ran  one  edge  of  their  shields  under  the  shields 
of  the  enemy,  and  wounded  him  from  underneath,  as  they  could  do  while 
still  protected  by  their  arms.  But  in  this  case  Caesar's  men,  in  their 
eagerness,  rushed  on  the  foe,  sprang  up  and  pulled  back  the  enemy's 
shields  from  the  top,  and  stabbed  with  their  short  swords  from  above. 

21.  a  sinistro  cornu  :  '  on  the  left  wing '  of  the  Germans.  23.  Pu- 
blius  Crassus :  son  of  the  triumvir.  He  is  called  adulescens  and  adu- 
lescentulus  ;  but  his  exact  age  is  not  known.  Three  years  later  Caesar 
entrusted  him  with  an  important  command.  24.  expeditior:  'more 
disengaged,'  so  that  he  had  an  opportunity  to  look  about  and  see  where 
help  was  most  needed.  25.  inter  aciem  :  '  at  the  front. '  tertiam 
aciem  :  the  rear  line  waited  as  a  reserve  force  till  called  into  action. 
26.   nostris  subsidio  :  B.  191,  2,  6;  A.  382,  1 ;  H.  433. 

LIII.  29.  Rhenum,  etc.  :  the  Germans  probably  followed  the  valley 
of  the  river  111,  and  came  to  the  Rhine  about  fifty  miles  northeast  of  the 
scene  of  battle.         30.  viribus  :  B.  219,  1 ;  A.  431 ;  H.  476,  3. 

Page  150.  3.  ea:  'in  it,'  not  'with  it.'  Ariovistus  seems  to  have 
died  not  long  after.  4.  equites :  what  were  the  principal  uses  of 
cavalry  in  the  Roman  army  ?  See  p.  23.  interfgcerunt :  Plutarch 
gives  the  number  of  the  slain  as  80,000. 

5.  Duae  uxdres  :  the  Germans  generally  had  but  one  wife.  nati- 
one  :  B.  226  :  A.  418 ;  H.  480.  7.  diixerat  :  =  in  mdtrimonium 
duxerat  ;  but  duxerat  in  1.  6  means  'had  brought.'  8.   filiae :  sc. 

fuerunt.        altera  :  B.  253,  1 ;  A.  315,  a ;  H.  516. 

9.  ProcilluB :  see  p.  146,  23  et  seq.  trims :  instead  of  tribus,  be- 
cause catenae  is  a  pi.  word ;  'three  sets  of  chains.'  B.  81,  4,  &  ;  A.  137, 
b  ;  H.  164,  3.  10.  vinctus  :  principal  parts  of  vincio,  vinco,  and  vivo  ? 
11.  incidit  in :  '  fell  in  the  way  of.'  quidem  :  what  is  its  regular 
position  ?  13.  honestissimum :  '  most  honorable '  ;  never  trans. 
honestus  (from  honor)  by  'honest.'  14.  hospitem :  the  relation  of 
host  and  guest  was  considered  a  more  firm  and  lasting  bond  by  the 
ancients  than  by  us.        ereptum,  restitutum  :  is  esse  understood  ? 

15.    gius  :  Procilli.        calamitate  :  i.e.  moHe.        17.  ter:  a  sacred 

number  ;  cf.  note  to  p.  148,  22.  consultum  :  sc.  esse  ;  impers. 
utnun  :  '  (to  decide)  whether.'        19.   eum  :  =  Caesarem. 


330  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   II.         [Pages  150-151. 

LIV.  21.  Suebi  .  .  .  venerant :  see  p.  138,  5-8.  23.  Rhenum  : 
B.  141,  3  ;  A.  432,  a  ;  H.  435,  2.  25.  una  aestate  :  the  defeat  of  Ario- 
vistus  took  place  about  Sept.  10 ;  that  of  the  Helvetii,  the  last  of  June 
or  the  earlier  part  of  July.  Thus,  with  not  over  35,000  soldiers,  includ- 
ing the  cavalry  and  light-armed  troops,  Caesar  had  overwhelmed  several 
hundred  thousand  Gauls  and  Germans,  whose  fighting  force  must  have 
been  several  times  as  large  as  his.  There  is  in  history  no  more  marked 
instance  of  the  victory  of  organization,  discipline,  and  generalship  over 
numbers,  barbaric  courage,  and  brute  force. 

26.  hibema:  see  Intro.,  p.  21.  27.  in  Sequanos  :  how  rendered 
here  ?  28.  citeriorem :  =  Cisalpinam.  Caesar's  point  of  view  is 
Rome.  ad  conventus  agendos  :  '  to  hold  court.'  The  governor  of  a 
province  from  time  to  time  visited  the  principal  cities  to  administer  jus- 
tice. Caesar's  chief  object  in  going  up  into  Cisalpine  Gaul,  however,  was 
doubtless  to  get  as  near  Rome  as  the  law  allowed,  in  order  to  watch  the 
course  of  events  there. 


CAESAR,   BOOK  11. 
i.     The  Campaign  against  the  Belgae.     i-xxxiii.    b.c.  57. 

Page  151.    Chapter  I.    1.  esset :  B.  288,  1,5;  A.  546 ;  H.  600,  ii, 

1.  citeriore  Gallia  :  cf.  p.  150,  28  and  note.  B.  143  ;  A.  220,  c ; 
H.  490,  3.  ita  uti:  'just  as.'  supra:  in  Book  I.,  Chap.  54;  so 
we  use  the  word  "  above  "  when  referring  to  the  preceding  part  of  a  work. 

2.  demonstravimus :  the  editorial  "we."  B.  242,  3;  A.  143,  a;  H. 
500,  2.  Caesar  the  writer  sometimes  speaks  in  the  first  person,  but 
always  presents  Caesar  the  doer  in  the  third.  crebri:  'frequently,' 
agrees  with  rumores^  but  has  the  force  of  an  adverb.  B.  239 ;  A.  290  ; 
H.  497.  afferebantur  :  force  of  the  imperfect?  B.  260,  2;  A.  470; 
H.  534,  3.        litterls  :  B.  218  ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476. 

3.  Labieni :  see  note  to  p.  120,  3.  certior  fiebat :  see  Vocab. 
Belgas:  see  p.  114,  6-11,  and  Map;  also  Motley's  Rise  of  the  Dutch 
Republic,  Intro.,  §§  ii  and  iii.  quam:  subject  of  esse,  =  quos,  being 
attracted  to  the  fem.  sing,  to  agree  with  partem.  B.  250,  3 ;  A.  306  ; 
H.  396,  2.  Trans,  'who,  we  had  said,  form  (lit.,  'are')  the  third  part 
of  Gaul.'  Caesar  puts  the  name  of  the  people  for  that  of  their  country. 
4.   esse:    B.   331,  i;   A.  459;    H.  613.  partem:    why  ace?    B. 

167,  168;  A.  283,  284;  H.  393.        dixeramus:  plup.,  because  Caesar 


Page  151.]  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  11.  331 

looks  upon  the  preceding  book,  in  wliich  the  statement  occurs  (Chap.  1), 
as  a  finished  work. 

5.  coniurare,  dare:  in  dir.  disc,  coniurant,  dant.  B.  314;  A.  580; 
H.  642.  obsides:  note  to  p.  119,  20.  inter  se  dare:  'were  ex- 
changing.' Coniurandi:  dep.  on  causds.  B.  338,  1,  a;  A.  501,  504  ; 
H.  626.  This  uprising  of  the  Belgae,  looked  upon  by  Caesar  as  a  ''con- 
spiracy," was  in  reality  the  natural  effort  of  a  spirited  people  to  defend 
their  liberty.  They  saw  clearly  that  Caesar  would  seize  upon  the  first 
pretext  to  invade  their  country  ;  and  they  were  justified  in  preparing  to 
meet  the  aggressor.  They  fought  heroically,  and  it  was  by  no  means  to 
their  discredit  that  they  were  finally  conquered  ;  they  were  pitted  against 
the  best  discipline  and  generalship  of  the  age. 

6.  causas  :  with  esse,  in  indir.  disc,  after  certior  fiehat  ;  '  the  causes 
were  as  follows'  (lit.,  'these'),  the  different  causes  being  introduced  by 
prlmum,  deinde,  and  etiam.  vererentur,  sollicitarentur  (8)  :  '  be- 
cause (as  they  said)  they  were  afraid,'  etc  ne  :  'that.'  B.  296,  2  ; 
A.  564 ;  H.  567,  i.  omni  pacata  Gallia  :  =  si  Gallia  omnis  pdcdta 
esset.  B.  305,  1,  and  227,  2,  6  ;  A.  420,  4,  521,  a  ;  H.  489,  575,  9.  By 
Gallia,  not  '  Gaul,'  but  only  the  central  part,  Gallia  Celtica,  the  land  of 
the  Gain  (p.  114,  3),  is  meant. 

7.  noster  :  see  note  to  p.  114,  3.  8.  non  nuUis  Gallis  :  '  some  of 
the  Gauls.'  qui :  subject  of  ferebant  ;  for  antecedent  sc  eis  (Gallis), 
'partly  (those)  who.'  ut  ,  .  .  ita  :  'as  .  .  .  so.'  9.  Germanos 
.  .  .  versari :  B.  331,  iv ;  A.  563,  6  ;  H.  614. 

11.  moleste  ferebant :  see  Vocab.  In  ferebant,  as  in  the  following 
indicatives,  the  subj.  might  have  been  expected,  as  embodying  part  of  the 
information  conveyed  by  Labienus,  and  hence  following  the  rule  for  sub- 
ordinate clauses  in  indir.  disc.  The  indie,  is  more  emphatic,  and  shows 
that  the  statements  reported  were  accepted  by  Caesar  as  true.  mdbili- 
tate,  levitate  :  B.  219  ;  A.  404  ;  H.  476.  12.  novis  imperils :  '  a 
change  of  rule.'  B.  187,  ii,  a  ;  A.  368,  3  ;  H.  426,  1.  non  nullis :  i.e. 
powerful  nobles ;  sc  sollicitarentur. 

13.  a  potentioribus  :  '  by  the  more  powerful.'  B.  236  ;  A.  288  ;  H. 
494.  ad  conducendos  homines:  'for  hiring  men,'  mercenary  sol- 
diers. B.  339,  2  ;  A.  503  ;  H.  623  and  628.  14.  occupabantur : 
'  were  seized  upon.'  On  the  state  of  Gaul  at  this  time  see  Intro,,  p.  25, 
and  cf.  p.  124, 16-23.  15.  minus  facile  :  '  not  so  easily.'  imperio 
nostro  :  'under  our  sovereignty';  B.  221;  H.  473,  3.  poterant : 
*  would  be  able.' 


332  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  11.         [Pages  151-152. 

II.  16.  nuntiis,  litteris  :  B.  219 ;  A.  404,  h  ;  H.  475.  duas 
legiones:  the  xmth  and  xivth.  Caesar  had  now  eight  legions,  num- 
bered VII  to  XIV,  inclusive.  17.  inita  aestate  :  B.  227,  2,  a  ;  A.  411) ; 
H.  489.  18.  qui  deduceret :  sc.  eas,  'in  order  to  conduct  (tliem).' 
legatum  :  B.  169,  1,2;  A.  282  ;  H.  393.  Pedius  was  a  great-nephew  of 
Caesar. 

19.  pSbuli  copia  :  for  the  numerous  beasts  of  burden  that  carried  the 
military  stores,  as  well  as  for  the  horses  of  the  cavalry  and  the  officers. 
inciperet:  B.  288,  1,  B;  A.  54^;  H.  600,  ii,  1.  20.  exercitum  : 
the  army  was  probably  at  Vesontio,  the  chief  city  of  tlie  Sequani,  for 
which  see  Vocab.  and  map  opp.  p.  114.  Dat  negotium  :  '  directed.' 
B.  259,  3  ;  A.  469  ;  H.  532,  3.        reliquis  :  cf.  note  to  p.  114,  12. 

21.  Belgis:  B.  192,  1;  A.  384;  H.  434,  2.  22.  gerantur :  B. 
324,  1 ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652.  cognoscant,  faciant :  B.  295,  1  ;  A.  563  ; 
H.  565.  b5  .  .  .  certiorem  faciant :  'inform  him.*  Why  is  sensed? 
B.  244,  II ;  A.  300,  2  ;  H.  504. 

Page  152-  1.  constanter :  without  disagreement  in  their  reports. 
manus:  'bodies  of  troops,'  among  the  Belgae.  2.  locum:  why  not 
abl.  ?  dubitandum,  etc. :  sc.  esse  sibi,  '  that  he  ought  not  to  delay 
about  setting  out.'  The  infin.  of  the  pass,  periphrastic  conj.  is  often 
used  impersonally  ;  in  such  cases  esse  is  usually  omitted.  B.  337,  7  ;  A. 
158,  d,  1,  and  n.  ;  H.  237.  3.  eos :  Belgds.  proticisceretur :  B. 
298  ;  A.  558,  a  ;  H.  595,  i.  Re  .  .  .  comparata  :  abl.  abs.,  '  having 
provided  for.'         4.    castra  movet :   see  Vocab.  diebus  :  B.  231  ; 

A.  423  ;  H.  487.        circiter :  adv.  with  quindecim. 

III.  6.  E6  :  =  ad  fines  Belgdrum.  improviso  :  abl.  sing.  neut.  of 
the  adj.  used  as  a  noun ;  with  d§  forming  an  adverbial  phrase  like  the 
English  colloquial  phrase  "of  a  sudden,"  "all  of  a  sudden,"  i.e.  'unex- 
pectedly.' celerius  omni  opinidne :  '  more  quickly  than  any  one  had 
expected'  (lit.,   'than  every  expectation').     B.  217,  4  ;  A.  406  ;  H.  471. 

7.  venisset :  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  598.  Remi :  see  Vocab.  and 
Map.  Galliae  :  B.  192,  1  ;  A.  384 ;  H.  434,  2.  The  land  of  the 
Celtae  or  Galfi  is  meant ;  see  p.  114,  2-3.        ex  Belgis :  =  inter  Bellas. 

8.  primes  :  '  the  chief  men.'  B.  236  ;  A.  288  ;  H.  494.  civitatis  : 
of  the  Remi. 

9.  qui  dicerent:  *to  say.'  se,  etc.  :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the 
chapter,  dep.  on  dicerent.        86  suaque  :  see  Vocab.        in  fidem  :  '  to* 

the  protection.' 


Page  152.]  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  333 

10.  permittere  :  sc.  se  as  subject  of  this  and  the  following  infin. 
neque :  trans,  as  if  et  non.  B.  341,  1,  2 ;  A.  328,  a ;  H.  667,  1. 
11.  coniurasse:  =  coniurdvisse.  B.  116, 1 ;  A.  181,  a ;  H.  238.  12.  parS- 
tos :  adj.  in  pred.  et  .  .  .  et :  '  both  .  .  .  and.'  dare,  facere, 
recipere  [eum],  iuvare  [eum]  :  after  pardtos.  B.  328,  1  ;  A.  400,  h  ; 
11.  608,  4.  13.  oppidis  :  B.  228,  1  ;  A.  429,  1  ;  H.  485,  2.  Difference 
between  oppida  and  vici  ?  See  note  to  p.  117,  3.  frumento,  rebus  : 
B.  218  ;  A.  409 ;  H.  476.  14.  cis  Rhenum  :  the  west  side  of  the 
Rhine  ;  Caesar  writes  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  Roman  Province. 
15.    incolant :  what  mood  in  dir.  disc.  ?        his  :  =  Belgis. 

16.  eorum  omnium  :  Belgdrum  et  Germdnorum.  ne  .  .  .  quidem : 
'not  even.'  B.  347;  A.  322,  /;  H.  656,  2.  Notice  that  the  emphatic 
word  always  stands  between  ne  and  quidem.  SuessidnSs  :  object  of 
deterrere.  fratres  :  case  ?  B.  169,  1,  2  ;  A.  282  ;  H.  393.  17.  iure, 
legibus  :  B.  218,  1 ;  A:  410 ;  H.  477.  lus  means  '  principles  of  jus- 
tice,' as  distinguished  from  leges^  enacted  'laws.'  isdem  :  =  elsdem. 
19.  potuerint :  B.  268,  6 ;  A.  485,  c,  and  n.  1 ;  H.  550.  quin 
consentirent :  'from  uniting.'     B.  295,  3,  a ;   A.  558;    H.  595,  2. 

IV.  20.  Cum  :  temporal,  causal,  or  concessive  ?  Ms  :  the  chief 
men  of  the  Remi,  who  had  given  Caesar  the  information  stated  in 
the  preceding  chapter.  quae :    B.    90,   2 ;    A.    148,    b  ;    H.    184,    1. 

21.  essent:  B.  300,  1;  A,  574;  H.  649,  ir.  quid  .  .  .  possent: 
'  what  power  they  had '  (lit.,  '  to  what  extent  they  were  able  ').  B.  176, 
3,  a ;  A.  214,  d,  and  390,  c ;  H.  306,  3,  and  409,  1. 

22.  Plerosque  :  indir.  disc,  to  sumerent  (1.  28),  dep.  on  reperiehat. 
The  infinitives  representing  principal  clauses  of  dir.  disc,  are  esse  ortos, 
consedisse,  expuUsse,  esse,  fieri.  Belgas  :  perhaps  originally  a  Keltic 
people  ;  probably  because  of  nearness  to  the  Germans,  Germanic  elements 
were  gradually  infused  into  the  race  and  speech.  The  tradition  here 
given  by  Caesar  may  be  accepted  as  trustworthy  for  a  part  of  the  Belgae, 
but  not  for  the  people  as  a  whole.  The  subject  is  one  of  much  difficulty. 
Germanis :  B.  215,  2  ;  A.  403,  a,  n.  1 ;  H.  469,  1.  Rhenum  :  dep.  on 
trd(ns)  in  trd-ductos.     B.  179,  3  ;  A.  396,  n.  2  ;  H.  413. 

23.  ibi:  west  of  the  Rhine,  in  Gaul.  24.  s615s :  in  pred.,  *the 
only  (people  of  Gaul),  who.'  25.  memoria:  abl.  of  time  within 
which.  Gallia  vexSta  :  B.  227,  2,  a;  A.  419;  H.  489;  trans,  by  a 
clause  beginning  with  '  when.'  Teutonos,  Cimbros :  see  note  to  p. 
140,  13.  26.  prohibuerint :  subj.  also  in  dir.  disc.  B.  283,  2  ;  A.  636, 
6 ;  H.  591,  6  ;  '  prevented  the  Teutons  and  Cimbri  from  entermg.'       qua 


334  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   II.         [Pages  152-153. 

ex  re  :  '  and  from  this  fact.'  B.  251,  6  ;  A.  308,  /;  H.  510.  27.  fieri : 
the  subject  is  the  clause  uti  .  .  .  sumerent.  B.  284,  297,  2  ;  A.  569,  1  ; 
H.  571,  1.  memoria:  B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475.  28.  rS  miUtari  : 
'  the  art  of  war. '  sumerent :  sumant  in  dir.  disc.  ;  the  sequence  of 
tenses  here  requires  the  impf. 

29.  De  :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter.  eorum  :  Belgdrum. 
omnia  habere  explorata  :  almost  =  omnia  explordvisse  ;  '  had  found 
out  everything.'  30.  propterea  quod:  note  to  p.  114,  6.  pro- 
pinquitatibus  affinitatibusque :  'by  relations  of  kinship  and 
marriage. ' 

Page  153-  1.  quisque  :  i.e.  each  member  of  the  war-council,  each 
delegate  or  representative.  2.  pollicitus  sit :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ;  H. 
649,  II.         cognoverint :  B.  314  ;  A.  580  ;  H.  643. 

3.  Plurimum  .  .  .  valere  :  cf.  note  to  p.  li6,  15.  virtute,  etc.  : 
B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480.  4.  conficere  :  '  muster.'  armata  milia  : 
=  milia  hominum  armdtdrum.  5.  electa  sexaginta  :  sc.  milia,  '  sixty 
thousand  picked  men.'  totius  :  how  declined  ?  6.  sibi :  refers  to 
the  Bellovdci  ;  but  suds  refers  back  to  the  subject  of  dicebant,  the 
Berni.  B.  244,  i,  ii ;  A.  300,  1,  2  ;  H.  504.  7.  possidere  :  sc.  eos 
(Suessiones), 

9.  cum  .  .  .  turn  :  '  not  only  .  .  .  but  also.'  B.  290,  2  ;  A.  224,  a ; 
H.  657,  4,  K.  1.  10.  regionum  :  dep.  on  partis.,  which  limits  im- 
perium.  Britanniae  :  not  the  whole  of  Britain,  probably  only  a  por- 
tion of  the  island  along  the  southeast  coast.  obtinuerit :  why  subj.  ? 
11.  esse  regem  Galbam  :  '  there  was  a  king  (by  the  name  of)  Galba' ; 
note  to  p.  117,  14. 

13.  habere :  sc.  Suessiones.  numero  :  B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480. 
14.  totidem :  sc.  milia  armdta  polliceri.  Nervios,  etc.  :  for  the 
Nervii,  Bellovaci,  Ambiani,  Morini,  Menapii,  and  Aduatuci,  see  Vocab. 
and  map  opp.  p.  114.  maxime  feri:  in  pred.  B.  74;  A.  128  ;  cf.  H. 
159.  habeantur,  absint:  B.  318  ;  A.  585,  b;  H.  644,  1.  Caesar  here 
uses  the  pres.  tense  where  the  impf.  would  have  been  more  regular.  In 
vivid  narration  the  tenses  that  the  speaker  used  are  sometimes  retained 
in  indir.  disc. 

15.  Atrebates :  sc.  polliceri.  See  map  opp.  p.  114,  and  Vocab. 
18.  decem  et  novem  :  in  what  other  ways  may  '  nineteen '  be  ex- 
pressed in  Latin  ?  See  B.  79,  81 ,  2  ;  A.  133,  n.  2  ;  H.  163,  and  cf .  p.  45, 
I.  19.        Condrusos,  Eburones,  Caerosos,  Caemanos :  small  states, 


Pages  153-154.]        NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  335 

or  tribes,  in  the  Ardennes  (Arduenna)  region  ;  see  map  opp.  p.  114. 

19.  uno:    'a  common.'         Germanl :   B.  168,  2,  &  ;  A.  283,  284;  H. 
410,  393.         appellantur  :  why  indie.  ?    B.  314,  3  ;  A.  583  j  H.  643,  3. 

20.  arbitrari :  sc.  se  posse  conficere. 

V.  21.  liberaliter,  etc. :  '  having  sought  (to  strengthen  their  attach- 
ment) by  a  gracious  speech.'  22.  senatum  :  Caesar  applies  the  name 
of  a  Roman  institution  to  a  Gallic  body  of  counsellors.  B.  331,  ii ;  A.  563, 
a;  H.  614.  23.  obsides :  B.  169,  1,  2  ;  A.  282;  H.  393.  Quae: 
'And  these  things.'  B.  251,  6;  A.  308,  /;  H.  510.  24.  ad  diem  : 
'at  the  appointed  time,'  as  we  say  'to  a  day,'  'to  the  minute.'  Divi- 
ciacum:  to  be  distinguished  from  the  Diviciacus  mentioned  in  1.  8 
above ;  see  Vocab. 

25.  quanto  opere  .  .  .  intersit:  'how  important  it  is.'  rei  publi- 
cae  [i.e.  Bomdnorum'},  salutis  :  B.  211,  1  ;  A.  355  ;  H.  449 ;  indir.  disc, 
to  coeperint,  dep.  on  docet.  communis:  i.e.  to  the  Romans  and  the 
Aedui.  26.  intersit:  B.  300,  1;  A.  574;  H.  649,  ii.  The  subject  is 
manus  distineri.  nS  .  .  .  confligendum  sit:  'that  they  might  not 
be  obliged  to  fight.'  B.  282;  A.  530,  531,  1  ;  H.  568.  27.  Id:  refers 
to  manus  distineri.  28.  posse  .  .  .  introduxerint,  coeperint :  B. 
319,  A,  B,  a;  A.  589 ;  H.  646.  29.  populSri :  B.  328,  1 ;  A.  456 ; 
H.  607,  1. 

Page  154.  1.  copias :  difference  in  meaning  between  the  sing,  and 
the  pi.  of  this  word  ?  2.  vidit :  =:  intellexit,  just  as  we  often  use  the 
word  "  see  "  of  things  we  understand,  but  do  not  really  see  with  the  eyes. 
B.  287,  1;  A.  543;  H.  602.  neque  :  =  et  non.  abesse :  dep.  on 
cognovit;  sc.  eds  {copias).  eis :  with  explordtbrihus.  3.  flumen, 
exercitum  :  B.  179,  1 ;  A.  395  ;  H.  413.  Axonam :  see  map  opp. 
p.  114. 

4.  extremis  finibus  :  '  the  farthest  part  of  the  territory.'  B.  241,  1 ; 
A.  293 ;  H.  497,  4.  5.  ibi  :  the  camp  was  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Aisne,  about  a  mile  northeast  of  the  village  of  Berry-au-Bac.  See  Plan 
IV.  castra  posuit :  see  Vocab.  Quae  rSa:  'Now  this  position* 
or  '  location.'     B.  251,  6  ;  A.  307,  d ;  H.  510. 

6.  ripis  :  B.  218  ;  A.  409  ;  H.  476.  post  .  .  .  reddSbat :  =  '  made 
the  rear  secure.'  7.  quae:  supply  ea  loca  as  object  of  reddebat. 
commeatus  :  pi.,  because  the  supplies  were  furnished  by  more  than  one 
state.  B.  353,  1.  9.  efficiebat,  etc.:  'made  it  possible  for  supplies 
to  be  brought,'  etc.  B.  297,  1;  A.  568;  H.  671,  3.  In:  'over.' 
erat :  'there  was'  ;  note  to  p.  117,  14. 


336  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  II.  [Page  154. 

10.  praesidium  :  marked  G  on  the  plan  ;  traces  of  fortifications  have 
been  discovered  at  Berry-au-Bac.  in  altera  parte  :  '  on  the  other  side. ' 
i.e.  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Aisne,  opposite  Berry-au-Bac.  See  Plan 
IV,  C.  Caesar  now  had  both  ends  of  the  bridge  well  guarded,  thus  being 
able  to  get  provisions  from  his  allies  across  the  river  without  trouble,  to 
set  a  watch  on  the  movements  of  the  Remi,  the  sincerity  of  whose  pro- 
fessions of  loyalty  was  hardly  beyond  question,  and  to  keep  open  an 
avenue  of  retreat  in  case  of  disaster. 

12.  pedum :  B.  203,  2  ;  A.  345,  b  ;  H.  440,  3.  vallo,  fossa  :  why 
abl.  ?  duodeviginti :  eighteen  feet  broad,  measured  across  the  top ; 
the  trench  was  probably  about  ten  feet  deep.  Excavations,  made  in  1802, 
brought  to  light  traces  of  this  rampart  and  trench. 

VI.     14.   his  castris  :  '  this  camp ' ;  why  pi.  ?        nomine  :  B.  226  ; 

A.  418;  H.  480.  Bibrax :  B.  169,  1,  2  ;  A.  282;  H.  393.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114.  15.  milia  passuum  :  see  note  to  p.  115,  23.  B.  181,  1 ; 
A.  425  ;  H.  417.  ex  itinere  :  on  their  way  to  Caesar  the  Belgae  stopped 
to  attack  Bibrax.  16.  die  :  B.  230  ;  A.  423 ;  H.  486.  When  is  dies 
fern.  ?  B.  53  ;  A.  97,  a  ;  H.  135.  17.  eadem  atque  :  '  just  the  same 
as.'  B.  341,  1,  c;  H.  508,  5.  oppugnatio  :  how  different  from  ob- 
sidio?    Cf.  p.  23. 

18.  haec  :  '  as  follows.'  B.  246,  2  ;  H.  507.  circimiiecta  multi- 
tudine  :  B.  227,  2,  a  ;  A.  419  ;  H.  489.  totis  moenibus :  '  the  entire 
(circuit  of)  fortifications.'  B.  187,  iii ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429,  2.  19.  mums  : 
how  different  in  meaning  from  moenia  f  20.  d§fens6ribus  :  B.  214  ; 
A.  400;  H.  462.  testiidine  facta:  abl.  abs.,  'having  formed  a 
testudo,'  by  holding  their  shields  close  together  above  their  heads,  just  as 
the  Romans  were  accustomed  to  do  in  storming  a  town.  succendunt  : 
this  is  the  reading  of  the  MSS. ;  many  editions  have  succedunt.  Trans, 
'attempt  to  burn  the  gates  and  undermine,'  etc.  ;  the  present  tense  is 
sometimes  used  of  actions  attempted  but  never  completed.    B.  259,  2 ; 

A.  467  ;  H.  530. 

21.  Quod:  'Now  this.'  In  the  preceding  sentence  Caesar  spoke  of 
the  usual  Gallic  mode  of  conducting  an  attack  on  a  city  ;  he  now  applies 
the  general  statement  to  the  particular  instance  at  hand,  the  storming  of 
Bibrax.         22.   conicerent :  pi.  from  the  idea  of  homines  in  multitudo. 

B.  286,  2;  A.  549;  H.  598.  consistendi :  B.  338,  1,  a;  A.  504;  H. 
626.  23.  nulH  :  B.  190  ;  A.  373  ;  H.  430.  How  declined  ?  B.  66  ; 
A.   113;    H.  93.    Trans,    'no  one  was    able  to  stand'    (lit.    'no  one 


Pages  154-155.]        NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   II.  337 

had  the  power  of  standing').        fecisset :  B.  288,  1,  5 ;  A.  546;  H. 
600,  II,  1. 

24.  summa  nobilitate  :  B.  224  ;  A.  415  ;  H.  47.3,  2.  gratia : 
'  popularity.'  inter  suos  :  '  among  his  countrymen.'  B.  236 ;  A.  288  ; 
H.  494  and  503,  4.  25.  oppido  :  B.  187,  in  ;  A.  370  ;  H.  429.  prae- 
fuerat  :  with  turn  =  praepositus  erat  et  turn  praeeral.  ex  els  :  = 
eorum.  legati:  pred.  appositive,  '  as  envoys.'  26.  e\ixa:  Caesar  em. 
27.  sibi,  sese  :  refer  to  whom  ?  summittatur :  force  of  suh  in  com- 
position ?        Bustinere  :  here  Intrans. 

VII.  28.  E6  :  toward  Bibrax.  de  media  nocte :  '  about  mid- 
night.' isdem  (=  eisdein)  :  here  used  as  a  noun.  B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410  ; 
H.  477.  ducibus  :  'as  guides';  why  abl.  ?  29.  NumidSs:  see 
Vocab.  30.  subsidiS,  oppidanis  :  B.  191,  2,  6  ;  A.  382,  1  ;  H.  433. 
mittit  :  B.  259,  3  ;  A.  469  ;  H.  532,  3. 

Page  155-  1.  et  .  .  .  et:  B.  341,  3  ;  A.  224,  a  ;  H.  657,  4.  cum 
ape  defensionis  :  '  together  with  the  hope  of  being  able  to  hold  the 
town'  (ht.,  'hope  of  defence').  propugnandi  :  B.  338,  1,  a;  A. 
504  ;  H.  626. 

2.  accessit  :  =  auctum  est.  hostibus  :  B.  188,  1 ;  A.  376  ;  H.  427. 
eadem  de  causa:  'for  the  same  reason.'  potiundi :  =  po«teH(?i. 
B.  116,  2  ;  H.  243.  potiundi  oppidi  :  B.  339,  1  ;  A.  503;  H.  623,  1. 
3.  morati :  sc.  hostes.  4.  vicis,  etc.  :  B.  227,  2,  a  ;  A.  419  ;  H.  489. 
See  note  to  p.  117,  3.        quos  :  why  masc.  ?    B.  250,  2  ;  H.  398,  1. 

5.  copils  :  B.  222,  1  ;  A.  413,  a ;  H.  474,  2,  and  n.  1.  6.  castra: 
see  Plan  lY,  where  the  camp  of  the  Belgae  is  marked  D  D  D,  that  of 
Caesar,  A.  7.  quae:  'and  this.'  B.  251,  6;  A.  308,  /;  H.  510. 
8.    milibus  :  B.  217  ;  A.  407,  e ;  H.  471. 

VIII.  9.  primo  :  difference  in  meaning  and  use  between  primo,  pri- 
mum,  and  primus  ?  10.  opinionem  virtutis :  B.  200 ;  A.  348  ;  H. 
440,  2.  proelio  :  a  regular  engagement,  as  distinguished  from  a  skir- 
mish.   B.  214  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  462. 

11.  equestribus  proeliTs :  '  skirmishes  with  cavalry,'  '  cavalry  skir- 
mishes.' quid  .  .  .  posset:  'what  mettle  the  enemy  had,'  'the 
mettle  of  the  enemy '  (lit.,  '  what  the  enemy  could  in  the  way  of  valor'). 
quid:  neut.  ace.  used  adverbially.  B.  176,  3,  a;  A.  214,  d,  390,  c; 
H.  416,  2,  and  409,  1.  12.  posset,  auderent :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574  ; 
H.  649,  n.        periclitabatur  :  '  kept  trying  (to  find  out).'     B.  260,  2  ; 


338  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   II.  [Page  155. 

A.  470  ;  H.  534,  3.  13.  loco  .  .  .  opportune  atque  idoneo  :  =  ctim 
('since')  locus  opportunus  atque  idoneus  esset.  B.  227,  2,  d;  A.  420, 
2,  and  n.  ;  H.  489,  1.  aciem  instruendam  :  B.  339,  2;  A.  503;  H, 
628.         14.   atque  :  B.  341,  1,  c ;  A.  324,  b  ;  H.  657,  1. 

15.  ubi :  =  in  quo.  The  clause  quod  .  .  .  redibat  explains  the 
reason  implied  in  the  preceding  abl.  abs.  castra  :  see  note  to  p.  154, 
6,  and  Plan  IV,  A.  One  side  of  the  camp  was  guarded  by  the  river 
Aisne  (see  p.  154,  5-9),  the  bed  of  which  in  Caesar's  time  is  indicated  on 
the  plan  by  dotted  lines.  Northwest  of  the  camp,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
a  marsh,  through  which  the  Miette  brook  runs,  was  a  chain  of  heights 
on  which  the  Belgae  were  encamped.  Directly  in  front  of  the  Roman 
camp,  the  hill  on  which  it  was  situated  extended  out  just  far  enough  to 
give  room  to  draw  up  the  army,  then  sloped  down  gently  to  the  plain. 
On  the  side  of  the  camp  lying  toward  the  river,  and  the  side  opposite  to 
this,  the  slope  of  the  hill  was  more  steep.  Starting,  therefore,  from  oppo- 
site corners  of  the  camp,  Caesar  prolonged  two  lines  of  intrenchments  at 
right  angles  to  the  sides,  each  about  a  third  of  a  mile  in  length.  One  ran 
down  the  south  slope  of  the  hill,  toward  the  Aisne,  the  other  down  the 
north  slope,  toward  the  Miette  brook ;  they  are  indicated  on  the  plan  by 
red  lines.  At  the  ends  of  these  intrenchments  he  constructed  redoubts 
(marked  B  B  on  the  plan),  where  he  stationed  troops,  with  military 
engines.  His  purpose  was  to  guard  against  a  flank  movement  on  the  part 
of  the  enemy,  by  which  they  might  reach  the  rear  of  the  camp,  and 
attack  from  behind  while  his  forces  were  engaged  in  front. 

16.  adversus :  =  '  on  the  side  toward  the  enemy'  (lit.,  'turned 
toward  '  the  enemy).  quantum  :  object  of  occupare.  tantum  .  .  . 
quantum  loci:  'just  so  much  space  as.'  B.  201,  2  ;  A.  346,  a,  3;  H. 
442.  17.  ex  utraque  parte  :  « on  each  side.'  lateris  delectus  :  = 
'a  steep  slope'  (lit.,  'down-sinkings  of  the  side').  18.  leniter  .  .  . 
redibat  :  the  slope  was  gradual  down  to  the  plain.  19.  transversam 
fossam :  '  an  intrenchment  at  right  angles '  to  the  direction  of  the  hill. 
The  greatest  length  of  the  hill  was  in  the  general  direction  of  east  to 
west ;  see  Plan  IV. 

21.  ad  extremas  fossas  :  '  at  the  ends  of  the  intrenchments.'  tor- 
menta :  what  were  the  principal  military  engines  of  the  Romans  ? 
Study  Intro.,  p.  24.  22.  instruxisset :  B.  324;  A.  593;  H.  652. 
quod  .  .  .  poterant :  'because  they  were  so  strong  in  numbers.'  Cf. 
note  to  quid,  1.  11.  23.  multitudine  :  abl.  of  cause,  ab  lateribus  : 
'  on  the  flanks.'         buos  :  i.e.  milites  Boindnos. 


Pages  155-156.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  II.  339 

24.  legionibus  :  with  reUctis.  The  xiiith  and  xivth  legions  had 
been  enrolled  the  previous  spring  in  Cisalpine  Gaul;  see  p.  151,  16-19. 
Caesar  generally  exposed  his  veterans  to  the  brunt  of  the  battle,  leaving 
recruits,  whose  powers  had  not  been  fully  tested,  as  a  reserve  force. 
25.  si  quo  :  '  if  anywhere. '  opus  esset :  see  Vocab.  esset :  why 
not  sit  ?        subsidio  :  dat.  of  purpose,  '  as  a  reserve  force.' 

26.  pro  castris  :  the  line  of  battle  was  drawn  up  on  the  northwest 
slope  of  the  hill,  facing  the  marsh  and  the  Miette  brook.  in  acie  : 
what  was  the  usual  battle  order  of  the  Romans?  See  Intro.,  p.  22. 
27.  eductas  mstruxerant :  '  had  led  forth  and  drawn  up.'  B.  336,  3  ; 
A.  496,  N.  2  ;  H.  639.  On  Plan  IV  the  forces  of  the  Belgae  are  indicated 
by  black  lines. 

Page  156.  IX.  1.  Palus:  the  low  ground  through  which  the 
Miette  flows.  See  Plan  IV.  erat :  'there  was';  note  to  p.  117,  14. 
2.  Hanc  :  paludem.  si :  '  (to  see)  whether.'  B.  300,  3  ;  A.  576,  c  ; 
H.  649,  3.        transirent :  subj,  of  indir.  q';iestion. 

3.  Order,  nostri  autem  pardti  in  armis  erant,  ut,  si  ah  Hits  initium 
trdnseundl  {paludem)  Jieret,  {eos,  the  enemy  engaged  in  crossing,  over, 
hence  at  a  disadvantage)  impeditos  aggrederentur.  heret :  B.  324,  1 ; 
A.  593  ;  H.  652.         4.   aggrederentur  :  B.  282  ;  A.  530,  531,  1  ;  H.  568. 

5.  neutri :  each  side  was  waiting  for  the  other  to  assume  the  offensive. 
6.  seoundiore  proelio :  B.  227,  1  ;  A.  419,  a  ;  H.  489.  nostris : 
why  dat.  ?         7.    reduxit :  force  of  re-  f 

9.  demonstratum  est:  see  p.  154,  5-9.  10.  eo  consilio :  'with 
this  design,'  abl.  of  cause.  possent,  expugnarent:  cf.fleret,  aggre- 
derentur (11.  3  and  4)  and  notes.  11.  castellum  :  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  Aisne  ;  see  p.  154,  9-11,  and  Plan  IV,  C. 

12.  pontem  :  the  bridge  across  the  Aisne,  guarded  at  the  north  end 
by  a  garrison  (praesidium,  Plan  IV,  G),  and  at  the  south  end  by  the 
redoubt  under  the  command  of  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus.  The  Belgae  wished 
to  destroy  this  bridge  in  order  to  cut  off  Caesar's  supplies  and  make  re- 
treat difficult  for  him.  minus  :  =  non.  Notice  the  distinction  of  time 
in  possent,  '  if  they  should  be  able,'  and  potuissent,  '  if  (having  made 
the  attempt)  they  should  have  been  unable.'  13.  popularentur, 
prohiberent  :  sc.  ut.  nobis  usui :  B.  191,  2,  a  ;  A.  382,  1  ;  H.  433. 
14.    commeatu  :  B.  214  ;  A.  400 ;  H.  462. 

X.  15.  certior  factus:  'on  being  informed.'  The  cavalry  of  the 
Belgae  were  trying  to  cross  the  Aisne,  probably  a  mile  or  two  west  of 


340  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   II.  [Page  156. 

the  bridge,  in  order  to  avoid  the  marsh  and  the  Miette  brook.  See 
Plan  IV.  equitatum,  pontem  :  B.  179,  1  ;  A.  395 ;  H.  413.  As 
Caesar's  camp  was  south  of  the  Miette  and  east  of  the  bridge,  he  could 
send  his  cavalry  across  the  bridge  without  danger  of  interference,  and 
from  the  south  side  of  the  Aisne  attack  the  enemy  in  the  act  of  crossing. 

17.  eo  loco  :  the  engagement  probably  took  place  between  the  mouth 
of  the  Miette  and  the  site  of  the  modern  village  of  Pontavert;  see  the 
mark  of  crossed  swords  on  the  Plan.  Those  of  the  Belgae  who  had 
already  crossed  were  cut  down  where  they  were  ;  many  were  slain  in  the 
stream;  the  rest  were  driven  back  to  their  camp.  19.  per:  'over.' 
The  Belgians  were  brave  fighters;  cf.  note  to  p.  151,  6,  Coniurandi. 
21.  equitatu  :  looked  upon  as  instrument ;  how  is  agency  expressed 
in  Latin?  circumventos  interf ecerunt :  'surrounded  and  killed.' 
B.  336,  3  ;  A.  496,  x.  2  ;  H.  639. 

23.  Hostes :  i.e.  the  main  body  of  the  enemy,  that  had  remained  in 
battle  array  facing  the  Roman  legions,  while  a  detachment  (partem 
sudrum  copidrum,  1.  9),  having  tried  to  cross  the  river,  were  being  de- 
stroyed by  Caesar's  cavalry  and  light-armed  troops.  oppido  :  Bibrax. 
B.  339,  2  ;  A.  507  ;  H.  629.  24.  spem  s§  fefellisse :  '  that  they  had 
been  disappointed  in  their  expectation  '  (lit.,  '  that  their  expectation  had 
cheated  them  ').        neque  :  =  et  non. 

25.  iniquiorem  :  '  quite  unfavorable  position,'  or  '  less  favorable  posi- 
tion '  than  that  where  the  legions  were  drawn  up.  Caesar's  tactics  had 
the  desired  effect  of  checking  the  enemy.  caus5  :  '  for  the  sake  of.' 
26.  ipa5s:  hostes.  As  the  Gauls  for  the  most  part  engaged  only  in 
short  campaigns,  their  arrangements  for  supplies  were  very  defective.  It 
is  a  maxim  of  modern  warfare  that  "  the  way  to  victory  lies  through  the 
soldier's  stomach."  Caesar,  as  all  great  generals,  paid  the  most  careful 
attention  to  the  provisioning  of  his  army. 

27.  optimum :  in  pred.  H.  70.  The  subject  of  esse  is  quemque 
reverfl.  domum  :  B.  182,  1,  &  ;  A.  427,  2  ;  H.  419,  1.  28.  intro- 
duxiasent:  B.  314;  A.  580 ;  H.  643.  29.  convemrent:  in  dir. 
disc,  convenlte,  or  convenidmus.  B.  316  ;  A.  588  ;  II.  642,  4.  The  clause 
(ut)  .  .  .  convemrent  follows  constituerunt  as  embodying  the  decree, 
and  is  made  coordinate  with  esse.,  etc.,  by  et.  Constituo  is  followed 
sometimes  by  the  infin.,  sometimes  by  the  subj. ;  rarely,  as  here,  by 
both  in  the  same  sentence. 

30.  ali§ni8 :  =  «7?orm»,  'of  others,'  as  opposed  to  domesticis,  'their 
own.'        decerttrent,  uterentur  :  In  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose 


Pages  156-157.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK   11.  341 

be  expressed  in  Latin  ?        copiis  :  not '  forces '  here.    B.  218,  1 ;  A.  410  ; 
H.  477. 

Page  157.  2.  Diviciacum,  etc.  :  at  Caesar's  request ;  see  p.  123, 
24-29.         3.    finibus  :  B.  187,  in  ;  A.  370 ;   H.  429.        cognoverant  : 

trans,  as  if  iinpf.    B.  262,  A ;  H.  538,  4. 

4.  His  :  B.  187,  ii,  b  ;  A.  372 ;  H.  426,  3.  The  Bellovaci  (100,000 
strong;  see  p.  153,  3-6)  are  meant,  who  'could  not  be  prevailed  upon  to 
stay  longer '  with  the  united  host  '  and  not '  go  to  the  defence  of  their 
own  country,  now  in  danger  of  invasion.  Caesar's  plan  of  separating  the 
forces  of  the  Belgae  (see  p.  153,  26)  was  thus  successful. 

XI.  6.  re  :  what  '  matter '  ?  Trans,  this  abl.  abs.  by  a  clause  begin- 
ning with  'After.'  secunda  vigilia  :  from  9  to  12  p.m.  strepitu  : 
B.  220;  A.  412;  H.  473,  3.  7.  castris  :  why  not  ex  castrls  ?  nullo 
.  .  .  imperio  :  abl.  of  attendant  circumstance,  explaining  mdgno  .  .  . 
tiimuUu,  and  in  turn  explained  by  the  causal  clause  cum  .  .  .  properdret. 
Trans.  '  without  any  definite  arrangement,'  etc. 

8.  quisque  .  .  .  peteret :  each  one  wished  to  be  the  first  to  get  under 
way,  to  be  at  the  head  of  the  retreating  forces.  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549 ;  H. 
598.  9.  fecerunt,  ut,  etc. :  '  they  gave  their  departure  the  appearance 
of  a  rout.'  B.  297,  1  ;  A.  568,  n.  1  ;  H.  566,  1.  fugae  :  B.  192,  1  ;  A. 
384  ;  H.  434,  2.         10.    per  :  A.  405,  b  ;  H.  468,  3. 

12.  .exercitum  equitatumque  :  force  of  -que  ?  B.  341,  1,6;  A.  324, 
a;  H.  057,  1.  13.  Prima  luce:  'at  daybreak.'  B.  241,  1  ;  A.  293; 
H.  497,  4.  r§  :  the  '  fact '  that  the  Belgae  had  really  retreated ;  pre- 
viously Caesar  had  thought  their  departure  only  a  feint,  to  cover  up  some 
stratagem.  14.  novissimum  agmen :  'the  rear'  of  the  retreating 
Belgae.        moraretur  :  B.  282,  2  ;  A.  530,  531,  2  ;  H.  590. 

15.  His:  pL,  from  the  idea  of  equites  in  equitdtiim.  Why  dat.  ? 
17.  novissimos  :  sc.  hostes  ;  'the  rear.'  mHia  :  B.  181,  1 ;  A.  425  ; 
H.  417.  18.  eSrum  fugientum  :  '  of  them  as  they  fled.'  19.  cum 
.  .  .  consisterent  :  'since  (those)  on  the  rear  of  the  line  of  march,  to 
whom  (the  Romans)  had  come,  were  making  a  stand.'  ventum  erat : 
B.  138,  IV  ;  A.  208,  d ;  H.  302,  6.  21.  priores  :  sc.  hasten,  subject  of 
ponerent  ;  refers  to  those  at  the  head  of  the  retreating  column.  abesse 
a  periculo :  '  to  be  out  of  danger.'  viderentur,  contiiierentur : 
subj.  by  attraction.  B.  324,  1 ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652.  neque  :  '  and  not.' 
22.   necessitate  :  '  compulsion.' 


342  NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  II.         [Pages  157-168. 

23.  clamore :  the  'shouting,'  'din,'  of  the  combatants  at  the  rear, 
perturbatis  :  force  of  per-  f  Cf .  English  through  and  thoroughly^ 
which  are  different  forms  of  one  original  word.  ordinibus  :  'ranks.' 
Notice  that  the  time  of  the  second  abl.  abs.  is  later  than  that  of  the 
first.  praesidium  :  '  (hope  of)  refuge.'  24.  ponerent:  coordinate 
with  consisterent,  sustinerent.  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549  ;  H.  598.  25.  quan- 
tum .  .  .  spatium:  'as  the  duration  of  daylight  permitted'  (lit.,  'as 
the  length  of  the  day  was').  sub:  'about,'  'towards.'  26.  erat 
imperatum  :  why  not  a  form  with  a  personal  subject  ? 

XII.  28.  diei:  B.  201,  3,  a ;  A.  359,  6;  H.  446,  5.  se  recipe- 
rent  :  'could  recover  themselves.'  B.  292,  1,  6  ;  A.  551,  b  ;  H.  605,  ii. 
Having  scattered  the  forces  of  the  Belgae  by  the  defeat  at  the  Aisne  and 
the  invasion  of  their  territory  by  the  Aedui  (cf.  p.  153,  24-SO),  Caesar 
proceeds  to  reduce  the  different  states  one  by  one. 

Page  158.  1.  Remis :  B.  192, 1 ;  A.  384 ;  H.  434,  2.  magno  itinere 
confecto  :  'by  making  a  forced  march.'  See  Intro.,  p.  19.  2.  No- 
viodunum :  thought  to  have  been  on  the  site  of  Soissons,  about  twenty- 
five  miles  west  of  Berry-au-Bac  ;  see  map.  For  the  meaning  of  the  name, 
cf.  Newton,  Newcastle,  Naples  (from  Neapolis,  v^a  7r6\ts),  Neuville,  Neuf- 
chateau,  Neustadt,  etc.        ex  itinere  :  'immediately  after  his  arrival.' 

3.  vacuum  :  sometimes  followed  by  the  abl.  without  a  preposition. 
esse  :  sc.  id  {oppidum).  4.  latitudinem,  etc. :  if  the  wall  of  a  town 
was  high,  an  attacking  party  nmst  fill  up  the  moat  in  order  to  make  their 
ladders  reach  to  the  top ;  if  the  moat  was  deep  and  wide,  the  filling  of 
it  was  a  hard  matter,  and  the  difficulty  of  scaling  the  wall  was  greatly 
increased.  fossae  goes  with  latitudinem^  while  muri  depends  on  altitu- 
dinem,  an  arrangement  known  as  chiasmus.  B.  350,  11,  c;  A.  598,/; 
H.  666,  2.  panels  defendentibus  :  concessive  abl.  abs.  ;  '  though 
there  were  but  few  defenders.'  5.  expugnare  :  how  did  the  storm- 
ing of  a  city  differ  from  a  siege?  See  Intro.,  p.  23.  vineas  agere  : 
see  Vocab.  6.  quae  :  as  antecedent  supply  ea  with  compardre.  usui ; 
B.  191,  338,  3 ;  A.  382,  1,  506  ;  H.  433,  3,  and  628.  Could  oppugnando 
have  been  used  instead  of  ad  oppugnandum  f 

8.  proxima  nocte  :  Caesar  in  one  day  had  marched  from  Berry-au- 
Bac  to  Soissons,  and  begun  to  get  ready  his  military  engines.  In  the 
meantime  the  fleeing  hosts  had  paused  in  their  flight,  and  now  by  night 
stealthily  entered  the  town.  vineis,  etc.  :  on  the  various  operations 
of  the  siege,  see  Intro.,  pp.  23-24.  9.  iacto :  'thrown  up,'  'con- 
struQted.'         magnitudine,   celeritate:    B.   219;  A.   404,   6;    H.   475. 


Pages  168-159.]         NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  343 

10.  operum  :  '  siege-works.'  GaUi :  appositive,  '  which  they  ('  being,' 
'since  they  were'),  Gauls,  had,'  etc.  12.  petentibus  Remis :  'at 
the  request  of  the  Remi.'  ut  conservarentur  :  after  petentibus. 
B.  295,  1  ;  A.  563  ;  H.  565. 

XIII.  14.  prlmis  :  =  principibus.  B.  236  ;  A.  288  ;  H.  494.  civi- 
tatiB  :  =  c'lvium ;   kind  of  gen.?        15.    Galbae  :   see  p.   153,    10-12. 

17.  Qui:  B.   251,    6;    A.  308,/;    H.    510.         se   suaque  :   see  Vocab. 

18.  Bratuspantium  :  apparently  a  fortified  place  of  refuge,  occupied 
only  in  time  of  danger.  19.  circiter  :  adv.,  with  qiimque.  abes- 
set :  how  should  the  change  of  tense  from  contiilissent  to  ahesset,  and 
from  accessisset  (1.  23)  to  poneret,  be  brought  out  in  trans.  ? 

20.   maiores  natu :   B.    226,  1;  A.    418;    H.   480.  21.   in   gius 

fidem  :  '  under  his  protection.'  22.  neque:  =  et  non.  24.  pueri: 
'children,*  not  'boys'  merely.  passis   manibus :  abl.    abs.,    'with 

hands  outstretched,'  expressing  humiliation  and  entreaty.  B.  227,  2,  e. 
Principal  parts  of  panda  and  patior  ?  25.  more :  abl.  of  manner, 
with  passis.     B.  220,  3.        petienint:  B.  116;  A.  181,  h;  H.  238. 

XIV.  26.  Pro  :«  On  behalf  of.'  hiB:  Bellovacis.  Diviciacus  : 
the  Aeduan.        27.  eum  :  Caesar.        facit  verba:  'pled.' 

29.  Bellovacos,  etc. :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter,  dep.  on 
the  idea  of  saying  in  facit  verba.     Study  note  to  p.  152,  9.     B.  331,  i ; 

A.  580,  a  ;  H.  642,  1.        30.    fuisse  :  '  had  been  '  ;   fuerunt  in  dir.  disc. 

B,  317  ;  A.  584,  a ;  H.  642.  qui  dicerent :  '  who  kept  saying.' 
B.  318;  A.  580;  H.  643.  What  meaning  would  dixerint  have  had  in 
this  connection  ?  31.  Aeduos  .  .  .  perferre  :  indir.  disc.  dep.  on 
dicerent,  a  wheel  within  a  wheel.  omnes  indignitates  contumS- 
liasque  :  '  every  kind  of  ill-treatment  and  insult.'  What  force  has  the 
pi.  of  abstract  nouns  ?  B.  55,  4,  c  ;  A.  100,  c  ;  H.  138,  2.  32.  et  .  .  . 
et:  'both  .  .  .  and.' 

Page  159.  1.  Qui :  as  antecedent  sc.  eos  with  profugisse.  prin- 
cipes  :  here  =  awc^o res,  '  advisers.'  2.  civitati:  whydat.?  3.  in- 
tulissent :  subj.  also  in  dir.  disc.  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  574 ;  H.  649,  ii. 
Britanniam:    see   Vocab.  4.    sua:  'his  usual'    (lit.,    'his  own'). 

dementia :  the  '  mercy  '  with  which  a  man  treats  those  helpless  and 
entirely  in  his  power,  while  mansuetudo  is  the  '  compassion '  common 
to  all  men  of  feeling  at  the  sight  of  those  in  trouble. 

5.  eos:  Bellovacos;  could  se  have  been  used  here?  Quod:  'Now 
this,'  referring  to  the  request  of  the  preceding  sentence.        si  fecerit . . . 


344  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  H.         [Pages  159-160. 

[eum]  amplificaturum  [esse]  :  in  dir.  disc.,  si  feceris  (fut.  pf.  indie.), 
amplificdUs.  B.  319,  A,  B,a\  A.  589;  H.  646.  7.  si,  etc.:  in  dir. 
disc,  si  qua  hella  (  =  quaecumque  bella,  '  whatever  wars')  inciderunt, 
(Aedu'i)  sustentdre  ('  hold  out')  consuerunt. 

XV.  9.  honoris,  etc.:  'out  of  regard  for  Diviciacus'  (lit.,  'for  the 
sake  of  honor  to  Diviciacus  ')  ;  for  the  genitives,  cf.  p.  132,  12,  and  note. 
causa :  B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475,  2.  10.  in  fidem  :  as  p.  158,  21. 
11.    auctoritate  :  B.  224,  1 ;  A.  415  ;  H.  473,  2.         12.  multitudine  : 

B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480.  sexcentos  obsides  :  an  unusual  number. 
The  fact  that  for  Diviciacus'  sake  Caesar  had  spared  the  lives  of  the 
Bellovaci  did  not  prevent  him  from  demanding  enough  hostages  to  bind 
them  securely  in  their  pledge  of  submission.  14.  eo  loco  :  Bratus- 
pantium.     Caesar's  route  lay  to  the  north.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

16.  Nervil :  considered  the  most  savage  of  the  Belgae ;  see  p.  153, 
14-15.  17.  Nullum, -etc.  :  indir.  disc,  to  the  end  of  the  chapter. 
18.  esse  mercatoribus  :  '  traders  had. '  nihil  pati  vini  =  {eos)  non 
pati  quicquam  vini;  the  force  of  the  negative  goes  with  the  verb.  B. 
201,  1;  A.  346,"  a,  1  ;  H.  440,5.  Prohibition  is  not  an  entirely  new 
thing  !  19.  inferri  :  B.  331,  in.  ;  A.  563",  c  ;  H.  614.  rebus  :  why 
abl.  ?  20.  animos  :  'spirit,'  'courage,'  as  a  quality  of  character, 
while  virtus,  '  valor,'  has  reference  rather  to  the  manifestation  of  courage 
in  brave  deeds.  existimarent :  B.  314,  267,  1,  2  ;  A.  580,  483,  and 
484  ;  H.  043,  and  545,  ii,  1.  21.  -que:  connects  feros  with  a  gen.  of 
quality,  which  takes  the  place  of  an  adj.  increpitare  :  '  rebuke  ' ; 
incusare  (22),  'lind  fault  with,'  'blame.'  22.  reliquos  :  note  to  p. 
114,  12.  qui:  'since  they';  would  be  used  with   subj.  in  dir.  disc. 

B.  283,  3,  a;  A.  535,  e  ;  H.  592.  23.  patriam :  noun  or  adjective  ? 
sese  .  .  .  accepturos  [esse]:  indir.  disc.  dep.  on  confirmdre;  cf.  p. 
158,  31,  and  note.  sese:  refers  to  eos,  understood,  subject  of  con- 
firmdre. 

XVI.  26.  eorum :  Nerviorum.  Trace  Caesar's  route  on  the  map. 
triduum  :  =  em  dies.  B.  181,  1;  A.  423;  H.  417.  iter  fecisset: 
'  had  advanced.'     Why  subj.  ?        inveniebat :  =  quaerendo  cognoscebat. 

27.  Sabim:  B.  38;  A.  75,  a,  1;  II.    102,   2.     See  map   opp.    p.    114. 

28.  milia:  B.  181,  1 ;  A.  425  ;  H.  417.  Why  not  abl.  ?  B.  217,15  ;  A. 
407,  cj.H.  471,4. 

Page  160.  1.  his :  B.  187,  ii,  a ;  A.  .367  ;  H.  426,  2.  2.  expert- 
rentur  :  subj.  of  purj^ose  or  result  ?  3.  in  itinere  •  '  (already)  on 
the  way.'        per    aet^tem :    'by    reason    of    (old)   age.'        4.    eum 


Page  160.]  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  ^       345 

locum  :  we  should  say  '  a  place. '  Possibly  the  spot  here  referred  to  was 
in  the  marshy  country  about  Thuin,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Sambre, 
some  miles  northeast  of  Hautmont.  conigcisse  :  the  object  is  muli- 
eres,  and  the  unexpressed  antecedent  of  qui;  for  subject  supply  e5s,  from 
ab  his  above.  5.  esiercitui  .  .  .  esset :  trans,  freely,  '  an  army  could 
not  go  ' ;  quo  =  ad  quern.     B.  283  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591,  1. 

XVII.  7.  qui  .  .  .  dgligant:  '  in  order  to  choose.'  On  the  choice 
of  a  location  for  encampment,  see  Intro.,  p.  20.  ex  .  .  .  GallTs  . 
with  complures.  B.  201,  I,  a;  A.  346,  c ;  H.  444.  8.  dgditlciis  : 
the  Suessiones  (p.  158,  16),  the  Bellovaci  (p.  159,  10),  and  the  Ambiani 
(p.  59,    13-15).  10.    dierum  :    grammatically  dep.  on  itineris,   in, 

thought  dep.  on  the  expression  consuetudine  itineris,  '  the  usual  march- 
ing order  of  those  days.'  12.  impedimentorum  :  here  the  beasts  of 
burden  that  carried  the  impedimenta.  Difference  between  impedimenta 
Sind  sarcinae  ?        13.   quicqueim  negotl:  'any  trouble.' 

14.  in  castra  :  i.e.  to  the  place  chosen  for  encampment.  venisset, 
abessent :  fut.  pf.  and  fut.  indie,  in  dir.  disc.  15.  spatium  :  B. 
181,  1  ;  A.  425  ;  H.  417.  sub  sarcinis,  etc.  :  the  plan  was  to  attack 
the  first  legion  to  come  up,  just  as  it  reached  the  place  chosen  for  encamp- 
ment, before  the  soldiers  could  deposit  their  luggage  and  get  themselves 
in  fighting  trim.  16.  futurum  [esse] :  dep.  on  demonstrdrunt,  the 
subject  being  ut  .  .  .  auderent ;  '  it  would  come  about,  that.'  B.  297,  2  ; 
A.  569,  a  ;  H.  571,  1.  17.  reliquae  :  sc.  legiones.  contra  (adv.) 
consistere  :  =  'to  withstand  the  attack.' 

18.  Adiuvabat  :  the  subject  is  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  effecerant,  '  the 
fact  that  the  Nervii,' etc.  19.  antiquitus  :  'long  ago.'  cum  .  .  . 
possent  :  'since  they  could  do  nothing  with  cavalry.'  nihil,  quic- 
quid :  cf .  p.  116,  15,  plUrimum,  and  note.  20.  ei  rei  :  '  this  branch 
of  the  service.'  Why  dat.?  quicquid  .  .  .  copiis :  freely,  'all 
the  military  power  they  have  lies  in  infantry.'        21.    quo :  B.  282, 1,  a  ; 

A.  530,  531,  2,  a;  H.  568,  7.        22.   caus5 :  see  Vocab.        venissent: 

B.  324,  1 ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652.  teneris,  etc.  :  by  cutting  into  young  trees 
near  the  root  they  were  able  to  bend  these  down  to  a  horizontal  position. 
The  stem  of  the  tree  would  then  increase  in  size  very  slowly,  but  along 
the  trunk  branches  would  grow  out,  above  and  on  the  sides  (zn  Idtitudi- 
nem).  In  the  spaces  along  the  line  of  defence  not  filled  by  trees  thus 
trained,  thorn  bushes  were  planted.  The  whole  formed  a  living  and 
impenetrable  hedge.     Similar  hedges  are  still  found  in  this  region. 

24.   effecerant,  ut,  etc.:  B.  297,  1  ;  A.  568 ;  H.  571,  3.        25.   in- 


346     '  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.         [Pages  160-161. 

Btarmiiri:  'like  a  wall'  (lit.,  ' the  appearance  of  a  wall,' Iws^ar  being 
in  apposition  with  mun'imenttim) .  quo  =  m  quod  (inunimentum) . 
26.  intrari,  perspici  posset:  trans,  as  if  active  and  personal,  'one 
could  not  enter,  look  into.'  Force  of  per-  in  perspici?  27.  omit- 
tendum  :  sc.  esse.  28.  consilium  :  '  the  plan '  of  attack,  described 
above. 

XVIII.  29.  haec :  '  as  follows.'  B.  246,  2  ;  H.  507.  locum  : 
B.  251,  3  ;  A.  307,  a ;  H.  390,  1.  According  to  Napoleon,  the  site  here 
described  lies  on  the  river  Sainbre  {Sahis),  in  France,  near  the  Belgian 
frontier,  about  three  miles  southwest  of  Maubeuge.  See  Plan  V. 
30.  CoUis  :  the  hill  on  which  the  Roman  camp  was  laid  out ;  it  was  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Sambre.  ab  .  .  .  declivis  :  '  sloping  down  uni- 
formly from  the  top.' 

31.  supra:  p.  159,27.  Cf.  p.  151,  1,  and  note.  32.  acclivitate  : 
'upward  slope.'  nascSbatur  .  .  .  contrarius  :  'rose  up,  facing  this 
(hill)  and  opposite  to  it,'  on  the  south  side  of  the  Sambre.     See  Plan  V. 

Page  161.  1-  passiis  :  ace.  of  extent  of  space.  infimus  :  '  at  the 
bottom,'  opposed  in  meaning  to  ab  superiore  parte,  'along  the  upper 
portion.'  apertus  :  free  from  woods.  2.  ut: 'so  that.'  3.  aperto 
loco  :  the  space  indicated  on  the  plan  between  the  river  and  the  dotted 
line  running  parallel  with  it,  which  marks  the  northern  limit  of  the  woods. 
4.    secimdum  :  preposition..       5.    pedum:  kind  of  gen.? 

XIX.  7.  copiis :  B.  222, 1  ;  A.  413,  a  ;  H.  474,  2.  and  n.  1.  ratio 
ordoque  :  '  system  and  arrangement.'  aliter  se  habebat,  ac  ;  '  were 
different  from  what,'  'were  otherwise  than.'  habebat:  sing,  because 
ratio  and  ordo  express  one  idea.  B.  255,  3  ;  A.  317,  b ;  H.  392,  4. 
ac  :  B.  341,  1,  c ;  A.  324,  c ;  H.  657,  i,  n. 

9.  consuetudine  sua  :  '  in  accordance  with  his  usual  practice '  when 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  enemy.  expeditas :  predicative.  10.  col- 
loc^iat :  =  collocdverat ;  not  'collect.'  11.  duae  legiones  :  the 
xiiith  and  xivth  ;  see  p.  151,  16-18.  12.  praesidio,  impedimentis  : 
B.  191,  2,  a;  A.  382,  1;  H.  433.  Study  Intro.,  pp.  18,  19,  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  legions  on  Plan  V. 

15.  identidem  :  '  repeatedly  '  ;  repeated  action  is  implied  also  in  the 
imperfects    reciperent,    facerent,    auderent.  16.    neque  :  =  et    non. 

17.  quern  ad  finem:  =  ad  eumfinem  ad  quern,  =  usque  eoquo.  B.  251, 
4;  A.  307,  h  ;  H.  309.  3.  18.  cedentes:  sc.  eos  (hostes).  quae 
primae  venerant:  'which  had  been  the  first   to  come   up.'     B.   239; 


Pages  161-162.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  11.  347 

A.  290  ;  H.  497,  3.  19.  opere  :  '  the  work  '  on  the  fortifications  of 
the  camp.  See  pp.  19-21.  dimenso  :  here  with  passive  sense.  B. 
112,  b  ;  A.  190,  b  ;  H.  222,  2. 

20.  prima : "'  the  first  part  of.'  B.  241,  1  ;  A.  293 ;  H.  497,  4. 
21.  visa  sunt  :  here  passive  in  meaning.  quod :  in  apposition  with 
the  clause  ubi  .  .  .  visa  sunt.  tempus  :  in  pred.  after  convenerat, 
'which  has  been  agreed  upon  as  the  time,'  etc.  22.  ut :  'just  as.' 
23.  ipsi  sese  confirmaverant :  '  had  made  up  their  minds.'  24.  pro- 
volaverunt  :  force  of  pro-  ?  27.  in  mauibus  nostris  :  '  close  at 
hand.'  28.  adverse  coUe:  abl.  abs.  ;  trans,  with  contenderunt^ 
'  dashed  up  the  hill,'  the  hill  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  where  the 
Roman  camp  had  been  laid  out. 

Page  162.  XX.  1.  Caesari:  B.  189,  1,  349;  A.  374,  597;  H.  431, 
6(55,  1.  vexillum  :  see  p.  17.  2.  proponendum,  dandum,  etc. : 
sc.  erat,  erant.  concurri :  force  of  con-  f  3.  sTgnum  tuba  dan- 
dum :  as  a  command  to  "  fall  in."  What  were  the  musical  instruments 
of  the  Roman  army  ?  See  Intro.,  p.  17.  opere  :  cf.  p.  161,  19,  and 
note.  4.  qui :  as  antecedent  sc.  ei  (mllites)  with  arcessendi.  ag- 
geris  :  here  '  material  for  constructing  the  rampart,'  an  unusual  meaning 
of  agger.        5.   signum  :  i.e.  signum  proeli  committendi. 

7.  difficultatibus,  subsidio  :  B.  191,  2,  a ;  A.  382,  1 ;  H.  433. 
8.  scientia  atque  usus:  B.  341,  1,  c;  A.  324,  b  ;  H.  657,  1.  The  dis- 
cipline of  Caesar's  army  won  for  him  many  a  battle.  11.  singulis 
.  .  .  legates:  'their  respective  legions,  the  different  lieutenants.'  B. 
81,  4  ;  A.  137,  a ;  H.  164,  1.  Caesar  frequently  placed  a  lieutenant  in 
command  of  each  legion,  a  plan  the  wisdom  of  which  was  evident  in 
cases  of  emergency. 

13.  nihil :  =  emphatic  non.  B.  176,  3  ;  A.  390,  c,  and  n.  2  ;  H.  416, 
2.  14.  videbantur  :  sc.  administranda,  '  seemed  necessary  to  be 
done,'  '  ought  evidently  to  be  attended  to.' 

XXI.  16.  necessariis,  etc. :  '  having  given  (only)  the  indispensable 
orders.'  17.  quam  in  partem  :  =  in  earn  partem,  in  quam.  B.  251, 
4,  a  ;  A.  307,  b  ;  H.  399,  3.  19.  uti  .  .  .  sustinerent :  object-clauses 
giving  the  gist  of  the  cohortdtio.  20.  neu :  '  and  that  not.'  B.  282,  1,  d. 
animo  :  B.  226  ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480.  21.  quod  .  .  .  aberant:  gives  the 
reason  for  signum  dedit.  quam  quo  :  =  quam  ut  eo.  B.  283,  2,  a  ; 
A.  571,  a ;  H.  570,  1. 

23.  in  alteram  partem  :  '  in  the  opposite  direction,'  from  the  xth  and 
ixth  legions  over  to  the  xiith  and  viith.     See  Plan  V.        profectus : 


348  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  II.         [Pages  162-163. 

principal  parts  ol  projiciscor  and  projicid  ?  24.  pugnantibus  occur- 
rit:  'finds  them  (already)  fighting.'  hostiumque :  the  word  to 
which  -que  is  attached  belongs  after  it  in  constr.  ;  thus  hostium  must  go 
with  animus,  not  with  exiguitds.  26.  ad  Insignia  accommodanda  : 
'  for  putting  on  their  decorations,'  particularly  the  crests,  which  were 
taken  off  from  the  helmets  on  the  march.  In  battle  it  was  important 
that  the  crests  be  in  place,  for  by  differences  of  these  in  form  and  color 
the  different  legions  and  cohorts  could  be  distinguished. 

27.  scutis  :  B.  214 ;  A.  400 ;  H.  461.  tegimenta  :  some  shields 
were  made  with  a  heavy  leather  covering,  which  was  not  taken  off ; 
others  were  covered  with  leather  on  the  march  in  order  to  protect  them 
from  the  weather  ;  for  exposure  to  wet  would  rust  the  metal  and  warp 
the  woodwork  out  of  place.  Quam  :  with  in  partem :  '  iuto  whatever 
part  (of  the  field).'  28.  devenit :  'happened  to  come.'  29.  ad 
haec  constitit :  '  by  these  he  took  his  stand.'  Under  ordinary  circum- 
stances it  was  a  serious  offence  for  a  soldier  to  be  found  in  a  maniple  in 
which  he  did  not  belong.  in  quaerendls  suis  :  sc.  slgjiis.  How  may 
gerundive  be  changed  to  gerund  constr.  ? 

Page  163.     XXII.     2.   quam  ut :  why  not  with  subj.,  as  p.  162,  19  ? 
rei  .   .   .   ordo :  =  '  the    arrangement    approved    by    military    science.' 
3.    aliae  alia  in  parte:  'different  legions  in  different  places.'     B.  253 
1,  2  ;  A.  315,  c  ;  H.  516,  1.         4.    resisterent,  impediretur  :  B.  286,  2 
A.  549  ;  H.  598.        saepibus  .  .  .  interiectis  :   B.  227,  2,  d,  240,  2 
A.  419,  291,  6  ;  H.  489  and  498.        5.    ante  :  =  supra  ;  see  p.  160,  18-28. 

6.  certa  subsidia  coUocSri  .  .  .  poterant :  '  reserves  could  be  defi- 
nitely stationed '  ;  the  movements  of  the  enemy  were  so  obscured  by  the 
thicket  that  Caesar  could  not  tell  where  reserve  forces  could  be  advan- 
tageously posted.  certa  :  B.  239  ;  A.  290 ;  H.  497.  quaque  : 
from  quisque.  7.  opus  esset :  see  Vocab.  provideri :  sc.  poterat. 
8.   fortunae  :  dep.  on  eventus,  'issues.' 

XXIII.  11.  acig  :  gen.  B.  52,  3 ;  A.  98,  n.  ;  H.  134,  2.  For  the 
position  of  the  legions  here  mentioned  and  the  Atrebates,  see  Plan  V. 
pilis  emissis  :  'having  hurled  their  pikes.'  What  were  the  weapons  oi 
the  Koman  soldier?  See  Intro.,  pp.  15,  16.  13.  ea  pars:  the  left 
of  the  Roman  line.  ex  loco  superiSre  :  the  slope  of  the  hill  on 
which  the  Roman  legions  were  posted,  up  which  the  Atrebates,  having 
crossed  the  river,  had  rushed.  14.  compulSrunt :  derivation  and 
force  of  com-  ?        conantSs  :  sc.  eos  (Atrebates). 


Pages  163-164.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   XL  349 

15.  Ipsi:  the  soldiers  of  the  ixth  and  xth  legions.  16.  locum 
iniquum :  the  ground  south  of  the  Sambre,  sloping  back  from  the  river 
and  covered  with  woods.  17.  resistentes  hostea :  ace.  18.  alia 
in  parte :  in  front  of  the  camp  ;  see  Plan  V.  diver sae  :  '  separately.' 
B.  239 ;  A.  290 ;  H.  497.  19.  quibuscum  :  B.  142,  4  ;  A.  150,  d  ; 
H.  182,  2. 

20.    erant  congress!  :  sc.  milites,  from  legiones.        ex  loco  supe- 

riore  :  closely  connected  vf ith.  projligdtis  Viromanduis  ;  the  Viromandui, 
as  the  Atrebates,  having  crossed  the  river  and  run  up  the  slope,  were  now 
driven  back.  21.  proeliabantur  :  force  of  the  imperfect  ?  totis  : 
B.  350,  11,  a  ;  A.  598,  e ;  H.  665,  4.  a  :  '  on ' ;  the  viiith  and  xith 
legions  in  front,  the  ixth  and  xth  legions  on  the  left  of  the  camp,  had 
abandoned  their  positions  to  pursue  the  enemy,  leaving  the  camp  unpro- 
tected except  on  the  right,  where  the  xiith  and  vuth  legions  stood.  See 
Plan  V.         22.   non :  with  mdgno. 

23.   intervallo :   B.  221  ;  A.  412  ;  H.  473,  3.  cSnstitisset :  why 

sing.  ?  why  subj.  ?  24.  duce  BoduognSto  :  B.  227,  1  ;  A.  419,  a ; 
H.  489.  summam  imperi  :  see  Vocab.  26.  apertS  latere  :  B, 
228,  1 ;  A.  429,  2  ;  H.  485,  2.  The  '  unprotected  flank '  was  in  this  case 
the  left,  whence  the  other  legions  had  withdrawn.  legiSnes  :  the 
xiith  and  the  viith.  summum  castrSrum  locum  :  '  the  height  occu- 
pied by  the  camp.' 

XXIV.  28.  levis  armaturae pedites  :  see  Intro.,  p.  11.  29.  cum 
eisuna:  '  together  with  them.'  30.  dixeram  :  Chap.  19.  recipe- 
rent,  respexissent  (p.  164,  2)  :  force  of  re-  ?  adversis  :  '  face  to 
face.'  The  Nervii  came  up  so  rapidly  that  they  were  already  entering 
the  Roman  camp  at  the  time  when  Caesar's  cavalry  and  light-armed 
troops,  which  had  been  routed  on  the  other  side  of  the  Sambre  (p.  161, 
25),  were  just  coming  back  to  it  again.  Notice  the  descriptive  force  of 
the  imperfects  in  this  chapter.        31.    hostibus  :  why  dat.  ? 

32.  ab  decumana  porta,  etc.  :  study  Intro.,  pp.  19-21.  As  the  hill 
on  which  the  camp  was,  sloped  a  little  toward  the  Sambre,  the  rear  of  the 
camp  was  slightly  elevated  above  the  front,  and  hence  the  cdlones,  who 
were  stationed  there,  could  perceive  what  was  going  on  along  the  river. 
Seeing  the  legions  at  the  left  and  in  front  rush  across  the  stream,  they 
started  to  follow ;  but  on  looking  back  they  saw,  to  their  dismay,  that 
the  Nervii  by  a  flank  movement  had  gained  possession  of  the  camp. 

Page  164-  2.  respexissent,  vidiasent  :  B.  288,  1,  J3;  A.  646;  H. 
600,  II  and  i.         3.    praecipitSs  :  'head  over  heels.'     B.  239  ;  A.  290; 


350  NOTES  TO   CAESAR,    BOOK   II.  [Page  164 

H.  497.  4,  eonim  :  the  drivers  and  attendants  of  the  baggage-train, 
of  which  the  xiiith  and  xivth  legions  were  bringing  up  the  rear.  See 
Plan  V.  clamor  :  '  shouting ' ;  as  distinguished  from  fremitus,  gen- 
eral 'uproar,'  'hubbub.'  5.  alii  aliam  in  partem:  see  Vocab. 
6.   ferSbantur  :  'rushed  off.'    B.  256,  1 ;  A.  156,  a  ;  H.  517. 

7.  rgbus  :  B.  219 ;  A.  404,  h ;  H.  475.  8.  virtutis  opinio  : 
'reputation  for  courage.'  The  Treveri  went  away  not  by  reason  of 
cowardice,  but  because  they  thought  the  day  hopelessly  lost.  9.  civi- 
tate  :  personified,  hence  with  a.  cum  :  with  v'ldissent,  expressing  time 
and  cause.  10.  legiones  :  the  viith  and  xuth.  11.  Numidas  : 
the  slingers  and  bowmen  were  included  in  the  levis  armdturae  mentioned 
(p.  16.3,  28).  Notice  the  omission  of  conjunctions  in  rapid  narration. 
12.  diversos  :  participle.  14.  pulsos,  etc.  :  is  esse  to  be  supplied  ? 
castris  impedimentis  :  B.  218,  1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477. 

XXV.  16.  Caesar  to  possent  (p.  165,  1.  3)  forms  a  single  complex 
sentence.  The  principal  clause  has  for  its  subject  Caesar,  with  which 
the  participles pro/ec«ws  and  cohortdtus  (p.  165,  1.  1)  agree;  for  its  predi- 
cate it  has  the  verbs  processit  (30),  iussit  (p.  165,  1.  2).  The  most  im- 
portant subordinate  clause  is  ubi  .  .  .  vidit,  which  is  so  long  that  vidit 
is  repeated  for  the  sake  of  clearness.  Several  infinitives  with  subject- 
accusatives  depend  upon  vidit;  and  there  are  several  abl.  abs.  worthy 
of  particular  attention.  ab  .  .  .  cohortatione  :  =  ah  decimd  legione 
quam  cohortdtus  erat. 

17.  signis  :  the  standards  of  the  maniples ;  see  p.  17.  So  fierce  had 
been  the  onset  of  the  Nervii  that  the  Roman  soldiers  could  not  keep  their 
places  in  the  ranks,  but  were  crowded  together,  and  hence  at  the  mercy 
of  the  enemy.  18.  sibi  esse  impediment©  :  '  were  a  hindrance  to 
themselves,'  =  '  were  in  one  another's  way.'  20.  signifero  :  here  the 
one  who  carried  the  standard  of  the  first  maniple  of  the  cohort,  which 
was  looked  upon  as  the  standard  of  the  cohort. 

22.  primipilo  :  with  confecto,  abl.  abs.  23.  fortissimo  :  B.  240, 
2  ;  A.  291,  b  ;  H.  498.  vulneribus  confecto  :  the  brave  Baculus  did 
not  die,  but  lived  to  fight  several  battles.  ut  :  'so  that.'  25.  ab 
novissimis  :  '  at  the  rear.'  deserto  proelio  :  this  is  the  reading  of 
the  MSS.,  but  does  not  make  good  sense.  Supply  loco  with  deserto, 
'  quitting  their  posts.'        proeUo  :  B.  214  ;  A.  400  ;  H.  463. 

26.  hostgs,  etc.  :  '  that  both  in  front  the  enemy  did  not  cease  coming 
up,  —  and  on  both  flanks,' etc.        ex  inieriore  loco:    from  the  low 


Pages  164-165.]        NOTES   TO   CAESAR,    BOOK  II.  351 

ground  along  the  river.  27.  rem  .  .  .  angusto  :  '  that  matters  had 
reached  a  crisis.'  28.  subsidium  :  'reserve  force'  ;  the  xiiith  and 
xivth  legions  were  not  yet  available,  because  too  far  off.  posset  :  B. 
283,  2  ;  A.  535,  a  ;  H.  591,  1.  29.  uni  :  here  =  '  a '  ;  cf.  the  French  wn, 
'  one,' which  coraes  from  Unas.  The  English  "an"  and  "one"  were 
originally  the  same  word.  militi :  B.  188,  2,  d;  A.  381;  H.  427. 
eo  :  adv. 

Page  165.  1-  nominatim  :  Caesar's  personal  knowledge  of  his  men 
was  an  important  element  in  his  success  as  a  general.  signa  inferre  : 
see  p.  18.  2.  manipulos  lazare  :  '  to  spread  out  the  ranks,'  in  order 
to  give  each  soldier  more  room  for  action,  and  to  lessen  the  deadly  effect 
of  the  enemy's  missiles.  quo  :  why  not  ut9  uti:  what  other  verbs 
are  followed  by  the  abl.? 

3.  possent :  B.  282,  1,  a  ;  A.  530,  531,  2,  a  ;  H.  568,  7.  militibus: 
whydat.?  5.  in  extremis  rebus:  'in  extreme  peril.'  operam 
navare  :  see  Vocab.  paulum  :  how  different  in  meaning  from  paulu- 
lum,  pauldtim,  paulisper  f 

XXVI.    7.   iuxta:    i.e.   next  to  the   xiith  legion.  See  Plan   V. 

9.  ut  .  .  .  inferrent :  '  that  the  (two)  legions  gradually  draw  together, 
face  about,  and  charge  against  the  enemy.'  Probably  one  legion  simply 
took  up-  a  position  behind  the  other,  facing  in  the  opposite  direction,  so 
that  the  rear  of  both  was  secure.  conversa  signa :  B.  337,  2  ;  A. 
496,  N.  2 ;  H.  639.     See  p.   18.        11.   ferrent,  timerent :  B.   286,  2 ; 

A.  649  ;  H.  598.  neque  :  =  et  non.  timerent :  sc.  m'llUes.  How 
are  ut  and  ne  translated  after  a  verb  of  fearing  ?  Sversi :  '  in  the 
rear.' 

13.  legionum  duarum :  the  xiiith  and  xivth ;  see  Plan  V. 
15.  cursu  incitato  :  'having  quickened  their  pace.'  What  relation  of 
time  between  this  and  the  preceding  abl.  abs.?  summo  colle :  'the 
top  of  the  hill '  on  which  the  Roman  camp  was  laid  out.        16.  castris : 

B.  218,  1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477.  Labienus,  with  the  ixth  and  xth  legions, 
had  driven  the  Atrebates  in  confusion  across  the  river  and  gained 
possession  of  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  ex  loco  superiore  :  how  was 
the  enemy's  camp  situated  ?     See  Chapter  18  and  Plan  V. 

17.  gererentur  :  B.  300,  1  ;  A.  674  ;  H.  649,  ii.  18.  Qui :  pi.  from 
the  idea  of  milites  in  legionem.  19.  qu5  .  .  .  asset :  '  in  what  con- 
dition the  matter  was,' = 'how  matters  stood.'  20.  versSrStur : 
agrees  with  the  nearest,  in  this  case  the  most  important,  subject.  B. 
255,  2 ;  A.  317,  c  ;  H.   392.        Trans.  '  were.'        21.     nihil  .  .  .  f6c6- 


352  NOTES  TO  CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  [Pages  16^166. 

runt:  'they  came  up  as  fast  as  they  could'  (lit.,  'left  nothing  undone 
in  regard  to  speed ').        reliqui :  pred.  gen.  H.  447, 1. 

XXVII.  23.  etiam  qui:  'even  such  as.'  procubvussent :  B. 
324,  1 J  A.  593;  H.  652.  24.  scutis:  B.  218,  3  ;  A.  431  ;  H.  476,  3. 
perterritos  :  with  hostes.  25.  iuermes  :  with  cdlones.  Notice  the 
nearness  of  inernies  to  armdtis  (hostibus).  B.  350,  10;  A.  598,  g ;  H. 
667.  27.  praeferrent :  '  tried  to  make  a  better  showing  than  the 
legionary  soldiers,'  and  thus  atone  for  their  cowardice  in  the  earlier  part 
of  the  battle.     B.  260,  3. 

28.  etiam  .  .  .  saliitis:  '  even  in  utter  despair  of  safety.'  29.  primi: 
'the  foremost,'  'those  in  the  front  ranks.'  iacentibus:  'those  that 
had  fallen.'  B.  187,  iii ;  A.  370;  H.  429.  30.  insisterent,  etc.: 
what  is  the  force  of  the  imperfect  ?  ex  :  '  on.'  31.  superessent : 
why  subj.?  ut  ex  tumulo  :  '  as  from  a  hillock.'  32.  intercepta  : 
'  that  had  been  caught,'  '  that  they  had  caught.'  conicereut,  remitte- 
rent:  sc.  ut. 

Page  166.  1-  ut  non,  etc. :  order,  ut  iudicdri  deberet,  homines  tantae 
virtutisnon  nequlquam  ausos  esse,  etc.;  a  result  clause,  following  as  a 
sort  of  conclusion  from  the  preceding  description.  3.  quae,  etc.: 
'  things  which,  in  themselves  most  difficult  (lit.,  'from  being  most  diffi- 
cult') their  greatness  of  courage  had  made  easy  (of  accomplishment).' 
Caesar  often  bears  witness  to  the  valor  of  his  foes.  facilia :  predica- 
tive.    How  compared  ?    B.  71,  4  ;  A.  126  ;  H.  152,  3. 

XXVIII.  5.  Hoc  proelid  facto  =post  hoc  proelium.  Give  a  con- 
nected and  accurate  description  of  this  battle,  from  a  study  of  the  text, 
the  notes,  and  Plan  V.  ad  internecionem  :  the  Nervii  so  far  regained 
their  ancient  strength,  however,  that  they  were  able  to  send  a  contingent 
of  warriors  to  join  in  the  great  uprising  of  Gaul  against  Caesar,  52  n.c. 
See  Book  VII,  75.  7.  pueris  :  '  children.'  aestuaria :  inlets  of 
the  sea  where  the  tide  ebbed  and  flowed. 

8.  dixeramus  :  see  p.  160,  3-5.  nihil  impeditum  :  sc.  esse,  '  that 
nothing  stood  in  the  way  of,'  '  was  a  hindrance.'  9.  omnium  :  dep. 
on  consensu.  12.  milibus  Ix  :  the  Nervii  had  promised  for  the  war 
only  50,000  men ;  see  p.  153,  14.  .  vix  :  with  quingentos.  The  envoys 
probably  exaggerated  the  losses  of  the  Nevii  in  order  to  excite  Caesar's 
compassion. 

13.  poasent:  B.  314;  A.  585;  H.  643.  14.  usus:  sc.  esse. 
B.  328,  2;  A.  682  ;  H.   612,   1.         misericordia :  cf.  note  to  p.  159,  4. 


Pages  166-167.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  353 

16.  imperavit :  meaning,  when  followed  by  the  dat.?  ab  iniaria  et 
msdeficio  :  from  '  wrong  and  harm '  to  the  weak  remnant  of  the  Nervii. 

XXIX.  18.  supra:  p.  160,  2-3.  19.  cSplIs :  B.  222,  1  ;  A.  413,  a  ; 
H.  474,  2,  and  n.  1.  vemrent:  =  iw  itinere  essent.  Why  subj.? 
21.  oppidum  :  a  place  of  refuge,  like  that  of  the  Bellovaci  (see  note  to 
p.  158,  18)  ;  situated,  according  to  Napoleon,  on  the  hill  at  the  junction  of 
the  Meuse  and  the  Sambre,  across  the  Sarabre  from  Namur,  now  the 
citadel  of  Namur ;  see  Plan  VL  Goeler,  however,  thinks  the  site  of  the 
oppidum  is  to  be  found  on  the  hill  Falhize,  which  lies  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Meuse,  opposite  the  town  of  Huy,  nineteen  miles  below  Namur. 

22.  Quod  cum  :  *  and  although  this.'  partibus  :  '  sides.*  25.  pe- 
dum :  B.  217,  3  and  203,  2  ;  A.  407,  c  and  345,  b  ;  H.  447,  471,  4. 
This  narrow  slope,  leading  up  to  the  top  of  the  plateau  on  which  the 
town  stood,  was  on  the  west  side.  See  Plan  VI.  26.  magni  ponde- 
rls:  B.  203,  2;  A.  345;  H.  440,  .3.  praeacfltSs :  'sharpened'  at 
the  end.  27.  coUoctbant :  continued  past  action  ;  notice  the  change 
of  tense  from  munierant.  30.  agere,  portare :  to  what  kind  of  im- 
pedimenta does  each  verb  refer  ?        citra  :  on  the  west  side. 

Page  167.  1.  A^'goaitls -.  vf'ith.  impecFimentls.  cGstodlam  (=  cws- 
todes),  praesidium  :  appositive.  2.  Hi :  the  6000  Aduatuci.  eorum : 
the  great  throng  of  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  who  perished  at  Aquae  Sextiae 
(102  B.C.)  and  at  Vercellae  (101  b.c).  Cf.  note  to  p.  140, 13.  3.  cum: 
causal.  alias,  aliSs  :  adverbs.  4.  illatum  :  sc.  lellum;  with  de- 
fenderent^  'they  were  repelling  invasion.' 

XXX.  7.   parvulis  proeliis  :  'skirmishes.'        8.   vallo,  castellis : 

these  formed  the  line  of  circumvallation ;  see  Plan  VI.  It  has  been 
thought  strange  that  in  this  description  no  mention  is  made  of  the  Meuse 
or  the  Sambre.  The  brow  of  the  hill  itself  on  which  the  town  stood  was 
so  steep  and  high  that  probably  the  rivers  hardly  entered  into  Caesar's 
calculations  in  planning  the  attack  and  siege.        9.   oppido  :  sc.  in. 

10.  vineis,  etc.:  for  the  various  siege  operations,  see  pp.  23,  24. 
aggere  :  marked  A  on  the  Plan.  turrim  procul :  the  tower  was 
constructed  out  of  reach  of  the  enemy's  missiles.  See  Plan  VI,  B. 
11.  IrrldSre,  increpltare :  historical  infinitives.  12.  vScibus:  're- 
marks,' '  taunts.'  quod  .  . .  InstituerStur :  the  reason  assigned  by  the 
Gauls,  not  by  Caesar.     B.  286,  1 ;  A.  592,  3  ;  H.  588,  ii.        a  :  '  off.' 

13.  Quibusnam  :  the  expression  implies  contempt, '  with  what  hands, 
pray.'        praesertim,  etc.:  '  especially  (being)  men  of  so  small  size,' 


354  NOTES   TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.         [Pages  167- 


siich  little  chaps,'  spoken  contemptuously.  14.  Gallis  .  .  .  contemp- 

tul :  '  an  object  of  ridicule  on  the  part  of  the  Gauls.'  Cf.  note  to  p.  189, 
4.  17.  confiderent :  B.  315,  1  ;  A.  580,  574  ;  H.  642.  The  Aduatuci 
thought  that  the  Romans  would  have  to  pick  the  tower  up  and  carry  it 
in  order  to  move  it.  This  indicates  their  ignorance  of  mechanical  con- 
trivances, and  gives  an  insight  into  their  stage  of  civilization. 

XXXI.  18.  moveri,  etc.:  sc.  turrim.  19.  specie:  'sight.' 
20.    qui  :  subject  of  dixerunt. 

22.  Romanos  sine  ope  deorum :  the  American  Indians,  it  is  said, 
thought  that  the  first  steamboats  and  railway-trains  were  gods,  or  de- 
mons. 23.  qui:  'because  they.'  B.  283,  3,  a ;  A.  535,  e;  H.  592. 
25.  Unum:  'one  thing' (i.e.  ne  .  .  .  despolidret);  indir.  disc,  to  the  end 
of  the  chapter.  26.  dementia  ac  mansuetudine  :  cf.  p.  159,  4,  and 
note.  audirent :  by  report.  27.  ne  despoliaret :  B.  316  ;  A.  588, 
and  N.  2  ;  H.  642.  29.  a:  'against.'  traditis  armis  :  =  si  arwa 
trddita  essent.  B.  227,  2,  b;  A.  521,  a;  H.  575,  9.  30.  praestare  : 
the  subject  is  pati,  '  that  it  would  be  better  for  them  to  endure  any  lot 
whatever.'  eum  casum  :  'such  a  condition,'  choosing  between  the 
mercy  of  the  Romans  and  the  treatment  of  the  surrounding  Gauls. 

Page  168.  XXXII.  4.  consuetiidine  sua  :  '  in  accordance  with  his 
habit,'  of  treating  a  prostrate  foe  mercifully.  B.  220,  3;  A.  404;  H. 
475,  3.  5.  conservatiirum  [esse],  dedidissent :  indir.  disc,  con- 
servdho,  dediderint  (fut.  perf.).  B.  319,  A,  B,  a;  A.  589;  H.  646, 
attigisset :  why  subj.?  aries  :  in  antiquity  it  was  a  rule  of  war  that 
besieged  cities  which  did  not  capitulate  before  the  battering-ram  touched 
the  walls,  should  when  captured  be  given  over  to  destruction.  7.  armis 
traditis  :  abl.  abs.        8.    quam  :  '  any.' 

10.  imperarentur :  why  subj.?  facere :  sc.  eos  (Aduatucos). 
The  pres.  tense  is  used  instead  of  the  fut.  to  express  the  immediate 
carrying  out  of  Caesar's  orders.  12.  iacta :  with  muUitudine,  abl. 
abs.  summam,  etc.:  the  agger  had  been  prolonged  as  far  as  the 
edge  of  the  moat.  The  deep  space  between  the  end  of  the  agger  and 
the  wall,  from  the  bottom  of  the  moat  up,  was  filled  with  weapons. 
15.    pace  sunt  asi  :  '  they  enjoyed  peace,'  '  kept  quiet.' 

XXXIII.  16.  Sub:  'Towards.'  18.  inito  .  .  .  consilio :  'having 
formed  a  plot.'  19.  praesidia  deducturos  [esse]: '  would  withdraw 
the  outposts,'  from  the  redoubts  and  the  line  of  circumvallation,  where 


m 

168.        ■ 

OlD-  1 


Pages  168-169.]        NOTES  TO   CAESAR,   BOOK  II.  355 

the   Roman  sentries    kept    careful  watch.  20.    denique :    '  at  any 

rate. ' 

22.  viminibus  intextis:  'by  mterweaving  withes.'  23.  tertia 
vigilia  :  abl.  of  time.  What  part  of  the  night  is  meant  ?  24.  ascSn- 
sus,  etc.  :  from  this  it  would  seem  that  the  Roman  line  of  circumvalla- 
tion  was  on  ground  somewhat  above  the  le.el  of  the  plain,  so  that  the 
enemy,  after  rushing  down  from  the  town,  must  advance  up  a  height  in 
order  to  storm  the  Roman  works. 

27.  ignibus  :  '  fire-signals.'  28.  concursum  est :  see  Vocab. 
29.  ut  .  .  .  debuit :  'as  brave  men  were  bound  to  fight.'  in  .  .  . 
salutis  :  cf.  p.  165,  28,  and  note.  30.  vallo  :  the  Roman  line  of  cir- 
cumvallation.  31.  iacerent  :  B.  283,  2  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591.  un5  : 
'alone.'        32.    ad:   'about.' 

Page  169.  2.  diei  :  B.  201,  3,  a ;  A.  359,  h ;  H.  446,  5.  cum  : 
temporal,  causal,  or  concessive?  3.  sectionem  :  'the  booty'  in  this 
case  included  all  the  possessions  of  the  people  captured,  as  well  as  the 
people  themselves,  who  were  sold  into  slavery.  That  some  of  the 
Aduatuci  were  still  left  in  their  country  is  clear  from  Book  V,  38-39. 
5.   milium  quinquaginta  trium  :  pred.  gen. 

ii.   Expedition  of  Publius  Crassus  to  the  Western  Coast. 
XXXIV.     B.C.  57. 

XXXIV.  7.  legione  un5  :  the  viith.  Venetos  :  for  the  location 
of  this  and  the  following  peoples,  see  map  opp.  p.  114.  Coriosolitas  : 
Greek  ace.  of  a  Keltic  word.  B.  47,  3  ;  A.  81,  5  ;  H.  109, 110.  8.  Auler- 
cos  :  Aulercos  Eburovlces.        9.   Oceanum  :  the  Atlantic. 

iii.  Events  after  the  Reduction  of  the  Belgae.  xxxv. 

B.C.  57. 

XXXV.  14.  incolerent  :  subj.  by  attraction.  B.  324,  1  ;  A.  593 ; 
H.  652.  15.  se  :  refers  to  ndtiones ;  hence  daturas  and  facturds  are 
fem. 

16.  legationgs  :  for  legdtbs.  Illyricum  :  this  also  was  a  part  of 
Caesar's  "province."  20.  hiberaa  :  how  did  the  winter-quarters 
differ  from  the  ordinary  camp  ?    See  Intro.,  p.  21.         Italiam  :   see 


356  NOTES   TO    CAESAR,    BOOK   II.  [Page  169. 

note  to  p.  120,  4.  21.  aupplicatio  :  usually  a  '  solemn  thanks- 
giving' lasted  only  three  or  four  days.  The  longest  supplicdtio  previ- 
ously decreed  was  in  honor  of  Pompey,  at  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Mithridates.  See  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Boman  Antiquities^ 
3d  ed.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  729-780.  22.  quod  :  sc.  id,  referring  to  in  dies 
.  .  .  decreta  est.     B.  247,  1,  h  ;  A.  307,  d,  n.  ;  H.  399,  6,  nuUI :  em- 

phatic position. 


EXERCISES  FOR   TRANSLATION   INTO 
LATIN. 


The  following  Exercises  have  been  prepared  because  it  is  believed 
that  a  much  more  thorough  acquaintance  with  and  appreciation  of  Latin 
idioms,  constructions,  and  forms  can  be  gained  from  the  turning  of  Eng- 
lish into  Latin,  than  from  mere  translation  from  the  original. 

The  Exercises  cover  the  first  two  books  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War. 
With  one  exception  the  first  thirty-six  Exercises  are  based  each  on  a 
single  chapter  of  Book  I  (a  single  Exercise  is  made  on  Chapters  xxix  and 
xxx).  The  remaining  Exercises  cover  the  rest  of  Book  I  and  the  whole 
of  Book  II.  The  first  twenty-four  are  accompanied  by  carefully  graded 
Grammar  Lessons,  which  are  illustrated  by  the  sentences  of  each  Exer- 
cise, together  with  a  review  of  the  principles  of  the  preceding  Lessons. 
At  first  detached  sentences  are  given,  from  which  there  is  a  gradual  tran- 
sition to  continuous  passages. 

The  Exercises  are  based  closely  upon  the  Latin  text,  and  require  a 
reproduction  of  various  words  and  constructions,  but  with  many  changes 
of  form  and  combination.  All  the  words  required  in  translating  the 
Exercises  will  be  found  in  some  part  of  the  text  upon  which  they  are 
based,  or  will  be  suggested  in  the  foot-notes  ;  see  also  the  English-Latin 
Vocabulary  at  the  end  of  the  book.  In  the  first  place,  the  Latin  should 
be  translated  carefully  and  thoroughly  understood,  attention  being 
directed  especially  to  peculiarities  of  construction,  or  to  points  in  which 
the  Latin  idiom  differs  from  the  English.  The  pupil  will  then  be  prepared 
intelligently  to  attempt  the  translation  from  the  English.  The  Latin  text 
should  be  referred  to  as  a  final  authority  for  the  verification  of  doubtful 
points. 

The  Exercises  may  be  written  or  recited  orally.  If  they  are  written,  it 
is  suggested  that  they  be  reviewed  orally.  With  the  former  method  the 
long  vowels  should  be  marked,  and  with  the  latter  a  careful  pronunciation 
should  be  required. 

Some  of  the  errors  to  which  beginners  are  especially  inclined  are 
guarded  against  in  the  following  Hikts,  to  which  references  are  made  by 
Roman  numerals  (VI,  X).  References  are  also  occasionally  made  to  the 
pages  and  lines  of  the  Text  (as  p.  10,  1.  6),  to  call  attention  to  words  or 
phrases  which  may  have  been  forgotten.  Words  between  parentheses 
are  to  be  omitted  in  translating  into  Latin. 

357 


358  EXERCISES. 


HINTS. 


I.  Eemember  that  only  deponent  verbs  have  a  perfect  active 
participle.  With  other  verbs,  *  having  done  this  '  and  similar 
expressions  must  be  translated  into  Latin  by  the  ablative  abso- 
lute, or  by  a  clause  introduced  by  cum,  uhi,  etc. 

II.  The  present  participle  is  often  used  loosely  in  English. 
It  must  be  translated  into  Latin  by  a  perfect  participle  or  an 
equivalent  (see  I),  unless  its  action  is  strictly  contemporaneous 
with  that  of  the  verb  on  which  the  participle  depends;  e.g. 
*  Attacking  them  when  they  were  in  disorder,  he  slew  a  great 
part  of  them,'  eos  impedUds  aggressus,  magnam  partem  eorum 
concldit. 

III.  Tenses  are  generally  used  more  exactly  in  Latin  than 
in  English.  We  say,  for  instance,  *  If  he  comes,  I  shall  see 
him ' ;  the  Latin  is  more  exact,  si  veniet  or  si  venerit  (fut.  perf .). 
In  translating  into  Latin,  determine  the  exact  relations  of  time, 
and  use  the  corresponding  tenses. 

IV.  Study  the  way  in  which  Indirect  Discourse  is  expressed. 
Read  carefully  B.  313,  323;  A.  577-590;  H.  641-648.  When 
reading  Latin,  carefully  notice  the  moods  and  tenses  of  all  in- 
direct quotations.  In  Indirect  Discourse  the  time  must  be 
determined  with  reference  to  that  of  the  verb  which  introduces 
the  indirect  discourse.  The  past,  present,  or  future  tense  of 
the  infinitive  is  to  be  used,  according  as  the  action  takes  place 
before,  at  the  same  time  with,  or  after  the  action  of  the  main  verb 
upon  which  it  depends.  The  infinitive  expresses  7io  time  in 
itself,  but  its  time  is  viewed  only  with  reference  to  the  main 
verb  in  the  sentence.     The  same  is  true  of  the  participle. 

V.  Before  translating  a  sentence  in  Indirect  Discourse,  try 
to  reproduce  the  speaker's  words :  e.g.  '  The  Aedui  said  that 


EXERCISES.  359 

their  towns  were  being  stormed  and  their  fields  laid  waste.' 
The  words  of  the  Aedui  may  be  given  as  follows :  oppida  nostra 
oppugnantur,  et  agri  vdstantur;  this  becomes  in  indirect  dis- 
course after  a  past  tense,  Aedui  dlxerunt  oppida  sua  oppugndri 
et  agros  vdstdri. 

Pay  special  attention  to  the  principle  of  the  Sequence  of 
Tenses.  See  B.  267  ;  A.  482-485 ;  H.  543-550.  Note  that  the 
Pres.  Subj.,  following  a  primary  tense  of  the  Indie,  and  the 
Imp.  Subj.,  following  a  secondary  tense  of  the  Indie,  express 
an  action  that  is  going  on  at  the  same  time  as  the  action  of  the 
main  verb,  or  at  some  time  future  to  that  action;  and  that 
the  Perf.  Subj.,  following  a  primary  tense  of  the  Indie,  and  the 
Plup.  Subj.,  following  a  secondary  tense  of  the  Indie,  express 
an  action  that  is  completed  at  the  time  of  the  action  of  the 
main  verb. 

VI.  Independent  statements  are  much  more  common  in 
English  than  in  Latin.  Hence,  in  translating  English  into 
Latin,  many  coordinate  verbs  in  English  should  be  made  sub- 
ordinate in  the  Latin  in  some  of  the  ways  suggested  in  I  and 
II. 

VII.  The  Latin  pronouns  are  more  numerous  and  more  defi- 
nite than  the  English.  Where  in  English  we  repeat  a  proper 
name  to  avoid  ambiguity,  or  use  such  paraphrases  as  '  the  gen- 
eral,' '  the  Eoman,'  etc.,  a  carefully  chosen  pronoun  should  be 
used  in  Latin. 

VIII.  Be  careful  in  the  use  of  pronouns.  On  se  and  suus 
see  B.  85 ;  A.  299-301 ;  H.  502-504.  In  your  Latin  reading 
carefully  observe  the  use  of  pronouns. 

IX.  Note  the  various  ways  of  expressing  Purpose.  See 
B.  282,  337,  4,  339,  6,  340,  1 ;  A.  533,  with  a,  b,c,d',  H.  564,  i, 
568,  590,  626,  5,  633,  634,  638,  3, 


360  EXERCISES. 

X.  The  voluntary  agent  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  loith  a 
preposition ;  the  means  or  instrument,  by  the  ablative  without 
a  preposition. 

XI.  Be  careful  in  translating  English  prepositions  :  e.g.  '  He 
killed  him  with  a  sword/  gladio  eum  interfecit;  ^he  went  vnth 
him/  cum  eo  wit;  ^  when  he  heard  o/this/  cum  de  hoc  audlvisset; 
a  *man  of  great  eloquence/  vir  magna  eloquentia;  'the  posses- 
sions o/his  father/  patema  bona.  Determine  the  exact  force  of 
the  English  preposition,  and  translate  accordingly. 

XII.  In  translating  into  Latin  such  sentences  as  '  the  man 
I  saw,'  the  relative  cannot  be  omitted,  but  we  must  say  vir 
{homo)  quern  vidi. 

XIII.  Prepositional  phrases  are  seldom  attached  to  nouns 
in  Latin.  When  such  cases  occur  in  English,  unless  the  relar 
tion  can  be  expressed  in  Latin  by  the  genitive,  a  relative  clause 
should  be  used,  or  a  participle  added :  e.g.  ^  the  embassy  from 
Caesar,'  Caesaris  legatio,  legatio  a  Caesare  missa,  legatio  quae  a 
Caesare  missa  est;  not  ^legatio  a  Caesare.^ 

XIV.  A  personal  or  demonstrative  pronoun  at  the  beginning 
of  a  sentence,  and  sometimes  a  noun  (see  VII),  is  often  best 
translated  into  Latin  by  a  relative  pronoun. 

XV.  Some  conjunctions,  like  enim,  autem^  etc.,  are  post- 
positive ;  i.e.  they  do  not  stand  first  in  the  sentence,  but  after 
one  or  more  words.  This  is  always  indicated  in  the  Vocabu- 
lary. Inquit,  '  said  he,'  always  follows  one  or  more  words  of  a 
quotation. 

XVI.  Observe  that  verbs  which  govern  the  dative,  or 
another  case  than  the  accusative,  must  be  used  impersonally 
in  the  passive:  e.g.  'He  persuaded  the  Helvetians,'  Helvetiis 
persudsit;  but  'the  Helvetians  were  persuaded,'  Helvetiis  per- 
sudsum  est. 


EXERCISES.  361 

XVII.  In  expressing  the  relations  of  place,  the  preposition 
is  regularly  omitted  with  names  of  towns,  etc.  (B.  182,  1; 
A.  427 ;  H.  418,  419)  ;  place  where  is  expressed  by  the  locative, 
which  in  the  singular  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  has 
the  same  form  as  the  genitive ;  in  the  third  declension,  and  in 
the  plural,  the  same  form  as  the  dative  or  ablative.  B.  232, 
cf .  228  ;  A.  427,  3 ;  H.  483. 

XVIII.  Prohibitions,  or  negative  commands,  are  sometimes 
expressed  by  the  pres.  or  perf.  subjunctive ;  but  generally  by 
noli  (pi.  nolite)  with  the  infinitive,  or  cave  (pi.  cavete)  with  the 
subjunctive. 

XIX.  Causal  clauses  introduced  by  quod,  quia,  and  quoniam 
take  the  indicative,  unless  the  reason  is  viewed  as  that  of  some 
other  person  than  the  speaker  or  writer,  when  the  subjunctive 
is  used.     B.  286,  1 ;  A.  540;  H.  588. 

XX.  Note  the  idiomatic  use  of  certain  adjectives :  e.g.  in 
extremo  ponte,  *  at  the  end  of  the  bridge ' ;  in  media  urbe,  *  in 
the  middle  of  the  city ' ;  summus  mons,  *  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain ' ;  primus  docuit,  *  he  was  the  first  to  teach.' 

XXI.  Distinguish :  '  1  may  do  this,'  licet  mihi  hoc  facersj  or 
licet  hoc  faciam;  *I  can  do  this,'  hoc  facere  possum;  'I  ought 
to  do  this,'  hoc  facere  debeo,  or  opoHet  me  hoc  facere;  ^  I  must  do 
this,'  me  hoc  facere  necesse  est,  necesse  est  ut  hoc  faciam,  or  hoc 
mihi  faciendum.  In  the  past  tenses  the  auxiliary  becomes  past, 
and  not  the  infinitive  as  in  English:  e.g.  licuit  mihi  hoc  facere. 

XXII.  To  write  good  Latin  one  must  not  only  express 
one's  self  with  grammatical  correctness,  but  also  idiomatically. 
Many  English  expressions  cannot  be  rendered  literally;  in 
fact,  a  continuous  passage  of  idiomatic  English  can  hardly 
ever  be  translated  word  for  word  into  idiomatic  Latin.  Read 
the  passage  carefully,  and  translate  the  thought,  not  the  words. 


1.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   I. 

Gkammar  Lesson. 

(a)   Review  of  First  and  Second  Declensions.      B.  20-27  ;  A.  40- 

52  ;  H.  78-89. 
(6)   Use  of  Prepositions,  in  and  sub.    B.  143 ;  A.  220,  c ;  H.  420,  3. 
(c)   Subject  and  Direct  Object  of  Verb.    B.  166, 172 ;  A.  339,  387  ; 

H.  387,  404. 

1.  Caesar  came^  into  Gaul.  2,  The  Belgians  inhabit  one 
part  of  Gaul.  3.  The  Belgians  carried  on  war  in  Gaul. 
4.  Gaul  extended^  to  the  river  Khine.  5.  The  Romans 
divided  Gaul  into  three  parts.  6.  The  merchants  did  not 
bring  wine  ^  into  Aquitania.  7.  The  Aquitani  are  nearest  to 
Spain.  8.  The  Garonne  river  separated  the  Celts  from  the 
Aquitani.  9.  The  Helvetians,  who  fought  with  the  Germans, 
were  brave.       10.    The  rivers  were  wide.* 

1  venio.  For  all  new  words,  whether  suggested  in  these  Footnotes  or  not, 
see  the  English-Latin  Vocab. 

2  Imperfect  tense.  *  vinum.  *  latus,  -a,  -um. 

2.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAR   11. 

Grammaii  Lessox. 

(a)   Review   of   First    Conjugation.    B.  93-102    (omitting    100)  ; 

A.  164-184;  H.  190-208  (omitting  205). 
(6)    Agreement  of  Adjective.    B.  234,  235 ;  A.  285-287 ;  H.  394, 

395. 
(c)    Indirect   Object.      B.   187,   I,   II;    A.  362,   367;    H.  424-426 

(and  read  424,  3) . 

1.  Messala  and  Piso  were  very  rich.  2.  The  Sequani  do 
not  give  money  ^  to  the  Germans.       3.   Orgetorix  persuades  the 

362 


EXERCISES.  363 

Helvetians.  4.  The  river  is  wide  and  the  mountain  is  high. 
0.  The  Helvetians,  whose  ^  territory  is  contracted,  are  very 
brave.  6.  They  exceP  all  the  Gauls.  7.  The  Helvetians  do 
not  roam  about  widely,  because*  they  are  hemmed  in  by  a 
broad  river.  8.  The  Jura  mountain  is  very  high.  9.  The 
grief  of  the  Helvetians  is  great.  10.  Caesar  and  Orgetorix 
were  of  very  high  rank.^ 

^peciinia. 

2  Use  the  gen.  plu.  of  the  rel.,  qui,  quae,  quod. 

8  Observe  the  case  used  on  p.  115,  1.  10. 

*  quod. 

fi  *  of  very  high  rank,'  i.e.  '  very  noble.' 


3.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.  HI. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Review  of  the  Verb  stim.    B.  100 ;  A.  170  ;  H.  205. 

(6)  Predicate  Noun.     B.  167,  168;  A.  283,  284;  H.  393. 

(c)  Predicate  Adjective.    B.  233,  2;  A.  285,  2;  H.  382,  394. 

1.  Caesar  was  called  king.^  2.  The  Helvetians  gave 
their  daughters  in  marriage  to  the  Sequani.  3.  The  Roman 
people  called  Casticus  a  friend.  4.  Orgetorix  establishes 
friendship  with  Dumnorix.  5.  A  good  friend  persuaded 
me.^  6.  Diviciacus  was  a  friend  of  Caesar.  7.  All  the 
Gauls  are  very  powerful.  8.  The  sovereign-rule  was  seized ' 
by*  Dumnorix.  9.  The  influence  of  Caesar  was  great. 
10.    Orgetorix  tried  to  persuade  ^  the  Helvetians. 

1  rex. 

2  '  me,'  rnihi. 

8  What  voice  is  this  ? 

*  Use  the  prep.  ab. 

6  *  to  persuade,'  use  the  inf. 


364  EXERCISES. 

4.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.  IV. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Pronouns,  Relative,  Demonstrative,  Possessive.    B.  86-89; 

A.  145-147;  H.  176-182. 

(6)  Possessive  Genitive.     B.  198:  A.  343;  H.  440, 1. 
(c)  Agreement  of  Relative.    B.  250,  1 ;  A.  305  ;  H.  396. 

1.  The  Helvetians  condemned  Orgetorix,  who  committed 
suicide.  2.  According  to  the  custom  of  the  Helvetians  he 
was  burned  to  death.  3.  The  Helvetians  appointed  a  day 
for  his  trial,^  but  he  saved  himself.  4.  Orgetorix  collected 
his  supporters,^  of  whom  he  had  ten  thousand.  5.  The  state 
is  roused  to  arms.  6.  This  matter,  which  was  reported  to 
the  Helvetians,  rouses  them  to  arms.  7.  His  retainers,  to 
whom  this  matter  was  reported,  are  gathered  together. 
8.  Orgetorix  tried  to  plead,  his  own^  case.  9.  The  punish- 
ment, which  he  suffered/  was  heavy.^  10.  The  number  of  his 
retainers  is  large. 

1  Use  the  gen.  case,  as  on  p.  116, 1.  23.  2  Omit. 

8  '  his  own,'  express  by  one  word.  *  Study  p.  116, 1. 22.  6  gravis. 

6.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.  V. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Review  of  the  Third  Declension.  B.  28-47 ;  A.  53-87  ;  H.  94- 
124. 

(6)  Two  Accusatives :  (1)  Both  referring-  to  the  same  person  or 
thing-.  B.  177,  1;  A.  393,  a;  H.  410.  (2)  One  referring  to 
the  person  affected,  the    other   to   the  result   produced. 

B.  178,  1.6;  A.  396,  c;  H.  411. 

(c)  Apposition.     B.  169, 1,  2;  A.  282;  H.  393. 

1.  The  Helvetians  did  not  make  ^  Orgetorix  king.  2.  They 
call  2  the  Boii  allies.  3.  The  Eauraci,  allies  of  the  Helve- 
tians, adopt  the  plan  which  the  Boii  had  previously  ^  adopted. 


EXERCISES.  365 

4.  The  Helvetians  tried  to  teach*  them  everything.*  5.  We 
ask^  ohr  friends  for  their  opinion/  6.  The  Tulingi,  their 
neighbors,  will  depart  with  them.  7.  I  shall  take  away  the 
hope  of  returning  home.  8.  This  month  is  called*  Decem- 
ber.^ 9.  You  have  besieged  many  towns  and  villages. 
10.    The  Boii,  whom  the  Helvetians  took  as  allies,  give  orders 

to  burn  all  their  villages. 

« 
1  creo.  2  See  p.  116, 1.  8.  ^prius.  *  doceo. 

6  Use  the  neut.  pi.  of  omnis.  •  rogo.  ^  sententia. 

8  nomino.  ^  The  form  is  the  same  in  Latin. 

6.    CAESAR,  BOOK  1,  CHAP.  VI. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Review  of -Second  Conjugation.    B.  103,  104;  A.  pp.  96,  97; 

H.  210,  211. 
(&)  Subjective  Genitive.     B.  199;  A.  343  and  N.  1;  H.  440, 1. 
(c)  Objective  Genitive.    B.  200;  A.  348;   H.  440,  2. 

1.  The  hope  of  safety  ^  was  taken  away.  2.  By  the  nar- 
row roads  they  hold  the  enemy  back.  3.  The  Helvetians 
make  this  request,^  because  they  are  trying  to  go  through  the 
territory  of  the  Sequani.  4.  The  enemy  were  impelled  by 
a  desire  ^  of  sovereign-rule.  5.  On  account  of*  the  safety  of 
their  allies  the  Sequani  will  not  allow  the  Helvetians  to  go 
through  their  territory.  6.  The  fears '  of  the  Sequani  were 
groundless.^  7.  The  mountain,  which  overhangs  us,  is  called 
the  Jura.  8.  Hold  the  enemy  back  !  9.  There  ^  were  very 
few  bridges  in  Gaul,  because «  the  rivers  were  crossed  by 
fords.  10.  On  account  of  the  departure  of  the  Helvetians 
Caesar  hastened  ^  into  Gaul. 

1  salus.  2  te.,  '  ask  this  thing.'    See  Ex.  5,  sentence  5. 

8  See  p  115  18.  *  '  Ou  account  of,'  propter,  a  prep.  ^  Urnor. 

^vanus,-a,.um.  ^  Omit.       '     «  See  Ex.  2,  n.  4.  ^  contendo. 


366  EXERCISES. 

7.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   VIL 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Adjectives,    their   Declension    and    Comparison.       B.     62-75 ; 

A.  110-131  ;  H.    90-93,  125-130,  137-160. 
(6)   Accusative    of   Limit    of    Motion.    B.   182,  1,  a,    b ;    A.   427,  2; 

H.  418,  419. 
(c)    Accusative   of   Duration   of   Time  and   Space.      B.   181,  1  ;    A. 

423,  2,  425;    H.    417. 

1.  The  Helvetians  set  out  and -came  to  Geneva.  ^  2.  Caesar 
remained  ^  in  farther  Gaul  for  many  days.  3.  Envoys  were 
sent,  men  ^  of  highest  rank.  4.  The  envoys  informed  ^  Caesar 
of  their  arrival.  5.  With  the  consent  of  the  other  envoys  they 
marched  to  Geneva.  6.  It  is  our  intention  ^  to  refrain  from 
evil-doing.  7.  Caesar  was  too  proud.  ^  8.  The  Helvetians 
will  march  home,  because  Lucius  Cassius,  the  consul,  was  killed. 
9.  Caesar  informed  the  Helvetians,  who  wished^  to  march 
through  the  province,  of  his  intention.  10.  They  returned 
home  and  for  many  days  refrained  from  mischief. 

1  Notice  that,  ad  Genavarn  (p.  118,  1.  4,  see  note)  means  'into  the  vicinity 

of  Geneva.'    In  the  trans,  of  sentence  1  apply  the  Grammar  Lesson,  6. 

2  maneo.  s  Omit. 
*  Study  the  Latin-English  Vocab.  under  the  word  certus. 
«  Study  p.  118,  1.  11. 

^superbxis.    See  B.  240,  1;  A.  291,  a;  H.  498.       ' volo. 


8.     CAESAR,   BOOK   T,   CHAP.   VIH. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)   Review   of    Third  Conjugration  of  Verbs.    B.   105,  106.  100-111  ; 

A.    pp.  98,  99,  102,  103  ;     H.    212-214. 
(6)   Ablative  Absolute.    B.  227  ;  A.  419;  H.  489. 

1.   When  Caesar  had  made  a  trench,  he  was  able  to  keep  the 
Helvetii  from  the  march.     2.  When  Caesar  had  stationed  garri- 


EXERCISES.  367 

sons  and  fortified  redoubts/  he  went  into  Italy.  3.  I  cannot 
allow  ^  you  to  march  through  the  province.  4.  Having  been 
informed  of  ^  this,  Caesar  sent  messengers  to  Italy  and  levied 
soldiers.  5.  You  have  been  disappointed  in  this  expectation. 
6.  Against  Caesar's  will '  the  Helvetians  could  not  cross  the 
Rhone  river.  7.  The  Jura  mountain  is"*  nineteen  miles  from 
Lake  Geneva.  8.  Having  tried  ^  to  use  force,  the  enemy  made 
several  rafts.  9.  You  will  show  that  you  will  keep  the  Helve- 
tians from  our  territory.  10.  For  many  days  the  enemy  tried 
to  drive  the  Romans  back. 

1  Express  the  clause  by  the  abl.  abs.  const,  and  study  Hint  I.    The  Latin 

order  puts  Caesar  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence. 

2  Study  p.  119,  1.  3.  8  Use  the  prep,  de,  as  in  p.  118,  1.  8. 
4  Use  absum.                                            ^  Study  the  first  part  of  Hint  I. 


9.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.  IX. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Review  of  Fourth  and  Fifth  Declensions  of  Nouns.    B.  48-53 ; 

A.    88-98;  H.    131-135. 
(6)   Ablative  of  Means.    B.  218;     A.  409;  H.  476. 
(c)   Ablative  of  Comparison.    B.  217 ;  A.  406  ;  H.  471. 

1.  Dumnorix  was  more  ^  powerful  among  the  Sequani  than  his 
brother,  Diviciacus.^  2.  He  was  more  friendly  ^  to  the  Hel- 
vetians than  to  the  Sequani.  3.  For  these  reasons*  they  wil- 
allow  hostages  to  be  given.^  4.  When  envoys  had  been  sent. ' 
they  persuaded  the  Sequani.^  5.  By  means  of  bribery  he  had 
the  state  under  obligation.  6.  The  daughters  of  this  consul 
had  been  married.  7.  The  enemy  unwillingly «  gave  up  the 
attempt.^  8.  The  other  road  is  easier  than  this  one.^"  9.  By 
this  speech  Caesar  was  greatly  "  influenced.       10.    And  so  the 


368  EXERCISES. 

matter  having   been    undertaken,  Dumnorix  persuaded  more 
states  than  (did)  Diviciacus. 

^plus,  2  Ex.  5,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.        3  Use  amicus  as  an  adj. 

*i.e.  '  on  account  of  these  things  (res).'    Use  the  abl.  case.      5  Use  the  inf. 
6  See  Ex.  S,  n.  1.      "  See  Grammar  Lesson  2,  c.       8  Uge  the  adj.  invitus. 
9  See  p.  119, 1.8.       ^  Omit.  ii  Magnopere. 


10.    CAESAR,   BOOK   I,   CHAP.  X. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Review  of  Fourth  Conjugation  of  Verbs.     B.  107,  108;    A. 

pp.  100,  101 ;  H.  215-217. 
(6)  Uses  of  the  present  and  perfect  participle.    B.  336,  337 ;  A. 

489-497 ;  H.  637-640. 

1.  When  this  had  been  done.^  the  Helvetians  decided ^  to 
report  the  matter  to  Caesar.  2.  If  this  is  done/  Caesar  will 
carry  on  war  ^  in  the  territory  of  the  enemy.  3.  Even"*  though 
the  Helvetians*  refrain  from  mischief/  they  will  be  the  ene- 
mies of  the  Eoman  people.  4.  Men  who  are  fond-of-war, 
easily  fight  with  their  neighbors.  5.  Titus  Labienus,  the 
lieutenant  of  Caesar,  was  far  away  from  Rome.^  6.  When 
Caesar  had  enrolled  two  new  legions  and  had  withdrawn  three 
from  winter  quarters,^  he  returned  ^  to  Gaul.  7.  The  com- 
mander^ remained  in  Italy  for  several  days.^*'  8.  Hastening 
by  forced  marches,  Caesar  led  his  army  to  Labienns.  9.  Cae- 
sar defeated  the  mountaineers  ^^  in  several  battles.  10.  He 
was  the  first  ^^  to  lead  his  troops  into  farther  Gaul. 

1  See  Ex.  8,  n.  1.  2  Cf.  p.  115, 11.  25,  26. 

8  Cf.  p.  114, 1.  14.  4  '  even,'  etiam. 

«  The  Latin  order  is,  '  The  Helvetii,  even  though,'  etc. 

«  See  Grammar  Lesson,  6.       7  Use  the  abl.  case.        ^redire.       ^  imperator. 

1"  See  Ex.  7,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.  ^^  montanus. 

12  Study  B.  241,  2 ;  A.  290 ;  H.  497.  3. 


EXERCISES.  369 

11.     CAESAK,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.  XI. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Dative  with  Compounds.    B.  187,  III;  A,  370;  H.  420. 
(6)  Clauses  of  Purpose,    B.  282;  A.  529-531;  H.  568. 

1.  When  the  Helvetians^  had  taken ^  the  troops  through 
the  narrow  pass,  they  carried  off  the  children  of  the  Aeduans 
into  slavery.  2.  Titus  Labienus  was  in  command  ^  of  a  le- 
gion. 3.  The  Helvetians  sent  soldiers  to"*  lay  waste  the 
land.  4.  Caesar  hastened  into  Gaul  in  order  that  the  enemy 
might  not  capture  the  towns  of  his  allies.  5.  The  Aeduans 
fled  to  Caesar,  in  order  that  they  might  more  easily  defend 
themselves.  6.  When  their  land  had  been  laid  waste  and 
their  property  destroyed,^  the  Allobroges  had  nothing  left.^ 

7.  I  shall  place   the    lieutenant   in  command   of   the   army. 

8.  Caesar  made  war  ^  upon  the  Helvetians  as  they  were  leaving  ^ 

their  country.       9.   Fortune  did  not  fail  ^  Caesar.       10.   They 

were   informed   of   the   arrival   of   Caesar,   whose  army  was 

hastening  ^  by  forced  marches. 

1  Cf.  Ex.  10,  N.  5.  2  Cf.  Ex.  8,  N.  1.  ^praesum. 

4  Study  Grammar  Lesson,  &.  ^  gee  note  to  p.  120,  1.  28. 

6  helium  inferre.    Cf.  Grammar  Lesson,  a. 

'^  Cf.  Grammar  Lesson  10,  6,  and  see  p.  117,  1.  2. 

8 '  fail,'  i.e.  '  was  not  wanting '  (desum) .  ^  What  tense  ? 

12.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.  XH. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Ablative  of  Cause.     B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475. 
(6)  Clauses  of  Result  and  Characteristic.    B.  283,  284 ;  A.  536- 
538;  H.  570,  591. 

1.  The  Arar  is  a  river  whose  current  is  wonderfully  smooth.^ 
2.   When  three  quarters  of  the  forces  had  been  led  across,^  Cae- 


370  EXERCISES. 

sar  arrived.  3.  They  were  so  hindered-in-their-movements 
that  a  large  part  of  them  were  killed.  4.  Caesar  was  lucky  ^ 
in  that^  he  attacked  the  enemy  when  ^  off-their-guard. 
5.  Since  Lucius  Cassius,  the  consul,  had  been  killed,'^  Caesar 
defeated®  the  army  of  the  Helvetians.  6.  Many  fled  so 
quickly'  that  Caesar  could  not  follow*  them.  7.  Many  fled 
quickly  so  that  Caesar  could  not  follow  them.  8.  Because  of 
fear  they  tried  to  cross  the  river,  but  Caesar,  having  sent  ^  his 
soldiers  forward,^  prevented  it.^  9.  "I  shall  avenge  the 
death  of  a  Koman  consul,"  he  said.^"  10.  He  is  the  only^ 
one  who  paid  the  penalty. 

1  i.e.  'which  flows  with  wonderful  smoothness.' 

2  See  Ex.  8,  n.  1.  » fortunatus. 

*  *  in  that,'  etc.,  study  Grammar  Lesson,  h.     'in  that  he  '  =  '  who.' 

6  Omit.  6  i.e.  '  sent  under  the  yoke.'  "  tarn  celeriter. 

8  cotisequi.  ^  '  sent  forward,'  praemitto. 

w  inquit.    On  its  position  in  the  sentence  see  Hint  XV. 

11  solus.    Study  Grammar  Lesson,  &. 


13.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XHI. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Partitive  Genitive.    B.  201;  A.  346:  H.  440,  5,  441-444. 
(6)  Genitive  of  Quality.     B.  203,  I;  A.  345;  H.  440,  3. 
(c)  Review  of  Clauses  of  Purpose  and  Result. 

1.  The  majority^  of  the  Helvetians  had  already  crossed  the 
river.  2.  The  enemy  were  so  stirred  by  the  arrival  of  Caesar, 
that  they  sent  envoys  to  him.  3.  Caesar's  soldiers  were  so 
well  trained,-  that  they  crossed  the  river  in  one  day.  4.  I 
shall  send  soldiers  to  treat  with  Divico.  5.  Caesar  will  make 
peace  with  the  Helvetians  in  order  that  they  may  not  attack 
his   allies.       6.   Nevertheless^  they   do   not   wish   to    return 


EXERCISES.  371 

home.  7.  A  man  of  great  courage*  will  always^  fight  for* 
his  fatherland/  8.  Caesar  attacked  one  canton,  so  that  the 
enemy  might  not  bring  help  to  their  men.*  9.  Caesar  built 
a  bridge  over  the  Arar,  so  that  he  might  the  more  easily  cross 
the  river.  10.  There  is  no  one  ^  who  does  not  learn  ^^  from 
his  forefathers. 

1  '  majoi-ity,'  i.e.  '  the  greater  (comp.  degree)  part.' 

2  '  well  trained,'  exercitatus.  ^  tamen.  *  virtus, 
^semper.  6  p^o,  a  prep.  '^  p  atria. 
8  Omit.                                                      ^  nemo. 

10  Study  Ex.  12,  Grammar  Lesson,  6. 


14.     CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.   XIV. 
Grammar  Lessok. 

(a)  Dative  of  Reference.    B.  188;  A.  376-377;  H.  425. 
(6)  Dative  of  Possession.    B.  190;  A.  373;  H.  430. 
(c)  Uses  of  the  Subjunctive  and  imperative.    B.   272-281;    A. 
438-447 ;  H.  551-559. 

1.  Let  us  be  on  our  guard.  2.  The  name  of  this  Gaul  was 
Divico.  3.  I  have  less  hesitation  because  I  cannot  forget 
the  old  insult.  4.  May  they  not  try  to  force  their  way 
through  the  province!  5.  Give^  me  hostages  and  do^  the 
things  that  you  promised.  6.  Let  Divico  not  boast  of  his 
victory.  7.  For  the  Romans  are  so  brave,^  that  they  will 
easily  be  able  to  send '  the  Gauls  under  the  yoke.  8.  Divico, 
do  not  apologize  to  the  Romans  for  the  wrongs  which  you 
have  done  them.  9.  The  Romans  were  not  braver  than  the 
Helvetians.  10.  Let  us  make  peace  with  the  Helvetians, 
our  enemies. 

1  Use  the  singular  number.  ^fortis.  «  See  p.  121,  1.  16. 


372  EXERCISES. 

15.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,  CHAP.   XV. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Ablative  of  Agrent.    B.  216  ;  A.  405 ;  H.  467,  468. 

(6)  Ablative   of   Place  Where   and    Locative.     B.   228,   232,  1; 

A.  426,  3,  427,  3;  H.  483-485. 
(c)  Causal  Clauses,    B,  286,  1;  A.  540;  H.  588. 

1.  All  the  cavalry  was  sent  forward  by  Caesar.  2.  The 
majority  ^  of  the  soldiers  remained  in  camp.  3.  Caesar 
had  ^  many  personal  enemies  ^  at  Rome.  4.  Caesar  was  sat- 
isfied* to  keep  his  men  from  fighting.  5.  The  Helvetians 
harassed  Caesar's  army  in  the  rear,  because  (as  they  thought) 
the  Romans  were  thoroughly  frightened.^  6.  Many  Romans 
were  killed  by  the  Helvetians,  because  the  former  (in  reality) 
had  joined  battle  in  an  unfavorable  place.  7.  Do  not  attack 
the  Romans  too  eagerly.  8.  When  the  Aeduans  had  been 
sent  forward,^  battle  was  joined.  9.  The  Aeduans  did  not 
attack  the  Roman  army,  because  Caesar  was  their  friend.^ 
10.  At  Geneva  for  many  days  Caesar  kept  his  men  from 
plundering. 

1  See  Ex.  13,  n.  1.  2  gee  Ex.  14,  Grammar  Lesson,  6. 

*  '  personal  enemies,*  use  inimicus.  *  Cf.  p.  123,  1.  19. 

^perterreo.  «  See  Ex.  8,  n.  1.  ''  Cf.  sentence  3. 


16.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,  CHAP.   XVI. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Dative  of  Purpose.  B.  191,  2  ;  A.  382,  1,  N.  1 ;  H.  433,  1. 
(6)  Ablative  with  Deponents.  B.  218, 1 ;  A.  410  ;  H.  477,  I. 
(c)  Cum-  Clauses.    B.  286,  2,  288, 1,  B ;  A.  544-549;  H.  597-601. 

1.   The   grain   supply^   was   of  the   greatest  concern^  to 
Caesar.       2.   Caesar  made  use  of  the  boats  that  were  on  the 


EXERCISES.  373 

Arar  river.  3.  Since  the  grain  was  not  yet  ripe,  it  could 
not  be  brought  up  the  river  by  the  Aeduans.  4.  Caesar  was 
put  off  from  day  to  day  by  the  Aeduans.  5.  Caesar  re- 
proaches the  Aeduans,  because  (as  he  charged)  they  put  him 
off  from  day  to  day.  6.  This  was  a  great  disadvantage  *  to 
the  Romans.  7.  Since  Caesar'*  had^  to  distribute  grain  to 
the  army,  he  called  together  the  chief  men  of  the  Aeduans. 
8.  Since  the  war  had  been  undertaken  because  of  the  en- 
treaties of  the  allies,  Caesar  complained  bitterly.*'  9.  Let  us 
purchase  grain.       10.    Do  not  reproach  me. 

1  res  frumentaria.  2  study  Grammar  Lesson,  a. 

3  detrimentum.    Cf.  n.  2.  ■*  See  Ex.  10,  n,  5. 

6  Use  oportet  and  study  p.  124, 1,  4.  ^  graviter. 


17.     CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAR  XVII. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)   Questions,   Method    of   Asking  and   Answering.     B.   162;    A. 

330-337  ;  H.  378-380. 
(6)   Pronouns,   Personal  and   Indefinite.     B.  84,   91;    A.   142,   143, 

148-151  ;  H.  174,  175,  185-187. 
(o)   Temporal   Clauses,  postquam,   ut,  ubi,  cum  prlmum.     B.  287  ;  A. 

543;  H.  602. 

1.  Was  not  Liscus  induced  by  what  Caesar  said?  ^  2.  After 
the  Romans  overcame  the  Helvetians,  they  took  away  the 
liberty  of  the  Aeduans.^  3.  As  soon  as  our  plans  were 
reported  to  the  enemy,  Liscus  came  to  Caesar.  4.  Caesar 
has  more  power  ^  than  Liscus.  5.  Who  will  be  able  to  check 
them?  6.  Liscus  informed  Caesar  of  this,  because  (as  he 
said)    the  magistrates   did   not   have   the   greatest  influence. 

7.  Ought  not  the  Gauls  to  have  borne  the  rule  of  the  Romans? 

8.  Liscus  was  silent,  because  he  was  forced  to  be  so  *  by  the 


374  EXERCISES. 

magistrates  of  the  Aeduans.  9.  This^  Caesar  did,  in  order 
that  deserters  might  not  report  anything^  to  the  enemy. 
10.  After  they  had  furnished  the  grain,  Caesar  pardoned^ 
them.  11.  Let  us  report  whatever  is  done  in  Caesar's 
camp. 

1  i.e.  '  by  the  speech  of  Caesar.'  s  cf.  p.  124,  1.  17. 

2  '  of  the  Aeduans,'  cf.  p.  124, 1.  23.  *  '  to  be  so,'  omit. 

5  Use  the  neut.  pi.  ^  Cf .  p.  118,  1.  21,  and  study  Grammar  Lesson,  b. 

^  ignosco.    Cf.  Ex.  2,  Grammar  Lesson,  c. 

18.     CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.  XVIII. 

Gbammar  Lesson. 

(a)  Adjectives,    Various   Uses   with    Nouns.      B.    192,    204,    214, 

226,    2  ;    A.    349,    383-385,    418,    6  ;    H.    434,   435,   450-453, 
465,  477,  II,  481. 

(b)  Temporal    Clauses,     antequam,    priusquam;    dum,    donee,    quoad. 

B.  291-293  ;  A.  550-556  ;  H.  603-605. 

1.  Before  Dumnorix,  the  brother  of  Diviciacus,  could  speak, 
Caesar  dismissed  the  meeting.  2.  Dumnorix,  who  was  eager 
for  a  revohition,  was  a  man  ^  of  great  generosity.  3.  When- 
ever he  bid,^  no  one  dared  to  bid  against  him.  4.  While  this 
was  going  on,^  Dumnorix  arrived  in  the  land  of  the  Sequani. 
5.  He  maintained  so  large  a  number  of  cavalry,  that  he  was 
influential  also  among  the  Sequani.  6.  Liscus  did  not  speak 
freely,  before  Caesar  dismissed  the  meeting.  7.  Liscus 
waited  for  Caesar"*  to  dismiss  the  meeting.  8.  Because  of 
his  boldness  Dumnorix  bought  up  all  the  revenues.  9.  By 
the  arrival  of  the  Romans  Liscus  was  freed  ^  from  danger. 
10.    Have  you  come  to  help  me? 

1  Omit.  2  See  Ex.  16,  Grammar  Lesson,  c. 

8  i.e. '  wliile  these  things  were  being  done  '  (gero). 

4  i.e.  '  until  Caesar  should  dismiss,'  etc.  ®  libero. 


EXERCISES.  375 

19.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XIX. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

Substantive  Clauses.    B.  295,  1,  297,  2;   A.  560-572;   H.  563, 1, 
564-567,  568,  2,  571. 

1.  He  begged  Liscus  to  speak  freely.  2.  Caesar  urged 
Diviciacus  to  come  to  him  and  to  tell  him  the  truth.^  3.  Al- 
though hostages  had  been  given,^  the  Gauls  did  many  things 
without  the  knowledge  of  Caesar.^  4.  The  result  was  ^  that 
Caesar  censured  Dumnorix,  and  gave  orders  that  the  Aeduans 
punish  him.  5.  When  this  had  been  done,^  he  summoned 
Diviciacus,  so  that  he  might  have  a  conference  with  him. 
6.  Before  he  had  a  conference  with  Diviciacus,  he  sent  away 
the  ordinary  interpreters.  7.  What  ^  did  Caesar  say  to  Divi- 
ciacus ?  8.  Let  the  state  punish  Dumnorix !  9.  May  the 
state  punish  Dumnorix !  10,  I  beg  ^  you  not  to  punish  Dum- 
norix. 

1 '  the  truth,'  i.e.  '  true  things.'  2  cf.  Ex.  8,  n.  1.  8  cf.  p.  126, 1.  5. 

4  '  the  result  was,'  i.e.  '  it  happened  that '  (factum  est  ut). 

5  i.e.  *  what  things.'  ^  i.e.  '  I  beg  that  you  do  not,'  etc. 

20.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XX. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

Indirect  Question.    B.  300,  4;  A.  573-576;  H.  649-651. 

1.  I  beg  you  to  inform  me  what  has  happened  to  Diviciacus. 
2.  Wherefore  it  will  come  about  that  he  will  have  very  little 
influence  in  Gaul.  3.  The  result  was  ^  that  in  answer  to  the 
wish  of  Diviciacus,  Caesar  overlooked  the  wrong  done  to  the 
state.2  4.  I  wish  to  know  what  you  are  doing.  5.  Let  us 
advise  Caesar  to  put  a  watch  upon  Dumnorix.        6.    I  feel 


376  EXERCISES. 

more  pain  as  a  result  of  this  than  you  (do).  7.  Your  influ- 
ence with  me  is  so  great  that  I  advise  you  to  avoid  every 
suspicion.  8.  Caesar  did  not  know  with  whom  Dumnorix  was 
talking.  9.  Do  not  make  this  request  of  Caesar.  10.  Let 
us  ask  him  to  come  to  help  us.^ 

1  See  Ex.  19,  it  A.         2  gee  Ex.  6,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.        «  See  p.  125, 1. 28. 


21.    CAESAR,   BOOK   I,  CHAP.  XXL 

Grammar  Lesson. 

Conditional  Sentences  —  Simple.    B.  301, 302 ;  A.  512,  513,  514,  A, 
515;  H.  572,  573,  I,  574,  575. 

If  the  enemy  have  encamped  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain, 
they  are  distant  not  more  ^  than  eight  miles  from  Caesar's  camp. 
Since  Publius  Considius  has  been  in  the  army  of  Lucius 
Sulla,  he  is  considered  most  skilled  in  warfare.  Therefore 
Caesar  will  send  him  ahead  with  all  the  scouts  to  find  out 
what  the  nature  of  the  mountain  is.  If  the  ascent  of  the 
mountain  is  easy,  and  if  the  enemy  have  encamped  at  the 
foot  of  it,  Titus  Labienus  has  already  climbed  to  ^  the  top  of 
the  mountain.  He  has  done  this  in  order  that  he  may  make 
an  attack  on  the  enemy  at  daybreak.  When  Caesar  has  sent 
ahead  all  the  cavalry  in^  the  third  watch,  he  will  follow  them 
with  all  his  forces.  If  you  were  skilled  in  warfare,  you  un- 
derstood what  his  plan  ^  was.  He  will  take  possession  of  the 
mountain  in  order  that  the  enemy  may  not  climb  it. 

1  Cf.  p.  123, 11.  22,  23. 

2  Omit,  and  cf.  p.  127,  1.  21. 
8  Cf.  p.  127, 1.  22. 

*  Cf .  p.  127,  1.  21. 


EXERCISES.  377 

22.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,  CHAP.   XXII. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

Conditional  Sentences  —  Future.    B.  302,   303 ;  A.  514,  B,  516 ; 
H.  573,  I,  11,  574,  576,  577. 

If  the  enemy  should  take  possession  of  the  hill,  the  Gallic 
arms  and  ensigns  would  be  seen  there  by  Considius.  If 
Titus  Labienus  holds  possession  of  the  mountain,  he  and  Caesar 
will  make  an  attack  on  the  enemy  on  all  sides  at  once. 
Although  Labienus  was  holding  the  top  of  the  mountain,  and^ 
the  enemy  did  not  know  of  ^  Caesar's  arrival,  Considius,  who 
was  thoroughly  ^  frightened,  reported  to  Caesar  a  thing  ^  which 
was  not  true.^  Since  Labienus  did  not  see  Caesar's  forces  near 
the  camp  of  the  enemy,  he  did  not  make  an  attack  upon  the 
Gauls.  Although  Considius  had  reported  to  Caesar  as  seen,  a 
thing  ^  which  he  had  not  seen,  the  scouts  informed  Caesar  late 
in  the  day  what  had  been  done,  Since  Caesar  was  not  able  to 
do  what  ^  he  had  wished,  he  did  not  join  battle  with  the  enemy, 
but  drew  up  his  men  on  the  nearest  hill. 

1  Connect  the  two  sentences  by  neque. 

2  Do  not  use  the  gen. ;  cf.  p.  128, 1. 1. 

8  Express  by  a  compound  verb.  *  id. 

6  verus,  -a,  -um.  *  =  *  that  which.* 

23.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.  XXIII. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

Conditional  Sentences  —  Contrary  to  Pact.    B.  304  ;  A.  514,  C,  517 ; 
H.  573,  III,  579. 

On  the  next  day  Caesar  decided^  to  turn  away^  from  the 
Helvetians  and  to  go  to  a  well-supplied  town  of  the  Aeduans, 
Bibracte  by  name.     If  he  Had  not  wished  to  distribute  grain  to 


378  EXERCISES. 

his  soldiers,  he  would  have  followed  the  Helvetians.  If  the 
town  had  been  distant  more  than  eighteen  miles,  Caesar  would 
have  been  cut  off  from  a  supply-of -grain.  Deserters  from^ 
Lucius  Aemilius,  who  was  in  command  of^  a  part  of  the 
cavalry  of  the  Gauls,  hastened  to  the  enemy,  to  report  to  them 
what  Caesar  had  done.  The  Helvetians  changed  their  plan 
and  turned  their  march,  in  order  to  make  an  attack  on  the 
rear-guard  of  the  Romans.  The  Helvetians  said  to  one  an- 
other :  ^  "If  the  Romans  were  not  thoroughly  ^  frightened, 
they  would  have  joined  battle  after  ^  having  possession  of  the 
mountain.  Let  us  follow  them,®  and  cut  them  ®  off  from  their 
grain  supply." 

1  Cf.  p.  115, 11.  25-27.  2  =  'to  turn  away  his  march.' 

3  Use  the  gen.  *  Cf.  p.  124,  1.  6.  6  inter  se. 

6  See  Ex.  22,  n.  3.  ^  Use  the  abl.  abs.  construction. 

8  Express  only  once. 

24.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAR   XXIV. 

Grammar  Lesson. 

Concessive  Clauses.     B.  309;  A.  526,  527,  549;  H.  585,  586,598. 

After  Caesar  had  ^  drawn  up  two  legions  on  the  top  of  the 
hill,  he  commanded  his  troops  to  withstand  the  attack  of  the 
enemy.  Although  he  had  four  legions  of  veteran  soldiers,  he 
decided  to  fortify  the  hill.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  he  placed 
two  legions  which  had  been  enrolled  last  in  Hither  Gaul,  in 
order  that  they  might  fortify  that  part  of  the  hill.  He  thought 
as  follows  :  -  "Although  the  Helvetians  should  come  up^  with 
all  their  forces,  they  will  not  be  able  to  defeat  my  line  of  battle. 
The  two  legions  which  I  have  led  up  f  to  the  top  of  the  hill  will 
protect  the  baggage."  Meanwhile^  the  Helvetians  formed 
a  phalanx,  in  order   that  they  might  make  an  attack  on  the 


EXERCISES.  379 

Eomans.  They  thought  as  follows :  ^  "  If  we  can  drive  back  * 
the  Roman  cavalry,  we  will  go  up  to  the  middle  of  the  hill  and 
attack  the  veteran  legions.  Then «  we  will  make  an  attack  on 
the  auxiliaries,  and  seize  all  the  baggage." 

1  Be  careful  of  the  tense ;  see  Ex.  17,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.       2  Ha. 
3  Express  by  a  compound  verb ;  cf.  p.  129, 1. 12.  *Inierea. 

s  Express  by  a  compound  verb ;  cf.  p.  129,  1.  11.  ^  Deinde. 

25.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.  XXV. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

Infinitive  without    Subject    Accusative.      B,   326-328  ;  A.  452- 
458;     H.   607-609. 

Since  Caesar  wished  to  make  the  danger  of  all  equal,  he  re- 
moved first  his  own  horse  and  then  those  ^  of  his  soldiers  from 
sight,  so  that  the  Komans  could  not  flee.  He  ordered  his  men  ^ 
to  hurl  their  pikes  from  the  higher  ground,^  that  ^  they  might 
the  more  easily  break  through  the  phalanx  of  the  Gauls.  If 
the  phalanx  should  be  broken,  it  would  be  easy  to  defeat  the 
enemy.  Although  the  Gauls  were  greatly  hindered  *  in  fighting, 
because  the  pikes  of  the  Romans  bound  their  shields  together, 
yet  they  fought  with  the  greatest  bravery.  But  they  were  so 
exhausted  by  wounds,  that  they  retreated  to  a  height  which 
was  about  a  mile  away.  When  the  Romans  were  going  up  *  the 
mountain,  the  Boii  and  the  Tulingi  attacked  them  on  the  open 
flank.  As  soon  as  the  Helvetians  saw  this,  they  began  to  re- 
turn. If  the  Romans  had  not  wheeled  about  and  advanced  to 
the  attack  ^  in  two  divisions,  it  would  have  been  easy  for  the 
enemy  ^  to  surround  them. 

1  Omit.        2  —  <  place'.        ^  Be  careful  of  the  conjunction. 

*  '  it  was  a  great  hindrance  to  the  Gauls  ' ;  cf.  p.  120, 1.  18. 

*  See  Ex.  24.  N.  3.  ^signainferre.  ^  Ace,  subject  of  the  infiu. 


380  EXERCISES. 

26.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XXVI. 

Grammab  Lesson. 

Indirect  Discourse.     B.  313,  314,  317,  318;  A.  577-590;  H.  641- 
648. 

When  the  Helvetians  thought  that  the  attacks  of  the  Iio- 
mans  could  no  longer  be  withstood,  they  began  to  retreat,  in 
order  to  protect  their  baggage.  The  Gauls  are  said  to  have 
fought  so  bravely,  that  the  Romans  did  not  see  the  back  ^  of 
an  enemy  during  that  whole  day.  Caesar  tells  us  that  they 
were  still  ^  fighting  late  at  night,  and  that  they  wounded  many 
of  the  Eoman  soldiers.  When  the  Romans  held  possession  of 
the  camp,  they  captured  one  of  the  sons  of  Orgetorix.  It  is 
said  that  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  of  the  Gauls,  who 
survived  from  that  battle,  marched  that  whole  night  without 
cessation.^  A  letter  was  sent  by  Caesar  to  the  Lingones,  to 
say*  that  they  should  not  give  grain  to  the  Aeduans.  He 
announced  to  them  that  if  they  did  this,  he  would  regard  them 
as*  enemies  of  the  Roman  people.  When  three  days  had 
passed,®  he  followed  the  Gauls  with  all  his  troops. 

1  =  '  an  enemy  turned  away.*  ^  iam.  ^  Express  by  an  adv. 

*  Omit.  ^pro.  ^  = '  let  pass.' 

27.  CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.  XXVH. 

Grammar  Lesson. 
Numerals.    B.  78-81;  A.  132-139;  H.  161-171. 

While  the  Helvetians  were  awaiting  the  arrival  of  Caesar, 
he  sent  soldiers  to  them,  to  demand  a  hundred  hostages. 
Meanwhile^  the  Helvetians,  since  they  had  no  provisions,^ 
decided^  to  send  envoys  to  Caesar,  to  ask  for  peace.     The 


EXERCISES.  881 

envoys  are  said  to  have  thrown  themselves  at  Caesar's  feet, 
and  to  have  obeyed  him,  when  he  ordered  them  not  to  leave 
the  place  in  which  they  then  were.  He  said  that  he  would 
give  them  an  answer  within  two  days  ;  meanwhile  they  should^ 
hunt  up  the  slaves  who  had  run  away  from  the  camp  of  the 
Romans.  Afterwards  he  learned  that  five  thousand  men  of 
one  canton,  Verbigenus  by  name,  since  they  had  been  thor- 
oughly frightened,  had  left  their  camp  and  retreated  to  the 
river  Ehine.  If  their  flight  had  been  concealed,  or  had  been 
ignored  by  Caesar,  they  would  have  reached^  the  boundaries 
of  the  Germans,  which  were  about  fifteen  miles  distant. 

1  See  Ex.  24,  n.  4.  2  See  p.  117,  1.  8.  3  See  Ex.  23,  N.  1. 

*  For  an  imperative  or  jussive  subj.  of  the  dir.  disc.         ^ pervenio. 


28.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XXVIH. 
Grammar  Lesson. 

(a)  The  Gerund  and  Gerundive.    B.  337,  8-339;    A.  500-507; 

H.  621-631. 
(6)  Dative  of  Agent.    B.  189;  A.  374,  375 ;  H.  431. 

Caesar  was  obliged^  to  do  many  things  at  one  time. 
Messengers  had  to  be  sent  to  the  states,  through  whose  ter- 
ritories the  Helvetians  were  hastening,  and  those  who  had 
fled  had  to  be  hunted  up.  If  they  had  been  brought  back  to 
Caesar,  he  would  have  received  them  by  ^  capitulation.  Since 
the  Helvetians  had  lost  their  crops  and  burned  their  towns, 
they  did  not  wish  to  return  home.  Although  there  was  no 
grain  in  the  fields,  Caesar  said  that  they  must  go  home,  because 
he  feared  that  the  Germans  would  cross  over  into  Gaul,  to 
take  possession  of  the  fields.  Since  the  Boii  were  men  of 
great  valor,  the  Aeduans  had  the  hope  of  conquering  their 


382  EXERCISES. 

enemies,  if  they  could  have  such  ^  brave  allies.  Therefore  they 
are  said  to  have  received  the  Boii  into  their  territories,  and 
to  have  given  them  land.'*  Caesar  said  to  the  Helvetians  that 
the  towns  which  they  had  destroyed^  by  fire  must  be  rebuilt.^ 
This  must  be  done  by  them  at  once,^  in  order  that  those  lands 
might  not  be  unoccupied. 

1  Say  '  many  things  had  to  be  done  by  Caesar.'  2  =  « into  surrender.* 

8  tam.  ■*  i.e.  '  fields.'  6  deleo. 

6  Cf .  p.  131,  1.  18.  7  statim. 


29.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAPS.   XXIX,  XXX. 


Caesar  found  lists  ^  in  the  camp  of  the  Helvetians,  drawn  up  ^ 
in  Greek  letters.  *From  these  lists  he  learned  that  the  number 
of  the  Helvetians  was  reduced  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  thou- 
sand men.  If  this  was  true,^  they  had  lost  two  thirds  ^  of  their 
forces.  The  envoys,  who  came  to  Caesar,  said  that  the  Helve- 
tians had  left  their  homes  and  had  almost^  obtained  control  of 
all  Gaul.  They  did  this  because  they  wished  to  choose  the 
most  fruitful  region  of  all  Gaul  for  a  dwelling-place.  They 
hoped  that  the  rest  of  the  states  would  pay  tribute  to  them. 
If  this  had  happened,  it  would  have  been  dangerous  ^  to  Caesar 
and  the  Koman  people.  The  envoys  moreover  asked  permis- 
sion' to  appoint  a  day  for  a  meeting  of  all  Gaul.  They  did 
this  because  they  wished  to  ask  aid  from  Caesar.  Caesar  said 
that  he  would  grant  ^  this,  if  they  would  promise  that  they 
would  not  make  war  on  the  Romans.  He  did  this  for  the 
sake  ^  of  establishing  ^^  peace. 

1  tahvla.  2  conficio.  »  See  Ex.  22,  n.  5. 

*  Say  '  two  parts  '  and  cf.  p.  121,  1.  5.  ^paene. 

« periculosus,  -a,  -urn.  ^  *  asked  that  it  might  be  allowed  them.' 

8  Cf.  p.  118, 1.  16.  9  causa  with  preceding  gen.  i"  =  'making.' 


EXERCISES.  383 

30.  CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.  XXXI. 

Then^  the  chief  men  of  all  Gaul  treated  with  Caesar  pri- 
vately. When  they  had  cast  themselves  down  at  his  feet,  it 
came  to  pass  ^  that  they  obtained  what  ^  they  wished.  Ariovistus 
had  not  been  able  to  get  possession  of  the  children  of  Diviciar 
cus  as  hostages.  Therefore  Diviciacus  was  the  only  one  who 
dared  to  beg  aid  from  the  Komans.  He  spoke  to  Caesar  as 
follows''  in  behalf  of  all  the  chief  men  of  the  Gauls:  "The 
Germans,  who  have  been  summoned,  have  crossed  the  Rhine. 
If  they  covet  the  lands  of  the  Gauls,  the  Sequani  will  be 
forced  to  give  them^  hostages.  We  have  therefore^  come  to 
you,  to  beg  for  help.''  You  are  the  only  one  who  can  prevent 
Ariovistus  from  ruling  cruelly.  We  do  not  doubt  that  you 
can  protect  all  Gaul.  If  you  do^  not  do  this,  we  must  seek 
another  dwelling-place.  Do  not^  report  to  Ariovistus  that  we 
have  come  to  you  for  the  sake  ^°  of  asking  for  aid.  We  fear 
that  he  will  inflict  punishment  on  us."  ^^ 

1  See  Ex.  24,  n.  6.  2  Cf.  p.  133,  1. 11.  8  See  Ex.  22,  n.  6. 

4  See  Ex,  24,  n.  2.  ®  Omit.  ^  '  therefore '  =  *  wherefore.' 

7  Ace. ;  for  the  construction  of  the  verb  cf .  p.  132,  1.  10. 

8  Be  caref  al  of  the  tense.  What  kind  of  a  condition  is  this  ?  See  Ex.  22, 
Grammar  Lesson.  ^  Use  nolite  with  the  infin. 

w  See  Ex.  29,  n.  9.  ii  Cf.  p.  131,  1.  5. 

31.  CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.   XXXII. 

When  Caesar  had  heard  this  speech  of  Diviciacus,  he  per- 
ceived that  all  those  who  were  present  were  weeping.^  He 
asks  the  Sequani  why  ^  they  look  at^  the  ground  so*  sadly*; 
but  they  are  silent,  because  they  are  obliged «  to  admit  Ario- 
vistus into  their  territories.  Caesar  wondered  why  the 
Sequani  made  no  reply.'     Diviciacus  said  that  no  opportunity 


384  EXERCISES. 

at  all  for  flight  was  given  to  the  Sequani.  If  they  had  not 
admitted  Ariovistus  into  their  territories,  their  lot^  would  not 
have  been  so  wretched.  While  Ariovistus  was  absent,^  they 
dreaded  his  cruelty  and  did  not  ^^  dare  to  ask  for  aid.  There 
was  no  doubt ^  that  Ariovistus  had  taken  possession  of  all  the 
towns  of  the  Sequani.  For  this  reason  they  did  not  dare  to 
make  ^^  any  reply  to  Caesar.  If  they  should  offend  the  mind 
of  Ariovistus,  he  would  inflict  punishment  on  ^  the  hostages, 
which  the  Sequani  had  given  him.  They  did  not  wish  their 
children  to  be  cruelly  slain. 

^fleo.  2  quam  oh  rem.  ^  Cf.  p.  135,  1.  2.  •*  tarn. 

5  Use  an  adj.  agreeing  with  '  they.' 

6  See  Ex.  28,  n.  1,  and  cf .  p.  135, 11.  13,  14. 

^  i.e. '  replied  nothing.'  8  =  <  fortune.' 

9  What  tense?    See  Ex.  18,  Grammar  Lesson,  b.      lo  See  Ex.  22,  n.  1. 

11  =  *  it  was  not  doubtful.'  12  Cf .  n.  7.  !»  See  Ex.  30,  n.  11. 


32.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAP.    XXXHI. 

When  the  meeting  has  been  dismissed,^  Caesar  thinks  that 
he  ought  to  take  up  the  matter  as  soon  as  possible,  because  it 
is  disgraceful  that  Ariovistus  should  assume  so  arrogant  a 
manner.^  If  the  Germans  gradually  become  accustomed  to 
cross  the  Rhine,  they  will  not  refrain  from  occupying  all 
Gaul.  The  Germans  were  such  wild  and  barbarous  men, 
that  Caesar  did  not  wish  to  have  them  as^  neighbors  to  the 
Roman  province.  Since  the  Aeduans  had  been  called  brothers 
by  the  Roman  senate,  Caesar  thought  that  they  must^  not  be 
held  in  slavery  by  the  Germans.  Caesar  said  to  the  Aed- 
uans :  "  The  power  of  the  Roman  people  is  so  great,  that  they 
can  very  easily  protect  all  their  allies  from  injury.  The 
haughtiness  of  the  king  of  the  Germans  is  too  ^  great  for  me 


EXERCISES.  385 

to  bear.     If  he   does  not  at  once  put  an  end  to  his  wrong 
doing,  it  will  be  dangerous  both  for  him  and  for  his  people." 

1  Use  abl.  abs.  construction.  2  ^-.g.  '  g©  great  arrogance.'  »  Omit. 

4  Express  by  second  periphrastic  conjugation. 
6  Trans.  '  greater  than  so  that  I  can  bear  it.' 


33.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,  CHAP.   XXXIV. 

Caesar  resolves^  to  treat  with  Ariovistus  concerning  affairs 
of  the  greatest  importance,  and  sends  envoys  to  him;  but 
Ariovistus  ^  says  that  he  does  not  dare  to  come  at  that  time. 
Ariovistus  also  said  that  he  did  not  wish  to  choose  a  place  for 
a  conference,  because  he  thought  that  Caesar  had^  no''  busi- 
ness in  that  part  of  Gaul.  Ariovistus  said  to  Caesar :  "  I  do 
not  wish  to  take  possession  of  the  whole  of  Gaul.  If  you  will 
remain  in  that  part  of  Gaul  which  you  possess,  I  myself  will 
go  with  my  army  into  that  part  which  has  been  conquered  by 
the  Germans.  We  have  held  those  regions  continuously  for 
many  years.  It  would  be  dangerous  for  me,  if  I  should  go 
without  my  army  into  your  part  of  Gaul.  I  fear  that  I  should 
not  return ;  for  your  soldiers  would  wish  to  capture  me  *  and 
kill  me,*  if  I  should  give  them  the  opportunity."® 

1  Trans.  *  it  pleases  Caesar.'  2  Trans,  by  ille. 

8  Use  sum  and  dat.  of  possessor.  *  riihil ;  cf .  p.  136, 11. 17-19. 

c  Express  only  once.  *  Cf.  p.  118, 1. 17. 

34.  CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAP.  XXXV. 

When  envoys  had  been  sent^  again  to  Ariovistus,  Caesar 
demanded  of  him  not  to  permit  that  other  Germans  cross  the 
Rhine.  The  envoys  spoke  as  follows  :  "  If  you  wish  to  be 
called  a  friend  of  the  Roman  people,  you  ought  ^  to  return  the 


386  EXERCISES. 

hostages  which  you  have  from  the  Aeduans,  and  not  ^  make 
war  upon  the  Aeduans.'*  If  you  do  not  do  this,  we  must 
defend  our  friends."  If  Ariovistus  had  wished  to  make  re- 
quital to  Caesar  for  ^  his  kindness,  he  would  have  done  what 
Caesar  asked.  Caesar  did  not  dare  to  neglect  the  Aeduans, 
because  the  senate  had  decreed  that  all  the  friends  of  the  Roman 
people  in^  Gaul  should  be  defended.  Since  Caesar  had  been 
placed  in  command  of  the  province  of  Gaul,  he  did  not 
see  why"  he  should  permit®  Ariovistus  to^  make  war  upon  the 
Aeduans  and  their  allies.  If  he  should  do  this,  it  would  be  so 
disgraceful  to  himself  and  to  the  Eoman  people,  that  he  feared 
that  he  would  lose  his  province. 

1  Use  abl.  abs.  construction.  2  xjge  oportet  with  the  infin. 

3  See  Ex.  22,  n.  1.  *  Use  the  proper  form  of  hie.  ^  pro. 

6  See  Hint  XIII.  7  See  Ex.  31,  n.  2. 

8  'permit  that  Ariovistus  should  make.' 

35.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.    XXXVI. 

The  German  king  replied  as  follows :  "  I  shall  rule  those  whom 
I  have  conquered  as  ^  I  wish,  and  I  ought  not  to  be  hindered 
by  you  in  the  exercise^ of  my  own  rights.  Caesar  is  doing  me 
a  wrong  in  ^  making  my  revenues  less  profitable.  The  Aeduans 
have  promised  that  they  will  pay  tribute  to  the  Germans  every 
year.  If  they  do  this,  I  will  be  their  friend,  and  I  will  not 
make  war  upon  them.  If  the  Romans  engage  in  battle  with 
me,  they  will  not*  contend  with  the  unconquered  Germans, 
men  well  trained  in  war,  without  **  great  danger  to  ^  themselves. 
The  Aeduans  were  made  tributary  to  me,  because  they  were  con- 
quered by  my  soldiers  in  war.  I  cannot  understand  why  they 
do  not  do  what  *  has  been  agreed  upon.  Because  Caesar  has 
come  into  Gaul  with  his  army,  the  Aeduans  ought  ^  not  to  think 


EXERCISES.  387 

that  they  must  *  not  pay  the  tribute.     If  they  do  not  wish  to 
obey  me,  let  them  try  the  fortune  of  war  a  second  time."  ^ 

1  =  '  in  what  manner.'  2  gee  Latin-English  Vocab.  under  the  word  ius. 

8  Use  a  rel.  clause.  *  Join  '  not '  and  '  without.' 

5  Use  the  possessive  pronoun.  6  gee  Ex.  22,  n.  6. 
''  See  Ex.  34,  n.  2.                   «  See  Ex.  32,  n.  4.              9  iterum. 

36.    CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAP.  XXXVII. 

At  this  time  the  Aeduans  and  the  Treveri  sent  envoys  to  Cae- 
sar to^  say  that  their  lands  were  being  devastated  by  the 
Harudes,  and  that  these  men  could  not  easily  be  stopped.^ 
Moreover,  they  feared  that  the  Suebi,  whom  two  brothers, 
Nasua  and  Cimberius  by  name,  commanded,  would  lead  their 
forces  across  the  river  Rhine,  and  devastate  the  fields  of  the 
Gauls.  They  said  that  they  would  not  refuse  to  give  hostages 
to  Ariovistus  if  he  would  make  peace  with  them.  Caesar  re- 
plied to  the  envoys  as  follows :  "  I  shall  at  once  hasten  to 
march  against  Ariovistus,  and  I  shall  procure  as  great  a  supply 
of  grain  as  possible.^  As  long  as  the  Suebi  remained  *  on  the 
other  bank  of  the  river  Rhine,  I  did  not  fear  Ariovistus  and 
his  army ;  but  ^  if  the  Suebi  join  themselves  with  Ariovistus, 
I  shall  be  exceedingly  troubled.  It  is  not  easy  to  fight  with 
two  armies  of  the  enemy  at  the  same  time.  Therefore  I  shall 
lead  my  men  against  Ariovistus  by  forced  marches." 

1  The  infin,  must  not  be  used. 

^  Study  carefully  p.  138,  1.  10.     '  They '  should  be  translated  by  his. 

8  Express  by  quam  and  the  superlative. 

4  What  tense  should  be  used ?    See  Ex.  18,  Grammar  Lesson,  b. 

6  See  p.  122, 1.  3. 

37.     CAESAR,   BOOK   I,  CHAPS.   XXXVIIT,  XXXIX. 

Caesar  hastened  to  occupy  Vesontio,  in  which  it  was  reported 
that  there  was  a  great  abundance  of  everything  which  was  of 


388  EXERCISES. 

service  in  war.  He  therefore  took  precaution  that  Ariovistus 
should  not  occupy  this  town  first,^  since  it  was  fortified  by  its 
natural  location.^  When  Caesai',  by  forced  marches,  reached^ 
the  town,  he  stationed  a  garrison  there/  When  the  traders 
said  that  the  Germans  were  of  extraordinary  courage,  the 
Romans  were  so  frightened,  that  they  could  not  control  their 
features.  Some  sealed  their  wills  ^  and  hid  themselves  in  their 
tents.  One*  lamented  his  fate,  another  reported  to  Caesar 
that  the  soldiers  would  not  break  camp.  Even  the  tribunes  of 
the  soldiers  feared  the  enemy,  although  they^  said  that  they 
were  afraid  that  the  supply  of  grain  could  not  conveniently  be 
brought  up. 

1  primus. 

2  Where  should  this  last  clause  come  in  the  Latin  sentence  ? 

* pervenio ;  of.  p.  121,  11.  8,  9.  6  Use  the  abl.  abs.  constr. 

■♦  ihi.  «  Study  carefully  p.  139, 1.  12. 

^  '  they, '  i.e.  the  tribunes  ;  trans,  by  illi. 

38.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,   CHAPS.   XL,  XLI. 

Therefore  when  all  the  centurions  had  been  called  together,^ 
Caesar  spoke  as  follows:  "If,  during  my  consulship,  Ariovistus 
desired  the  friendship  of  the  Roman  people,  why  should  he 
now  ^  withdraw  from  his  obligation  ?  I  am  persuaded  that  he 
will  not  reject  my  favor.  What,  pray,  do  you  fear?  We 
made  trial  of  the  enemy  when  the  Cimbri  were  defeated  by 
Marius.  If  the  Helvetians  have  generally  overcome  the  Ger- 
mans, we  shall  overcome  them,  because  the  Helvetians  are 
not  a  match  for  the  Romans.  I  shall  look^  after  the  grain. 
As  to  your  saying  *  that  you  will  not  advance  when  the  signal 
is  given,''  I  am  not  at  all  disturbed  by  that,  for  I  do  not 
doubt  that  the  tenth  legion  will  be  a  body-guard  for  me." 


EXERCISES.  389 

When  the  camp  had  been  broken,^  Caesar  set  out  with  his 
army. 

1  See  Ex.  37,  n.  5.  «  Study  p.  141,  1.  4.  6  signum  dare. 

2  nunc.  *  Study  p.  141,  1.  7.  «  See  n.  1. 

39.     CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAPS.   XLII,  XLIII. 

When  Caesar  approached  nearer,  Ariovistus  came  to  his 
senses  and  sent  envoys  to  say  that  he  wished  to  have  a  con- 
ference.^ The  result  was,^  that  a  day  was  set  for  a  conference. 
If  each  did  not  ^  come  with  his  cavalry,  Ariovistus  feared  that 
Caesar  would  surround  him  by  stratagem.  Caesar  took  all 
the  horses  from  the  Gallic  horsemen  and  put  on  them  the 
soldiers  of  the  tenth  legion.  When  the  soldiers  had  been 
halted*  near  by,^  Caesar  and  Ariovistus  held  their  conference 
on  horseback.  Caesar  said,  "You  have  been  called  friend  and 
king  by  the  E,oman  senate,  a  thing  which  has  happened  to  few. 
You  know  how  often  honorary  measures®  have  been  passed  in 
behalf  of  the  Aedui.  Do  not  make  war  upon  the  Aedui. 
Eeturn  their  hostages.  Do  not  allow  the  Germans  to  cross  the 
Ehine." 

1  Cf.  p.  136. 1.  25.  ^  See  Ex.  37,  N.  5. 

2  Study  p.  142,  11.  15, 16.  ^prope. 
8  '  If  .  .  .  not '  trans,  by  nisi.  ®  Omit. 

40.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,   CHAPS.  XLIV-XLVI. 

When  the  speech  of  Caesar  had  been  thus  ^  delivered,^  Ario- 
vistus replied  briefly:  "I  did  not  make  war  upon  the  Gauls, 
but  when  they  came  to  attack  me,  I  defeated  their  forces.  If 
they  had  wished  to  try  it  again,  I  should  have  been  ready 
again  to  fight  it  out,  in  order  that  I  might  force  =^  them  to  pay 


390  EXERCISES. 

the  tribute.  I  shall  gladly  seek  the  friendship  of  the  Eomans, 
if  it  will  be  a  protection  to  me.  I  did  not  bring  the  Germans 
into  Gaul  for  the  sake  of  making  war.  What  do  you  mean  ? 
I  am  not  such  a  barbarian  *  that  I  do  not  know  that  you  have 
an  army  in  Gaul  for  the  sake  of  crushing  me. "  When  Caesar  * 
had  said  that  he  could  not  give  up  the  undertaking,  he  broke 
off  the  conference.^ 

1  sic.  ■  See  the  phrase  p.  117, 1.  26. 

2  See  Ex.  37,  n.  5.  ■*  i.e.  '  so  barbarous.' 

6  The  best  Latin  order  requires  that  the  sentence  begin  with  the  word 
Caesar. 

6  See  p.  146, 1.  3. 


41.    CAESAR,  BOOK  I,  CHAPS.   XLYIJ-L. 

Caesar  thus  soliloquized:^  "The  Germans  can  not  be  kept 
from  throwing  their  weapons  at  the  Eomans.  I  shall  send 
Procillus  to  Ariovistus,  because  he  is  a  young  man  of  the 
greatest  courage.^  Moreover^  the  German  king  speaks  the 
Gallic  language  fluently,  and  will  know  what  Procillus  says." 
Although  Ariovistus  cut  Caesar  off  from  his  grain  supply, 
because  he  led  his  troops  past  Caesar's  camp,  still  the  latter 
formed  a  line  of  battle.  Ariovistus  remained  in  camp,  so  that 
he  might  keep  Caesar  from  supplies;  but  Caesar*  sent  soldiers 
to  select  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp  and  to  form  a  triple  line 
of  battle.  Then  he  forced*  Ariovistus  to  come  with  his  army. 
Among  the  Germans  there  is  this  custom,  that  they  do  not  con- 
tend in  battle  before  the  new  moon. 

1 '  soliloquize,'  secum  loqui. 

2  The  Latin  manner  of  expression  would  be.  '  Because  Procillus  is  a  young 
man  of  the  greatest  courage,  I  shall  send  him  to  Ariovistus.' 

8  Praeterea.  •*  hie  ^  See  p.  116,  1.  21. 


EXERCISES.  391 

42.     CAESAR,   BOOK  I,  CHAPS.   LI-LIV. 

All  the  auxiliary  troops  having  been  drawn  up  in  sight  of 
the  enemy,  Caesar  formed  a  triple  line  of  battle.  The  Ger- 
mans left  to  their  kinsmen^  no  hope  in  flight.  The  women 
wept  because  their  husbands  ^  were  ^  setting  out  for  the  battle. 
When  the  battle  had  been  joined/  the  Romans  could  not 
throw  their  pikes  at  the  enemy,  because  they^  ran  forward 
too  quickly^  and  formed  a  phalanx.  Many,  having  been 
wounded,^  were  put  to  flight,  and  no  one  ^  sent  reenforcements  ® 
to  help  them  in  their  distress.  Although  Ariovistus  escaped 
to  the  Ehine  river,  Caesar  killed  many  of  his  soldiers.  Caesar 
said  that  Procillus,  his  friend,  was  saved  from  the  hands  of 
the  Germans,  and  that  this  fact  gave  him  pleasure.  Procillus 
did  not  know  whether  he  would  be  killed,^^'  or  saved  from  the 
hands  of  the  enemy. 

1  '  to  their  kinsmen,'  trans,  by  suis.  2  maritus ;  see  Vocab. 

8  What  tense  of  the  verb  shouid  be  used  ? 

4  Use  the  abl.  abs.  constr.  ^  hi.  * 

6  Use  the  comparative  degree  of  the  adverb. 

7  Use  the  perf.  pass.  part.  «  '  and  no  one,'  neque  quisquam. 

9  auxilia.  ^"  Use  interficio. 

43.    CAESAR,  BOOK  II,   CHAPS.   I-IV. 

Caesar  was  afraid  that  all  the  Belgians  would  conspire 
against  the  Roman  people  and  exchange  hostages ;  for  it  has 
been  shown  that  he  was  informed  by  a  despatch  from  Labienus 
that  the  Gauls  were  annoyed  because  the  Romans  were  becom- 
ing established  in  Gaul.  As  soon  as  he  had  enlisted  two  new 
legions,  Caesar^  did  not  doubt  that  he  ought  not  to  delay  about 
coming  to  his  army.  Therefore  he  directed  the  Gauls  to  make 
ready  a  supply  of  grain.     Envoys  sent  by  the  Remi  came  to 


392  EXERCISES. 

say :  "  We  surrender  ourselves  and  our  possessions  to  the 
Roman  people  ;  but  we  can  not  prevent  the  rest  of  the  Belgians 
from  uniting  with  the  Germans.  The  Bellovaci  are  the  only- 
ones  who  can  ^  muster  a  thousand  armed  men.  The  result  is, 
that^  they  are  the  most  powerful." 

1  See  Ex.  40,  n.  5.  2  See  B.  283,  2 ;  A.  535,  6 ;   H.  591,  5 

3  i.e.  '  wherefore  it  happens  that,'  etc. 

44.  CAESAR,   BOOK  II,   CHAPS.  V-VIII. 

The  Remi  did  all  the  things  that  Caesar  ordered.  It  was 
important  for  the  welfare  of  all,  that  Caesar  hasten  to  lead  his 
army  across  the  river  Axona.  In  this  way  ^  he  made  it  possi- 
ble ^  to  fortify  the  camp.  The  Belgians  stormed  a  town  of  the 
Remi  and  hurled  stones  at  the  wall.  The  result  was^  that 
Iccius  sent  a  messenger  to  Caesar  to  say :  "  If  you  do  not  send 
us  aid,  we  can  not  hold  out  any  longer."  When  Caesar  sent 
soldiers  to  help  the  Remi,*  the  zeal  of  the  latter  ^  to  fight  on 
the  defensive  was  increased.  Caesar  saw  that  redoubts  ought 
to  be  constructed  at  the  ends  of  the  entrenchments,  in  order 
that  he  might  leave  two  legions  in  the  camp  and  draw  up  the 
rest  in  line  of  battle. 

1  Ita.  8  See  Ex.  43,  n.  3. 

2  Cf.  the  note  to  p.  154, 1.9.  4  cf.  p.  154,  1.  30. 
5  Use  the  proper  form  of  hie ;  cf .  p.  155,  11.  1,  2,  and  the  note  to  accessit. 

45.  CAESAR,   BOOK   II,   CHAPS.    IX-XIII. 

Caesar  waited  to  see  if  the  Belgians  would  start  to  cross,^ 
and  when  they  ^  had  hurried  to  the  river,  they  found  a  ford. 
They  wished  *  to  cut  down  the  bridge,  so  that  the  Remi  could 
not*  be  of   service   to  the   Romans.     Although  the  Romans 


EXERCISES.  393 

attacked  the  enemy,  the  latter  tried  most  bravely  to  cross,  but 
they  were  disappointed  in  their  expectation.^  Therefore  they 
said :  "  Let  us  return  home  and  defend  our  territory."  When 
Caesar  found  this  out,  he  ordered  Labienus  to  cut  to  pieces 
their  rear,  so  that  they  might  not  put  hope  ^  of  refuge  in  fliglit. 
On  the  next  day  Caesar  decided  to  storm  the  town  of  Novio- 
dunum,  in  order  that  it  might  not  be  of  service ''  to  the  Bel- 
gians. The  Gauls,  who  had  never  seen  arbor-sheds  and  towers 
and  other  siege-works,  begged  for  peace. 

1  i.e. '  make  a  beginning  of  crossing.'  5  gee  note  to  p.  156, 1.  24. 

2  hi.  6  See  note  to  p.  157,  1. 23- 
8  volo.  7  See  Ex.  M,  n.  4. 

4  Cf .  p.  155, 11.  22-24. 

46.     CAESAR,-  BOOK  II,   CHAPS.   XIV-XVII. 

Diviciacus  pleaded  for  the  Bellovaci  as  follows :  "  The  Bello- 
vaci  revolted  from  the  Aeduans  because  (as  they  thought)  ^  the 
Aeduans  ^  had  been  reduced  to  slavery  by  Caesar.  Show  mercy 
to  the  Bellovaci.  If  you  do  this,  you  will  extend  the  influence 
of  the  Aeduans."  When  this  speech  had  been  delivered  ^  Caesar 
took  the  Bellovaci  under  his  protection  and  saved  them.  The 
Nervii  are  men  of  great  courage,  and  do  not  allow  any  wine 
to  be  imported  into  their  country.  They  therefore  did  not 
surrender  to  Caesar  nor  send  envoys  to  beg  for  peace.  Caesar 
was  informed  by  captives,  that  they  had  persuaded  their 
neighbors  to  put  their  wives  in  the  swamplands.  The  Gauls 
had  observed  the  usual  marching  order  of  the  Roman  army 
and  the  Nervii  decided  to  attack  each  legion  separately  *  and 
plunder  the  baggage. 

1  See  Ex.  15,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.  *  See  Ex.  37,  n.  5. 

2  hi.  *  separatim. 


394  EXERCISES. 

47.     CAESAR,   BOOK   II,   CHAPS.   XVIII-XXII. 

One  could  ^  not  look  into  the  wooded  hill  where  ^  the  Nervii 
had  encamped.  Caesar  knew  that  he  was  approaching  the 
enemy  and  so,^  leading  *  six  legions  light  armed  in  order  that 
they  might  protect^  the  heavy  baggage,  he  built ^  a  camp. 
As  soon  ^  as  the  Nervii  saw  the  baggage  of  the  Romans,  they 
rushed  forth  with  all  their  troops  from  the  woods,  in  order 
that  they  might  attack  the  Roman  cavalry.  Caesar's  soldiers 
had  to  rush  to  arms  in  a  short*  time,  but  they  did  not  have  to 
be  told  what  ought  to  be  done,  because  they  had  been  welP 
trained.  Caesar  urged  his  men  to  fight  bravely  and  to  wait 
untiP^  he  should  give  the  signal  to  join  battle.  On  account 
of  the  thick  hedges  he  could  not  see  what  was  going  on  "  in 
other  places. 

1  Use  the  impersonal  constr. ;    cf.  the  note  to  p.  160,  1.  26. 

2  i.e.  '  in  which.'  ^  Uaque.  *  Use  the  abl.  abs.  constr. 
5  Examine  p.  161, 1.  12.                 ^  i.e.  '  fortified.* 

J"  Cf.  p.  151,  1.  19.  8  hrevis.  »  bene. 

w  Study  p.  120, 11.  28-30.  "  i.e.  '  was  being  done.'    Use  ago. 

48.     CAESAR,   BOOK   II,   CHAPS.   XXIII-XXVI. 

Many  Atrebates,  breathless  with  running,  were  driven  to 
the  river,  which  they  tried  to  cross.  Caesar's  soldiers  fought 
bravely  and  all  the  enemy  except^  the  Nervii  were  put  to 
flight.  When  the  latter^  entered^  the  camp  of  the  Romans, 
and  the  camp  servants  and  the  Gallic  cavalry  met  them,  since 
they  thought  that  the  Romans  had  been  surrounded,  they  fled 
in  all  directions.  Nevertheless^  the  Nervii  had  not  yet  ob- 
tained possession  of  Caesar's  baggage.  Matters  had  reached^ 
such^    a  crisis    that    the    standard    bearer    was    killed,   the 


EXERCISES.  395 

standard  lost,  almost  all  the  centurions  either  killed  or 
wounded,  and  many  were  leaving  the  battle  and  avoiding  the 
weapons.  Caesar  seized  a  shield  from  a  soldier,  whom  he 
called  by  name,  and  urged  the  legions  to  face  about  and  tight 
more  bravely. 

1  Use  the  prep,  praeter.  2  ^.g.  '  the  Nervii ' ;  trans,  by  the  rel.  qui. 

3  inyredior ;  see  Vocab.  ■*  Tamen.  6  Cf.  note  to  p.  164,  1.  27. 

6  Use  the  adv.  tarn  in  the  proper  place  in  the  sentence. 

49.     CAESAR,   BOOK   II,   CHAPS.   XXVII-XXX. 

Caesar's  soldiers  showed  themselves  superior  in  fighting  to 
the  Nervii,  although  they  were  exhausted  by  wounds.  The 
enemy,  moreover,^  fought  so  bravely,  that  they  crossed  a  broad 
river,  climbed  up  high  banks,  and  came  up  to  an  unfavorable 
place.  When  the  elders  of  the  Nervii  were  informed  that  their 
nation  had  been  almost  annihilated,  they  begged  Caesar  to  -  save 
them  and  to  keep  their  neighbors  from  wrong  and  harm.  I 
have  said  that  the  Aduatuci,  who  came  to  bring  help  to  the 
Nervii,  returned  home  in  order  that  they  might  fortify  their 
town.  The  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  from  whom  the  Aduatuci  are 
descended,  left  their  baggage  near^*  the  river  Khine.  When 
the  Romans  constructed  a  rampart,  the  Aduatuci  laughed  at 
them.''     They  thought  the  Romans  were  such  little  chaps. 

1  autem.  ^  Use  prope  with  the  ace.  case. 

2  Cf.  p.  158, 1.  25,  and  p.  159, 11.  3-5.        "*  '  at  them,'  use  the  ace.  case. 

50.     CAESAR,   BOOK   II,   CHAPS.    XXXI-XXXV. 

The  enemy  sent  envoys  to  speak  after  the  following  manner: 
"  We  will  surrender  ourselves  and  all  our  possessions  to  you,  if 
you  will  save  us.    Do  not  take  ^  our  arms  away  from  uSj  so  that 


396  EXERCISES. 

we  can  not^  defend  ourselves  from  our  enemies."  Caesar  re- 
plied :  "  If  you  surrender  before  the  battering-ram  touches  your 
wall,  I  will  save  your  state,  but  you  must  deliver  up  your 
arms."  Although  the  Nervii  said  that  they  would  do  what 
Caesar  commanded,  they  kept  concealed  a  third  of  their  arms. 
They  formed  the  plan  of  making^  a  sally  from  the  town,  but 
although  they  had  surrendered,  Caesar  did  not  withdraw  the 
outposts.  The  result  Avas,*  that  many  of  the  enemy  were 
killed  and  the  city-gates  were  broken  down. 

1  See  Ex.  14,  Grammar  Lesson,  c.  2  Cf.  p.  161, 1.  2. 

3  Use  the  expression,  consilium  capere,  with  the  genitive  of  the  gerundi\  e 
coustr.    See  Ex.  28,  Grammar  Lesson,  o. 

4  See  Ex.  43,  n.  3. 


VOCABULARIES 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


a. 

«=  active. 

inf. 

=  infinitive. 

abl. 

=  ablative. 

insep. 

=  inseparable. 

abs. 

=  absolute. 

in  tens. 

=  intensive. 

ace. 

=  accusative. 

inter. 

=  interrogative. 

adj. 

=  adjective. 

interj. 

=  interjection. 

adv. 

=  adverb,  adverbial. 

intr. 

=  intransitive. 

causat. 

=  causative. 

irr. 

=  irregular. 

chap. 

=  chapter. 

Kel. 

=  Keltic,  Keltic  wore,. 

coU. 

=  collective,  collectively. 

lit. 

=  literally. 

comp. 

=  comparative. 

loc. 

=  locative. 

conj. 

=  conjunction. 

m. 

=  masculine. 

dat. 

=  dative. 

MSS. 

=  manuscripts. 

decl. 

=  declension. 

n.,  neut. 

=  neuter. 

def. 

=  defective. 

nom. 

=  nominative. 

dem. 

=  demonstrative. 

num. 

—  numeral. 

dep. 

(in  vocabulary)  =  deponent. 

opp. 

=  opposite. 

desid. 

=  desiderative. 

ord. 

=  ordinal. 

dim. 

=  diminutive. 

p.,  pp. 

= page,  pages. 

distrib. 

=  distributive. 

part. 

=  participle. 

e.g. 

=  exempli  gratia  =for  example. 

pass. 

=  passive. 

Eng. 

=  English. 

patr. 

=  patronymic. 

etal. 

=  et  alibi  =  and  elsewhere. 

pers. 

=  person,  personal. 

et  seq. 

=  et  sequentia  =  and  what  fol- 

pf. 

=  perfect. 

lows. 

pi. 

=  plural. 

etc. 

=  et  cetera=  and  so  forth. 

plup. 

=  pluperfect. 

excl. 

=  exclamation. 

pos. 

=  positive. 

f. 

= feminine. 

pred. 

=  predicate. 

fol. 

= following,  and  wJiai  follovfs. 

prep. 

=  preposition. 

freq. 

=  frequentative. 

pres. 

=  present. 

fut. 

= future. 

pron. 

=  pronoun,  pronomhial. 

gen. 

=  genitive. 

reflex. 

=  reflexive. 

Ger. 

=  German,  Germanic  word. 

rel. 

=  relative. 

ibid. 

=  ibidem  =  in  the  same  place. 

semi-dep 

=  seihi-deponent. 

id. 

=  idem  =  the  same. 

sing. 

=  singular. 

' 

l.e. 

=  id  est  =  that  is. 

subj. 

=  subjunctive. 

imp. 

=  imperative. 

subst. 

=  substantive. 

impers. 

=  impersonal,  impersonally. 

sup. 

=  superlative. 

iinpf. 

=  imperfect. 

trans. 

=  transitive. 

inch. 

=  inchoative. 

V. 

=  verb. 

indecl. 

=  indeclinable. 

voe. 

=  vocative. 

indef. 

=  indefinite. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  with  verbs  =  Ist,  2d,  3d, 

or  4th 

indie. 

=  indicative. 

conjugation. 

*  Implies  that  the  form  before  which  it  stands  is  hypothetical. 
Boots  are  printed  in  small  capitals,  as  Die,  cap. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


A. ,  with  proper  names  =  Aulus,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  or  forename. 

a.  d.  =  ante  diem ;  see  n.  to  p.  117, 
1.28. 

a,  ab,  abs,  [cf.  dir6,  Eng.  o  f,  o  f  f], 
prep,  with  abl.,  originally  imply- 
ing separation,  from,  away  from, 
out  of;  of  place  or  direction, /rom, 
out  of,  at,  on;  of  agency,  with 
the  passive  voice,  by,  on  the  part 
of;  of  time,  from,  since,  after. 
a  dextro  cornu,  on  the  right  wing. 
a  fronte,  in  front.  a  tergo,  in 
the  rear.  ab  infimo,  at  the  bot- 
tom, ab  utroque  latere,  on  both 
sides,  ab  milibus  passuum  octo, 
eight  miles  off. 

abalieno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  con- 
vey away,  remove  ;  estrange,  make 
hostile. 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [ab  +  do], 
3,  put  away,  remove;  conceal, 
hide.  se  abdere,  to  put  one- 
self out  of  sight,  to  hide  oneself 

abduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[ab  -h  ducdj,  3,  withdraw,  lead 
away,  take  off. 

abeo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  — ,  fut.  part, 
abiturus,  [ab  +  eo],  irr.,  go  away, 
depart. 

abhorreo,  -horrere,  -horrui,  — ,  [ab 
+  horreo],  2,  shrink  from ;  be 
averse  to,  be  disinclined  to,  dis- 
agree with. 


abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ab 
-\-  iaci5J,  3,  throw  away,  throw 
down,  throw;  give  up,  lay  aside. 

abripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus, 
[ab  +  rapid],  3,  take  forcibly 
away;  tear  away;  carry  off,  re- 
move ;  drag  away,  hurry  off. 

abrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ab  -f- 
rogo],  1,  of  a  law,  repeal,  annul. 
alicui  magistratum  abrogare,  to 
depose  any  one  from  office. 

abscSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
[abs  -f-  cedo],  3,  go  away,  depart, 
withdraw ;  desist,  give  up. 

abscido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [abs 
-f-  caedo] ,  3,  hew  off,  cut  off. 

absens,  -entis,  [part,  of  absum], 
adj.,  absent,  away. 

absolve,  -solvere,  -solvi,  absolutus, 
[ab  -f  solvo],  3,  set  free,  acquit, 
declare  innocent. 

absorbed,  -sorbere,  -sorbui  or 
-sorpsi,  -sorptus,  [ab  -f  sorbeo], 
2,  swallow  down,  swallow. 

abstinentia,  -ae,  [abstinens,  part, 
of  abstineo],  f.,  abstinence,  self- 
restraint,  integrity. 

abstine5,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[abs  -I-  tene5],  2,  keep  back,  hold 
off;  refrain  from,  abstain,  absent 
oneself. 

abstuli,  see  aufero. 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  — ,  fut.  part, 
afuturus,  [ab  +  sum],  irr.,  be 
away,  be  absent,  be  distant,  be 
far  from  ;  be  free  from,  be  want- 


3 


ABSUMO 


ACTIUM 


ing,  he  lacking;  he  disinclined 
to;  he  unsuitable  to,  be  inappro- 
priate, longe  abesse,  to  be  far 
away. 

absumo,  -ere,  absumpsi,  absump- 
tus,  [ab  +  sumo],  3,  take  away, 
use  up,  destroy,  consume. 

ac,  see  atque. 

Acaruanus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  Acar- 
nanian,  of  Acarnania,  the  most 
westerly  province  of  central 
Greece.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Acca,  -ae,  f.,  Acca,  forename  of 
Acca  Ldrentia,  the  foster-mother 
of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
[ad  +  ced5],  3,  go  to,  come  to, 
approach;  be  added;  assent,  ap- 
prove; enter  upon,  undertake; 
happen,  befall.  ad  amicitiam 
accedere  alicuius,  to  become  a 
friend  of  any  one.  propius  ac- 
cedere, to  come  nearer. 

accendo,  -ere,  accendi,  accensus, 
[ad  4- unused  candd],  3,  set  fire 
to;  inflame,  arouse,  excite. 

acceptus,  pf.  pass.  part,  of  accipio, 
used  as  an  adj.,  acceptable,  wel- 
come, beloved.  As  part.,  see  ac- 
cipid. 

accidd,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  [ad  -f 
cado],  o,  fall,  fall  to,  befall,  hap- 
pen, occur,  fall  to  the  lot  of,  turn 
out.     Impers.,  accidit,  it  happens. 

accingo,  -ere,  accinxi,  accinctus, 
[ad  -f  cingo],  3,  gird  on,  bind  on, 
gird. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[ad  -f  capio],  3,  take  to  oneself, 
receive,  accept ;  welcome,  take  in, 
understand,  hear,  learn  ;  deal  with, 
treat;  suffer,  undergo,  male  ac- 
ceptus, roughly  handled,  defeated. 

accipiter,  -tris,  m.,  hawk. 


acclivis,  -e,  [ad  +  clivus],  adj., 
sloping  upwards,  rising,  ascend- 
ing. 

acclivitas,  -tatis,  [acclivis],  f. ,  up- 
ward slope,  ascent. 

accoxniuodd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[ad  +  commodus],  1,  fit,  put  on, 
adjust;  accommodate  to. 

accurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or  -curri, 
-cursus,  [ad  +  curro],  3,  run  to, 
run  up  to,  hasten  to. 

accuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  -i- 
causa],  1,  call  to  account,  accuse, 
reproach,  blame,  censure.  Of 
things,  find  fault  with,  throw 
blame  on. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  comp.  acrior,  sup. 
acerrimus,  adj.,  sharp,  piercing ; 
bitter  ;  eager,  fierce,  vigorous. 

acerbe,  comp.  acerbius,  sup.  acer- 
bissime,  [acerbus],  adv.,  bitterly, 
cruelly,  severely. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  acer],  adj., 
sharp  to  the  taste,  bitter ;  severe, 
harsh,  cruel. 

acerrime,  see  acriter. 

acervus,  -i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile. 

acetum,  -i,  [cf.  acer],  i\.,  vinegar. 

acies,  -ei,  f.,  (old  gen.  acie  occurs, 
p.  163,  1.  11),  edge;  of  the  eye, 
keenness  ov  fierceness  ;  of  an  army, 
line,  line  of  battle,  a  battle. 

acqui§sco,  -quiescere,  -quievi,  — , 
[ad  -t-  quiesco],  3,  come  to  rest, 
rest ;  be  at  rest ;  die. 

acriter,  comp.  acrius,  sup.  acer- 
rime, [acer],  adv.,  sharply, 
fiercely,  energetically. 

Actiacus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Actium, 
at  Actium. 

Actium,  -i,  n.,  Actium,  a  promon- 
tory and  town  of  Epirus  on  the 

.  Ambracian  Gulf,  celebrated  for 
the  naval  victory   of  Octavianus 


ACTUS 


ADMAGETOBRIGA 


over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  in 
31  B.C.     See  map  opposite  p.  75. 

Sctus,  see  ago. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace.,  to;  of  motion 
and  direction,  to,  towards,  up  to  ; 
of  place,  in  the  vicinity  o/,  at,  near 
to,  by,  in  the  presence  of,  among, 
on  ;  of  time,  till,  to,  up  to,  until ; 
of  purpose,  especially  with  the 
gerundive  constr.,  for,  in  order 
to,  for  the  purpose  of,  in  ;  of  other 
relations,  with  regard  to,  accord- 
ing to,  in  respect  'to,  in  conse- 
quence of,  as  to,  in;  with  words 
of  number,  about,  ad  Genavam, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Geneva.  ad 
multam  noctem,  till  late  at  night. 
ad  extremum,  at  last,  finally. 
ad  hunc  modum,  after  this  man- 
ner, ad  vesperum,  towards  even- 
ing,     ad  duodecim,  about  twelve. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
aequo,  from  aequus],  1,  make 
equal  to,  bring  up  to  a  level  with; 
become  equal  (to),  attain  to  equal- 
ity (with).  adaequare  cursum, 
to  keep  up  with. 

adamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
amo],  1,  conceive  an  eager  desire 
for,  covet.' 

addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [ad  + 
do],  3,  put  to,  add.  adders  in 
aliquid,  to  make  additions  to  any- 
thing. 

adduc5,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[ad  +  duco],  3,  lead  to,  bring, 
bring  up  to  a  place,  lead,  draw; 
induce,  prevail  upon,  influence. 

adSmptus,  part,  of  adimd. 

adeo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  [ad  + 
e5],  irr.,  go  to,  approach,  draw 
near,  reach,  visit;  enter  upon, 
take  possession  of;  undergo,  sub- 
mit to,  expose  oneself  to. 


adeo,  [ad  +  eo],  adv.,  to  this,  so 
far ;  so,  so  much,  so  very,  to  such 
a  degree;  even,  indeed.  adeo 
n5n,  so  little. 

adequito,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  [ad -)- 
equito,  from  eques],  1,  ride 
towards ;  ride  up  to. 

Adherbal,  -alis,  m.,  Adherbal,  a 
Numidian  prince,  son  of  Micipsa. 
He  was  slain  by  Jugurtha. 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [ad  + 
habeo],  2,  hold  to,  apply;  bring 
forward,  bring  in,  call  in,  sum- 
mon, admit ;  furnish,  bestow;  em- 
ploy, use  ;  invite  to  a  dinner  ;  turn 
to  for  counsel,  consult. 

adhortatio,  -onis,  [adhortor],  f., 
exhortation,  encouragement. 

adhuc,  [ad  +  hue],  adv.,  until  now, 
heretofore,  hitherto,  as  yet. 

adicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ad  + 
iacio],  3,  throw  to;  add  to,  add^ 
join  to. 

adigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [ad  + 
ago],  3,  drive  (to),  drive  in. 

adimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus,  [ad 
+  erao],  3,  take  to  oneself  take 
away,  deprive  of. 

adiplscor,  -ipisci,  -eptus  sum,  [ad 
+  apiscor],  3,  dep.,  arrive  at; 
obtain  by  effort,  get,  acquire,  win. 

aditus,  -us,  [adeo],  m.,  approach, 
access ;  way  of  approach,  means 
of  access.  aditum  peters,  to  ask 
for  a  hearing,  ask  for  an  interview. 

adiungd,  -iungers,  -iunxi,  adiunc- 
tus,  [ad  4-  iungo],  3,  join  to,  add 
to,  add  ;  win  over,  gain  as  a  friend. 

adiuvo  (ad  +  iuvo) ,  -iuvare,  -iuvi, 
adiiitus,  [ad  +  iuvo],  1,  help,  aid, 
assist,  support ;  render  assistance^ 
be  of  assistance. 

Admagetobriga,  -ae,  [Kel.,  = 
'Stronghold  of  Admagetos*],  f., 


ADMETUS 


6 


ADVERSUS 


a  town  in  Gaul.  See  n.  to  p.  134, 
1. 11,  and  map  opposite  p.  114. 

Admetus,  -i,  ["AS/iiyroj] ,  m.,  Ad- 
metus,  a  king  of  the  Molossians 
in  Epirus,  a  contemporary  of 
Themistocles. 

administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad 
+  ministro],  1,  render  assistance  ; 
manage,  carry  on,  administer; 
arrange  for,  get  ready  ;  of  orders, 
execute,  cari'y  out. 

admirandus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ad- 
mirer], adj.,  to  be  wondered  at, 
wonderful,  strange. 

adnuratio,  -5nis,  [admirer],  f., 
wonder,  admiration,  surprise. 

admiror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [ad  + 
mirer],  1,  dep.,  wonder  at,  ad- 
mire ;  he  astonished  at. 

admitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[ad  +  mittd],  3,  let  go  ;  admit,  re- 
ceive;  become  guilty  of,  commit. 
amicitias  admittere,  to  form 
friendships.  equo  admisso,  with 
his  horse  at  full  speed. 

admodum,  [ad  4-  modum],  adv., 
to  the  limit;  quite,  very. 

admoneo,  -monere,  -monui,  ad- 
monitus,  [ad  +  moneo],  2,  re- 
mind, admonish,  warn. 

admoveo,  -ere,  admovi,  admetus, 
[ad  +  meveo],  2,  move  towards, 
bring  up,  bring  near,  apply. 

adolesco,  -olescere,  -olevi,  adul- 
tus,  3,  grow  up. 

adolevi,  see  adelesco.   • 

adopts,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  -{■ 
epto],  1,  choose;  adopt. 

adorior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  [ad  -f 
crier],  4,  dep.,  approach  as  an 
enemy,  fall  upon,  attack  ;  accost, 
address;  undertake,  engage  in. 

adortus,  pf.  part,  of  aderier,  hav- 
ing attacked^  attacking. 


adsiim,  -esse,  affui,  [ad  +  sum], 
irr.,  be  at  hand,  be  present;  assist^ 
help  ;  give  attention,  take  part  in. 

adsurgo,  -ere,  adsurrexi,  adsur- 
rectus,  [ad  -f  surge],  3,  rise  up, 
stand  up. 

Aduatuci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  war- 
like people  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Meuse,  descended  from  the  Cimbri 
andTeutones.  See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

adnlescens,  -entis,  [part,  of  ado- 
lesc5],  adj.,  young.  As  subst., 
m.  and  f.,  a  youth. 

adulescentia,  -ae,  [adulescens], 
f.,  youth.  adulescentia  iniens, 
early  youth. 

adulescentulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  adu- 
lescens], m.,  vei'y  young  man, 
youth. 

adulterium,  -i,  [adulter],  n.,  adul- 
tery. 

advenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
[ad  4-  venio],  4,  come  to,  arrive. 

advents,  -are,  — ,  — ,  [intens.  of 
advenio],  1,  advance,  press  for- 
ward, come  quickly. 

adventus,  -us,  [cf.  advenio],  m., 
coming,  approach,  arrival. 

adverstrius,  -a,  -um,  [adverser], 
adj.,  opposed,  opposite;  hostile. 
As  subst.,  adversarius,  -i,  m., 
opponent,  enemy. 

adversus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimua, 
part,  of  adverts],  adj.,  turned  to- 
wards, fronting,  in  front,  facing^ 
opposite;  unfavorable,  adverse, 
unsuccessful.  adverse  celle,  up 
the  hill.  adversis  hestibus  oc- 
currunt,  they  meet  the  enemy  face 
to  face. 

adversus  and  adversum,  adv.  and 
prep.: 

(1)  As  adv.,  opposite,  against;  to 
meet. 


ADVERTO 


AEMULOR 


(2)  As  prep,  with  ace,  opposite 
to^  against. 

adverto,  -tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [ad  + 
vertd],  3,  turn  to,  direct,  turn. 
animum  adverto,  perceive,  notice, 
observe. 

advocatio,  -onis,  [advocd],  f., 
summoning  as  counsel.  venire 
in  advocatidnem,  to  act  as  an 
advocate. 

advocatus,  -i,  [advoc5],  m.,  one 
called  to  aid,  adviser,  advocate. 

aedes,  see  aedis. 

aedificium,  -i,  [aedifico],  n., 
building;  house. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [aedis, 
cf.  facio],  1,  a.,  build,  construct. 

aedilicius,  -a,  -um,  [aedilis],  adj., 
of  an  aedile.  As  subst.,  one  who 
has  been  an  aedile,  ex-aedile. 

aedilis,  -is,  [aedis],  m.,  aedile, 
commissioner  of  public  works,  the 
designation  of  certain  magistrates 
at  Rome,  who  had  charge  of  build- 
ings and  public  works,  and  had  an 
oversight  of  public  exhibitions  and 
dramatic  performances. 

The  aediles  plebei  had  as  their 
special  duty  the  keeping  of  the 
decrees  of  the  senate  and  other 
public  documents  ;  they  were  two 
in  number,  as  were  also  the  aediles 
curules. 

aedis  or  aedes,  -is,  f . ,  temple  ;  pi. , 
house,  dwelling. 

Aeduus,  -a,  -um,  [Kel.,  =  'Fiery'], 
2kA}.,Aeduan.  As  subst.,  Aeduus, 
-1,  m.,  an  Aeduan;  pi.,  Aeduans, 
the  Aedui,  a  powerful  Gallic  peo- 
ple, between  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Sequana  (Seine)  and  the  Liger 
(Loire),  in  alliance  with  the  Ro- 
mans before  Caesar's  arrival  in 
Gaul.      Their    influence   was  in- 


creased by  him.  See  map  opp. 
p.  114. 

Aegates,  -ium,  f.,  pi.,  the  Aegates^ 
three  islands  in  the  MediteiTanean 
Sea,  west  of  Sicily,  near  the  prom- 
ontory of  Lilybaeum.  They  wei*e 
celebrated  for  the  naval  victory  of 
the  Romans  over  the  Carthagini- 
ans (241  B.C.),  through  which  the 
first  Punic  war  was  brought  to  an 
end.     See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  unwell, 
sick,  feeble. 

aegerrime,  see  aegre. 

aegre,  comp.  aegrius,  sup.  aeger- 
rime, [aeger],  adv.,  loith  diffi- 
culty, scarcely,  hardly;  reluc- 
tantly, aegerrime,  with  the 
greatest  difficulty.  aliquid  aegre 
ferre,  to  feel  distress,  to  be  vexed 
at  anything. 

aegroto,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  [cf.  aeger], 
1,  be  ill,  lie  sick. 

Aegyptius,  -a,  -um,  [Aegyptus], 
adj.,  Egyptian,  of  Egypt,  with 
Egypt.  As  subst.,  Aegyptius,  -i, 
m.,  Egyptian,  inhabitant  of  Egypt. 

Aegyptus,  -i,  f.,  Egypt,  a  country 
in  northeastern  Africa,  about  the 
lower  course  of  the  Nile. 

Aemilius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  cele- 
brated Roman  gens.  In  this  book 
are  mentioned : 

(1)  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  who  fell 
in  the  battle  of  Cannae,  216  b.c. 

(2)  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  consul 
in  182  B.C. 

(3)  Lucius  Aemilius,  a  decurion 
in  charge  of  a  squad  of  Gallic 
cavalry. 

aemulatio,  -onis,  [aemulor],  f., 
rivalry,  emulation,  competition. 

aemulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [aemulus], 
1,  dep.,  rival,  vie  with,  emulate. 


AENEAS 


AFRICANUS 


Aeneas,  -ae,  m.,  Aeneas,  son  of 
Venus  and  Anchises,  native  of 
Troy,  and  ancestor  of  the  Romans. 

aeneiis,  -a,  -um,  [aes],  adj.,  of 
copper,  of  bronze. 

Aeolia,  see  Aeolis. 

Aeolis,  -idis,  or  Aeolia,  -ae, 
[AioXh,  AloXla],  {.,  Aeolis,  Aeolia, 
a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  north  of 
Ionia.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

aequalis,  -e,  [aequus],  adj.,  equal, 
of  the  same  age.  As  subst., 
aequalis,  -is,  m.,  companion  of 
equal  age,  comrade,  contemporary. 

aequ^iter  [aequalis,  equal^,  adv., 
evenly,  uniformly. 

aeque,  comp.  aequius,  sup.  aequis- 
sime,  [aequus],  adv.,  equally,  in 
a  like  manner. 

aequipero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ae- 
quus +  par],  1,  compare,  liken; 
equal,  rival. 

aequitas,  -atis,  [aequus],  f.,  even- 
ness ;  equity,  fairness,  animi  ae- 
quitas, calmness,  equanimity. 

aequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [aequus], 
1,  equalize,  make  equal,  put  on 
an  equality  with. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  aequior, 
sup,  aequissimus,  adj.,  level,  even, 
flat;  fair,  just,  equitable;  like, 
equal;  favorable,  advantageous. 
aequo  animo,  without  anxiety, 
with  equanimity,  calmly. 

aerarium,  -i,  [aes],  n,,  treaswy, 
state-treasury;  public  money. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze  ; 
money.      aes  alienum,  debt. 

aestSs,  -tatis,  f.,  summer. 

aestimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  deter- 
mine the  value  of;  estimate,  value. 

aestu^rlum,  -i,  [ aestus ],  n.,  pZace 
overflowed  at  high  tide,  (salt) 
marsh. 


aetas,  -atis,  [for  ae  vitas  from  ae- 
vum],  f.,  life,  age,  time  of  life ; 
time.  a  prima  aetate,  from 
early  youth. 

affero,  aflferre,  attuli,  allatus,  [ad 
-l-fero],  ivr.,  bring  to,  bring ;  an- 
nounce, report;  produce,  cause; 
introduce ;  bring  forward,  allege, 
assign.  vim  aflferre,  maniis  af- 
ferre,  to  use  force,  offer  violence, 
do  violence. 

aiiicid,  -fieere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [ad  + 
facio],  3,  do  something  to,  treat, 
use ;  visit  with,  afflict,  trouble, 
weaken,  impair.  exsili5  aflScere, 
to  banish.  muneribus  atficere, 
to  reward.  beneficio  aflS.cere,  to 
treat  with  kindness.  magno  do- 
lore  aflaci,  to  be  greatly  annoyed. 
supplicio  aflieere,  poena  aflB^cere, 
to  punish. 

affinis,  -e,  [ ad -f- finis],  adj.,  boi'- 
dering  on,  related  to;  as  subst., 
aflfinis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  relation  by 
marriage. 

aifinltas,  -tatis,  [aflfinis,  from  ad-|- 
finis],  f.,  relationship  by  mar- 
riage, kinship,  connection. 

aiiirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad-|- 
firmo],  1,  strengthen  ;  assert  posi- 
tively, declare. 

affligo,  -flligere,  -flixi,  -fliictus,  3, 
dash  at,  overthrow ;  afflict,  damage, 
injure,  shatter ;  subdue,  defeat. 

affui,  see  adsum. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa,  at  first  refer- 
ring only  to  the  dominions  of  Car- 
thage ;  afterwards  to  the  Roman 
province  of  Africa ;  then  to  the 
vsrhole  continent. 

AfiicSinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  African. 
As  subst,,  m.,  surname  of  PubJius 
Cornelius  Scipib  Africdnus,  the 
conqueror  of  Hannibal. 


AFUTURUS 


ALCMAEON 


gfuturus,  fut.  part,  of  absum. 

Agamemnon,  -onis,  ['AyafM^ixvujy]^ 
m.,  Agmnemnon^  king  of  Myce- 
nae, commander-in-chief  of  the 
Greeks  during  the  siege  of  Troy. 

ager,  agri,  m. ,  laiid  under  cultiva- 
tion, fields  territory^  domain  ;  pi. , 
lands^  territory^  country^  the 
country.  agri  culttlra,  farming^ 
agriculture. 

agger,  -geris,  [ad-f-oES,  in  gero], 
m.,  rampart^  mole,  mound,  dike  j 
material  for  a  mound  (earth,  tim- 
ber), earth.  aggerem  petere,  to 
get  materials  for  the  rampart. 

aggredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [ad-f 
gradior,  walk,  go'],  3,  dep.,  ap- 
proach ;  go  against,  attack,  fall 
upon  ;  attempt. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [intens.  of 
ago],  1,  set  in  violent  motion; 
drive  onward,  drive  about,  row 
about ;  rouse,  excite  ;  disturb,  dis- 
tress ;  consider,  meditate. 

agmen,  -minis,  [ago],  n.,  troop, 
crowd ;  army  on  the  march,  march- 
ing column ;  line  of  march.  See 
pp.  29-31.  agmen  claudere,  to 
bring  up  the  rear.  novissimum 
agmen,  the  rear,  primum  agmen, 
the  van.    See  Intro.,  pp.  18,  19. 

agnitUB,  see  agnosco. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -nitus, 
[ad  +  gnosco],  3,  recognize,  ac- 
knowledge. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  3,  set  in  mo- 
tion, drive,  lead,  move  forward; 
direct,  conduct,  guide  ;  incite, 
urge  ;  press  forward,  chase,  pur- 
sue ;  drive  off  as  plunder,  rob  ;  do, 
act,  transact,  perform  ;  manage, 
carry  on,  accomplish  ;  treat,  deal 
with,  confer,  plead  with;  of  time, 
spend,  pass,  lite  ;    pass.,    be   in 


question,  be  at  stake.  actum  est 
de,  it  was  all  over  with.  vitam 
agere,  to  pass  one''s  life.  cum 
aliquo  agere,  to  try  to  persuade 
any  one.  conventus  agere,  to 
hold  court.  gratias  agere,  to 
thank.  vineas  agere,  to  bring 
up  the  vineae.  cuniculos  agere, 
to  extend  the  mines. 

agricola,  -ae.  [ager,  cf.  cold],  m., 
husbandman,  farmer. 

agri  cultura,  see  ager. 

Agrigentum,  -i,  n.,  Agrigentum, 
a  large,  wealthy  city  on  the  south 
coast  of  Sicily.  See  map  opp.  p. 
30. 

aio,  pres.  ind.  aio,  ais,  ait,  aiunt, 
impf.  aiebam,  3,  def.,  say  yes, 
assent ;  assert,  say,  tell. 

aia,  -ae,  f.,  wing. 

alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  comp.  alacrior, 
adj.,  brisk,  lively ;  eager,  ardent, 
spirited. 

alacritas,  -tatis,  [alacer],  f.,  live- 
liness ;  eagerness,  ardor,  readiness. 

altrius,  -a,  -um,  [ala,  wing],  adj., 
of  the  wing.  As  subst.,  alarii, 
-drum,  m.  pi.,  auxiliary  troops, 
placed  on  the  wings  of  the  army. 

Alba,  -ae,  f..  Alba.     See  albus. 

Albanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Alba, 
pertaining  to  Alba.  As  subst., 
Albani,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  inhabitants 
of  Alba. 

albus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  white.  As 
subst..  Alba,  -ae,  f..  Alba  or  Alba 
Longa,  '  the  long  white  city,'  an 
ancient  town  in  Latium,  fifteen 
miles  southeast  of  Rome.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

Alcmaeon,  -5nis,  {^ KKKixaltav],  m., 
Alcmaeon,  son  of  Amphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle.  In  obedience  to  the 
command  of  his  father  he  killed 


ALEA 


10 


ALLOQUOR 


his  mother,  who  by  treachery  had 
caused  Amphiaraus  to  take  part 
in  the  expedition  of  the  Seven 
against  Thebes,  during  which  he 
met  his  death. 

alea,  -ae,  f.,  game  of  dice;  die;  by 
metonymy,  chance^  hazard^  risk, 
venture. 

Alesiander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander,  in 
tliis  book  referring  to  Alexander 
III.,  surnamed  the  Great,  king  of 
Macedonia  from  336  to  323  b.c. 

Alexandria,  -ae,  f.,  Alexandria,  a 
city  in  Egypt,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Jsile,  founded  by  Alexander  the 

•   Great.    See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

alias,  [ace.  pi.  of  alius],  adv.,  at 
another  time;  at  other  times;  in 
other  respects,  otherwise.  alias 
.  .  .  alias,  at  one  time  .  .  .  at 
another,  sometimes  .  .  .  some- 
times, now  .  .  .  now. 

alienus,  -a,  -urn,  comp.  alienior, 
sup.  alienissimus,  [alius],  adj., 
of  another,  another's;  foreign, 
strange ;  unfitting,  unfavorable, 
unseasonable,  improper. 

alio,  [old  dat.  of  alius],  adv.,  to 
another  place,  elsewhere.  longe 
alid  spectare,  to  have  a  very  dif- 
ferent purpose. 

aliquam  [ace.  of  aliqui,  sc.  par- 
tem], adv.,  in  some  degree.  ali- 
quam diii,  for  some  time,  for  a 
while. 

aliquamdiii,  [aliquam -\- diii] ,  adv., 
for  a  while,  for  some  time. 

aliquando,  [alius  -|-  quando],  adv., 
at  some  time  or  other,  once;  at 
length,  at  last. 

aliquantum,  -i,  [aliquantus],  n., 
a  little,  a  considerable  amount, 
something. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  [ali-  -|-  qui], 


indef.  pron.  adj.,  some,  any,  some 
other. 

aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid,  nom.  and 
ace.  pi.  n.  aliqua,  [ali-  +  quis], 
indef.  pron.,  some  one,  any  one, 
anybody ;  pi.,  some,  any.  Nent., 
aliquid,  something,  anything,  ali- 
quid sublevare,  to  help  somewhat. 

aliquot,  [ali-,  quot],  indef.  num. 
adj.,  indecl.,  some,  several. 

aliquotiens,  [aliquot],  adv.,  sev- 
eral times. 

aliter  [ali-],  adv.,  otherwise,  differ- 
ently, aliter  ae,  otherwise  than, 
different  from  what. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  gen.  alius,  dat.  alii, 
adj.,  another,  some  other,  other, 
different,  else  ;  the  rest  of.  alius 
.  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another,  the 
one  .  .  .  the  ether;  pi.,  alii  .  .  . 
alii,  some  .  .  .  other;  often  as 
subst,,  alius,  another,  alii,  others. 
alia  re,  with  anything  else.  alius 
alia  causa  illata,  one  alleging 
one  reason,  another,  another. 
longe  alius  atque,  very  different 
from. 

allatus,  see  affero. 

Allia,  -ae,  f.,  the  Allia,  a  small  river 
in  the  country  of  the  Sabines, 
about  twelve  miles  northward 
from  Rome.  See  map,  frontis- 
piece. 

alligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  -1-  ligo], 
1,  bind  to,  bind  fast. 

AUobroges,  -um,  (ace.  AUobrogas, 
i.  14),  m.  pi.,  a  Gallic  people  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  '  the  Pro- 
vince,' between  the  Khone  and  the 
Alps.     See  mgip  opp.  p.  114. 

allociitus,  see  alloquor. 

alloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum, 
[ad  4-  loquor],  3,  dep.,  speak  to, 
address. 


ALO 


11 


AMULITJS 


alo,  alere,  alui,  altus  or  alitus,  3, 

nourish,  increase,  maintain,  keep, 
rear,  foster,  raise. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f,  pi.,  Alps,  general 
term  for  the  mountains  separating 
Cisalpine  Gaul  from  Transalpine 
Gaul  and  Germany. 

Alpicus,  -a,  -um,  a  rare  form  for 
Alpinus,  [Alpes],  adj.,  Alpine. 
As  subst.,  Alpici,  -drum,  m.  pi, 
dwellers  among  the  Alps,  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Alpine  regions. 

alte,  comp.  altius,  sup.  altissime, 
[altus],  adv.,  high,on  high,  deeply, 
far;  profoundly,  highly. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  gen.  alterius  or 
alterius,  adj.,  often  with  the  force 
of  a  subst.,  one  of  two,  the  other, 
another;  second.  alter  .  .  . 
alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other. 
alter!  .  .  .  alteri,  the  one  divi- 
sion, party  .  .  .  the  other. 

alteruter,  -utra,  -utrum,  gen.  alte- 
rutrius,  dat.  alterutri,  [alter  + 
uter],  pron.  adj.,  one  of  the 
other,  one  of  two. 

altitude,  -inis,  [altus],  f.,  height, 
loftiness;  depth;  thickness. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  altior,  sup. 
altissimus,  [part,  of  al5],  adj., 
nourished,  grown  great;  high, 
tall,  deep.  As  subst.,  altum,  -i, 
n.,  (sc.  mare),  the  deep,  the  sea; 
pi.  alta,  -orum,  greatness;  sup. 
altissimum,  -i,  n.,  top. 

am&ns,  -antis,  comp.  amantior,  sup. 
amantissimus, '  [part,  of  amo], 
adj.,  loving,  fond,  affectionate; 
with  gen.,  /ond  of. 

Ambarri,  -drum,  [Kel.  ambi,  = 
Lat.  ambi-,  +  Arar],  m.  pi.,  a 
people  on  both  sides  of  the  Arar 
{Saone)  near  its  junction  with 
the  Rhone ;  intimately  connected 


with  the  Aedui.  See  map  opp. 
p.  114. 

Ambiani,  -orum,  [Kel.],  m.  pi.,  a 
small  state  in  Belgic  Gaul,  south 
of  the  Morini.  See  map  opp. 
p.  114. 

ambitio,  -onis,  [ambio],  f. ,  a  going 
around;  desire  for  favor,  ambi- 
tion. 

ambo,  ambae,  ambo,  ace.  m. 
ambo  or  ambos,  num.  adj.,  both. 

amentia,  -ae,  [amens,  from  a  + 
mens],  f.,  madness,  folly. 

amice,  [amicus],  adv.,  in  a  friendly 
manner. 

amicitia,  -ae,  [amicus],  f.,  friend- 
ship ;  of  a  state,  friendship,  alli- 
ance. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [amo],  adj.,  loving, 
friendly,  faithful,  well-disposed. 

amicus,  -i,  [amo],  m.,  loving  one, 
friend,  ally. 

amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus,  [a 
-f  mitto],  3,  send  away;  let  go, 
let  slip,  lose. 

amnis,  -is,  m.,  river,  stream. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  love,  be 
fond  of. 

amor,  -oris,  [amo],  m.,  love,  affec- 
tion ;  desire,  passion. 

amphora,  -ae,  [d//0o/)€v$],  f.,  am- 
phora, a  long,  pointed  jar,  with 
two  handles  at  the  top  ;  wine-jar. 

amplifies,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [am- 
plus  +  facio],  1,  make  large,  in- 
crease, extend. 

amplio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [am- 
plus],  1,  widen,  enlarge,  extend. 

amplius,  [comp.  of  amplus  and 
ample],  indecl.  subst.,  adj.,  and 
adv.,  more,  further;  besides, 
more  than. 

Amiilius,  -i,  m.,  AmTilius,  a  son  of 


AN 


12 


ANTE 


Proca,  king  of  Alba  Longa.  He 
usurped  the  throne  which  right- 
fully belonged  to  his  elder  brother 
Numitor,  but  was  deposed  and 
slain  by  Romulus  and  Remus. 

an,  conj.,  introducing  the  second 
part  of  a  double  question,  or,  or 
rather^  or  indeed.  The  first  mem- 
ber ordinarily  has  utrum  or  -ne, 
but  is  sometimes  omitted.  In 
direct  questions  an  is  often  not 
translated  ;  in  indirect  questions, 
whether. 

anceps,  -cipitis,  [an  =  ambi-,  cf. 
caput],  adj.,  two-headed;  double, 
two-sided;  uncertain,  indecisive; 
dangerous,  perilous.  anceps 
proelium,  battle  on  two  fronts,  i.e. 
both  in  front  and  in  the  rear. 

AncMses,  -ae,  m.,  Anchises,  father 
of  Aeneas. 

ancora,  -ae,  \&'^K\)pa\,  f.,  anchor. 
in  ancoris,  at  anchor. 

Ancus,  -i,  m.,  Ancus,  forename  of 
Ancus  Mdrcius,  the  fourth  king 
of  Rome. 

Andecumborius,  -i,  m.,  a  promi- 
nent man  among  the  Remi. 

Andes,  -ium,  or  Andi,  -orum,  m,, 
pi.,  a  Gallic  people  north  of  the 
Liger  {Loire).   The  name  survives 

_  in  Anjou.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Andiiscus,  -i,  m.,  Andriscus,  who 
claimed,  to  be  Philip,  son  of  King 
Perseus  of  Macedonia. 

angor,  -oris,  [cf.  ango],  m.,  stran- 
gling ;  torment,  anguish,  grief. 

angustiae,  -arum,  [angustus],  f., 
pi.,  narrow  place,  narrow  part, 
defile,  narrowness;  straits,  diffi- 
culties, perplexity  ;  scarcity. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  ango,  squeeze],  adj., 
contracted,  narrow,  close.      Neut. 


as  subst.,  res  erat  in  angusto, 
matters  had  reached  a  ciHsis. 
angustum  mare,  strait. 

anima,  -ae,  t.,air;  breath,  spirit; 
life,  soul. 

animadverto,  or  animum  advertd, 
-tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [animus  -f  adver- 
to],  3,  turn  the  mind  to,  attend  to ; 
notice,  observe,  perceive ;  censure, 
punish,  in  eum  animadvertere, 
to  punish  him,  ^attend  to  him.'' 

animus,  -i,  m.,  soul,  life;  mind, 
reason;  courage,  spirit;  inclina- 
tion, purpose;  feeling.  esse 
alicui  in  animo,  to  intend.  ani- 
mum advertere,  see  amimad- 
verto. 

Anio,  -enis,  m.,  Anio,  a  river  in 
Latium,  a  tributary  of  the  Tiber. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

annalis,  -is,  abl.  annali,  [annus], 
m.,  record  of  events,  chronicles, 
annals. 

annona,  -ae,  [annus],  f.,  year's 
produce,  harvest ;  grain. 

annuo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  3,  nod  to,  give 
assent,  promise. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  [annus],  adj., /or 
a  year,  lasting  a  year. 

anser,  -eris,  m.,  goose. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep.,  before. 

(1)  As  adv.,  of  space,  before,  in 
front;  of  time,  before,  pre- 
viously, ago.  ante  quam  or 
antequam,  sooner  than,  before  ; 
often  separated  by  intervening 
words.  paulo  ante,  a  littU 
while  before,  a  short  time  pre- 
viously, paucis  ante  diebus, 
a  few  days  before. 

(2)  As  prep,  with  ace,  of  space 
and  time,  before;  in  compari- 
sons,  before,    superior   to,    in 


ANTEA 


18 


APPETO 


comparison  with.      ante  diem, 
see  N.  to  p.  117,  1.  28. 
antea,    [ante  +  ea],    adv.,   before, 

formerly,  previously. 
antecedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  — ,  [ante 

+  cedoj,  3,  go   before,  precede; 

surpass,  excel. 
anteeo,  -ire,  -ivi,  or  -u,  — ,  [ante 

+  eo] ,  irr. ,  go   before,  precede  ; 

surpass,  excel. 
autefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [ante 

+  fero] ,  irr. ,  bear  before  ;  place 

before,  prefer. 
antepduo,   -ponere,   -posui,   ante- 

positus,  [ante  +  pono],  3,  set  be- 
fore ;  prefer. 
ante  quam,  see  ante. 
Antiochus,  -i,  ['Aj/t^oxos],  Tti.,An- 

tiochus,  the  name  of  several  kings 

of  Syria.     In  this  book  refers  to 

(1)  Antiochus  III.,  surnained  the 
Great ;  he  was  induced  by  Han- 
nibal to  declare  war  against  the 
Romans,  but  was  defeated  near 
Mt.  Sipylus,  in  Magnesia,  in 
190  B.C. 

(2)  A  philosopher  of  Ascalon,  the 
teacher  of  Cicero  during  his 
studies  at  Athens  in  79  b.c. 

antiquitas,  -atis,  [antiquus],  f., 
age,  antiquity ;  ancient  times,  his- 
tory of  ancient  times. 

antiquitus,  [antiquus],  adv.,  in 
former  times,  long  ago,  anciently. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [ante], adj.,  old,  former, 
old-time,  ancient,  early. 

Antonius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    In  this  book  are  mentioned  : 

(1)  Marcus  Antonius,  Mark  An- 
tony, the  triumvir. 

(2)  C.  Antonius  Hybrida,  the  col- 
league of  Cicero  in  his  consulship. 

anulus,  -i,  m. ,  ring,  finger-ring. 


aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  -tus,  4,  uncover; 
open,  disclose,  show ;  disclose,  re- 
veal, make  known. 

apertuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  aperi5],  adj., 
unclosed,  open,  uncovered;  ex- 
posed, unprotected;  clear,  mani- 
fest, latus  apertum,  ope»J^a/^^•, 
exposed  flank. 

Apollo,  -inis,  ['A7r6XXw»'],  m., 
Apollo,  son  of  Zeus  and  Latona, 
god  of  divination,  of  the  healing 
art,  of  poetry  and  music. 

Apollonia,  -ae,  f,,  Apollonia,  a 
city  in  southwestern  Illyria.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

ApoUonius,  -i,  m.,  Apollonius,  sur- 
nanied  3Iold,  a  teacher  of  rhetoric, 
under  whom  Cicero  studied  at 
Rhodes. 

apparatus,  -us,  [apparo],  m., prep- 
aration ;  implements,  supplies,  en- 
gines, instruments;  magnificence. 

appareo,  -parere,  -parui,  — ,  fut. 
part.    apparitHrus,    [ad -h pared], 

2,  appear,  come  in  sight;  be  plain, 
be  manifest ;  appear  as  servant, 
serve,  attend. 

apparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  4- 
pard],  1,  prepare,  make  ready. 

appellatio,  -onis,  [appello,  -are], 
f.,  designation,  name. 

appello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  [ad-f 
pello],  3,  drive  to,  bring  to,  land. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  address, 
accost,  call  to,  appeal  to;  call  by 
name,  name;  term,  entitle. 

Appenmnus,  -i,  m.,  the  Apennines, 
a  long  range  of  mountains  run- 
ning the  length  of  the  Italian  pen- 
insula. 

appeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus,  [ad-f  peto], 

3,  strive  for,  desire,  seek  ;  ap* 
proach,  draw  near. 


APPIUS 


14 


ARGILIUS 


Appius,  -1,  m.,  Appius,  a  Roman 
forename,  especially  common  in 
the  Claudian  gens. 

applaudo,  -plaudere,  -plausi,  -plau- 
sus,  [ad+plaudo],  3,  strike  upon, 
beat;  applaud. 

appond,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[ad+p5n5],  3,  put  at,  place  near, 
set  before. 

apprehends,  -ere,  -di,  -sus,  [ad+ 
prehendo],  3,  seize,  lay  hold  of, 
grasp. 

appropinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad 
-fpropinquo],  1,  approach,  come 
near,  draw  near. 

appulsus,  see  appello. 

April,  or  Apr.  =  Aprilis. 

Aprilis,  -e,  [aperio],  adj.,  of 
April. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  at,  with, 
near,  close  to,  by ;  among,  in  the 
presence  of;  at  the  house  of;  in 
the  works  of. 

Apulia,  -ae,  f.,  Apulia,  one  of  the 
divisions  of  Italy,  in  the  south- 
eastern part,  north  of  Calabria, 
east  of  Lucania  and  Samnium. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water,  spring. 

aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle  ;  by  metonymy, 
eagle,  made  of  metal  and  carried 
on  a  pole  as  the  standard  of  a 
Roman  legion.     See  Intro.,  p.  17. 

Aquileia,  -ae,  f . ,  a  city  at  the  head 
of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  See  n.  to  p. 
120,  1.  5,  and  map  opp.  p.  30. 

aquilifer,  -eri,  [aquila,  cf.  fero], 
m.,  bearer  of  the  eagle,  standard- 
bearer.     Cf.  aquila. 

aquilo,  -onis,  also  aquilo  ventus, 
m.,  the  north  wind. 

Aqmtania,  -ae,  f.,  one  of  the  three 
main  divisions  of  Gaul.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 


Aquitanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Aqui- 
tania.  As  subst.,  Aquitanus,  -i, 
m. ,  Aquitanian ;  i)].,Aquitanians, 
Aquitani,  inhabitants  of  Aqui- 
tania. 

aquor,  -ari  (aqua),  get  water. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 

Arar,  -aris,  ace.  -im,  [Kel.,= 
'Sluggish'],  m.,  Arar  River, 
now  the  Saone.  See  n.  to 
p.  121,  1.  1,  and  map  opp. 
p.  114. 

arbitrium,  -i,  [arbiter,  judge'],  n., 
judgment,  decision  ;  authority, 
power. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [arbiter], 
1,  dep.,  testify  ;  be  of  an  opinion, 
think,  consider. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree. 

Areas,  -adis,  ['Ap/cds],  adj.,  of  Ar- 
cadia, Arcadian.  As  subst.,  m., 
Arcadian,  inhabitant  of  Arcadia. 

arceo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  shut  up,  en- 
close ;  keep  off,  avert  ;  hinder, 
prevent. 

arcesso,  -sere,  -sivi,  -situs,  3,  cause 
to  come,  fetch  ;  send  for,  summon, 
call  in,  invite. 

Ardea,  -ae,  f.,  Ardea,  a  town  in 
Latium,  about  twenty  miles  south 
of  Rome,     See  map,  frontispiece. 

ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsus,  2,  be  on 
fire,  burn,  glow ;  be  inflamed,  de- 
sire eagerly. 

arduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  steep,  high; 
hard,  difficult. 

argentum,  -i,  n. ,  stiver  ;  by  meton- 
ymy, money.  argentum  factum, 
wrought  silver,  silver-plate. 

ArgHius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Argilus, 
a  city  in  Thrace,  Argilian.  As 
subst.,  Argilius,  -i,  m.,  Argilian, 
inhabitant  of  Argilus.  See  map 
opp.  p.   75. 


ARGIVUS 


15 


ARVBRNUS 


Argivus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Argos, 
Argive.  As  subst.,  Argivus,  -f, 
m.,  inhabitant  of  Argos,  Argive. 

Argos,  only  nom.  and  ace.  n.,  also 
Argi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  ["Apyos'], 
Argos,  a  city  in  Argolis,  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus.    See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

aries,  -ietis,  in.,  ram;  battering- 
ram;  prop,  buttress. 

Ariovistus,  -i,  [Ger.  Aar,  for  Ad- 
ler,  +  V  i  r  s  t,  for  Horst,  '  Eagle- 
eyrie  '  ?j,  m.,  a  German  king,  who 
had  conquered  a  part  of  Gaul  near 
the  Rhine,  but  was  defeated  by 
Caesar,  b.c.  58. 

arma,  -orum,  n.,  pi.,  implements; 
implements  of  war,  arms,  armor, 
weapons.  ad  arma  concurrere, 
to  rush  to  arms. 

armatura,  -ae,  [armo],  f.,  armor, 
equipment.  levis  armatiirae  pe- 
dites,  light  infantry.  levis  ar- 
matiirae Numidae,  light-armed 
Numidians. 

armatus,  -a,  -urn,  sup.  armatis- 
simus,  [part,  of  armo],  adj., 
armed,  in  arms,  equipped.  As 
subst.,  armati,  -orum,  m,,  pi., 
armed  men,  warriors,  soldiers. 

Armenia,  -ae,  f.,  Armenia,  a  coun- 
try in  Asia,  east  of  Cappa- 
docia. 

armilla,  -ae,  [armus,  shoulder, 
arm'],  i.,  bracelet,  armlet. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [arma],  1, 
furnish  with  arms,  arm,  equip. 

Arpinum,  -i,  n.,  Arpinum,  a  town 
in  the  Sabine  district,  about  fifty 
miles  southeast  of  Rome,  the 
birthplace  of  Mai'ius  and  Cicero. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

arripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  reptus,  [ad 
-f-rapio],  3,  catch  hurriedly,  seize, 


snatch  ;  seize  upon,  take  up,  learn 
with  avidity. 

arroganter,  comp.  -ius,  [arrogans], 
adv.,  presumptuously,  arrogantly, 
haughtily. 

arrogantia,  -ae,  [arrogans],  f.,  pre- 
sumption, arrogance,  insolence. 

Arriins,  -untis,  m.,  Arruns,  a  son  of 
Tarquinius  Superbus. 

ars,  artis,  f . ,  art,  skill ;  knowledge, 
accomplishment  ;  device,  strata- 
gem. 

arsit,  see  ardeo. 

Artabazus,  -T,  ['Aprd/Sci^os],  m., 
Artabazus,  prefect  of  Phrygia 
under  Xerxes. 

Artaphemes,  -is,  [^ApTa<t>ipvT]%], 
m.,  Artaphemes,  nephew  of  Da- 
rius Hystaspis.  With  Datis  he 
commanded  the  Persian  forces  at 
Marathon. 

Artaxerxes,  -is,  ['Apral^p^T^s],  m., 
Artaxerxes,  the  nS-me  of  two  Per- 
sian kings. 

(1)  Artaxerxes  Macrochir,  or 
'  long-handed '  son  of  Xerxes, 
reigned  from  465  to  424  b.c. 

(2)  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  or  'of 
the  good  memory,'  son  of  Da- 
rius Nothus,  reigned  from  405 
to  362  B.C. 

Artemisium,  -I,  [^ AprefAaiov],  n„ 
Artemisium,  a  promontory  form- 
ing the  nortliern  end  of  the  island 
of  Euboea,  famous  for  the  sea- 
fight  between  the  fleet  of  Xerxes 
and  that  of  the  Greeks  under 
Eurybiades  in  480  b.c.  See  map 
opp.  p.  75. 

Arvemus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Ar- 
verni,  Arvernian.  As  subst.,  Ar- 
verni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Arvernians, 
the  Arvcrni,  a  powerful  people 
about  the  upper  part  of  the  Elaver 


ARX 


16 


ATTICA 


{Allier),  whose  chief  city,  Gergo- 
via,  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  Caesar.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel,  fortress, 
stronghold  ;  the  acropolis  of 
Athens. 

Ascanius,  -i,  m.,  Ascanius,  the  son 
of  Aeneas. 

ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus,  [ad  +  scando,  climb'],  3,  as- 
cend, climb  up;  mount,  scale; 
embark. 

ascensuB,  -us,  [ascendo],  m.,  as- 
cent, climbing  ;  way  up,  approach. 

aBCisc5,  aaciscere,  ascivi,  ascitus, 
[ad  +  scisco,  approve],  3,  admit 
to  association  with  oneself,  re- 
ceive, accept. 

Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia,  referring  to  Asia 
as  distinguished  from  Europe,  to 
Asia  Minor,  or  to  the  Roman  prov- 
mce  of  Asia. 

Asiaticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Asia, 
Asiatic.  As  subst. ,  Asiaticus,  -i, 
m.,  surname  of  L.  Sc'ipio  Asiati- 
cus, the  conqueror  of  Antiochus. 

Asina,  -ae,  m.,  Asina,  surname  of 
Cn.  Cornelius  Asina. 

asinus,  -i,  m.,  an  ass,  donkey. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  asperior, 
sup.  asperrimus,  adj.,  adverse  ; 
rough,  harsh,  violent,  cruel. 

asperitas,  -atis,  [asper],  f.,  rough- 
ness, harshness,  asperity,  cruelty  ; 
acidity. 

aspernor,  -ari,  -atussum,  [a+sper- 
nor],  1,  dep.,  disdain,  despise. 

aspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  aspectus, 
[ad  +  specio],  3,  look  upon;  re- 
gard, inspect. 

aspis,  -idis,  f.,  asp,  viper. 

aBsequor,  -sequi,  -seciitus  sum,  [ad 
-f  sequor],  3,  &q^.,  follow  up,  over- 
take ;  reach,  attain. 


asBido,  -ere,-sedi,  — ,  3,  sit  doicn. 

assiduus,  -a,  -um,  [ad,  cf.  sedeo], 
adj.,  attending,  continually  pres- 
ent; continual. 

asto,  -are,  -stiti,  — ,  [ad  -f-  sto],  1, 
stand  near,  stand  by.' 

SLBtvL,  [&<TTv],  n.,  indecl.,  city,  espe- 
cially Athens. 

aBylum,  -i,  n.,  place  of  refuge, 
asylum. 

at,  conj.,  but,  but  yet  ;  however, 
nevertheless  ;  but  on  the  contrary. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Athens, 
chief  city  of  Greece,  situated  in 
Attica,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
central  Greece.  See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Atbemeusis,  -is,  adj.,  of  Athens, 
Athenian.  As  subst.,  m.,  an 
Athenian,  inhabitant   of  Athens. 

athlSta,  -ae,  [ddXrjTT/js'],  m.,  wrest- 
ler, athlete,  competitor  in  public 
games. 

AtniuB,  -1,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
M.  Atilius  Begulus. 

atque,    ac,  [ad  + -que],  conj.: 

(1)  Copulative,  and,  and  also, 
and  even,  and  in  particular. 

(2)  Comparative,  after  words  of 
likeness  or  unlikeness,  as,  than. 
idem  atque,  par  atque,  the  same 
as.        simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

Atrebas,  -atis,  [Kel.,  =  'Posses- 
sor'], m.,  an  Atrebatian;  pi., 
Atrebatians,  the  Atrebates,  a 
Belgic  people  west  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  Scaldis  (Scheldt). 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

atrociter,  [atrox],  adv.,  fiercely, 
cruelly. 

atroz,  -ocis,  comp.  atrocior,  sup. 
atrocissimus,  adj.,  savage,  fierce, 
cruel,  harsh,  hoiTible. 

Attica,  -ae,  ['Attikt^'j,  f.,  Attica,  a 
division  of  central  Greece. 


ATTICUS 


17 


AVERSUS 


Atticus,  -i,  m.,  Atticus,  surname 
of  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  a  friend 
of  Cicero. 

attingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactus,  [ad 
+  tango],  3,  touch  upon,  touch; 
reach;  of  territorial  divisions, 
border  on,  extend  to,  adjoin. 

attuli,  see  affer5. 

auctor,  -5ris,  [augeo],  m.,  pro- 
ducer; promoter,  adviser;  au- 
thority, narrator ;  originator, 
cause. 

auctoritSs,  -atis,  [auctor],  f.,  au- 
thority, power ;  injluence,  dignity  ; 
weight,  prestige,  importance. 

auctus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  auctior, 
[part,  of  augeo],  adj.,  increased, 
rich. 

aucupium,  -i,  [avis,  cf.  capio],  n., 
bird-catching,  fowling. 

audacia,  -ae,  [audax],  f.,  daring, 
boldness ;  audacity,  rashness,  pre- 
sumption ;  insolence. 

audacter,  comp.  audacius,  sup.  au- 
dacissime,  [audax],  adv.,  boldly, 
courageously,  fearlessly. 

aude5,  audere,  auaus  sum,  2,  semi- 
dep.,  venture,  dare,  risk;  attempt. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  4, 
hear,  listen  to;  assent  to;  be 
called,  be  named,  be  regarded; 
learn  by  hearing,  hear  of  dicto 
audiens  esse,  to  be  obedient  to 
the  word  of  command,  to  obey. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatus, 
[ab  +  fer5],  irr.,  take  away,  carry 
away,  remove;  steal. 

aufugio,  -fugere,  -fiigi,  — ,  [ab 
+  fugio],  3,  flee  away,  escape; 
flee  from. 

augeo,  augere,  auxi,  auctus,  2, 
increase,  enlarge,  advance;  add 
to. 

augurium,  -i,  [augur],  n.,  observ- 


ance of  omens,  divination,  au- 
gui-y  ;  omen. 

Augustus,  -i,  [augustus],  m., 
Augustus,  a  title  given  to  Octa- 
vianus  Caesar  as  emperor. 

Aulercus,  -i,  m.,  an  Aulercan  ;  pi., 
the  Aulerci,  a  people  of  central 
Gaul.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Aurelius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.  In  this  book  refers  to  C. 
Aurelius  Cotta,  consul  b.c.  200. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  [aurum],  adj.,  of 
gold,  golden. 

auriga,  -ae,  m.,  charioteer,  driver. 

auris,  -is,  [cf.  audio],  f.,  ear. 

aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 

Aurunculeius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Au- 
runculeius  Cotta,  a  lieutenant  of 
Caesar,  killed  by  the  Eburones. 

ausus,  see  audeo. 

aut,  conj.,  or;  corrective  or  em- 
phatic, or  at  least,  or  rather,  or 
else.  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either  .  .  . 
or.  aut .  .  .  aut .  .  .  aut,  either 
.  .  .  or  .  .  .  or. 

autem,  conj.,  but,  however,  on  the 
contrary ;  and  now,  moreover. 

auxilium,  -i,  [cf.  augeo],  n.,  helpy 
aid,  assistance  ;  relief,  remedy,  re- 
source. PI.,  auxilia,  auxiliary 
troops,  auxiliaries,  allied  forces. 

avaritia,  -ae,  [avarus,  greedy],  f., 
greed,  avarice,  covetousness. 

Aventinus,  -i,  m.,  (sc.  mdns),  the 
Aventine,  the  most  southern  of 
the  seven  hills  of  Rome.  See  map 
opp.  p.  53. 

Aventinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Aventine,  on  the  Aventine. 

aved,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  imper.  ave, 
avet5,  2,  only  in  salutations,  be 
well,  fare  well ;  hail  I 

fiversus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  aversissimus, 
[part,    of    avertd],    adj.,   turned 


AVER TO 


18 


BIBLIOTHECA 


away  ;  behind,  in  the  rear,  aver- 
suin  hostem,  a  retreating  enemy, 
an  enemy  in  flight.  aversi  ab 
hoste  circumveniri,  to  he  sur- 
rounded in  the  rear  by  the  enemy, 
i.e.  with  their  backs  to  the  enemy. 

averts,  -tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [a  -f  vertd], 
;5,  tur.i  away,  turn  aside,  avert; 
divert,  alienate,  estrange.  se 
avertere,  to  turn  aside. 

avidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  desirous, 
eager,  greedy. 

avis,  -is,  f.,  bird;  sign,  omen. 

Svoco,  -are,  -avi, -atus,  [a-fvoc6], 
1,  call  off,  call  away. 

Svolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [a  -f-  volo] , 
1,  fly  away;  flee,  hasten  away; 
withdraw;  divert,  turn. 

avunculus,  -i,  [dim.  of  avus] ,  m. , 
uncle. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather. 

Azona,  -ae,  f.,  a  river  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Belgic  Gaul,  flowing 
into  the  Isara  (Oise),  a  tributary 
of  the  Sequana  (Seine)  ;  now 
Aisne.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 


B. 

Baculus,  -1,  m.,  Publius  Sextius 
Baculus,  one  of  the  bravest  of 
Caesar's  centurions. 

Baebius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    In  this  book  are  mentioned : 

(1)  Cn.  Baebius  Tamphilus,  con- 
sul in  B.C.  182. 

(2)  M.  Baebius  Tamphilus,  con- 
sul in  B.C.  181. 

BaleSLrSs,  -ium,  [  =  /SaXiapets,  sling- 
ers],  m.,  pi.,  natives  of  the  Ba- 
learic Islands  (Majorca,  Minorca, 
Yviza,  and  two  others),  off  the 
east  coast  of  Spain ;  famous  as 
slingers.     See  map,  frontispiece. 


barba,  -ae,  f.,  beard. 

barbanis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  strange 
speech,  foreign,  strange  ;  barba- 
rous, uncivilized.  As  subst.,  bar- 
bari,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  strangers, 
foreigners ;  natives,  barbarians. 

Barca,  -ae,  [Bdp/cds],  m.,  Barca, 
surname  of  Hamilcar,  the  father 
of  Hannibal, 

Belgae,  -arum,  m. ,  pi, ,  the  Belgians, 
Belgae,  inhabitants  of  one  of  the 
three  main  divisions  of  Gaul ;  di- 
vided into  many  states  or  tribes. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [bellicus],  adj.,  warlike, 
fierce,  fond  of  war. 

bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [bellum],  1, 
wage  loar,  carry  on  war,  fight. 

Bellovaci,  -5rum,  ra.,  pL,  a  power- 
ful Belgic  people,  between  the  Se- 
quana (Seine),  Samara  (Somme), 
and  the  Isara  (Oise)  Rivers.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114, 

bellum,  -i,  (for  duellum,  from  duo) , 
n,,  war,  warfare. ^  Loc,  belli, 
in  war.  bellum  gerere,  to  wage 
war.  bellum  inferre,  to  make 
war.  bellum  parare,  to  make 
preparation  for  war,  prepare  for 
war. 

bene,  corap.  melius,  sup,  optime, 
[bonus],  adv.,  well,  ably,  success- 
fully ;  very. 

beneficium, -i,  [bene,  cf.  facio],  n,, 
kindness,  favor,  service,  benefit. 

benigne,  [benignus],  adv.,  in  a 
friendly  manner,  kindly,  courte- 
ously. 

bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  animal. 

Bestia,  -ae,  m,,  Bestia,  surname  of 
L.  Calpurnius  Bestia,  consul  111 

B.C. 

bibliotheca,  -ae,  f.,  library. 


BIBRACTE 


19 


BREVI 


Bibracte,  -is,  [Kel.,  from  *bebros, 
'  beaver '  ] ,  n. ,  capital  of  the  Aedui, 
situated  on  a  mountain  now  called 
Mont  Beuvray  (2690  ft.).  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

Bibrax,  -actis,  [KeJ.,  from  *bebros 
'beaver 'J,  f.,  a  town  of  the  Remi, 
north  of  the  Axona  (Aisne^.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

Bibulus,  -i,  m.,  Bibulus,  the  name 
of  a  family  of  the  Calpurnian 
gens.  In  this  book,  L.  Calpur- 
nius  Bibulus^  the  colleague  of 
Julius  Caesar  in  his  consulship, 
as  well  as  in  his  aedileship  and 
praetorship.  Being  in  sympathy 
with  the  aristocratic  party,  he  op- 
posed Caesar  to  the  best  of  his 
ability. 

biduum,  -i,  [bis  +  dies],  n.,  space 
of  two  days,  two  days. 

biennium,  -i,  [bis  +  annus],  n.,  pe- 
riod of  two  years,  two  years''  time. 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  [cf.  bis],  distr.  num., 
two  by  two,  two  at  a  time. 

bipertito,  [bipartitus,  bis  +  parti- 
tus],  adv.,  in  two  divisions. 

bis,  num.  adv.,  tmce,  on  two  occa- 
sions. 

Bithynia,  -ae,  f.,  Bithynia,  a  prov- 
ince in  the  northern  part  of  Asia 
Minor. 

Bitbynus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ,  of  Bithynia., 
Bithynian.  As  subst.,  Bithynus, 
-i,  m.,  Bithynian,  inhabitant  of 
Bithynia. 

Biturlges,  -um,  [Kel.  ,  =  ' World- 
kings,'  or  'Ever  kings'],  m.,  pi, 
a  people  in  central  Gaul,  across 
the  Liger  {Loire)  from  the  Aedui. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Blitho,  -onis,  m.,  Blitho,  surname 
of  Sulpiciiis  Blitho,  a  Roman  his- 
torian. 


Boduognatus,  -i,  [Kel.,  =  'Inured 
to  Battle'],  m.,  a  leader  of  the 
Nervii. 

Boeotus,  -a,  -um,  [BoiwrdsJ,  adj., 
Boeotian,  of  Boeotia,  a  province 
of  central  Greece,  northwest  of 
Attica.  As  subst.,  Boeotus,  -i, 
Boeotian,  inhabitant  of  Boeotia. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Boil,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Keltic 
people  widely  diffused  over  central 
Europe,  whose  name  survives  in 
Bohemia;  32,000  joined  the  Hel- 
vetii  in  their  migration,  the  rem- 
nant surviving  being  settled  with 
the  Aedui.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

bonitas,  -atis,  [bonus],  f.,  good- 
ness, friendliness,  kindness;  vir- 
tue, blamelessness  ;  of  land,  fer- 
tility. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  melior,  sup. 
optimus,  adj.,  good,  advanta- 
geous ;  pleasant,  well-disposed^ 
friendly,  bono  anim5  esse,  to  be 
favorably  disposed.  As  subst., 
bonum,  i,  n.,  good  thing,  the  good; 
profit,  advantage  ;  pi.,  bona, 
-orum,  goods,  pi'operty,  posses- 
sions, boni,  -orum,  ra.  pi.,  the 
good,  good  men,  a  term  applied 
to  themselves  by  the  optimdtes,  or 
aristocracy. 

boreas,  -ae,  m.,  also  boreas  ventus, 
the  north  wind. 

bos,  bovis,  gen.  pi.  bourn,  dat.  bo- 
bus  or  bubus,  m.  and  f.,  ox,  bull, 
cow. 

bracchium,  -i,;  n.,  forearm,  arm. 

BrStuspantium,  -i,  [Kel.,  =  'Val- 
ley of  Judgment'],  n.,  a  strong- 
hold of  the  Bellovaci.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 

brevi,  [brevis],  adv.,  in  a  little 
while,  in  a  short  time,  soon. 


BREVIS 


20 


CALETI 


brevis,  -e,  adj.,  shorty  brief;  short- 
lived. 

brevitas,  -tatis,  [brevis],  f.,  short- 
ness;  smallness,  small  stature; 
brevity,  conciseness. 

Britannl,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Britain^  British. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

Brundisium,  -i,  Brundisium,  a  sea- 
port in  Calabria  in  southeastern 
Italy,  the  usual  point  of  departure 
for  Greece  ;  modern  Brindisi.  See 
map  opp.  p.  30. 

Bruttii,  -drum,  m.,  Bruttu,  a  peo- 
ple of  southern  Italy.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.,  BrUtus,  a  surname 
of  the  Junian  gens.  In  this  book 
are  mentioned : 

(1)  L.  Junius  Brutus,  the  liber- 
ator and  first  consul  of  Rome. 

(2)  M.  Junius  Brutus^  the  leader, 
with  Cassius,  of  the  assassins 
of  Julius  Caesar. 

(3)  Decimus  Brutus,  the  opponent 
of  Antony  in  the  war  at  Mutina. 

Byzantium,  -i,  [Bufdi/riov],  n., 
Byzantium,  a  city  of  Thrace  on 
the  Bosphorus,  now  Constanti- 
nople.    See  map  opp.  p.  93. 


C,  in  expressions  of  number,  =  100. 
C,     originally  =  C    and    G ;    with 

proper  names  =  Gains,  a  Roman 

forename. 
Cabilrus,  -i,  m.     See  Valerius, 
cadaver,  -eris,[cf.  cado],  n.,  corpse, 

dead  body. 
Cadmea,  -ae,  properly  adj.,  supply 

arx,  [Kabfieia],  f.,  the   Cadmea, 

the  citadel  of  Thebes. 


cado,    cadere,   cecidi,    casurus,   3, 

fall;   be  slain,  die;  take  place, 

happen. 
cSdiiceus,  -i,  [/c7/pt>Ketoj'],  m.,  her- 

aUVs  staff. 
Caecilius,  -i,  m.,  Caecilius,  name 

of  a  Roman  gens.     In  this  book 

refers  to : 

(1)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Mace- 
donicus,  who  defeated  Andris- 
cus  in  148  b.c.     P.  48,  1.  24. 

(2)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Nu- 
midicus,  consul  in  109  b.c. 
P.  60,  1.  3. 

caedes,  -is,  [cf.  caedo],  f.,  killing, 

slaughter,  murder,  massacre. 
caedo,  caedere,   cecidi,  caesus,  3, 

cut,  cut  down  ;  cut  to  pieces,  slay  ; 

vanquish,  destroy. 
caelum,   -i,   n.,   the    sky,    heaven, 

heavens. 
Caemanl,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  a  small 

state  in  Belgic  Gaul.      See  map 

opp.  p.  114. 
Caepio,  -onis,  m.,  CaepiOy  family 

name   of    Cn.    Servilius    Caepio, 

consul  140  B.C. 
caerimonia,  -ae,  f.,  religious  usage, 

sacred  rite ;  veneration,  reverence. 
CaeroBi,   -orum,   m.,  pi.,   a  small 

state  in  Belgic  Gaul.      See  map 

opp.  p.  114. 
Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Caesar,  the  name 

of  a  famous  family  of  the  Julian 

gens.      In    this    book    are  men- 
tioned : 

(1)  C.  lulius  Caesar,  the  dicta- 
tor.    See  p.  53. 

(2)  C.  lulius  Caesar  Octdvidnus 
Augustus,  the  first  emperor  of 
Rome.     See  p.  67. 

calamitas,  -tatis,  f . ,  loss,  damage ; 

misfortune,  disaster,  defeat. 
Caleti,  -drum,   also   Caletes,  -um. 


OALLIDE 


21 


CAPIO 


[Kel.,  from  caleto-,  'hard'],  in., 
pi.,  a  people  living  on  the  sea- 
coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sequana 
{Seine).     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

callidS,  comp.  callidius,  sup.  cal- 
lidissime,[callidus],  adv.,  shrewd- 
ly^ skilfully,  cunningly. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  callidior, 
sup.  callidissimus,  [calleo],  adj., 
practised,  shrewd,  cunning;  cal- 
culating. 

Calliphron,  -onis,  [KaXXf^pwv],  m., 
Calliphron,  a  teacher  of  dancing, 
from  whom  Epaminondas  learned 
the  art. 

Callistratus,  -i,  [KaW^orpaTOs],  m., 
Callistratus,  an  Athenian  orator, 
a  contemporary  of  Epaminondas. 

calo,  -onis,  m.,  soldier'' s  servant, 
camp  servant. 

Calpurnius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Koman  gens.  In  this  book  are 
mentioned : 

(1)  L.  Calpurnius  Bestia,  consul 

111   B.C. 

(2)  Calpurnia,    wife    of    Julius 
Caesar. 

(3)  L.  Calpurnius  Bibulus.    See 
Bibuhis. 

calvitium,  -i,  [calvus],  n.,  bald- 
ness, a  bald-spot. 

calvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bald.  As 
subst.,  Calvus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman 
surname,  in  this  book  referring 
to  C.  Licinius  Macer  Calvus,  the 
orator  and  poet,  a  contemporary 
of  Catullus.  He  lampooned  Julius 
Caesar. 

Camillus,  -i,  m.,  Camillus.  See 
Furius. 

Campania,  -ae,  f.,  Campania,  a 
district  in  central  Italy,  southeast 
of  Latium,  noted  for  its  beauty 
and  fertility.    See  map  opp.  p.  30. 


Campanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cam^ 
pania,  Campanian.  As  subst., 
Campanus,  i,  m.,  a  Campanian. 

campus,  -i,  m.,  plain,  level  field; 
often  =  Campus  Martius,  the 
Campus  Martius,  a  grassy  plain 
in  the  northwestern  ^art  of  Rome 
lying  along  the  Tiber,  the  place 
where  reviews  and  the  elections 
were  held.     See  map  opp.  p.  53. 

Caninius,  -i,  ra.,  gentile  name  of 
C.  Caninius  Rebilus,  who  held 
the  consulship  for  a  few  hours  in 
45  B.C.     See  pp.  66-67. 

canis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  dog. 

Cannae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  Cannae,  a 
town  in  Apulia,  in  southeastern 
Italy,  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of 
the  Romans  by  Hannibal  in  216 
B.C.     See  map.  opp.  p.  30. 

Cannensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Cannae,  at 
Cannae. 

canto,  -are,  -avT,  -atua,  [freq.  of 
cano],  1,  sing,  play. 

cantus,  -us,  [cano],  m.,  song, 
chant;  cry,  note. 

capesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -iturus,  [desid. 
of  capio],  3,  eagerly  sieze,  lay 
hold  of;  betake  oneself,  resort  to  ; 
rem  publicam  capessere,  to  under- 
take public  business,  to  serve  one^s 
counti'y. 

capillus,  -i,  [cf.  caput],  m.,  hair 
of  the  head,  hair. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  3,  take 
hold  of,  take,  seize ;  take  captive, 
make  prisoner ;  occupy,  take  pos- 
session of;  captivate,  charm; 
cheat,  deceive,  betray;  choose, 
select;  affect,  move,  influence; 
receive,  obtain.  initium  capere, 
to  begin.  consilium  capere,  to 
form  a  plan.  dolorem  capere, 
to  be  grieved. 


CAPITOLIUM 


22 


CASSIUS 


Capitolium,  -i,  [caput],  n.,  the 
Capitol^  a  temple  on  the  southern 
apex  of  the  Capitoline  Hill,  dedi- 
cated to  Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Mi- 
nerva ;  often  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
the  hill  on  which  the  Capitol  stood. 
See  map  opp.  p.  53. 

capitulatim,  [caput],  adv.,  by 
heads,  summarily. 

capra,  -ae,  f.,  she-goat.  Caprae 
paliis,  the  GoaVs  Pool.,  a  marsh 
in  the  Campus  Martius. 

captivus,  -a,  -um,  [capio],  adj., 
taken  prisoner,  captive.  Assubst., 
m.  and  f.,  prisoner,  captive. 

capto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
capio],  1,  seize  eagerly,  strive  to 
sieze ;  snatch  at,  strive  for. 

captus,  -a,  -um,  sc.  capi5. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  Capua,  a  city  in 
Campania,  136  miles  southeast  of 
Rome,  noted  for  its  luxury.  See 
map  opp.  p.  30. 

capulus,  -i,  [capio],  m.,  lit.  that 
which  is  grasped;  handle,  hilt  of 
a  sword. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head ;  by  metonymy, 
person,  man,  life,  safety;  of  a 
river,  mouth.  capitis  absoliitus, 
not  condemned  to  death.  capita 
demisso,  with  the  head  bowed 
down.  duo  milia  capitum,  two 
thousand  souls. 

Car,  Carls,  [Caria],  m.,  a  Carian, 
inhabitant  of  Caria. 

career,  -eris,  m.,  prison,  dungeon; 
especially  the  Tullidnum,  the 
Roman  state-prison. 

careo,  carere,  carui,  caritums,  2, 
be  without,  be  free  from,  be 
destitute  of;  do  without,  refrain 
from  ;  hold  aloof  from,  be  absent 
from.  patria  carere,  to  be  in 
exile. 


Caria,  -ae,  [Kdpta],  f.,  Caria,  a 
province  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  south  of  Lydia. 
See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

caritas, -atis,  [carus],  f.,  affection, 
love. 

carnifex,  -ificis,  [card,  cf.  facio], 
m.,  executioner,  butcher. 

Carnutes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  state  in 
central  Gaul,  north  of  the  Liger 
{Loire)  ;  chief  city,  Cenabum. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

carpentum,  -i,  n.,  carnage;  at 
Rome  a  covered  vehicle  with  two 
wheels. 

camis,  -i,  m.,  cart,  icagon.  Cf.  n. 
top.  115,  1.  26. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Carth- 
age, Carthaginian.  As  subst., 
Carthaginiensis,  -is,  m.,  Cartha- 
ginian, inhabitant  of  Carthage. 

Carthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage,  a 
city  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa,  near  the  modern  Tunis. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

Carthago  Nova,  New  Carthage,  a 
city  in  eastern  Spain.  See  map, 
frontispiece. 

Casca,  -ae,  m. ,  Casca,  surname  of 
C.  Servilius  Casca,  one  of  the 
assassins  of  Caesar. 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um,  [Cassius],  adj., 
of  Cassius. 

Cassius,  -i,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  refers  in  this  book  to  : 

(1)  C.  Cassius  Longlnus,  origi- 
nator of  the  conspiracy  against 
Caesar. 

(2)  Lucius  Cassius  Longinus; 
praetor  b.c.  Ill ;  when  consul, 
107  B.C.,  he  engaged  in  battle 
with  the  Tigurini  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Allobroges,  and  was 
defeated  and  slain. 


CASTELLUM 


23 


CENO 


castellum,  -i,    [dim.   of  castrum], 

n.,  redoubt^  fortress,  slronyhold, 
citadel. 

Casticus,  -i,  ra.,  a  prominent  Se- 
quanian. 

castrum,  -i,  n.,  fortress,  castle  ; 
pi.  castra,  -orum,  camp,  encamp- 
ment, castra  movere,  to  break 
camp.  castra  ponere,  to  pitch 
camp,  in  castris  usum  habere,  to 
have  experience  in  military  service. 

casu,  [casus],  adv.,  by  chance,  ac- 
cidentally. 

casus,  us,  [cado],  m.,fall;  event, 
occurrence  ;  chance,  fortune  ; 
overthrow,  destruction  ;  misfor- 
tune, mischance,  calamity. 

Catamantaloedis,  -is,  [Kel.,  = 
'Man  of  Even  Temper'],  m., 
foremost  man  of  the  Sequani  be- 
fore Caesar's  time. 

catena,  -ae,  f.,  chain;  fetter. 

Catilina,  -ae,  Catilina,  Catiline, 
family  name  of  L.  Sergius  Cati- 
lina, who  formed  a  dangerous  con- 
spiracy against  the  state,  which 
was  suppressed  by  Cicero. 

Cato,  -onis,  [catus,  sJirewd],  m., 
Cato,  name  of  a  noted  family  of 
the  Porcian  gens.  In  this  book 
are  mentioned : 

(1)  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  censor. 
Born  B.C.  234  ;  died  in  149. 

(2)  M.  Porcius  Cato  Uticensis,  so 
called  from  Utica  in  Africa, 
where  he  committed  suicide  in 
46  B.C.  rather  than  surrender  to 
Caesar. 

Catullus,  see  Valerius. 

Catulus,  see  Lutatius, 

Caturiges,  -um,  [Kel.,  = 'Battle- 
Kings'],  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic  people 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Province. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 


causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason;  op- 
portunity; excuse;  condition,  sit- 
uation; case  at  law,  suit;  abl. 
causa,  with  preceding  gen.,  for 
the  sake  of,  for  the  purpose  of 
causam  dicere,  to  plead  a  case. 

caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautus,  2,  he 
on  one's  guard,  beware  of,  take 
precaution;  give  security. 

cede,  cedere,  cessi,  cessiirus,  3,  go 
away,  depart,  retire,  withdraw,  re- 
treat ;  yield,  give  up  to  ;  abandon ; 
fall  to  the  lot  of;  result,  happen, 
turn  out.  cedentes  insequi,  to 
follow  up  the  retreating  enemy. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  comp.  cele- 
brior,  sup.  celeberrimus,  adj.,/re- 
quented,  thronged,  crowded,  pop- 
ulous; renowned,  famous. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  comp.  celerior, 
sup.  celerrimus,  adj.,  quick,  stoift, 
sudden. 

celeritas,  -tatis,  [celer],  f.,  speed, 
quickness,  swiftness,  rapidity,  des- 
patch. 

celeriter,  comp.  celerius,  sup.  ce- 
lerrime,  [celer],  adv.,  quickly, 
speedily,  at  once,  immediately. 

cglo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  conceal, 
hide,  keep  secret. 

Celtae,  -arum,  [Kel.],  m.,  pi., 
Celts,  inhabitants  of  that  part  of 
Gaul  between  the  Garonne  and 
the  Seine,  extending  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Alps.  They  belonged 
to  the  great  Keltic  family,  and 
were  divided  into  many  states  or 
tribes. 

cSna,  -ae,  f.,  dinner,  the  principal 
meal  of  the  Romans,  taken  in  the 
early  times  at  noon,  afterwards 
later  in  the  day. 

c§no,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cena],  1, 
dine,  eat  dinner  ;  eat,  dine  upon. 


CENSEO 


24 


CHRYSOGONUS 


cSnseo,  -ere,  -ui,  -us,  2,  estimate ; 
thinks  hold,  judge ;  decree,  resolve 
upon,  determine;  vote  for,  favor. 

cgnsor,  -oris,  [censed],  m.,  censor, 
a  Roman  magistrate.  Two  censors 
were  chosen  every  five  years,  and 
served  for  eighteen  months.  They 
held  the  census,  or  rating  of  the 
citizens  ;  chose  the  members  of  the 
senate  from  those  eligible  to  that 
dignity,  and  removed  them  for 
cause  ;  exercised  a  general  super- 
vision over  public  morals  ;  and  ad- 
ministered the  finances  of  the  state. 

Censorinus,  -i,  m.,  Censorlnus, 
family  name  of  L.  Mdrcius  Cen- 
sorinus, consul  149  B.C. 

censorius,  -a,  -um,  [censor],  adj., 
of  the  censor,  censorial.  As  subst. , 
censorius,  -i,  m.,  one  who  has  been 
censor,  ex-censor. 

censura,  -ae,  [censor],  f.,  office  of 
censor,  censorship. 

cSnsus,  -us,  [censeo],  m.,  registra- 
tion of  citizens  and  property  by  the 
censors;  census,  rating;  count, 
enumeration. 

CentSnius,  -i,  m.,  Centenius,  gen- 
tile name  of  C.  Centenius,  a  Ro- 
man praetor,  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal in  216  B.C. 

centiSns,  [centum],  adv.,  a  hun- 
dred times.  centiens  seatertium 
(sc.  centena  milia),  ten  million 
sesterces. 

centiim  or  C,  num.  adj.  indecL,  a 
hundred. 

centurio,  -onis,  [centuria],  m., 
commander  of  a  century,  centu- 
rion, captain.     See  Intro.,  p.  10. 

certtxnen,  -inis,  [certo],  n.,  co7i- 
to.st.  battle;  match,  trial  of 
strength  or  skill;  rivalry,  com- 
petition. 


certo,  -are,  avi-  -atus,  [certus], 
1,  vie  with;  contend,  struggle; 
rival,  emulate. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  [old  part,  of 
cern5],  adj.,  determined,  fixed, 
certain;  definite,  specified;  cer- 
tain, assured;  reliable,  trust- 
worthy, aliquem  certiorem 
facere,  to  inform  any  one.  cer- 
tior  fieri,  to  be  informed. 

cervix,  -icis,  f.,  neck,  throat. 

cesso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
cedo],  1,  be  remiss;  delay,  be  in- 
active. 

cetenis,  -a,  -um,  nom.  sing,  m,  not 
in  use,  adj.,  other,  the  other,  the 
rest,  remainder ;  pi.,  the  rest,  all 
the  others,  the  other.  As  subst., 
ceteri,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  the  others, 
all  the  rest,  every  one  else  ;  cetera, 
-orum,  n.,  pi.,  the  rest,  all  else, 
everything  else. 

Cethegus,  -i,  m,,  Cethegus,  cogno- 
men of  P.  Cornelius  Cethegus, 
consul  in  181  b.c. 

Ceutrones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  people 
in  the  eastern  part  of  'the 
Province.'      See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Chabrias,  -ae,  [Xa/S/a/ds],  m.,  Cha- 
brias,  an  Athenian  general. 

Chalcioicos,  -i,  [XaX/cioiKos],  f., 
the  Goddess  of  the  Brazen  House, 
a  surname  of  Minerva  derived 
from  a  brazen  temple  erected  to 
her  in  Sparta. 

charta,  -ae,  f.,  leaf  of  the  Egyptian 
papyrus,  pap^r;  writing. 

Chersonesus,  -i,  [XepaSuriaos'],  f., 
the  Chersonese,  a  peninsula  of 
Thrace  west  of  the  Hellespont. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

chorda,  -ae,  [xopSr}'],  f.,  string,  of 
a  musical  instrument. 

ChrysogonuB,    -i,    m.,    Chrysogo- 


CIBARIA 


25 


CIRCUMSTO 


7ms,  surname  of  L.  Cornelius 
Chrysogonus,  a  freedman  of 
Sulla.  He  accused  S.  Roscius 
Amerinus  of  parricide.  Cicero 
defended  Roscius  in  his  first 
public   oration. 

cibaria,  -orum,  [cibarius,  from  ci- 
bus],  n,,  pi. ^  provisions,  rations. 

cibus,  -i,  m.,/t>od,  victuals. 

cicatrix,  -ids,  f.,  scar. 

cicer,  -eris,  n.,  the  chickpea. 

Cicero,  -onis,  [cicer],  m.,  Cicero, 
name  of  a  family  of  the  Tullian 
gens.  In  this  book,  M.  Tullius 
Cicero,  the  orator  and  statesman. 
See  p.  61. 

Cimbri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Germanic 
people,  originally  in  the  Cimbric 
peninsula  (the  present  Jutland), 
that  joined  with  the  Teutones  in 
the  invasion  of  Gaul.  They  were 
annihilated  by  Marius  near  Ver- 
cellae  in  101  b.c.  See  n.  to  p. 
140,  1.  13. 

Cimberius,  -i,  m.,  a  leader  of  the 
Suebi. 

Cimon,  -onis,  [Ki/iwv],  m.,  Cimon, 
referring  to : 

(1)  the  father  of  Miltiades. 

(2)  the  son  of  Miltiades. 
Cineas,  -ae,  m.,   Cineds,  a  friend 

and  counsellor  of  Pyrrhus,  famed 
for  his  eloquence. 

cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinctus,  3, 
surround,  enclose,  encircle;  in- 
vest. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  family  name  of  L. 
Cornelius  Cinna,  leader  of  the 
popular  party  b.c.  87-84,  and  as- 
sociated with  Marius  in  a  massa- 
cre of  the  aristocracy. 

cippus,  -i,  m. ,  stake,  post. 

circinus,  -i,  {  =  kLpklvo%~\,  m.,  pair 
of  compasses. 


circiter,  [circus,  <yircle'\,  adv.  and 
prep. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  about,  not  far  from, 
near. 

(2)  As  prep,  with  ace.  only, 
about. 

circuitus,  -us,   [circumed],   m.,  a 

going  around;    circuit,   winding 

path,  way  around. 
circulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  circus],  m., 

circular  figure,  circle;  company, 

social  gathering. 
circum,  [ace.  of  circus,  c^rcZe],  adv. 

and  prep. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  about,  around. 

(2)  As  prep,  with  ace,  around, 
about ;  in  the  neighborhood  of, 
near,  near  by. 

Gircumdd,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus, 
[circum  -f  do],  1,  place  around, 
encompass,  surround,  encircle ;  en- 
velop. 

circumduc5,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tus, [circum  -|-  duco],  3,  lead 
around,  conduct  around,  draw 
around;  trace. 

circiimeo,  -ire,  -ivi,  or  ii,  cir- 
cumitus  or  circuitus,  [circum-f- 
eo],  irr.,  go  around,  surround, 
enclose. 

circumicio  (circumjicio),  -icere, 
-ieci,  -iectus,  [circum  -I-  iacio], 
3,  throio  around,  place  around. 

circummtinlo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [cir- 
cum -f  miinio],  4,  surround  with 
walls,  fortify  ;  hem  in. 

circumslBtd,  -sistere,  -steti,  or 
-stiti,  — ,  [circum  -f  sistd],  3, 
stand  around,  surround,  take 
(their)  stand  around,  take  a 
position  around. 

circumsto,  -stare,  -steti,  — ,  [cir- 
cum -F  sto],  1,  stand  around;  en- 
compass, surround;  besiege. 


CIRCUMVENIO 


26 


CLIENS 


circumvenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 

tus,    [circum  +  venio],    4,    come 

around^    go    around;    surround^ 

encompass. 
cis,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  on  this 

side  of. 
citerior,  -us,  [citer,  from  cis],  adj. 

in   comp.    degree,    on    this    side., 

hither;    nearer.,    next.        Gallia 

citerior,  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
citharizo,   -are,  — ,  — ,    [/ci^ap/fw], 

1,  play  on  the  cithara. 
citra,  [citer,  from  cis],  prep,  with 

ace.  only,  on  this  side  of. 
citro,  [citer,  from  cis],  adv.,  hither. 

ultrd  citroque,  to  and  fro.,  hack 

and  forth. 
civicus,  -a,  -um,  [civis],  adj.,  of 

citizens^     civil.,     civic.        corona 

civica,  civic  crown.      See  n.    to 

p.  53,  1.  19. 
civilis,  -e,  [civis],  adj.,  of  citizens., 

civic,  civil;  courteous,  polite,  civil. 
civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen. 
ci vitas,  -tatis,  [civis],  f.,  body  of 

citizens,  state,   nation;  standing 

of  a  citizen,  citizenship. 
clades,  -is,  f.,  destruction,  disaster, 

overthrow,  defeat. 
clam,    [cf.    cel5],   adv.   and  prep. 

with  aec,    secretly,    without  the 

knowledge  of. 
clamo,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,    1,    cry, 

shout;    call   upon,  invoke;    pro- 
claim. 
clamor,  -oris,  [ef.  clamo],  m.,  out- 
cry, loud  call,  shout,  din. 
clandestinus,     -a,    -urn,     [clam], 

adj.,  secret,  concealed,  clandestine. 
clams,  -a,  -um,  comp.  clarior,  sup. 

clarissimus,  adj.,   clear,    bright; 

conspicuous,   celebrated,  famous, 

illustrious. 


classiarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
fleet.  As  subst.,  classiarii,  -orum, 
in.  pi.,  marines,  naval  forces. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  class,  division  of 
the  people  ;  army  ;  fleet. 

Clastidlum,  -i,  n.,  Clastidium,  a 
town  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

Claudius,  -i,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
Appius  Claudius  Caecus,  cele- 
brated for  his  eloquence,  who  in 
his  old  age  was  carried  into  the 
senate  and  prevailed  on  the  mem- 
bers not  to  listen  to  the  terms  of 
peace  offered  by  Tyrrhus.  See 
Marcellus,  Nero. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausi,  clausus, 
3,  shut,  close;  shut  in,  surround; 
imprison,  besiege.  agmen  clau- 
dere, to  bring  up  the  rear. 

clausula,  -ae,  [claudo],  f.,  close, 
conclusion,  finish;  of  a  play, 
'tag.' 

clava,  -ae,  f.,  cudgel,  club;  de- 
spatch-staff, a  staif  used  by  the 
Spartans  for  cipher  despatches. 
See  N.  to  p.  90,  1.  28. 

Clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild,  gentle, 
kindly,  compassionate. 

clementer,  [clemens],  comp.  cle- 
mentius,  sup.  clementissime, 
adv.,  quietly,  with  forbearance, 
mildly. 

dementia,  -ae,  [clemens],  i.,  for- 
bearance, mercy,  clemency. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  Cleopatra,  queen 
of  Egypt,  famous  for  her  wit  and 
beauty,  who  with  Mark  Antony 
was  defeated  by  Octavianus 
Caesar  at  Actium  in  31  b.c. 

cliens,  -entis,  [  =  cluens,  from 
clued,  hear'],  m.,  retainer,  de- 
pendant, client,  adherent,  vassal, 
follower. 


CLIPEUS 


27 


COLLEGA 


clipeus,  -I,  m.,  round  shield  of 
metal. 

clo§ca,  -ae,  f.,  sewer. 

Clodius,  i,  in.,  form  of  Claudius, 
gentile  name  of  P.  Clodius  Piil- 
cher,  a  bitter  enemy  of  Cicero. 
He  was  active  in  promoting  the 
exile  of  Cicero. 

Cluentius,  -i,  m.,  Cluentius,  the 
name  of  an  opponent  of  Sulla  in 
the  Social  VV^ars. 

Clusium,  -i,  n.,  Clusium^  an  old 
and  powerful  town  of  Etruria. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Cn. ,  see  Gnaeus. 

coacervo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  acervo],  1,  heap  up,  pile  up. 

coactus,  pf.  pass.  part,  of  cogo. 

coarguo,  -arguere,  -argui,  — , 
[com-  -f  argu5],  3,  overwhelm 
loith  proof.,  refute.,  prove  guilty ; 
prove.,  show. 

Codes,  -itis,  m.,  Codes,  (one- 
eyed),  a  surname  of  Horatius 
Codes.     See  Horatius. 

coegi,  see  cogo. 

coemo,  -emere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[com- -|- emo],  3,  buy  up,  pur- 
chase. 

coepio,  coepere,  coepi,  coeptus, 
pres.  not  found  in  classical  Latin, 
3,  def.,  begin,  commence.  With 
a  pass,  infinitive  the  pass,  form, 
coeptus  est,  coeptus  erat,  is  used. 

coerceo,  -ercere,  -ercui,  -ercitus, 
[com-  +  arceo,  shut  upl,  2,  con- 
fined on  all  sides,  shut  in;  re- 
strain, repress,  check. 
cogitatio,  -onis,  [cogito],  f.,  con- 
sideration, thought,  reflection ; 
resolution,  plan,  project. 
cogitatum, -i,  [cogito],  n.,  thought, 

idea  ;  in  pi.  often  purpose. 
cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,    [com-  + 


agitoj,  1,  consider  thoroughly, 
ponder,  reflect  on,  think ;  have  in 
mind,  design,  plan. 
cognitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  cog- 
nosco],  adj.,  known,  acknowl- 
edged, approved. 
cognomen,  -inis,  [com-  +  gn5- 
men],  ii.,  surname,  family  name; 
name. 
cognosco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  cog- 
nitus, [com-+  (g)n5sc6],  3,  be- 
come acquainted  with,  learn,  learn 
of,  ascertain  ;  be  familiar  with, 
know,  recognize;  spy  out,  exam- 
ine, investigate;  take  cognizance 
of 

cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactus,  [com- 
-h  ago],  3,  drive  together,  bring 
together,  collect,  gather,  assemble ; 
compel,  force,  oblige. 

cobibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [con  -f- 
habeo],  2,  hold  together,  embrace; 
keep  back,  restrain. 

cohors,  -hortis,  f.,  cohort,  company, 
the  tenth  part  of  a  legion. 

cohortatio,  -onis,  [cohortor],  f., 
encouraging,  exhortation. 

cohortor,  -ari,  -atus,  [com-  -|-  hor- 
tor],  1,  dep.,  encourage,  animate, 
urge,  exhort,  address  with  encour- 
aging words.  cohortati  inter  se, 
urging  one  another  on. 

Collatinus,  -a,  -um,  [CoUatia], 
adj.,  of  CoUatia. 

Collatinus,  -i,  m.,  Collatinus,  fam- 
ily name  of  L.  Tarquinius  Colla- 
tinus, husband  of  Lucretia,  and 
colleague  of  Brutus  in  his  consul- 
ship. 

coUatus,  see  confero. 

coUaudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  laudo],  \,  praise  highly,  extol. 

collega,  -ae,  m.,  colleague,  asso 
date 


COLLIGO 


28 


COMMODUS 


colligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  + 
ligo.  hind],  1,  hind  together,  fasten 
together. 

colligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectus,  [com- 
+  leg5,  gather],  3,  gather  together, 
collect,  assemble ;  obtain,  get,  se 
colligere,  to  gather  themselves  to- 
gether, to  come  together  ;  to  recover 
oneself,  rally. 

collis,  -is,  m.,  hill,  height,  elevation. 

colloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  -f 
loco, i^Zace],  \, place,  set, post,  sta- 
tion; set  in  order,  arrange;  with 
or  without  nuptum,  give  in  mar- 
riage. 

colloquium,  -i,  [colloquor],n., con- 
ference,  interview. 

coUoquor,  -loqui,  -locutus,  [com- 
-f  loquor],  3,  dep.,  talk  with,  hold 
a  conference,  hold  a  parley,  inter 
se  collocuti,  having  conferred  to- 
gether. 

collum,  -i,  n.,  neck. 

colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  3,  till,  cul- 
tivate ;  dwell  in,  inhabit ;  clothe, 
adorn;  honor,  revere,  esteem. 

Colonae,  -arum,  [KoXuipal],  f.  pi., 
Colonae,  a  town  in  the  Troad,  in 
northwestern  Asia  Minor. 

colonus,  -i,  [of.  colo],  m.,  tiller  of 
the  soil,  husbandman  ;  settler,  col- 
onist. 

columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove,  pigeon. 

columbarium,  -i,  [columba],  n., 
dove-cot,  pigeon-house. 

com-,  prep.,  old  form  of  cum,  found 
only  in  composition  ;  see  cum. 

comburo,  -rirere,  -uasi,  -ustus, 
[com-  4-  buro,  burn],  3,  burn  up, 
consume. 

comes,  -itis,  [com-,  cf.  eo],  n., 
companion,  comrade ;  retainer. 

cdmitSs,  -atis,  [comis],  f.,  cour- 
tesy, kindness,  affability. 


comitatus,  -iis,  [comitor],  m., 
escort,  train,  retinue. 

comitium,  -i,  [com-  -|-  eb],n.,  place 
of  meeting ;  at  Rome,  the  Comi- 
tium, an  open  place  in  which  as- 
semblies were  held  ;  it  was  north 
of  the  Forum,  from  which  it  was 
separated  by  the  rostra. 

comitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [comes], 
1,  dep.,  attend,  accompany. 

commeatus,  -us,  [commeo],  m., 
passing  to  and  fro,  trip,  voyage; 
leave  of  absence,  furlough  ;  sup- 
plies, provisions,  often  including 
(but  sometimes  exclusive  of) 
grain,  friimentum. 

commemoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[com-  -h  memord],  1,  call  to  mind, 
recount,  mention,  relate. 

commendo,  are,  -avi,  atus,  [com- 
-l-mando],  1,  entrust,  commit; 
recommend,  ask  favor  for,  defend. 

commeo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-I-  meo,  go],  I,  goto  and  fro,  visit, 
resort  to. 

comminus  [com-  +  manus],  adv., 
hand  to  hand,  at  close  quarters. 

commissum,  -i,  [committ5],  n., 
undertaking ;  fault,  crime,  offence. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  com- 
misGus,  [com-  +  mitt5],  3,  bring 
together,  unite  ;  match,  engage  in ; 
entrust,  commit;  commit,  do,  be 
guilty  of  proelium  committers, 
to  join  battle,  fight. 

commodS,  comp.  commodius,  sup. 
commodissime,  [com  modus], 
adv.,  conveniently,  to  advantage; 
properly,  rightly,  suitably ;  appro- 
priately, well,  skilfully.  non  mi- 
nus commode  .  .  .  quam,  just  as 
readily  as. 

commodus.  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [com-+  modus,  i.e. 


COMMONEFACIO 


29 


COMPOS 


having  full  measure],  adj.,  con- 
venient,  advantageous,  easy; 
good,  favorable;  suitable,  fit. 
As  subst.,  commodum,  -i,  n., 
convenience,  advantage,  profit. 

commonefacio,  -facere, -feci,  -fac- 
tus,  [commoneo  +  facid],  3,  re- 
mind;  impress  upon  one. 

commoror,  -ari,  -atus,  [com-  + 
moror],  1,  dep.,  stay,  linger,  re- 
main, stop. 

commoved,  -movere,  -movi,  com- 
motus,  [com- -1- moved],  2,  dis- 
turb, disquiet,  alarm;  move, 
excite,  rouse,  stir,  influence. 
bellum  commovere,  to  begin  war. 
se  commovere,  to  undertake  any- 
thing. 

communio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  ii,  -itus, 
[com-  +  miinio],  4,  fortify  on  all 
sides,  strongly  fortify,  intrench. 

communis,  -e,  [com-  -I-  munus], 
adj.,  common,  in  common,  gen- 
eral, public.  communi  consilio, 
i7i  accordance  with  the  general 
plan,  by  common  consent.  in 
communi  concilio,  at  a  general 
council.  ex  communi  consensu, 
by  general  agreement. 

commiinitas,  -atis,  [communis], 
f.,  community,  fellowship;  cour- 
tesy, affability. 

commutatio,  -onis,  [commute],  f., 
change,  alteration. 

commute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  mutd],  1,  change,  wholly 
change,  alter;  exchange,  substi- 
tute. 

como,  comere,  compsi,  comptus, 
[com-  -h  emo],  3,  comb,  arrange, 
dress. 

compares,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  [com-  -j- 
pareo],  2,  appear,  be  visible,  be 
shown. 


comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 

+  par5],  \,  prepare,  make  ready, 
get  together ;  acquire,  secure,  get. 

comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
parj,  1,  bring  together  as  equal, 
pair,  match,  compare;  count 
equal,  rank  with. 

compello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[com-  +  pello],  S,  drive  together, 
collect;  drive,  force,  compel. 

compell5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-f  pello],  1,  accost,  address ;  re- 
proach, call  to  account ;  summon, 
arraign. 

comperio,  -perire,  -peri,  -pertus, 
4,  obtain  knowledge  of,  find  out, 
learn. 

compea,  -pedis,  f.,  fetter  for  the 
feet;  pi.,  bonds,  chains. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus  sum, 
[com-  -}-  plecto,  braid"\,  3,  dep., 
clasp,  embrace,  encircle,  sur- 
round; include. 

compleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus, 
[com- +  pled],  2,  fill  full,  fill; 
complete,  fill  up,  make  full. 

compliireB,  -a  and  -ia,  [com-  + 
plures  from  plus],  adj.,  pi.,  sev- 
eral, a  number  of;  many.  As 
subst.,  complures,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  a 
great  many,  quite  a  number,  many. 

compono,  -ponere,  -posui,  compo- 
situs,  [com-  -H  p5n5],  3,  put  to- 
gether, unite;  set  in  order, 
arrange;  compose,  settle,  end. 
pacem  comp5nere,  to  conclude 
peace,  to  come  to  terms. 

comports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-h  port5],  1,  bring  in,  carry,  con- 
vey, bring  over. 

compos,  -potis,  [com-,  cf.  possum], 
adj.,  master  of,  powerful  over, 
participating  in.  voti  compotem 
fieri,  to  attain  one^s  wish. 


COMPREHENDO 


30 


CONDUCO 


comprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensus,  [com-  +  prehendo],  '•^, 
bind  together;  seize,  catch,  grasp  ; 
understand,  comprehend. 

comprimo,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressus,  [com- +  prerao],  3, 
press  together,  compress ;  re- 
strain, check,  curb,  subdue. 

comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  probo],  1,  approve,  assent  to; 
prove,  confirm. 

conatum,  -i,  [n.  of  conatus,  from 
Conor],  n.,  attempt,  undertak- 
ing. 

conatus,  -us,  [c5norj,  m.,  attempt. 

conatus,  pf.  part,  of  conor. 

concede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
[com-  -I-  cedo],  3,  withdraw,  de- 
part;  give  up,  yield,  bow,  submit ; 
allow,  grant ;  grant  permission, 
permit. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  [com- 
-f  cado],  3,  fall  together,  fall 
down;  be  slain;  be  overthrown, 
be  defeated,  go  to  ruin. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus, 
[com-  -1-  caedd],  3,  cut  to  pieces, 
kill. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [conci- 
liamj,  1,  win  over,  make  friendly, 
reconcile;  win,  gain,  procure. 

concilium,  -i,  [com-,  of.  calo,  call], 
n.,  meeting,  assembly ;  council. 

concinnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  neat,  ele- 
gant, pleasing ;  apt,  happy. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
concio],  1,  put  in  motion;  drive, 
spur;  rouse,  excite;  move,  insti- 
gate. 

concitor,  -oris,  m. ,  one  who  excites 
or  stirs  up. 

conclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-f-  clamo,  shouti,  1,  cry  aloud  to- 
gether, shout,  cry  out. 


conclude,  -cludere,  -clusi,  conclu- 
sus,  [com-  -f  claud5],  3,  shut  up, 
imprison,  confine;  include,  com- 
jirise ;  end,  close;  conclude. 

Concordia,  -ae,  [concors],  f.,' 
union,  harmony,  concord. 

concupisco,  -cupiscere,  -cupivi, 
-cupitus,  [com-  +  cupioj,  3, 
inch.,  greatly  desire,  long  for, 
strive  after. 

concurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  -cursus,  [com-  -f  curro], 
3,  run  together,  assemble;  rush 
together,  engaae  in  combat,  fight ; 
coincide,  happen.  eo  concur- 
sum  est,  a  rush  was  made  to  that 
point. 

concursus,  -us,  [concurro],  m., 
running  together,  concourse^ 
throng;  attack;  meeting,  colli' 
sion,  shock. 

concutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus, 
[com-  -f  quatio],  3,  strike  to- 
gether; shatter,  impair;  terrify, 
alarm. 

condicio,  -5nis,  [com-,  cf.  dico], 
f.,  agreement,  condition,  terms. 

condiscipulus,  -i,  [com-  -|-  disci- 
pulus],  m.,  schoolmate,  fellow- 
pupil. 

condo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [com-  + 
do],  3,  put  together,  found,  build; 
lay  away,  conceal. 

condon5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-I-  dono],  1,  give  up,  forgive,  over- 
look, excuse,  pardon. 

Condrusi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Belgic 
tribe  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Mosa  (Meuse),  south  of  the 
Eburones;  the  name  survives  in 
that  of  the  district  Condroz.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

conduce,  -diicere,  -diixi,  -ductus, 
[com-  -{-  ducoj,  3,  bring  together, 


CONFECTUS 


31 


CONIURO 


collect ;  hire  ;  contribute  to,  profit, 
serve,  conducit  (impers.),  it  is 
profitable. 

confectus,  see  eonficid. 

confers,  -ferre,  -tuli,  collatus, 
[com-  +  fer5J,  irr.,  bring  together, 
gather,  collect,  convey,'  contrib- 
ute; compare;  consult,  confer; 
devote,  apply;  bestow;  ascribe, 
refer  ;  put  off,  postpone.  se  con- 
ferre,  to  betake  one'^s  self,  turn, 
proceed.  arma  c5nferre,  to  en- 
gage in  battle. 

coniertus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  confercio],  adj., 
crowded  together,  close,  dense, 
compact. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately,  at 
once,  speedily. 

conficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[com-+  faci5],  3,  do  thoroughly, 
complete,  finish,  accomplish,  do; 
compose,  write;  bring  to  an  end, 
wear  out,  exhaust ;  kill ;  of  troops, 
furnish,  bello  Helvetiorum  con- 
fecto,  when  the  war  with  the 
Helvetii  was  over,  magno  itinera 
confecto,  having  made  a  forced 
march. 

confido,  -fidere,  -f  isus  sum,  [com- 
-f  fido,  trust],  3,  semi-dep.,  trust 
firmly,  rely  upon,  have  confidence 
in;  believe,  be  confident. 

confirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  firmusj,  1,  confirm, strengthen; 
set,  arrange  for,  establish ;  reas- 
sure, encourage;  assert,  declare; 
assure,  iure  iurando  conf  irmare, 
to  bind  by  an  oath. 

confisua,  -a,  -um,  see  confido. 

confiteor,  -fiteri,  -fessus,  [com-  + 
fateor,  confess^,  2,  dep.,  confess, 
acknowledge. 

conAigo,    -fligere,    -flixi,    -flictus, 


[com-  +  fligo],  3,  dash  together^ 

collide  ;  contend,  fight. 
confld,    are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- + 

flo],  1,  blow  up;  kindle;   bring 

together;    cause.       aes    alienum 

conflare,  to  contract  debt. 
confluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  — ,   [com- 

+  flu5J,   3,   fioio    together,  fiock 

together,  assemble. 
confodio,   -fodere,    -fodi,   -fossus, 

[com-+ fodidj,  3,  dig  up;  stab, 

pierce. 
confugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  [com- 

+  fugio],   3,   flee,    take    refuge; 

have  recourse,  resort. 
congero,  -gerere,  -gessi,  -gestus, 

[com-  +  gero],  3,  bring  together, 

heap  together,  accumulate  ;  build, 

construct. 
congredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [com- 

+  gradior,   step],   3,   dep.,   come 

together,  meet,  unite  loith;   join 

battle,  engage,  contend. 
congressus,  -a,  -um,  see  congredior. 
conicio    (conjicid),    -icere,    -ieci, 

-iectus,  [com- +  iacio],  3,  throw 

together,  hurl,    cast;    throw  up, 

throw;  place,  put.      conicere  in 

fugam,  to  put  to  flight. 
coniungo,     -ere,     coniiinxi,     con- 

iunctus,  [com-  +  iungo],  ^,  fasten 

together,  join,  unite. 
conlunz,    or    coniux,    -ugis,    [cf. 

coniungd],   m.    and    f.,    married 

person,  husband,  wife. 
coniuratio      (conjuratio),     -onis, 

[coniuro],    f.,    union    bound    by 

oath,   sworn  union;    conspiracy^ 

plot. 
coniuratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
iuro], adj.,  bound  together  by  an 

oath,  allied,  conspiring.    As subst., 

pi.,  m.,  conspirators. 
coniuro  (conjuro),  -are,  avi,  -atofl, 


CONOR 


82 


CONSIMILTS 


[com-  +  iurd],  1,  take  oath  to- 
gether;  form  a  conspiracy^  con- 
spire^ plot. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atua,  1,  dep.,  endeavor, 
attempt^  undertake,  try.  idem 
conari,  to  make  the  same  attempt. 

conqueror,  -queri,  -questus  snm, 
[com- -f  queror] ,  3,  dep.,  com- 
plain, lament,  deplore. 

conqoiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tus  [com-  +  quaero],  3,  seek  out, 
hunt  up,  bring  together. 

consanguineus,  -a,  -um,  [com-  + 
sanguineus,  from  sanguis],  adj., 
of  the  same  blood.  As  subst.,  m. 
and  f.,  relative,  kinsman;  pi., 
kinsfolk,  blood-relations. 

cdnscendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus,  [com-  -}-  scando],  3, 
mount,  ascend;  go  on  board  a 
ship. 

conscientia,  -ae,  [conscio],  f., 
joint  knowledge,  knowledge  shared 
by  others;  consciousness;  con- 
science. 

cdnacisco,  -ere,  conscivi,  consci- 
tus,  [com--|-scisc6],  3,  approve 
of,  decree,  determine.  mortem 
sibi  consciscere,  commit  suicide. 

cdnscius,  -a,  -um,  [com-  -f  scio], 
adj.,  conscious,  knowing  in  com- 
mon, aware  of,  privy,  accessory. 
As  subst.,  cdnscius,  -i,  m.,  par- 
taker, accomplice. 

conscribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  -scrip- 
tus,  [com-  -h  scribo],  3,  lorite  to- 
gether, enroll,  enlist;  draw  up, 
compose,  write.  patres  c5n- 
scripti,  see  pater. 

conscriptus,  see  conscribo. 

consector,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [freq. 
of  c5nsequor],  1,  dep.,  follow 
eagerly,  pursue,  overtake. 

consecutUB,  see  consequor. 


c5nseneBcd,  -ere,  -senui,  — ,  [con, 
senex],  3,  grow  old. 

consensus,  -us,  [eonsentio],  m., 
agreement,  unanimity,  concord. 

eonsentio, -ire,  consensi,  consensus, 
[com-  -f  sentio],  4,  agree  to- 
gether, be  in  accord;  conspire^ 
plot. 

consenui,  see  consenesco. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
[com-  -f  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow, 
follow  up;  overtake,  come  up 
with  ;  acquire,  get,  gain ;  accom- 
plish; result,  arise  from;  per- 
ceive, learn. 

conserd,  -serere,  -serui,  -sertus, 
[com- -|- ser5],  3,  connect,  join. 
pugnam  or  manum  conserere,  to 
join  battle. 

conservo,  -are,  -avi,  -§tus,  [com-  + 
servo],  1,  retain,  keep  safe,  pre- 
serve, keep. 

considero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  look 
closely  at,  examine;  consider, 
reflect  upon. 

Considius,  -i,  m.,  Publius  Consid- 
ius,  an  ofl&cer  in  Caesar's  army 
who  made  an  unfortunate  mis- 
take.    See  p.  127,  1.  24  fol. 

consido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[com- -I- sid5,  siY],  3,  sit  down, 
seat  one'^s  self;  halt,  encamp; 
take  up  an  abode,  establish  one's 
self  settle. 

cdnsillum.  -i,  [cf.  consuls],  n., 
consultation,  deliberation,  coun- 
sel;  gathering  for  deliberation^ 
council;  advice;  plan,  design, 
purpose,  scheme;  judgment, sense, 
prudence,  discretion.  cdnsilium 
inire  or  habere,  to  form  a 
plan. 

consimilis,  -e,  [com-  +  similis], 
adj.,  very  like,  quite  like. 


CONSISTO 


33 


CONSUMO 


consisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus, 
[com-  +  sisto,  set,  placed,  3,  stand, 
stop,  halt;  post  one's  self,  take  a 
position,  be  posted,  make  a  stand; 
stay,  remain;  sojourn,  settle;  be 
firm,  endure,  continue;  consist 
(in),  depend  (on). 

consolor,  -ari,  -atua,  [com-  -f  solor, 
comforf],  1,  dep.,  comfort,  cheer, 
console,  encourage. 

conspectus,  -us,  [conspicio],  m., 
sight,  view.  e  conspectu,  out  of 
sight. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  con- 
spectus, [com-  +  specie],  3,  ob- 
serve, perceive,  see;  pass.,  be  in 
sight,  be  conspicuous. 

conspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [com-, 
cf.  specio],  1,  dep.,  get  sight  of, 
perceive,  see. 

conspicuus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  conspicio], 
adj.,  in  view,  apparent;  conspicu- 
ous, illustrious. 

constanter,  comp.  constantius, 
sup.  c5nstaiitissime,  [constans], 
adv.,  firmly,  steadfastly,  reso- 
lutely; uniformly,  unanimously. 

constantia,  -ae,  [constans],  f., 
firmness,  steadiness ;  persever- 
ance; faithfulness. 

consterno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-l-sterno],  1,  confound,  terrify, 
affright. 

constiti,  see  const5  and  consisto. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  con- 
stitutus,  [com-  -f-  statuo],  3,  put, 
place;  set  in  order,  draw  up, 
form,  organize;  found,  build, 
construct;  make,  prepare,  estab- 
lish; resolve,  determine. 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus, 
[com- +  sto],  1,  agree;  stand 
firm,  be  fixed;  consist  of.  sibi 
cdnstare,  to  be  consistent.      Im- 


pers.  constat,  it  is  agreed,  it  ii 
well  known. 

consuesco,  -suescere,  -suevi, 
-suetus  [com-  +  suescd],  3,  ac- 
custom, inure;  accustom  one'^s 
self,  be  accustomed;  be  wont. 

cdnsuetudd,  -inis,  [consuesco], 
f.,  custom,  habit;  character; 
social  intercourse,  companion- 
ship, familiarity;  practice  in 
speaking  a  language. 

consuetus,  see  consuesco. 

consul,  -ulis,  m.,  consul,  one  of  the 
chief  magistrates  at  Rome,  of 
whom  there  were  two  chosen 
annually.  In  dates  the  names 
of  the  consuls,  usually  in  the  abl. 
abs,,  are  used  to  designate  their 
year  of  office. 

consularis,  -e,  [consul],  adj.,  of  a 
consul,  consular,  of  consular 
rank.  As  subst.,  consularis,  -is, 
m.,  a  man  of  consular  rank,  ex- 
consul. 

consulatus,  -us,  [consul],  m.,  con- 
sulship. 

cSnsulo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  [com-,  cf. 
salio],  3,  take  counsel,  consult, 
take  care;  be  mindful;  conclude, 
determine  ;  with  dat.,  have  regard 
for,  look  out  for. 

consultum,  -i,  [cSnsultus],  n.,  de- 
liberation; decree,  plan,  resolu- 
tion, senatus  consultum,  see 
senatus. 

consultus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
sulo],  adj.,  loell  considered;  skil- 
ful, experienced,  learned.  iuris 
consultus,  a  lawyer,  counsellor. 

consiimd,  -siimere,  -sumpsi, 
-sumptus,  [com- -f  siimo],  3,  use 
up,  devour,  eat  up;  consume; 
waste,  destroy;  pass,  consume; 
spend. 


CONTEMNENDUS 


34 


CONVERTO 


contemnendus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  oi 
contemno],  adj.,  contemptible., 
unworthy  of  notice. 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsi, 
-temptus,  [com-  +  temnd],  3, 
value  little^  disdain,  despise. 

contemptus,  -us,  [contemno],  m., 
contempt^  scorn.  contemptui 
esse,  to  be  an  object  of  contempt. 

contends,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus, 
[com-+tend5],  3,  put  forth  effort, 
strive  for,  make  effort,  strive  ;  de- 
mand ;  hasten,  make  haste,  push 
forward ;  fight,  contend,  vie;  de- 
fend an  action;  maintain,  insist, 
protest. 

contentio,  -onis,  [contendd],  f., 
effort ;  struggle,  fight,  contest ;  dis- 
pute, controversy. 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
tineo],  adj.,  satisfied,  content. 

continSns,  -entis,  [part,  of  con- 
tineo],  adj.,  hounding,  limiting ; 
bordering,  adjacent ;  connected, 
continuous;  moderate,  temperate. 
continens  terra,  or  continens  (so. 
terra),  the  mainland. 

continenter,  [continens],  adv., 
constantly,  incessantly,  without 
interruption,  continually. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[com-  +  teneo],  2,  hold  together, 
contain;  hold;  hold  back,  keep, 
retain,  detain,  shut  in;  embrace, 
include ;  curb,  rule;  of  places  and 
regions,  hem  in,  bound,  border; 
of  space,  fill ;  of  a  rite,  consist  of. 
se  continere,  to  hold  one^s  self, 
koop  one''s  self  remain. 

contingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactua, 
[com-  +  tango],  3,  touch,  extend 
to,  reach ;  happen.,  fall  to  the  lot  of. 

continuo,  [continuus],  z^^v.,  forth- 
with, straightway. 


continuus,  -a,  -um,  [of.  contineo], 

adj.,   continuous,    uninterrupted^ 

successive. 
contio,  -onis,  [for  conventio,  from 

convenio],  f.,  meeting,  assembly; 

harangue,  speech. 
contra,  [comp.  of  com-],  adv.  and 

prep. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  opposite,  in  oppo- 
sition, on  the  other  side,  in  front 
of,  face  to  face;  on  the  contrary. 

(2)  As  prep,  with  ace.  only, 
opposite,  facing,  over  against,  con- 
trary to  ;  against,  in  hostility  to, 
to  the  disadvantage  of,  in  spite 
of;  in  reply  to. 

contraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[com-  -f-  traho],  3,  bring  together, 
collect ;  draw  in,  contract,  make 
smaller. 

contrarius,  -a,  -um,  [contra],  adj., 
opposite,  contrary.  As  subst., 
contrarium,  -i,  n.,  the  opposite, 
contrary,  reverse.  e  contrario, 
on  the  other  hdnd,  on  the  contrary. 

contubernalis,  -is,  [com-  +  ta- 
berna],  m.,  tent-companion;  com- 
rade, companion. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  insult,  abuse, 
indignity  ;  violence,  injury. 

convalesco,  -valescere,  -valuT,  — , 
[com-  -f  valeo],  3,  inch.,  recover, 
grow  strong,  gain  strength. 

convenio,  -venire,  -veni,  conven- 
tus,  [com- -f  convenio],  4,  come 
together,  assemble  ;  meet ;  fall  in 
with,  meet;  be  fit,  be  suitable,  be- 
long, correspond;  be  agreed,  be 
settled.  Impers.  convenit,  it  is 
agreed. 

conventus,  -us,  [cf.  convenid],  m., 
assemhli/,  meeting ;  court. 

conversus,  s(>e  converto. 

convert©,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus. 


CONVICTUS 


35 


CORROSUS 


[com-  +  verto],  8,  turn,  direct, 
turn  about,  wheel  around  ;  change  ; 
of  the  sight,  fix,  rivet,  attract;  use 
for,  use  as  ;  divert,  misuse.  con- 
versa  signa  inferre,  to  face  about 
and  advance.  itinere  convers5, 
turning  about. 

convictus,  see  convinco. 

convinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus, 
[com-  +  vmc5],  3,  conquer  com- 
pletely, overcome;  convict,  prove 
guilty,  refute;  prove  clearly, 
establish,  prove. 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  -f 
voco],  1,  call  together,  summon, 
assemble. 

coorior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  [com-  + 
orior],  4,  dep.,  come  forth,  arise, 
appear. 

cophinus, -1,  m.,  basket. 

copia,  -ae,  [  =  co-opia,  from  com- 
+  ops],  f.,  qiiantity,  abundance, 
supply, plenty  ;  opportunity.  PL, 
copiae,  -arum,  means,  resources, 
wealth  ;  forces,  troops. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [copia],  adj.,  well  sup- 
plied, wealthy,  rich. 

coram,  [com-,  cf.  53],  adv.  and 
prep,  with  ^1.,  before: 

(1)  As  adv.,  before  the  eyes,  pres- 
ent, in  person,  coram  adesse, 
to  be  present. 

(2)  As  prep,  vs^ith  abl.,  before, 
in  the  presence  of. 

Corcyra,  -ae,  [K^pKvpa],  i.,  Cor- 
cyra,  an  island  in  the  Ionian  Sea 
west  of  Epirus,  the  modern  Corfu. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75, 

Corcyraeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cor- 
cyra, at  Corcyra,  Corcyraean.  As 
subst.,  Corcyraei,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
Corcijraeans,  inhabitants  of  Cor- 
cyra. 


Corinthus,  -i,  [Khpivdo^^,  f.,  Cor^ 
inth,  a  city  of  Greece,  situated  on 
the  Isthmus  of  Corinth.  See  map 
opp.  p.  75. 

Corinthius,  -a,  -um,  [Corinthus], 
adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  Corinth, 
Corinthian.  As  subat.,  Corin- 
thius, -1,  m.,  an  inhabitant  oj 
Corinth,  a  Corinthian. 

Coriolanus,  -i,  [Corioli],  m.,  Cori- 
olanus,  surname  of  C.  Mdrcius 
Coriolanus. 

Corioli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  CorioU,  a 
town  of  Latium,  about  sixteen 
miles  southeast  of  Rome.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

Corlosolites,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  people 
along  the  northwest  coast  of  Gaul, 
north  of  the  Veneti ;  the  name  sur- 
vives in  Corseult,  near  St.  Malo. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Cornelius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens  which  contained  a 
number  of  distinguished  fami- 
lies. See  Cethegus,  Cinna,  Lentu- 
lus,  Scipid,  Sulla.  To  this  gens 
belonged  Cornelia,  -ae,  f.,  Cor- 
nelia, the  daughter  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  and  mother 
of  the  Gracchi ;  and  L.  Cornelius, 
consul  in  193  b.c. 

cornii,  -us,  n.,  horn;  trumpet;  of 
an  army,  wing. 

cordna,  -ae,  f . ,  crown,  wreath.  See 
civicus. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body;  person; 
dead  body,  coipse. 

correxl,  see  corrigo. 

corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus, 
[com- -f  regd],  3,  make  straight; 
correct,  improve;  restore,  calm. 

corrodo,  -ere,  -si,  -sum,  [com-  -J- 
rod5],  3,  gnaw. 

corrosus,  see  corr5d5. 


COKRUMPO 


36 


CRYSTALLINUS 


corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rapi,  cor- 
ruptus,  [com-  4-  rumpo],  3,  de- 
stroy^ ruin,  spoil ;  corrupt,  seduce, 
mislead,  bribe. 

corruptua,  see  corrumpo. 

cortex,  corticis,  m.  and  f.,  bark  of 
a  tree. 

Corvinus,  -i,  m,,  Corvinus,  sur- 
name of  M.  Valerius  Corvinus, 
an  early  Roman. 

corvus,  -1,  m.,  raven. 

coss. ,  =  cdnsulibus. 

cotidianus,  or  cottidianus,  -a, 
-um,  [cotidie],  adj.,  daily;  ordi- 
VMry,  usual 

cotidie,  or  nottldig,  [quot  + 
dies?],  adv.,  daily,  every  day. 

Cottn,  -ae,  see  Aurunculeiua. 

CrassuS:  -i,  m. : 

(1)  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus, 
surnamed  Dives,  consul  in  70  b.c. 
member  of  the  triumvirate  with 
Caesar  and  Pompey,  consul  again 
in  55 ;  perished  in  the  disastrous 
Parthian  expedition,  53  b.c. 

(2)  Publius  Licinius  Crassus, 
younger  son  of  the  triumvir; 
lieutenant  of  Caesar,  in  Gaul,  58- 
66  B.C.,  where  he  distinguished 
himself ;  he  returned  to  Rome 
in  55,  followed  his  father  to  the 
East,  and  fell  in  the  same  battle. 

creber,    -bra,   -brum,    adj.,    thick, 

frequent,  numerous,  abundant. 
credo,  credere,    credidi,    creditus, 

3,   give  as  a  loan,  lend;    trust, 

believe,   think,  suppose;   intrust, 

consign. 
Cremera,  -ae,  f.,  the  Cremera,  a 

small  river  in  Etruria,  near  Veil. 

See  map,  frontispiece. 
cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  burn. 

igni  cremare,  to  consume  by  fire, 

hum  to  death. 


Cremona,  -ae,  f.,  Cremona,  a  town 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  on  the  Po. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  create, 
make;  choose,  elect,  appoint. 

crSsco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretus,  3, 
inch.,  grow,  increase;  become 
great,  become  powerful ;  of  a  river, 
become  swollen. 

Crgta,  -ae,  [K/j^tt;],  f.,  Crete,  a 
large  island  in  the  Mediterranean 
southeast  of  Greece,  now  called 
Candia.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

CretSnais,  -e,  adj.,  of  Crete,  Cretan. 
As  subst. ,  Cretensis,  -is,  m. ,  Cre- 
tan, inhabitant  of  Crete. 

CretSs,  -um,  [K/OT^res].  m.,  pi.,  Cre- 
tans, inhabitants  of  Crete,  now 
Candia. 

crimen,  -inis,  [cf.  cerno],  n.,  judg- 
ment, accusation,  charge;  crime, 
offence. 

cniciatUB,  -lis,  [crucio,  torture], 
m.,  torture,  cruelty,  torment, 
suffering. 

crucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [crux], 
\,  torture,  torment ;  grieve,  afflict. 

criidelis,  -e,  comp.  criidelior,  sup. 
crudelissimus,  adj.,  rude,  unfeel- 
ing, cruel.  « 

crudSlitSs,  -atis,  [crudelis],  f., 
cruelty,  barbarity. 

crudeliter,  comp.  crudelius,  sup. 
criidelissime,  [crudelis],  adv., 
cruelly,  with  cruelty. 

cruento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cruen- 
tus],  1,  make  bloody,  stain  with 
blood,  stain. 

crumena,  -ae,  f.,  money-bag,  purse. 

crux,  crucis,  f.  gallows,  cross. 

crystallinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  crys- 
tal, crystal.  As  subst.,  crystal- 
linum,  -i,  n.,  (sc.  vas),  a  vase  of 
crystal. 


CUBICULUM 


CURO 


cubiculum,  -i,  [cubo],  n.,  sleeping- 
chamber,  bedchamber. 
cui,  see  qui. 
cuivis,  see  quivis. 
cultura,  -ae,  [cf.  col5],  f.,  a  culti- 
vating, cultivation.      See  ager. 
cultus,  -us,  [cold],  m.,  labor,  care, 
cultivation ;    civilization,    refine- 
ment, luxury;  dress,  attire. 
cum,  prep,  with  ablative  only,  with  ; 
■   of  association,  with,  along  with,  in 
the  company  of,  together  with  ;  of 
comparison,  with,  as  over  against, 
compared  with;  of  manner  and 
circumstance,  with,  under,  amid, 
at;  of  time,  together  with,  at  the 
same  time  with.     Witli  the  per- 
sonal   pronouns    and    with    qui, 
cum  is  enclitic ;  as,  mecum,  no- 
biscum,  quibuscum. 
In  composition  the  earlier  form 
com-  is  used,  which  remains  un- 
changed before  b,  p,  m,  but  is 
changed  to  col-  or  con-  before  1, 
cor-  or  con-  before  r,  con-  before 
other  consonants,  and  co-  before 
vowels  and  h ;  it  implies  doing 
anything      in      concert     with 
others,  or  thoroughly  and  com- 
pletely. 
cum,  conj.,  lohen;  of  definite  time, 
at  the  time  when,  when,  while,  as 
long  as,  after ;  of  indefinite  time 
or  repeated  action,  whenever,  as 
often  as,  at  times  when;  of  rela- 
tive time,  descriptive  or  circum- 
stantial,  when,   while,   after,  on 
the  occasion  that,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances that,  at  the  moment 
when;  of  cause  and  concession, 
with  subj.,  since,   inasmuch  as, 
although,  notwithstanding,     cum 
.  .  .  tum,    both  .  .  .  and,    not 
only  .  .  .  but    also,    while  .  .  . 


especially.        cum    primum,    as 
soon  as. 

cunctatio,  -onis,  [cunctor],  f.,  de- 
laying, lingering,  hesitation^  de- 
lay. 

cunctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,^  delay, 
linger,  hesitate. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  [coniunctus], 
adj.,  altogether ;  the  whole,  all. 

cupide,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  ardently, 
earnestly. 

cupiditas,  -tatis,  [cupidus],  i.,  ar- 
dent desire,  longing,  eagerness, 
ambition. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  cupio],  adj.,  desir- 
ous, eager  for,  fond  of;  greedy, 
covetous. 

cupio,  cupere,  cupivi,  cupitus,  3, 
long  for,  ardently  wish,  desire; 
wish  well  to. 

cur,  [for  qu6r,=quoi  +  rei],  adv., 
why  ?  wherefore  f  for  what  pur- 
pose f 

cura,  -ae,  f . ,  care,  attention,  anxiety, 
trouble;  diligence. 

Cures,  -ium,  f.,  pi.,  Cures,  a  town 
of  the  Sabines,  the  birthplace  of 
Numa  Pompilius.  See  map,  fron- 
tispiece. 

curia,  -ae,  f.,  curia,  association, 
one  of  the  ten  divisions  of  each 
of  the  original  three  Roman 
tribes;  by  metonymy,  senate- 
house,  place  of  meeting  of  the 
senate,  either  the  CUria  Hostilia, 
in  the  Forum,  named  from  Tul- 
lus  Hostilius,  or  the  Curia  Pom- 
peia,  in  the  Campus  Martins. 

Curiatius,  -i,  m.,  Curidtius,  thi 
name  of  three  brothers  of  Alba, 
who  fought  with  the  Horatii. 

euro  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   [cura],   1 


CUHRO 


38 


DE 


take  care^  provide  for,  superin- 
tend, arrange;  with  gerundive, 
see  to  it  that.  naves  aedifican- 
das  cdrare,  to  have  ships  built. 

curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursus,  3, 
ru7i. 

currus,  -us,  [curr5],  m.,  chariot, 
car. 

cursor,  -oris,  [cf.  curroj,  m.,  run- 
ner, courier,  messenger. 

cursus,  -us,  [curro],  m.,  running; 
passage,  course;  speed.  magno 
cursii,  at  full  speed. 

custodia,  -ae,  [ciist5s],  f.,  a  watch- 
ing ;  guard,  watch. 

custodio,  -ire,  -ivi, -itus,  [custos], 
4,  watch,  guard,  defend. 

custos,  -odis,  m.  and  f .,  guard,  pro- 
tector, keeper^  watch. 

Cyclades,  -um,  [KD/cXdScs],  1,  pi., 
the  Cyclades,  the  islands  about 
Delos  in  the  Aegean  Sea,  east  of 
Greece. 

Cynoscephalae,  -arum,  f.,  Cynos- 
cephalae,  hills  near  Scotassa  in 
Thessaly,  where  T.  Quinctius 
Flaminius  defeated  Philip,  king 
of  Macedonia,  197  b.c. 

Cyprus,  -i,  [Kdirpos],  f.,  Cyprus, 
a  large  island  at  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Mediterranean,  south  of 
Asia  Minor.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

Cyrenae,  -arum,  [Kvp-rjpri'],  f.,  pi., 
Cyrene,  a  city  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa  south  of  Greece. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

Cyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cy- 
rene. As  subst,,  Cyrenaeus,  -i, 
m. ,  inhabitant  of  Cyrene. 

Cyrus,  -1,  m.,  Cyrus,  the  founder 
of  the  Persian  monarchy. 

Cyzicenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cyzi- 
cus,  a  city  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Asia  Minor.      As  subst., 


Cyzicenus,  -i,  m.,  inhabitant  of 
Cyzicus.    See  map  opp.  p.  93. 


d,  see  a.  d. 

Dacus,  -i,  m.,  Dacian,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Dacia,  on  the  northern 
bank  of  the  Danube ;  pi.,  the 
Dacians.     See  map,  frontispiece. 

damnatio,  -onis,  [damn5],  f.,  con- 
demnation, conviction. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dam- 
num], 1,  judge  guilty,  condemn, 
sentence.  voti  damnari,  to  be 
rendered  liable  to  fulfil  a  vow,  to 
have  one''s  prayer  granted. 

Damon,  -onis,  [Aaynwi/],  m.,  Da- 
mon, an  Athenian  musician,  the 
teacher  of  Socrates. 

Dareus,  -i,  [Aapetoj],  m.,  the  names 
of  several  kings  of  Persia.  In  this 
book  refers  to : 

(1)  Dareus  Hystaspis,  or  Da- 
reus I.,  who  ruled  from  621  to 
485  B.C. 

(2)  Dareus  Nothus,  or  Dareus 
11. ,  who  ruled  from  424  to  405 

B.C. 

Datis,  -idis,  [Aans],  m.,  jpatis,  a 
Mcde  who  with  Artaphernes  was 
in  command  of  the  Persians  de- 
feated at  Marathon  in  490  b.c 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  denoting  separa- 
tion, from  ;  of  place  and  motion, 
from,  away  from,  out  of;  of 
source,  of,  from,  out  of,  proceed- 
ing from,  sprung  from;  of  the 
whole,  partitively,  of,  out  of, 
from  among;  of  material,  made 
of,  out  of,  from;  of  cause,  on 
account  of,  for,  through,  by;  of 
relation,  concerning,  about,  in  re- 
spect to,  of,  in  the  matter  of;  of 


DEBEO 


39 


DEDUCO 


time,  away  from,  after,  during, 
in  the  course  of  in.  de  imprd- 
viso,  unexpectedly. 

debeo,  debere,  debui,  debitus, 
[de  +  habeo],  2,  withhold;  owe, 
he  in  debt,  he  under  obligation; 
pass.,  he  due;  followed  by  infin., 
ought,  must,  should. 

debilis,  -e,  [de  +  habilis],  adj., 
lame,  weak,  disabled,  crippled, 
•  helpless. 

debilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de- 
bilis, feehW],  1,  lame,  cripple, 
weaken,  crush,  disable;  dis- 
hearten. 

decedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
[de  +  cedo],  3,  go  away,  retire, 
withdravj ;  avoid,  shun;  cease, 
die. 

decern,  or  x,  indecl.  num.,  ten. 

December,  -bris,  -bre,  [decern], 
adj.,  of  the  tenth;  of  the  tenth 
month  (counting  from  March), 
of  December. 

decemplez,  -icis,  [decern,  cf. 
plic5],   adj.,  ten-fold. 

decemviri,  -um  or  -drum,  [decem, 
vir],  m.,  a  board  consisting  of 
ten  men,  decemviri,  decemvirs. 

deceptus,  see  decipio. 

decerns,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus, 
[de  +  cerno],  3,  pass  judgment, 
decide ;  resolve  upon,  resolve,  de- 
cree, intrust  by  a  decree,  deter- 
mine;  contend,  fight. 

decerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -t- 
certo,  contend'\,  1,  fight  to  a 
finish,  fight  it  out.  proelio  de- 
certare,  to  fight  a  decisive  battle. 

decide,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  [de  + 
cado],  3,  fall  down,  fall  off. 

decimus,  -a,  -una,  [decem],  adj., 
tenth. 

Decimus,  -i,  abbreviated  D.,  [deci- 


mus], m,,  Decimus,  a  Roman 
forename.     See  Brutus. 

decipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[de  +  capi5],  3,  catch;  deceive. 

declare,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
claro,  from  clarus],  1,  make 
clear,  declare,  announce,  show. 

declivis,  -e,  [de -f- clivus],  adj., 
sloping,  descending. 

decerns,  -a,  -um,  [decor],  adj.,  be- 
coming, fitting;  adorned,  fine, 
handsome,  beautiful. 

decrStmn,  -i,  [decerno],  n.,  de- 
cree, decision,  vote;  determina- 
tion. 

decretus,  part,  of  decerno. 

decumanus,  -a,  -um,  [decimus], 
adj.,  of  a  tenth  part,  decuman. 
decumana  porta,  main  entrance 
of  the  Roman  camp,  opposite  the 
porta  praetoria.     See  p.  20. 

decurio,  -onis,  [decem],  m.,  decii- 
rion,  a  cavalry  ofl&cer  in  charge  of 
a  decuria  (10  horsemen). 

decurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  -cursus,  [de  +  curro],  3, 
run  down,  rush  down,  hasten. 

dedi,  see  do. 

dediticius,  -i,  [deditus,  from 
dedo],  adj.,  that  has  surren- 
dered, subject.  As  subst.,  de- 
diticii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  prisoners 
of  war,  captives. 

deditio,  -5nis,  [dedo],  f.,  surren- 
der, accipere  or  recipere  in 
deditionem,  to  receive  by  capitu- 
lation. 

dedo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [de  +  do], 
3,  give  up,  surrender;  devote. 

dediico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[de  +  duco],  3,  lead  down;  lead 
away,  lead  off,  withdraw;  lead, 
induce;  conduct,  bring;  escort, 
attend. 


DEFATIGO 


40 


DEMETRrtJS 


dSfatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
fatigd,  weary^j  1,  tire  out,  ex- 
haust, fatigue. 

dSfendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus, 
3,  ward  off,  repel ;  defend,  guard, 
protect. 

dSfgnsid,  -onis,  [defends j,  f.,  de- 
fence. 

defensor,  -oris,  [defends],  ra.,  de- 
fender, protector. 

dSfensus,  see  defends. 

defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [de  + 
fero],  irr.,  bring  away,  carry  off, 
remove  ;  carry  ;  transfer,  deliver ; 
confer  upon,  bestow  ;  drive  away , 
give,  allot,  offer;  report,  submit. 

dSfesBUB,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  defeti- 
scor],  adj.,  wearied,  worn  out, 
exhausted.  As  subst.,  defessus, 
-i,  m.,  one  exhausted;  pi.,  the  ex- 
hausted. 

dSficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [de 
-Hfacio],  3,  fail,  begin  to  be  lack- 
ing, be  exhausted;  fall  aioay,  re- 
volt, rebel. 

deformitas,  -atis,  [deformis],  f., 
ugliness,  disfigurement. 

defungor,  -fungi,  -functus  sum, 
[de  4-  fiingor],  3,  dep.,  have  done 
with,  perform,  finish;  have  done 
with  life,  die. 

dShonesto,  -are,  — ,  — ,  1,  disgrace, 
dishonor  ;  disfigure. 

dSicid  (deiicio),  -icere,  -ieci, 
-iectus,   [de  -f  iacio],    3,     throw 

,  down,  cast  down,  lay  down;  dis- 
lodge, drive  from,  rout;  kill, 
destroy;  disappoint.  ea  ape 
deiecti,  disappointed  in  this  ex- 
pectation. 

dSiectus,  see  deicio. 

deiectua,  -us,  [deicio],  m.,  descent, 
slope,  declivity. 

dein,  see  deinde. 


deinde,  or  dein,  [de  -}-  inde],  adv., 
thereafter,  afterwards^  then,  next. 

delatus,  see  defero. 

delectus,  see  deligo. 

delectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  de- 
ligo], Sidj.,  picked,  select,  chosen. 
As  subst.,  deiecti,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
picked  men,  delegates. 

dSlego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -f 
lego],  1,  send  away,  despatch; 
refer. 

deled,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  2,  erase; 
blot  out,  destroy,  annihilate,  over- 
throw ;  finish,  put  an  end  to ;  of 
disgi-ace,  wipe  out. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de,  of. 
libra,  balance'\,  1,  weigh  well, 
consider,  deliberate;  consult  an 
oracle. 

deliciae,  -arum,  [cf.  delects],  f., 
pi.,  delight,  pleasure;  allure- 
ment; luxury. 

dSligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -Iectus,  [de 
-f  legS],  3,  choose,  pick  out, 
select. 

deligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -f 
ligo],  1,  bind  together,  bind  fast. 

Delphi,  -orum,  [AeX0o/],  m.,  pi., 
Delphi,  a  town  of  Phocis  in  cen- 
tral Greece,  the  modern  Castri ; 
it  was  the  seat  of  a  famous  oracle 
of  Apollo.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Delphicua,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Delphi, 
Delphic. 

Demaratus,  -i,  m. ,  Demardtus,  the 
father  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

demens,  -mentis,  [de  +  mens], 
adj.,  out  of  one\s  senses;  mad, 
insane  ;  wild,  foolish. 

demergd,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  [de  + 
mergo],  3,  sink,  submerge. 

DSmetrius,  -i,  [Ar^jUTyrpios],  m., 
Demetrius.  In  this  book  refers 
to: 


DEMETRIUS 


41 


DEPUGNO 


(1)  Demetrius^  father  of  Philip, 
king  of  Macedonia. 

(2)  Demetrius^  son  of  the  above. 

(3)  Demetrius  Phalereus  or  De- 
metrius of  Phalerum,  a  famous 
orator,  statesman,  philosopher, 
and  poet.  He  was  born  345 
B.C.,  and  died  about  283. 

(4)  Demetrius  /.,  king  of  Mace- 
don,  surnamed  FoUorcetes,  or 
'  the  Besieger ' ;  he  ruled  from 
294  to  283  B.C. 

dgmigratio,   -onis,   [demigro],  f., 

emigration. 
demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 

migro],   1,   migrate,    depart,    go 

away. 
deminuo,  -minuere,  -minui,  -minii- 

tus,  [de  +  minuo],  3,  lessen,  make 

smaller;  impair. 
dgmitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 

[de+mitto],   3,  send  down,   let 

down,  let  fall;  put;  of  the  head, 

bow. 
demolior,  -iri,   -itus  sum,    [de  + 

molior],    4,    dep.,    throw   down, 

demolish,  raze. 
dSmdnatro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -I- 

monstro,  show],  1,  point  out,  show, 

state,  mention;  explain. 
dSmum,   [dej,  adv.,  at  length,  at 

last,  finally.      turn  demum,  then, 

indeed,  then  at  last,  not  till  then. 
denarius,  -a,  -um,  [deni],  adj.,  of 

ten  each,   worth  ten  asses.      As 

subst.,  denarius,  -i,  m.,  denarius, 

a  silver  coin  originally  worth  ten, 

afterward  sixteen,  asses;  =  about 

$0.20. 
dSnego,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,    [de  + 
•nego],  1,  reject,  refuse,  deny;  say 

no. 
d6ni,  -ae,  -a,  [decern],  distrib.  num. 

adj.,  te7i  each,  ten  apiece. 


d§nique,   adv.,  and  thereafter;  at 
last,  finally;  in  a  word,  in  short; 

at  any  rate. 
dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth. 
densus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,  a^Uthick,  closely  packed, 

dense,  crowded. 
denuntdo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -f 

nuntio],    1,    announce,    declare; 

make  a  threat,  threaten;  order. 
dgpello,    -pellere,    -puli,    -pulsus, 

[de  +  pello],  3,  drive  out,  expel, 

dislodge;  avert,  remove. 
deperdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [de  + 

perd5,  destroy],  3,  destroy,  lose. 
depingo,  -pingere,  -pinxi,  depictus, 

[de -f- pingoj,    3,    depict,   paint, 

draw. 
depono,  -ponere,  -posui,  depositus, 

[de  4-  pono],  3,  lay  down,  set  down, 

place ;  lay  aside,  give  up,  resign. 
depopulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [de  4- 

populor],  1,  dep.,  lay  waste,  rav- 
age, pillage.    Part,  depopulatus, 

pass.,  laid  waste,  devastated. 
deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,    [de  -f 

port5],  1,  carry  off,  take  away; 

bring  home  ;  acquire,  obtain. 
deposed,  -poscere,  -poposci,  — ,  [de 

H-  posed],    3,    demand,    request 

earnestly. 
depositus,  see  depdno. 
deprecator,  -oris,  [deprecor],  m., 

intercessor,  mediator.       eb  depre- 

catore,  by  his  intercession. 
deprecor,  -ari,  -atus,  [de  -f  precor, 

pray],  1,  dep., pray  to  be  delivered 

from,  beg  to  escape,  plead  against; 

ask  for  quarter. 
deprehendo,     -hendere,     -hendi, 

-hensus,  [de  +  prehendo],  3,  take 

away ;  seize,  catch  ;  surprise  ;  de- 

tect,  discover. 
depugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atoa,  [de  + 


DERIGO 


42 


DETRAHO 


pugno],   1,  fight  decisively^  fight 

out,  join  battle^  contend. 
d§rigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus,   [de 

+  reg5],   3,  set  straight^   direct^ 

steer. 
descends,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 

sus,  [de  +  scand5],  3,  climb  down, 

come  down,  descend  ;  march  down  ; 

dismount. 
desciBCO,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  descitus, 

[de  +  scisco],  3,  withdraw.,  desert, 

depart,  rebel. 
describo,  -scribere,  -sciipsi,  -scrip- 

tus,    [de  +  scribo],   3,   copy    off, 

write  down;  describe;  mark  off, 

define. 
desero,     -serere,     -serui,    -sertus, 

[de  +  ser5,  join],   3,    leave,  for- 
sake, abandon. 
desertus,  see  desero. 
desertus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  desero], 

adj.,    deserted,    desert,    solitary; 

lonely. 
desiderium,     -i,     [desidero],     n., 

longing,  desire  ;  grief,  regret. 
desidero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  long 

for;  ask,  demand,  need,  require; 

miss,  lack. 
designo,   -are,   -avi,  -atus,   [de  4 

signd,  mark],  1,  maj^k  out,  point 

out,  mean,  designate. 
desino,  -sinere,  -sii,  -situs,  [de  + 

sin5],    3,    cease,  give    up,   leave 

off 
desists,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus,  [de 

+  sisto],  3,  stand  off  from  ;  leave 

off,  cease,  desist  from.,  stop,  give 

up. 
desperS.tio,   -onis,    [despero],    f., 

desperation,  despair. 
desperatus,   -a,   -um,    comp.  -ior, 

sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  despero], 

adj.,  without  hope,   beyond  hope, 

desperate,  abandoned. 


dSspSro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
sper5],  1,  be  hopeless;  despair  of , 
give  up  hope  of;  give  up. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
[de  +  specio,  look],  3,  look  down 
upon,  look  down  ;  despise,  disdain. 

despolid,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
spolid],  1,  despoil,  rob. 

dSstino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  make 
fast,  fix;  resolve,  design,  intend; 
assign,  devote. 

destiti,  see  desisto. 

destituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tus,  [de  +  statuo] ,  3,  desert, 
abandon,  leave. 

destrictus,  see  destringo. 

destringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictus,  [de  +  stringo,  pluck 
off],  3,  strip  off;  of  a  sword,  wn- 
sheathe,  draw. 

desum,  deesse,  defui,  — ,  fut.  inf., 
defutiirum  esse  or  defore,  [de  + 
sum],  irr.,  be  away ;  be  wanting, 
be  absent,  be  missing ;  fail,  aban- 
don, desert. 

desuper,  [de  +  super],  adv.,  from 
above. 

detego,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectus,  [de 
+  teg5],  3,  uncover,  expose;  re- 
veal, betray. 

deterior,  -us,  adj.  in  comp.  degree, 
sup,  deterrimus,  [de],  worse, 
poorer. 

deterred,  -terrere,  -terrui,  terri- 
tus,  [de  4-  terreo],  2,  frighten  off, 
prevent,  deter;  repress.  de- 
terrere  ne,  quo  minus  or  quin, 
to  prevent  from. 

detineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[de  4-  teneo],  2,  hold  off;  check, 
hinder,  detain. 

detrSctus,  see  detraho. 

dStraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  detrac- 
tus,    [de  +  trahd],   3,   draw   off, 


DETRIMENTUM 


43 


DIGNUS 


drag  off,  remove;  withdraw,  sub- 
tract, deprive  ;  disparage,  detract. 

dStrimentum,  -i,  [de,  cf.  tero,  wear 
away],  n.,  loss,  damage,  injury; 
loss  in  war,  repulse,  reverse,  de- 
feat. 

deus,  -1,  m.,  god,  deity. 

deveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[de  +  veh5],  3,  carry  away,  re- 
move, convey.  equis  devexerat, 
he  had  brought  on  horseback. 

devenio.  -venire,  -veni,  -venturus, 
.  [de  +  venio],  4,  come  down  (to), 
come,  reach. 

devictus,  part,  of  devinco. 

devinco,  -ere,  devici,  devictus, 
[de  +  vinco],  3,  conquer  com- 
pletely, subdue,  overthrow. 

devolo,  -are,  — ,  fut.  part,  devo- 
laturus,  [de  -f  void],  1,  Jly  down ; 
fly  away,  hasten. 

devoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  swallow 
down,  devour,  consume. 

dexter,  -tera  or  -tra,  -terum  or 
-trum,  adj.,  to  the  right,  on  the 
right;  skilful.  As  subst.,  dex- 
tera  or  dextra,  -ae,  f . ,  (sc.  manus) , 
the  right  hand. 

dextra,  -ae,  see  dexter. 

diadema,  -atis,  [5td57;^a],  n.,  dia- 
dem, royal  crown. 

Diana,  -ae,  f.,  Diana,  an  ancient 
Italian  goddess  of  the  moon,  later 
identified  by  the  Romans  with 
the  Greek  Artemis,  goddess  of  the 
chase. 

dicio,  -onis,  pi.  and  nom.  sing,  not 
in  use,  f.,  sway,  dominion,  sover- 
eignty, authority,  lordship. 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  3,  say, 
speak,  mention;  tell,  name,  call; 
mean;  appoint;  speak  in  public, 
plead.  iu3  dicere,  administer 
justice,  hold  court,      causam  di- 


cere, to  plead  one's  cause,  to  de- 
fend oneself.  diem  dicere,  t6 
set  a  day. 

dictator,  -oris,  [dicto],  m.,  dic- 
tator, a  Roman  magistrate  of  un- 
limited power,  at  first  appointed 
only  in  great  emergencies. 

dictatura,  -ae,  [dictator],  f.,  office 
of  dictator,  dictatorship. 

dictio,  -5nis,  [cf.  dico],  f.,  speak- 
ing, pleading. 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dic5], 
1,  intens.,  say  often,  assert,  insist. 

dictu,  supine  of  dico. 

dictum,  -i,  [dico],  n.,  saying,  word; 
command,  order.  dictd  audien- 
tes,  obedient  to  (his)  order. 

dies,  diei,  m.  and  f.,  day;  time. 
multo  die,  late  in  the  day.  in 
dies,  day  by  day,  every  day. 
diem  ex  die,  day  after  day.  in 
diem,  at  a  date,  i.e.  for  payment, 
diem  dicere  alicui,  to  bring  a 
complaint  against,  arraign. 

differs,  difFerre,  distuli,  dilatus, 
[dis-  +  fero],  irr.,  carry  different 
ways,  spread,  scatter ;  put  off,  de- 
lay;  differ,  be  different. 

difficilis,  -e,  comp.  difficilior,  sup. 
difficillimus,  [dis-  +  facilis],  adj., 
hard,  difficult;  troublesome ;  mo- 
rose, ill-natured,  surly.  iter 
difl&cile,  a  road  difficult  to  pass 
over,  impracticable. 

difficultas,  -tatis,  [difficilis],  f., 
difficulty,  trouble,  distress. 

dignitas,  -atis,  [dignus],  f.,  icorth, 
merit,  grandeur;  rank,  eminence; 
reputation,  honor,  corporis  dig- 
nitas, presence. 

dignor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [dignus], 
1,  dep.,  deem  worthy,  deign,  cart' 
descend. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy,  de^ 


DILECTUS 


44 


DISPALATUS 


serving  ;  fitting,  suitable,  proper^ 
becoming. 

dilectus,  -us,  [dilig5],  m.,  choos- 
ing, selecting;  enrolment,  draft. 

diligens,  -entis,  [part,  of  diligo], 
adj.,  industrious,  attentive^  dili- 
gent ;  scrupulous. 

dUigenter,  comp.  diligentiua,  sup, 
diligentissime,  [diligens],  adv., 
industriously,  assiduously^  care- 
fully, punctually. 

diligentia,  -ae,  [diligens],  f.,  at- 
tentiveness,  activity,  diligence, 
industry. 

diligo,  -ligere,  -lexi,  -lectus,  [dis- 
+  lego],  3,  single  out;  value, 
prize,  love. 

diinenauB,  see  dimetior. 

dimetior,  -metiri,  -mensus,  [dis-  + 
metior],  4,  dep.,  measure,  measure 
off;  of  work,  lay  out.  Part,  di- 
mensus,  pass.,  Caes.  bk.  II.  cp.  19. 

dimicatio,  -onis,  [dimico],  f., 
fight,  struggle;  contest. 

dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  fight, 
struggle,  contend. 

dimitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[dis-  +  mitto],  3,  send  in  differ- 
ent directions,  send  about;  dis- 
miss, send  off;  let  go,  let  slip, 
lose;  abandon,  leave;  give  up. 

Diomedon,  -ontis,  [Ato^^Swj'],  m., 
Diomedon,  an  inhabitant  of  Cyzi- 
cus,  sent  to  bribe  Epaminondas. 

DionysiuB,  -i,  [Atoi/to-toy],  m.,  Di- 
onysius,  a  music  teacher  of 
Thebes. 

dirigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectus,  [de-f 
rego],  3,  direct,  steer, 

dirimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
dis- -I-  emo],  3,  take  apart,  sepa- 
rate ;  interrupt,  break  off,  put  an 
end  to, 

diripio,    -ripere,    -ripui,    -reptus, 


[di3--f  rapio],  3,  tear  asunder; 
plunder,  pillage;  take  away. 

diruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutus,  [dis-  4 
ruo],  3,  tear  asunder ;  overthrow^ 
demolish,  destroy. 

dis-  or  di-,  inseparable  prep.,  used 
only  as  a  prefix  with  other  words, 
adding  the  force  of  apart,  asunder, 
in  different  directions;  between, 
among  ;  not,  un-  ;  utterly,  entirely. 
dis-  becomes  dif-  before  f,  dir-  be- 
fore vowels,  di-  before  d,  g,  1,  m, 
n,  r,  and  v. 

discedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
[dis-  -I-  cedo],  3,  go  apart,  dis- 
perse, scatter,  separate ;  go  away, 
withdraw;  come  off,  remain;  give 
up,  resign. 

discessus,  -us,  [disced5],  m.,  de- 
parture, going  away  ;  marching 
off,  decamping. 

discidium,  -i,  n.,  separation,  dis- 
agreement,  dissension, 

disciplina,  -ae,  [discipulus],  f., 
instruction,  teaching,  training, 
education;  learning,  knowledge, 
science,  culture. 

discipulus,  -i,  [disco],  m.,  learner^ 
scholar,  pupil,  follower. 

disco,  discere,  didici,  — ,  3,  learn, 
learn  to  know,  become  acquainted 
with  ;  learn  how. 

diserte,  [disertus],  adv.,  clearly, 
eloquently. 

diserttts,  -a,  -um,  comp.  disertior, 
sup.  disertissimus,  [part,  of  dis- 
sero,  argue'],  adj.,  skilful;  clear ^ 
well-spoken,  fiuent,  eloquent. 

disicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [dis- 
-f-  iacio],  3,  throw  asunder,  dis- 
perse., scatter;  rout;  dash  to 
pieces,  ruin,  destroy. 

dispalatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  strag- 
gling, astray. 


DISPENSATOR 


45 


DIVINUS 


dispensator,  -oris,  [dispenso],  m., 
steward^  attendant;  treasurer. 

dispergo,  -spergere,  -apersi,  -sper- 
sus,  [dis-  +  spargo,  scatter],  3, 
scatter,  scatter  about,  disperse. 

dispersus,  see  dispergo. 

dispicio,  -ere,  dispexi,  dispectus, 
[dis-  +  specio],  3,  descry,  per- 
ceive ;  consider,  reflect  upon. 

displiceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [dis-  4- 
placeo],  2,  displease,  he  unsatis- 
factoi-y. 

dispono,  -ere,  disposui,  dispositus, 
[dis-  -f  pon5] ,  3,  place  here  and 
there,  distribute,  scatter;  array, 
arrange;  station,  post;  adjust, 
order,  dispose. 

dispute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dis--|- 
puto],  1,  weigh,  examine,  discuss; 
argue. 

disaentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  dissen- 
sus,  [dis-  +  sentio],  4,  differ,  dis- 
agree, dissent ;  be  at  odds,  quarrel. 

dissideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[dis--f  sedeo],  2,  sit  apart;  be 
at  variance,  differ. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  scatter, 
disperse. 

dissolve,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -soliitus, 
[dis-  4-  solvo] ,  3,  disunite,  destroy  ; 
abolish,  annul. 

distineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[dis-  -f  teneo],  2,  keep  apart,  hold 
apart,  separate  ;  hinder,  delay. 

distribuo,  -ere,  distribui,  distribu- 
tus,  [dis-  +  tribuo],  3,  divide,  dis- 
tribute, apportion,  spread. 

districtus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of  dis- 
tringo],  adj.,  drawn  in  opposite 
ways,  hesitating;  harassed,  dis- 
tracted, busy. 

diatringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictus,  [di-  -|-  stringo],  3,  draw 
asunder;  keep  busy,  engage. 


ditissixnuB,  see  dives. 

diu,  comp.  diutius,  sup.  diiitissime, 
adv.,  by  day,  all  day  ;  long,  for  a 
long  time,     quam  diu,  as  long  as. 

diurnus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  dies],  adj., 
of  the  day,  by  day. 

diutinus,  -a,  -um,  [diu],  adj.,  of 
long  duration,  lasting,  long. 

diutumitas,  -atis,  [diuturnus],  f., 
length  of  time,  long  duration. 

diiiturnus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor 
[diu],  adj.,  long,  prolonged,  long 
continued. 

diversus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  diversissi- 
mus,  [part,  of  diverto],  adj.,  op- 
posite, contrary  ;  separate,  apart; 
in  different  directions,  different. 
in  diversa,  apart,  asunder. 

diverto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  [dis-  4- 
verto],  3,  go  different  ways,  sepa- 
rate. 

dives,  -itis,  comp.  ditior,  sup.  ditis- 
simus,  adj.,  rich,  wealthy, 

Diviciacus,  -i,  [Kel.  Deivicidcos, 
from  deivos,  *god*],  m. : 

(1)  An  Aeduan  of  great  influence, 
loyal  to  Caesar,  who  at  his  in- 
tercession pardoned  Dumnorix, 
his  brother,  leader  of  the  Aeduan 
national  party  which  was  hos- 
tile to  Home  and  the  Bellovaci. 
Cf.  K.  to  p.  125,  1.  20. 

(2)  A  chief  of  the  Suessiones. 
Divico,  -onis,  [Kel.,  from  deivos, 

*god  '],  m.,  leader  of  the  Helvetii 

in  their  war  with  Cassius,  107  b.c, 

and  head  of  an  embassy  to  Caesar, 

58  B.C. 
divide,    -videre,    -visi,  -visus,  3, 

separate,   divide,  force    asunder, 

part ;  distribute,  share. 
divinus,  -a,  -um,  [divus],  adj.,  of 

a  god,  godlike,  divine;  divinelf 

inspired,  prophetic. 


DIVITIAE 


46 


DUCO 


divitiae,  -arum,  [dives],  f.,  pi., 
riches^  wealth. 

divum,  -1,  [divus],  n.,  the  sky. 
Only  with  sub  in  sub  divo,  under 
the  sky,  in  the  open  air. 

dIvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  a  deity y 
godlike;  deified.,  sainted,  a  term 
applied  to  Julius  Caesar,  and  to 
many  of  the  Roman  emperors, 
after  death. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  irr.,  give, 
give  up,  give  over,  grant,  confer; 
hand  over,  surrender;  offer,  fur- 
nish, allow,  poenas  dare,  to  suffer 
punishment.  negStium  dare,  to 
commission,  direct,  in  fugam 
dare,  to  put  to  flight. 

doceo,  docere,  docui,  doctus,  2, 
teach;  inform;  point  out,  state; 
show,  tell. 

doctor,  -5ris,  [doceo],  m.,  teacher, 
instructor. 

doctrina,  -ae,  [doceo],  f.,  teaching, 
instruction;  learning. 

doctus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  doctior, 
sup.  doctissimus,  [part,  of  doceo], 
adj.,  learned.,  skilled,  experienced. 

doleo,  dolere,  dolui,  dolitiirus,  2, 
suffer;  he  grieved,  he  annoyed. 

dolor,  -oris,  [doled],  rQ.,pain,  suf- 
fering; grief  distress,  vexation. 

dolus,  -i,  m.,  device  ;  cunning,  fraud, 
deceit. 

domesticus,  -a,  -um,  [domus], 
adj.,  of  the  house  ;  of  the  family, 
private,  domestic;  home,  native, 
internal,  their  own;  at  home,  in 
one''s  own  country. 

domicilium,  -i,  [domus],  n.,  habi- 
tation, dwelling;  dwelling-place. 

domina,  -ae,  f.,  mistress. 

dominatio,  -onis,  [dominor],  f., 
rule,  dominion,  supremacy,  des- 
potism. 


dominatus,  -us,  [dominor],  m., 
rule,  command,  mastery. 

dominor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [domi- 
nus],  1,  dep.,  he  lord,  rule,  have 
dominion. 

dominus,  -i,  [domo],  m.,  master, 
nder,  lord ;  of  a  ship,  captain. 

domo,  -are,  domui,  domitus,  1, 
domesticate  ;  tame,  suhdue,  master. 

domus,  -us,  f,,  house,  dwelling, 
home.  Loc.  domi,  at  home.  Ace. 
domum,  homewards,  home,  to  the 
house.  Abl.  domo,  from  home, 
from  the  house. 

ddnativum,  -i,  [dono],  n.,  largess, 
gift,  distribution  of  money. 

donee,  conj.,  as  long  as,  whiles 
until. 

donicum,  conj.,  while,  until. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [donum], 
1,  give  as  a  present,  present,  he- 
stow;  endow,  gift. 

donum,  -i,  n.,  gift,  present,  reward. 

dorsum,  -i,  n.,  hack  of  a  beast  of 
burden  ;  range,  ridge,  cliff. 

Dubls,  -is,  [Kel.,  =  *the  Black'], 
m.,  a  river  of  Gaul,  tributary  of 
the  Arar(;iS'aone);  now  the  I>om6s. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

dubitatio,  -onis,  [dubito],  f.,  doubt, 
hesitation. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dubius], 
1,  be  uncertain,  doubt;  hesitate, 
delay  ;  deliberate. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful, 
uncertain  ;  critical,  non  est  du- 
bium  quin,  there  is  no  doubt  that. 
sine  dubio,  without  doubt,  cer- 
tainly. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  [duo  -1-  centum], 
adj.,  two  hundred. 

ddco,  dUcere,  duxi,  ductus,  3,  lead, 
guide,  conduct,  bring,  take ;  of  a 
trench,  make ;  protract,  prolong, 


DUCTUS 


47 


EDUCO 


put  off;  think^  consider,  reckon. 
ux5rem  ducere,  in  matrimonium 
ducere,  and  sometimes  ducere 
alone,  to  marry, 

ductus,  -us,  [duc5],  m.,  lead,  gen- 
eralship, command. 

Duilius,  -i,  m.,  Duilius,  the  family 
name  of  C.  Duilius,  the  con- 
queror of  the  Carthaginians  in 
the  famous  sea-fight  off  Mylae 
in  260  B.C. 

dulcis,  -e,  comp.  dulcior,  sup.  dul- 
cissimus,  adj.,  sweet;  agreeable, 
pleasant. 

dum,  conj.,  while,  as  long  as  ;  until ; 
provided,  if  only. 

dum  modo,  [dum  +  modo],  conj., 
provided,  if  only. 

Dumnoriz,  -igis,  [Kel.,  = 'Great 
King'],  m.,  an  Aeduan,  brother 
of  Diviciacus,  and  son-in-law  of 
Orgetorix ;  a  bitter  enemy  of 
Caesar,  and  apparently  leader 
of  the  Aeduan  anti-Roman  party, 
until  slain  by  Caesar's  orders 
while  trying  to  escape  from  him, 
64  B.C. 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  ace.  m.,  duo,  adj.,  two; 
both. 

duodecim,  or  xii,  [duo,-)-  decern], 
indecl.  num.,  twelve. 

duodecimus,  -a,  -urn,  [duodecim], 
num.  adj.,  twelfth. 

duodeui,  -ae,  -a,  [cf.  duodecim], 
distrib.  num.  adj.,  twelve  at  a 
time,  twelve  each,  by  twelves. 

duodequadragesimus,  -a,  -um, 
[duo  -I-  de  +  quadragesimus], 
num.  adj,.  the  thirty-eighth. 

duodeseptuaginta,  or  lxviii,  [duo 
-t-  de  +  septuaginta],  indecl.  num. 

•     adj.,  sixty-eight. 

duodeviginti,  -ae,  -a,  orxviii,  [duo 
-i-  de  -1-  vigintij,  adj.,  eighteen. 


duplex,  -icis,  [duo,  cf.  plico,  foW], 
adj.,  twofold,  double. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard,  severe, 
difficult;  rough,  rude,  uncultU 
vated;  pitiless,  unfeeling,  cruel. 

dux,  ducis,  [cf.  duc5],  m.,  leader, 
conductor^  guide ;  commander, 
general. 

Dyrrachium,-!,  n.,  Dyrrachium,  for- 
merly called  Epidamnus,  a  town 
in  lUyria,  nearly  opposite  Brun- 
disium.     See  map,  frontispiece. 


e,  prep.,  see  ex. 

ea,  [abl.  f.  of  is ;  sc.  via],  adv.,  on 
that  side,  there. 

Eburones,  -um,  [Kel.,fromEburos, 
a  proper  name],  m.,  pL,  a  Belgic 
people  north  of  the  Treveri,  of 
whom  they  were  clients.  In  64 
B.C.  they  destroyed  a  detachment 
of  Caesar's  army  under  Sabinus 
and  Cotta,  and  were  in  conse- 
quence almost  entirely  extermi- 
nated by  him.  See  map  opp.  p. 
114. 

ecquid,  inter,  adv.,  at  allf  merely 
emphazing  the  question,  and  often 
not  translated  in  words. 

edictum,  -i,  [edico],  i\.,  proclama- 
tion, edict. 

editus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  edo],  adj., 
elevated,  high,  lofty. 

edo,  edere,  edidi,  editus,  [e  +  do], 
3,  give  out,  give,  put  forth,  ex- 
hibit ;  give  birth  to,  bear  ;  publish^ 
announce  ;  perform,  perpetrate^ 
cause,  inflict. 

eduoo,  -diicere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[e  -f  diico],  3,  lead  forth,  lead 
out;  bring  up,  rear. 

educo,    -are,  -avi,    -atus,    [e,    cf. 


EFFEMINO 


48 


EMIKEO 


duc5],  1,  bring  up,  rear,  train, 
educate. 

effSmino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
femina],  1,  make  womanish, 
weaken,  enervate. 

effero,  eflferre,  extuli,  elatus,  [ex 
4-  fero],  irr.,  carry  out,  take 
away,  spread  abroad,  publish; 
carry  out  for  burial,  bury;  raise, 
lift ;  laud,  praise,  extol ;  elate. 

efficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [ex 
-f  facio],  3,  work  out;  bring  to 
pass;  make,  cause,  effect,  accom- 
plish; make,  render;  build,  con- 
struct. 

ef£L6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  +  flo], 
1,  bloio  out,  breathe  out. 

efflagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
flagito],  1,  demand  earnestly, 
solicit,  insist  on. 

effugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  [ex  -f- 
fugio], 3,^ee  away,  escape ;  avoid, 
shun. 

effundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus, 
[ex  +  fundo],  3,  pour  out,  shed; 
pour  forth,  spread,  spread  abroad  ; 
throng  ;  squander,  lavish,  waste. 

effusus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ef- 
fundo], adj.,  poured  out;  unre- 
strained, lavish. 

Egeria,  -ae,  f.,  Egeria,  one  of  the 
Camenae,  or  Muses,  from  whom, 
according  to  the  legend,  Numa 
received  counsel. 

ggi,  see  ago. 

ego,  mei,  personal  pron.,  /;  pi. 
nos,  nostrum,  nobis,  we. 

egredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [ex  -f- 
gradior,  step'],  3,  dep.,  go  out,  go 
forth,  come  forth,  leave;  from  a 
ship,  land,  disembark. 

Sgregie,  [egregius],  adv.,  remarka- 
bly well,  admirably,  splendidly. 

ggregiuB,  -a,  -um,  [ex  -i-  grex,  herd, 


crowd],   adj.,   eminent,    marked^ 

distinguished,  excellent. 
egresBUB,  see  egredior. 
eicio,  eicere,  eieci,  eiectus,   [e  -f 

iaei5],   3,   cast    out;    drive   out,, 

expel ;  cast  ashore. 
elabor,  elabi,  elapsus  sum,  [e  -f 

labor],  3,  dep.,  slip  away,  glide 

off;  escape. 
elaboro,    -are,   -avi,  -atus,    [e  -f 

Iab5r5],     1,     labor,     endeavor ; 

work  out. 
elate,   comp.   elatius,   sup.  elatis- 

sime,      [elatus],     adv.,     loftily, 

proudly. 
elttuB,  see  efferd. 
elatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  eflfero], 

adj.,  exalted,  lofty,  high;  elated. 
eiectus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,    [part,   of  eligd],  adj., 

chosen,  picked. 
elegantia,  -ae,  [elegans],  f.,  taste, 

propriety,  grace,  elegance. 
elephantus,  -i,  nom.  sing,  usually 

elephas   or    elephans,    [-antia], 

m.,  elephant. 
eligd,  eligere,  elegi,  eiectus,  [e  -j- 

lego],  3,  pick  out;  choose,  select. 
eloqueutia,    -ae,     [eloquens],    f., 

eloquence. 
eluceo,    -liicere,    -luxi,  — ,    [e  -1- 

luceo],  2,  shine  out,  shine  forth; 

be  apparent,  be  conspicuous,  be 

manifest. 
emendo,    -are,   -avi,  -atus,   [e  -f 

mendum,   fault],    1,   free  from 

faults,  correct;  atone  for,  com- 
pensate for. 
emigro,   -are,   avi,   — ,  [ex  -f  mi- 

gr5,  depart],  1,  go  forth  to  re- 
main, remove,  emigrate. 
Smineo,    -minere,    -minui,   — ,   2,. 

stand  out,  project;  he  prominent^ 

be  conspicuous. 


EMINUS 


49 


BQTJITO 


gminuB,  [e  +  manus] ,  adv. , 
reach^  aloof,  at  a  distance ;  from 
afar. 

emittd,  emittere,  emisi,  emissus, 
[e  +  mitto],  3,  send  out,  send 
forth;  drive,  hurl,  shoot,  dis- 
charge; let  loose,  set  free;  let 
escape,  lose;  throw  away,  let  go; 
give  utterance  to. 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptus,  3,  buy, 
purchase  ;  acquire,  obtain. 

euascor,  -nasci,  -natus,  [ex  +  na- 
scor],  3,  dep.,  groio  out;  of 
branches,  shoot  out. 

enim  [nam],  conj.,  postpositive, 
for,  for  in  fact;  and  in  fact. 
neque  enim,  and  {with  good  rea- 
son) for  .  .  .  not,  for  in  fact .  .  . 
not. 

gnitor,  eniti,  enixus  or  enisus  sum 
[e  +  niter],  3,  dep.,  force  a  way 
up,  mount ;  make  an  effort,  strive. 

Ennius,  -i,  m.,  Ennius,  gentile 
name  of  Q.  Ennius,  the  famous 
epic  and  dramatic  poet ;  he  lived 
from  239  to  169  b.c. 

enumero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [e  + 
numero],  1,  reckon  up,  count 
over;  recite,  relate,  detail,  de- 
scribe. 

§nunti6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [e  + 
nuntio],  1,  speak  out,  say,  as- 
sert; disclose,  reveal,  report. 

eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itus,  irr.,  go; 
walk,  ride,  march,  move,  advance. 
infitias  ire,  to  deny,  obviam  ire, 
go  to  meet. 

e5,  [cf.  is],  adv.,  on  that  account; 
to  that  place,  thither;  to  that  de- 
gree, so  far. 

eSdem,  [cf.  idem],  adv.,  in  the 
same  place  ;  to  the  same  place  ;  to 
the  same  purpose  ;  thereto,  besides. 

Epaminoudas,  -ae,  I'EvajjLsivdvdas'], 


m.,  Epaminondas,  the  celebrated 
Theban  general  and  statesman. 
ephebus,  -i,  [c^t^^oj]  ,  m. ,  a  youth, 
strictly  a  Greek  youth  from  six- 
teen   to    twenty    years    of    age, 


Epbesus,  -i,  [  E0e<roj],  f.,  Ephesus, 
a  celebrated  Ionian  city  on  the 
western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  cele- 
brated for  its  magnificent  temple 
of  Artemis  (Diana).  See  map 
opp.  p.  93. 

ephorus,  -i,  \jB(l>opos],  m.,  ephor, 
one  of  a  board  of  five  magistrates 
at  Sparta.  They  were  chosen  by 
lot,  and  the  first  chosen,  or  chief 
ephor,  gave  his  name  to  the  year. 
Besides  certain  judicial  functions, 
they  exercised  a  censorship  over 
all  the  other  magistrates,  includ-^ 
ing  even  the  kings.  They  gradu- 
ally became  the  real  heads  of  the 
state,  and  brought  the  kings  com- 
pletely under  their  authority. 

epigramma,  -atis,  [iTrlypa/j.iJ.a],  n., 
inscription  ;  epigram,  poem. 

Epirus,  -i,  ["HTreipos],  m.,  Epirus, 
a  country  northwest  of  (Jreece 
and  west  of  Thessaly.  See  map 
opp.  p.  75. 

epistula  or  epistola,  -ae,  [iiri- 
(TToXi^'],  t,  letter,  epistle. 

epulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [epulum], 
1,  dep.,  feast,  banquet,  dine. 

eques,  -itis,  m.,  horseman,  rider; 
cavalryman,  trooper;  knight, 
member  of  the  equestrian  order. 

equester,  -tris,  -tre,  [eques],  adj., 
of  a  horseman,  equestrian;  oj 
cavalry,  cavalry- ;  of  the  knights. 

equitatus,  -us,  [equito,  ride],  m., 
cavalry. 

equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [eque«], 
1,  ride. 


EQUUS 


60 


EURYBIADES 


equus,  -i,  m.,  horse,  steed. 

ereptus,  see  eripio. 

Eretria,  -ae,  ['Ep^rpia],  f.,  Eretrio, 
a  city  of  Euboea.  See  map  opp. 
p.  75. 

Eretriensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Eretria, 
Eretrian.  As  subst. ,  Eretriensis, 
-is,  m.,  inhabitant  of  Eretria, 
Eretrian. 

erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards,  to, 
with  respect  to. 

ergo,  adv.,  consequently,  therefore. 
With  preceding  gen.,  in  conse- 
quence of  on  account  of 

erigo,  erigere,  erexi,  erectus,  [e 
+  rego],  3,  raise  up,  erect;  rouse, 
stir  up. 

eripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus,  [ex 
+  rapi5,  seize'],  3,  take  away, 
4  snatch  away;  wrest,  take  away; 
remove;  deprive;  rescue,  save. 
se  eripere,  to  rescue  oneself, 
make  one''s  escape. 

error,  -oris,  [cf.  erro],  m.,  wander- 
ing, stratjing  ;  error,  mistake. 

erubesco,  erubescere,  erubui,  — , 
3,  inch.,  grow  red,  blush;  feel 
ashamed. 

erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [e,  rudis], 
i,  polish  ;  educate,  instruct,  teach. 

erumpo,  erumpere,  erupi,  eruptus, 
[e  +  rump5],  3,  cazcse  to  break 
out;  break  oitt,  burst  forth. 

sruo,  eruere,  erui,  erutus,  [e  + 
ru5],  3,  cast  forth,  throw  out; 
dig  up  ;  destroy  utterly. 

eniptio,  -onis,  [cf.  erumpo],  f., 
bursting  forth  ;  sally. 

Eryx,  Erycis,  ["Epvl],  f.,  Eryx,  a 
high  mountain  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  Sicily;  famous  for  a 
temple  of  Venus  on  it.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

§scendd,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 


sus,  [e  +  scando],  3,  climb  up, 
mount,  ascend,  embark. 

esca,  -ae,  i.,food,  bait. 

Esuvii,  -drum,  [Kel.,  from  Esus, 
the  Gallic  Mars  ;  '  Sons  of  Esus '], 
m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic  people,  between 
the  Carnutes  and  the  Lexovii. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

et,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  also,  too,  even. 

(2)  As  conj.,  and;  and  yet,  but. 
et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 

etiam,  [et-f  iam],  adv.  and  conj., 
and  also,  also,  even.  etiam  turn, 
even  then.  etiamnum,  still,  even 
yet.  non  solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam, 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 

Etriirla,  -ae,  f.,  Etruria,  a  coun- 
try in  Italy,  northwest  of  Rome  ; 
modern  Tuscany.  See  map  opp. 
p.  30. 

EtriiscI,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Etrus- 
cans, Tuscans,  the  inhabitants  oj 
Etruria. 

etsi,  [et  -I-  sij,  conj.,  although,  even 
if,  and  yet. 

Euboea,  -ae,  [Eu/3ota],  1,  Euboea, 
a  large  island  off  the  eastern  shore 
of  Boeotia.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Eumenes,  -is,  [Eu/a^vi/s],  m.,  Eu- 
menes,  referring  to  i 

(1)  Eumenes  of  Cardia,  one  of 
Alexander's  generals. 

(2)  Eumenes  11. ,  king  of  Perga- 
mum  in  Asia  Minor  from  197 
to  158  B.C. 

Euripides,  -is,  m.,  Euripides,  a 
great  tragic  poet  of  Athens,  bom 
480  B.C.,  died  406. 

Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe. 

Eurybiades,  -is,  [Eupu/StdSr/s],  m., 
Eurybiades,  a  Spartan  admiral, 
commander  of  the  Lacedaemonian 
fleet  at  Salamis. 


EVADO 


51 


BXCIPIO 


evado,  evadere,  evasi,  evasus,  [e 

+  vad6],  3,  go  away,  go  forth; 
get  away y escape;  turn  out,  come 
to  &e,  become. 

gvello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus,  [ex 
+  vello,  pluck],  3,  pull  out. 

eventus,  -us,  [cf.  evenio],  m.,  out- 
come, issue,  result;  chance,  fort- 
une ;  fate,  accident. 

eversus,  see  everto. 

evert 6,  evertere,  everti,  eversus, 
[e  +  vertd] ,  3,  overturn,  over- 
throw; destroy,  ruin. 

evoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [e  4- 
voco],  1,  call  out,  call  forth, 
summon,  evoke. 

evolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  fly  out, 
fly  away,  fly  up. 

ex,  often  before  consonants  e,  prep, 
with  abl.,  out  of,  out  from;  of 
place,  from,  out  of,  down  from ; 
of  time,  from,  since,  after;  of 
source  and  material,  from,  of;  of 
partition,  of,  out  of,  from  among; 
of  transition,  from,  out  of;  of 
cause,  from,  by  reason  of,  by,  in 
consequence  of;  of  measure  and 
correspondence,  according  to, 
with,  in,  by,  on.  ex  una  parte, 
on  one  side. 

In  composition  ex  becomes  ef  be- 
fore f,  e  before  b,  d,  g,  i  con- 
sonant, 1,  m,  n,  and  v. 

exactus,  see  exigo. 

exacuo,  -acuere,  -acui,  -acutus, 
[ex  +  acuo],  3,  shaipen,  excite, 
inflame. 

exadversum,  [ex  -I-  adversum], 
adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  oppo- 
site, over  against. 

exagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
agito],  1,  rouse,  keep  in  motion, 
harass,  persecute;  irritate,  excite. 

exanimo,    -are,   -avi,   -atus,    [ex- 


animus,  from  ex  4-  anima, 
breath],  l,put  out  of  breath,  de- 
prive of  life,  kill.  Pass.,  be 
weakened,  be  exhausted,  be  out 
of. breath. 

exardesco,  -ere,  exarsi,  exarsus, 
[ex  +  ardescd] ,  3,  inch. ,  blaze 
out ;  break  out ;  be  provoked,  rage. 

exaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
aro],  \,  plough  out;  raise;  com- 
pose. 

exaspero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex, 
asper],  1,  make  rough;  irritate, 
provoke,  exasperate. 

exaudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [ex  + 
audio],  4,  hear  clearly,  distin- 
guish; discern,  hear. 

excedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
[ex  +  cedo],  3,  go  out,  go  forth, 
depart,  withdraw  ;  go  beyond,  sur- 
pass. 

excellens,  -entis,  comp.  excellen- 
tior,  sup.  excellentissimus,  [part, 
of  excello],  a,dj.,  towering,  promi- 
nent ;  distinguished,  surpassing, 
excellent. 

excello,  -cellere,  — ,  -celsus,  3,  be 
eminent,  surpass,  excel. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  lofty,  ele- 
vated, high  ;  distinguished,  noble. 
As  subst.,  excelsum,  -i,  n.,  an 
elevated  station,  height. 

exceptus,  see  excipio. 

excerpo,  -ere,  excerpsi,  excerptus, 
[ex  +  carpo],  3,  pluck  out,  exr 
tract;  choose,  select. 

excidium,  -i,  n.,  overthrow;  ruin, 
destruction. 

excieo  and  excio,  -cire,  -civi, 
-citus  or  -citus,  [ex  +  cio],  4, 
cnll  out,  summon;  rouse,  excite. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  [ex 
-I-  capioj,  3,  take  out,  withdraw; 
take  up;  take  in;  cut  off,  catch; 


EXCITO 


52 


EXITIUM 


receive ;  withstand;  capture^  take ; 
encounter;  take  the  place  of,  suc- 
ceed, follow. 

ezcito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
excio],  1,  call  forth,  bring  forth ; 
rouse,  excite. 

ezclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
clamo],  1,  call  out,  cry  aloud^  ex- 
claim. 

ezcludo,  -ere,  exclusi,  exclusus, 
[ex  +  claudo],  8,  shut  out,  ex- 
clude ;  hinder,  prevent. 

excogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
c5gito],  1,  think  out,  contrive, 
invent. 

excolo,  -colere,  -colui,  -cultus,  [ex 
+  colo],  3,  cultivate,  inprove  ;  en- 
noble, refine. 

ezcubiae,  -arum,  [ex  +  cubo],  f., 
pi.,  lying  out  on  guard,  watching; 
watch,  watchman. 

ezcuraid,  -onis,  [ex,  cf.  curro],  1, 
a  running  out;  sally,  sortie,  ex- 
pedition. 

excuBO,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex, 
causa],  1,  excuse,  make  excuse 
for. 

exemplum,  -i,  n.,  specimen,  copy, 
example,  precedent.  boni  ex- 
empli servi,  slaves  of  high  char- 
acter. 

exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [ex  -j-  eo],  irr., 
go  out,  go  away,  go  forth,  retire  ; 
march  out;  withdraw,  leave;  pass 
away,  perish;  turn  out,  result, 
become  public. 

exerceo,  -ercere,  -ercui,  -ercitus, 
[ex  +  arceo],  2,  drive,  keep  busy ; 
exercise,  employ,  drill,  train; 
follow  out,  carry  into  effect,  ad- 
minister. 

exercitatio,  -onis,  [exercito],  f., 
practice,  exercise,  training,  dis- 
cipline. 


exercitatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  exer> 
citatior,  sup.  exercitatissimus, 
[exercito,  freq.  of  exerced],  adj., 
icell  exercised,  trained,  disciplined. 

exercitus,  -us,  [exerced],  m.,  dis^ 
ciplined  body  of  men,  army. 

exhaurio,  -ire,  exhausi,  exhaustus, 
[ex  +  haurio],  4,  draw  out,  empty, 
exhaust ;  impoverish  ;  bring  to  an 
end. 

exheredo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  dis- 
inherit. 

exhibed,  -ere,  exhibui,  exhibitus, 
[ex  +  habeo] ,  2,  hold  forth,  pre- 
sent ;  show,  display,  exhibit. 

exhorresco,  -ere,  exhorrui,  — ,  [ex 
-f-  horresco],  3,  inch.,  tremble, 
shudder,  be  afraid,  shrink  from. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [ex  -f- 
ago],  3,  drive  out,  expel ;  finish  ; 
pass,  spend;  consider. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  scanty, 
small,  short,  brief;  poor. 

exiguitas,  -atis,  [exiguus],  f., 
smallness  ;  scantness  ;  small  num- 
ber, fewness  ;  shortness. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  eximo],  adj., 
taken  out;  select,  choice;  dis- 
tinguished, excellent,  remarkable. 

eximo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus,  [ex 
-f  emo],  3,  take  out,  remove  ;  free, 
release,  deliver. 

existimatio,  -onis,  [existimo],  f., 
opinion,  judgment ;  reputation, 
good  name. 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
aestimo],  1,  value,  estimate;  es- 
teem, appreciate;  suppose,  think. 

exitus,  -us,  [exeo],  m.,  going  out, 
departure;  outlet, passage ;  close, 
conclusion,  result;  end  of  life, 
death. 

exitium,  -i,  [exeo],  n.,  destruction, 
ruin,  mischief,  death. 


EXORIOR 


53 


EXSTINGUO 


exorior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  [ex  + 
orior],  4,  dep.,  come  forth,  rise, 
appear;  begin. 

ezoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  +  oro], 
1,  prevail  upon,  persuade  by  en- 
treaty, induce. 

expedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [ex,  pes], 
4,  disengage,  let  loose,  set  free ; 
prepare,  procure;  be  serviceable, 
be  advantageous,  be  expedient. 

expeditus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  expedio], 
adj.,  unincumbered,  unfettered, 
light-armed;  ready,  easy,  unem- 
barrassed, iegidnes  expeditae, 
legions  without  baggage.  As 
subst.,  expeditus,  -i,  m.,  light- 
armed  soldier. 

expello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[ex  +  pell5],  3,  drive  out,  drive 
away,  remove,  expel. 

experior,  -periri,  -pertus  sum,  4, 
dep.,  try,  prove,  test;  experience, 
know  by  experience;  find;  try, 
attempt,  make  trial  of. 

explico,  -plicare,  -plicavi  or  -pli- 
cui,  -plicatus  or  -plicitus,  [ex  + 
plico],  1,  unfold;  spread  out, 
extend,  deploy ;  disclose,  display; 
set  forth,  explain. 

explorator,  -oris,  [expl6r5],  m., 
spy,  scout. 

exploratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  explore], 
adj.,  established,  certain,  settled, 
sure. 

exploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  search 
out,  investigate,  explore ;  spy  out, 
reconnoitre;  try,  test. 

expono,  -ere,  exposui,  expositus, 
[ex  -I-  pono].  3,  set  forth,  exhibit; 
land,  disembark;  abandon,  ex- 
pose; set  forth,  relate,  explain. 

expoBCO,    -poscere,    -poposci,    — , 


[ex  -f-  posco],  3,  ask  urgently, 
request,  demand. 

expulsus,  see  expello. 

exprimo,  -ere,  expressi,  expres- 
sus,  [ex  -f  premo],  3,  press  out^ 
force  out  ;  wrest,  elicit,  ex- 
tort ;  utter,  express,  portray, 
model,  form. 

exprobro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
probrum],  1,  reproach  with,  blame 
for,  charge,  upbraid. 

expugnatio,  -onis,  [expagno],  f., 
taking  by  storm,  storming;  win- 
ning over  by  entreaties. 

expugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
pugno],  1,  take  by  storm,  capture  ; 
overcome. 

exquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tus,  [ex  +  quaer5,  seek'],  3,  seek 
out,  search  out;  ask  for,  inquire 
into. 

exquisitus,  see  exquiro. 

exsculpo,  -sculpere,  -sculpsi,  ex- 
sculptus,  [ex  -I-  sculp5J,  3,  dig 
out,  cut  out;  erase. 

exsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [ex  -f 
sequor],  3,  dep.,  folloio  up,  main- 
tain, enforce. 

exsilium,  -i,  [exsul],  n.,  exile,  ban- 
ishment. 

exsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  [ex  + 
sisto],  3,  step  out,  come  forth; 
arise,  become,  come  to  be;  exist, 
be. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
specto],  1,  look  out  for,  wait  to 
see,  wait  for,  await ;  look  to  see, 
expect. 

exsplendesco,  -splendescere, 
-splendui,  — ,  [ex  +  splendesco], 
3,  inch.,  shine  forth,  be  distinr- 
guished. 

exstinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi,  ex- 
stinctus,  [ex  -|-  stingu5,  quench]. 


EXSTITl 


54 


FACIO 


3,  put  out,  extinguish;  abolish, 
annul,  blot  out;  kill,  destroy. 

exstiti,  see  exsisto. 

exsto,  -stare,  — ,  — ,  [ex  +  st5], 
1,  stand  out,  stand  forth ;  exist, 
be. 

exstruo,  -ere,  -exstruxi,  exstrdc- 
tus,  [ex  -f-  struo],  3,  pile  up, 
heap  up,  build. 

exsul,  exsulis,  [ex,  cf.  salio],  m., 
exile,  wanderer. 

eztemus,  -a,  -um,  [exter],  adj., 
outward,  external;  of  another 
country,  foreign. 

exter  or  exterus,  -a,  -um,  ooinp. 
exterior,  sup.  extremus,  [exj, 
adj.,  outward,  outer,  foreign. 
Comp.  exterior,  -us,  outer,  ex- 
terior. Sup.  extremus,  last,  last 
part  of,  at  the  end;  extreme,  utter- 
most. As  subst.,  extremi,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  rear. 

ezter  or  exterus,  -tera,  -terum, 
[ex],  used  only  in  the  pi.,  adj., 
on  the  outside,  foreign. 

eztdmesco,  -timescere,  -timui,  — , 
[ex  -|-  timesco],  3,  inch.,  be  greatly 
terrified ;  fear  greatly,  await  with 
fear,  dread. 

extra,  [exter],  adv.  and  prep.: 

(1)  As  adv.,  on  the  outside,  with- 
out. 

(2)  As   prep,   with  ace,    outside 
of,  beyond,  except. 

extraho,  -ere,  extraxi,  extractus, 

[ex  -f  trah5],  3,  draw  out,  pull 

out ;  protract,  prolong. 
extreme,  [extremus],  adv.,  at  last, 

finally. 
extremus,  -a,  -um,  see  exter. 
exuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -iitus,  3,  a.,  draw 

out,  pull  off ;  strip,  despoil. 
exuro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustus,  [ex  -|- 

uro,  burn'],  3,  burn  up. 


Fabius,  -T,  m.,  the  name  of  a  dis- 
tinguished Roman  gens,  in  this 
book  refers  to : 

(1)  Q.  Fabius  Bullidnus. 

(2)  Q.  Fabius  Mdximus. 

(3)  Quintus  Fabius  Mdximus, 
called  Allobrogicus  in  honor  of 
his  victory  over  the  Allobroges, 
Arverni,  and  Ruteni  in  the  year 
of  his  consulship,  121  b.c.  ;  he 
celebrated  a  splendid  triumph, 
and  erected  a  triumphal  arch  in 
Rome  across  the  Via  Sacra  near 
the  temple  of  Vesta. 

Fabricius,  -i,  m.,  Fabricius,  gentile 
name  of  C.  Fabricius  Luscinus. 

fabrics,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf. 
faber],  1,  make,  build,  construct. 

fibula,  -ae,  [cf.  for,  sjjeak],  f., 
narration,  story  ;  play  ;  fable. 

facets,  [facetus],  adv.,  wittily. 

facetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  witty,  hu- 
morous. 

facile,  comp.  facilius,  sup.  facillime, 
[facilis],  adv.,  easily,  readily, 
with  no  trouble. 

facilis,  -e,  comp.  facilior,  sup.  fa- 
cillimus,  [cf.  facio],  adj.,  easy, 
convenient,  not  difficult,  not  hard. 

facinus,  -oris,  [cf.  facio], n.,  action, 
deed;  misdeed,  crime.  facinus 
admittere  or  in  se  admittere,  to 
become  guilty  of  (a)  crime. 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factus, 3,  make; 
do,  perform,  accomplish,  form; 
bring  about,  cause  ;  incur,  suffer ; 
act,  conduct  one''s  self;  choose,  ap- 
point ;  grant,  furnish,  give.  For 
pass.,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  see 
fio.  verba  facere,  to  speak. 
certiorem  facere,  to  inform. 
iter  facere,  to  march.       vim  fa- 


FACTIO 


55 


FAUSTULUS 


cere,  to  use  violence.  imperata 
facere,  to  obey  commands.  fru- 
menti  c5piam  facere,  to  furnish 
a  supply  of  grain.  stipendia  fa- 
cere, see  stipendium. 

factio,  -onis,  [facio],  f.,  party, 
side,  political  party. 

factu,  pass,  supine  of  facid. 

factum,  -i,  [facio],  n.,  lit.  what  is 
done ;  deed,  action,  achievement. 

factus,  see  facid  and  fio. 

facultas,  -atis,  [facilis],  f.,  ability, 
capability;  opportunity,  chance; 
abundance,  supply,  store;  pi., 
resources. 

facundia,  -ae,  [facundus],  1,  elo- 
quefice,  fluency. 

Falerii,  -drum,  m.,  Falerii,  the 
capital  city  of  the  Falisci,  situated 
in  southern  Etruria.  See  map, 
frontispiece. 

FalernuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Falernian, 
of  the  Ager  Falernus,  a  district 
in  Campania  famous  for  its  wine. 

Faliscus,  -a,  -um,  [Falerii],  adj., 
of  or  belonging  to  Falerii.  As 
subst.,  Faliscus,  -i,  m.,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Falerii,  a  Faliscan. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelli,  falsus,  3,  ti'ip, 
cause  to  fall ;  deceive,  cheat ;  fail, 
disappoint. 

falsus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  fallo],  adj., 
feigned,  false,  pretended. 

fama,  -ae,  [cf.  for,  speak],  f.,  re- 
port, rumor,  tradition;  public 
opinion,  fame,  reputation. 

fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger;  famine, 
want. 

familia,  -ae,  [famulus,  servant], 
f.,  body  of  slaves  in  one  house- 
hold, family  servants;  estate; 
household,  family ;  including  the 
whole  body  of  serfs  and  retainers 
under  the  authority  of  a  noble- 


man, retinue.  matres  familiae, 
matrons. 

familiaris,  -e,  [familia],  adj.,  of  a 
house  or  household;  familiar,  in- 
timate, res  familiaris,  2^^'ivate 
property,  estate.  As  subst.,  fa- 
miliaris, -is,  m. ,  friend,  intimate 
acquaintance. 

familiaritSs,  -tatis,  [familiaris], 
f.,  familiarity,  intimacy,  friend- 
ship. 

famosus,  ,-a,  -um,  [fama],  adj., 
much  talked  of,  famed,  renowned  ; 
slanderous,  scandalous. 

famula,  -ae,  f.,  [famulus,  servant], 
f.,  maid-servant,  handmaid. 

fanum,  -i,  [cf.  for,  speak],  n., 
shrine,  sanctuary,  temple. 

fas,  only  nom.  and  ace.  sing,  in  use, 
[cf.  fari,  to  speak],  indecl.,  n., 
right,  allowable,  lawful,  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  God  and  nature. 

fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle,  fagot;  pi., 
the  fasces,  a  bundle  of  rods  tied 
about  an  axe,  carried  before  the 
highest  Roman  magistrates  as  a 
symbol  of  authority. 

fasti,  -orum,  [fastus,  sc.  dies],  m., 
register  of  court  days,  calendar, 
annals. 

fastigStus,  -a,-um,  [cf.  fastigium], 
adj.,  sloping,  sloping  down. 

fat  alls,  -e,  [fatum],  adj.,  of  fate, 
fated;  fatal;  deadly,  destructive. 

fatum,  -i,  [cf.  fari,  to  speak],  n., 
what  is  declared,  ordained  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  laws  of  God 
and  nature  ;  fate,  destiny. 

fauces,  -ium,  f.,  pi.,  throat;  narrow 
way,  pass. 

Faustulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  faustus], 
m.,  Faustulus,  name  of  the  shep- 
herd who  found  and  reared  Rom- 
ulus and  Remus. 


FAVEO 


5Q 


FIO 


faveo,  favere,  favi,  fut.  part,  fau- 
turus,  2,  be  favorable,  favor,  be 
propitious. 

favor,  -oris,  [fave5J,  ni.,  favor, 
good-will. 

felicitas,  -atis,  [felix,  happy~\,  f., 
happiness,  good  fortune ;  success. 

feliciter,  comp.  felicius,  sup.  felicis- 
sime,  [felix],  adv.,  with  good 
fortune,  luckily,  happily;  suc- 
cessfully. 

femina,  -ae,  t,  female,  woman. 

fera,  -ae,  f.,  [ferus],  wild  beast, 
wild  animal. 

ieiax,  -acis,  comj).  feracior,  sup. 
feracissimus,  [fer5],  B.dj.,  fertile, 
productive. 

fere,  adv.,  almost,  nearly;  with 
words  denoting  time,  about;  for 
the  most  part,  as  a  rule,  usually, 
generally. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  irr.,  bear, 
carry,  bring  ;  lead,  drive  ;  prompt, 
impel,  urge;  bring  forth,  produce ; 
endure,  support,  suffer,  hold  out 
against;  bear  aioay,  obtain,  7'e- 
ceive  ;  assert,  report,  say,  permit ; 
move,  propose  ;  demand,  require  ; 
pass.,  be  home,  rush.  signa 
ferre,  to  advance.  legem  ferre, 
to  pass  a  law. 

ferocia,  -ae,  [ferox],  f.,  wildness, 
fierceness,  bravery,  courage. 

ferox,  -ocis,  comp.  ferocior,  sup. 
ferocissimus,  [cf.  ferus],  adj., 
wild,  bold;  confident,  high-spir- 
ited; courageous,  warlike. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  [ferrum],  adj., 
made  of  iron,  iron ;  hard,  cruel ; 
firm,  enduring. 

ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron;  figuratively, 
iron  point,  sword. 

fertilitaB,  -atis,  [fertilis],  i.,  fertil- 
ity, productiveness. 


ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild,  untamed', 
uncultivated;  waste,  desolate; 
rude,  savage,  barbarous. 

festino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  hasten, 
make  haste;  do  speedily. 

festum,  -1,  n.,  holiday,  festival. 

fictilis,  -e,  [fingo],  adj.,  of  clay, 
earthen. 

fidelis,  -e,  comp.  fidelior,  sup.  Me- 
lissimus,  [fides],  adj.,  faithful, 
trustivorthy. 

fideliter,  [fidelis],  adv.,  faithfully. 

fides,  -ei,  f.,  trust,  credence,  belief; 
good  faith,  fidelity,  loyalty  ;  pledge 
of  good  faith,  promise;  in  busi- 
ness, credit;  confidence,  trust; 
protection,  alliance. 

fidens,  -entis,  [part  of  fido],  adj., 
confident,  courageous,  bold. 

fidticia,  -ae,  [fidus],  f.,  trust,  con- 
fidence, reliance;  self-confidence, 
courage,  boldness. 

filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter. 

fllius,  -i,  m,,  son. 

fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fictus,  3, 
form,  shape;  conceive,  imagine, 
think  of;  invent,  devise;  of  the 
features,  change,  control. 

finio,  finire,  finivT,  finitus,  [finis], 
4,  limit,  bound,  define  ;  end ;  finish. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  limit,  border,  boun- 
dary, end,  degree,  extent ;  purpose^ 
object.  PI.,  borders,  hence  terri- 
tory, country,  land. 

finitimus,  ~a,  -um,  [finis],  adj., 
bordering  on,  neighboring,  adjoin- 
ing. As  subst.,  finitimi,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  neighbors,  neighboring 
peoples. 

fio,  fieri,  factus,  irr.,  used  as  pass, 
of  facio,  be  made,  be  done;  be- 
come, take  place,  happen;  come 
about,  come  to  pass,  certior  fieri, 
to  be  itiformed. 


FIRME 


57 


FORTUNA 


firm€,  comp.  firmius,  sup.  firmia- 
sime,  [firmus],  adv.,  firmly^ 
strongly. 

firmitas,  -atis,  [firmus],  f.,  firm- 
ness^ durability^  strength^  vigor; 
endurance^  constancy. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  strong^  firm;  stead- 
fast, powerful. 

FlaccuB,  -i,  m.,  see  Valerius. 

flagitioBUS,  -a,  -um,  [flaofitium], 
adj.,  shameful,  disgrac-fal. 

flSgitium,  -i,  n.,  disgraceful  deed, 
outrage  ;  shame,  disgrace. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  demand 
urgently,  require,  solicit. 

flagro,  -are,  -avi,  flagraturus,  1, 
blaze,  burn;  be  inflamed,  be  ex- 
cited, be  stirred  ;  be  afflicted,  suffer. 

FlamimnuB,  -i,  m.,  Flamimnus, 
family  name  of: 

(1)  T.  Qulnctius,  who  vsras  sent 
against  the  Gauls  in  360  b.c. 

(2)  C.  Qulnctius  Flamimnus, 
consul  in  192  b.c. 

(3)  2\  Qulnctius  Flamimnus,  the 
conqueror  of  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon,  in  197  b.c. 

Fl^miniuB,  -i,  m.,  Fldminius,  gen- 
tile name  of  C.  Fldminius,  de- 
feated and  slain  by  Hannibal  at 
Lake  Trasimenus  in  217  b.c. 

flamma,  -ae,  f .,  blazing  fire,  blaze, 
flame. 

fleets,  flectere,  flexi,  flexus,  3, 
bend,  turn  ;  persuade,  influence. 

fleo,  flere,  flevi  fletus,  2,  we^ ; 
weep  for,  bewail. 

fletuB,  -lis,  [fleo],  m.,  weeping, 
wailing. 

florSns,  -ntis,  comp.  florentior,  sup. 
florentissimus,  [part,  of  floreo, 
bloom'],  adj.,  blooming,  flourish- 
ing, prosperous  ;  influential. 


floreo,  florere,  florui, — ,  [flos, 
flower] ,  2,  bloom,  blossom ;  flour- 
ish, be  prosperous,  be  successful; 
be  eminent,  be  distinguished. 

fluctus,  -us.  [cf.  fluo],  m.,  flood, 
tide,  wave,  billow;  commotion. 

flumen,  -inis,  [cf.  flu5],  n.,  flowing 
stream,  river. 

fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  3,  flow. 

fluvius,  -i,  [cf.  fluo]  m.,  river, 
stream. 

foede,  [foedua],  adv., /o2tZZy,  basely. 

foederatuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  foedus], 
adj.,  leagued,  allied. 

ioedua,  -eris,  [cf.  fido],  n.,  league, 
treaty;  agreement. 

fore  =  futurum  esse  ;  see  sum. 

forem  =  essem  ;  see  sum. 

foriB,  -is,  f.,  door,  gate;  ^l.,  folding- 
door,  entrance. 

forma,  -ae,  i.,  form,  shape,  flgure, 
appearance,  looks;  beauty. 

formositaB,  -atis,  [formosusj,  f., 
beauty. 

formoBus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  formosior, 
sup.  formosissimus,  [forma],  adj., 
finely  formed,    beautiful,    hand- 


forB,   fortis,    [cf.   fero,    bring],  1, 

chance,  luck,  accident. 
fortaBBe,  adv.,  perhaps,  possibly. 
forte  [abl.  of  fors],  adv.,  by  chance, 

by  accident ;  perchance,  perhaps. 
fortlB,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 

adj.,  strong;  brave,  courageous, 

valiant. 
fortiter,  comp.  fortius,  sup.  fortia- 

sime,     [fortis],     adv.,     bravely, 

boldly,  courageously. 
fortitado,      -inis,      [fortis],      f., 

strength,  courage,  bravery. 
fortuitS,    [abl.   of  fortuitus,  from 

forte],  adv.,  by  chance. 
fortuna,    -ae,    [forsj,   f.,    chance, 


FORUM 


58 


FULVIUS 


luck,  fortune  ;  position,  lot,  rank, 
circumstances;  good  fortune ;  ill 
fortune;  personified,  Fortune. 

forum,  -i,  [forisj,  n.,  open  place, 
market-place;  esp.  Forum  R6- 
manum,  the  Boman  Forum,  the 
Forum,  an  open  space  between 
the  Palatine  and  Capitoline  hills, 
surrounded  by  public  buildings 
and  shops,  where  the  political  and 
commercial  life  of  the  Roman 
world  centred.  See  map  opp. 
p.  53. 

fossa,  -ae,  [cf.  fodio],  f.,  ditch, 
trench,  intrenchment,  fosse. 

foveo,  fovere,  fovl,  fotus,  2,  warm, 
keep  warm  ;  cherish,  favor. 

frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractus,  3, 
break  in  pieces,  break;  break 
down,  dishearten,  subdue,  over- 
come. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother;  name  of 
honor  applied  to  allies,  brethren. 

fratemus,  -a,  -um,  [frater],  adj., 
of  a  brother,  brotherly. 

fremitus,  -us,  [cf .  fremo,  roar'\,  ra., 
uproar,  noise,  din. 

Fregellae,  -arum,  f.,  Fregellae,  a 
city  of  the  Volscians  in  Latium, 
on  the  river  Liris.  See  map  opp. 
p.  30. 

frequens,  -entis,  comp.  frequen- 
tior,  sup.  frequentissimus,  adj., 
often,  regular,  repeated,  constant ; 
in  great  numbers,  crowded,  filled, 
populous. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  leaning,  sup- 
ported; trusting,  relying,  confiding. 

frigus,  frigoris,  n.,  cold,  cold 
weather.  PI.,  seasons  of  cold, 
cold  spells. 

frons,  frontis,  t.,  forehead;  front. 
a  media  fronte,  in  the  middle  of 
the  forehead. 


frtiotuosus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus, 
[fructus],  adj., /rmY/wZ,  fertile. 

fruges,  -um,  f.,  pi.,  produce,  prod- 
ucts of  the  soil,  fruits. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  [frumen- 
tum],  adj.,  having  to  do  with 
grain  or  supplies;  productive  of 
grain,  res  frumentaria,  supply 
of  grain,  supplies. 

frumentum,  -i,  [fruor],  n.,  grain; 
standing  grain.  PI.  often  crops 
of  grain,  grain-crops. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  fut.  part, 
fruiturus,  3,  dep.,  enjoy,  delight 
in. 

frustra,  [fraus],  adv.,  in  error; 
without  effect,  in  vain. 

frustror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [friistra], 
1,  dep.,  deceive,  trick,  disappoint. 

Fufetius,  -i,  m.,  Fufetius,  gentile 
name  of  Mettius  Fufetius,  leader 
of  the  Albans  against  Tullus 
Hostilius. 

fuga,  -ae,  f . ,  flight,  in  fugam  dare, 
to  put  to  flight,  rout. 

fuglens,  -entis,  [part,  of  fugio], 
adj.,  flying,  fleeing.  As  subst., 
m.,  a  fugitive. 

fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  — ,  3,  flee, 
run  away,  make  off;  avoid,  shun  ; 
escape. 

fugitivus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  fugioj,  adj., 
fleeing.  As  subst.,  fugitivus,  -i, 
m.,  runaway. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [fuga],  1, 
put  to  flight,  rout. 

fulmen,  -inis,  [cf.  fulgeo],  n.,  light- 
ning flash,  thunderbolt;  crushing 
blow. 

Fulvius,  -i,  m.,  Fulvius,  gentile 
name  of  A.  Fulvius,  put  to  death 
by  the  order  of  liis  own  father, 
because  he  joined  Catiline's  con- 
spiracy. 


FUMUS 


59 


GENAVA 


fumus,  -I,  m.,  smoke. 
funale,  -is,  [fanis],  n.,  torch. 
fundamentum,    -i,     [fundo],    n., 

foundation^  basis. 
funditor,   -oris,    [ct   funda],    m., 

slinger. 
fundo,  fundere,  fiidi,  fusus,  S,pour, 

pour  out ;  scatter^  rout. 
funestus,  -a,  -um,   [funus],  adj., 

deadly^  destructive^  fatal. 
fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  3,  dep. , 

he  engaged  in.,  perform.,  observe; 

do.,  execute.,  administer. 
funus,  -eris,  n..,  funeral  procession., 

funeral. 
furcula,  -ae,  [furca],  1,  a  little  fork 

or  forked  prop.     In  pi, ,  Furculae 

Caudinae,    the    Caudine    Forks, 

narrow  passes  in  the  mountains 

near  Caudium,  a  town  in  Sam- 

nium.     See  map  opp.  p.  30. 
Purius,  -i,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 

gens,  refers  in  this  book  to  : 

(1)  M.  Fiirius  Camillus,  the  de- 
liverer of  Rome  from  the  Gauls. 

(2)  P.  Fiirius  Philus,  who,  after 
the  battle  of  Cannae,  formed  a 
conspiracy  among  the  young 
nobles  to  leave  Italy. 

(3)  L.  Furius.,  consul  in  196  b.c. 
furor,  -oris,  [furo,  rage].,  m.,  rage, 

m,ad?iess,  fury. 
futurus,   -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sum], 
adj.,   going  to  be,  yet  to  be,  to 
come,  future.    As  part,  see  sum. 


Gabinius,  -i,  m.,  Aulus  Gabinius, 
consul  with  Lucius  Calpurnius 
Piso,  58  B.C. 

Gades,  -ium,  f.,  pi.,  Gddes,  a  town 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Spain, 
the  modern  Cadiz.  See  map, 
frontispiece. 


Gains,   -i,   abbreviation  C,  m.,   a 

Roman  forename. 
Galba,  -ae,  m.  : 

(1)  Servius  Sulpicius  Galba,  prae- 
torian governor  of  Lusitania  in 

151  B.C. 

(2)  P.  Sulpicius  Galba,  consul  in 
200  B.C. 

(3)  Galba,   a  chief  of  the  Sues- 
siones. 

galea,  -ae,  f.,  helmet,  usually  of 
leather. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Ga^d,  comprising  the 
regions  now  occupied  by  France, 
Belgium,  Holland,  and  the  west- 
ern parts  of  Germany  and  Switz- 
erland.   See  Intro,  p.  25. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gallus],  adj.,  of 
Gaul,  Gallic. 

gallina,  -ae,  f  ,  hen. 

Gallus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Gallic.  As 
subst.,  m.,  a  Gaul;  pi.,  Galli, 
-orum,  Gauls. 

Garuznna,  -ae,  f .,  Garonne,  the  great 
river  of  southwestern  France, 
which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees  Moun- 
tains and  flows  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
after  a  course  of  about  350  miles. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum,  2, 
semi-dep.,  be  glad,  rejoice. 

gaudimn,  -i,  [gaudeo],  n.,  joy, 
gladness. 

gavisus,  see  gaudeo. 

Geminus,  see  Servilius. 

geminus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  born  to- 
gether, twin  ;  twofold.  As 
subst.,  gemini,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
twins. 

Genava,  -ae,  [Kel.  genava, 
'mouth'],  f.,  a  city  of  the 
AUobroges,  on  the  lacus  Le- 
mannus;   now   Geneva.      See  x 


GENER 


60 


GRATIA 


to  p.  118,  1.  4,  and  map  opp.  p.  ' 
114.  I 

gener,  generi,  m.,  son-in-law.  j 

generStim,  [genus],  adv.,  by  kind;  I 
by  peoples,  by  tribes,  nation  by  [ 
nation.  \ 

generosus,  -a,  -um,  [genus],  adj., 
of  noble  birth,  well-born;  mag- 
nanimous, generous. 

genitus,  see  gigno. 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  clan,  gens^  com- 
posed of  families  having  a  com- 
mon ancestor,  a  common  name, 
and  certain  religious  rights  in 
common  ;  tribe,  people,  nation. 

genu!,  see  gigno, 

genus,  -eris,  n.,  race,  birth,  descent ; 
kind,  class,  rank,  order;  method, 
nature ;  sort,  description,  style. 

Germani,  -drum,  m.,  pL,  Germans, 
natives  of  Germany. 

Germania,  -ae,  f.,  Germany.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestus,  3,  bear, 
carry;  manage,  transact,  do, 
carry  on;  wear;  carry  out,  per- 
form, accomplish;  of  an  office, 
fill ;  of  war,  wage.  se  gerere,  to 
conduct  one^s  self,  act,  behave. 
morem  gerere  alicui,  to  gratify 
any  one,  follow  one^s  suggestion. 
res  gestae,  exploits,  deeds,  work. 

gesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atas,  [freq.  of 
gero],  1,  bear,  carry,  wield ;  wear. 

gestus,  -us,  [gero],  m.,  bearing, 
carriage;  gesture,  movement. 

gigno,  gignere,  genui,  genitus,  3, 
produce,  give  birth  to,  beget;  pass., 
be  born,  spring. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword. 

gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory,  fame,  renown; 
vainglory,  pride,  boasting. 

gl6rlor,-ari,  -atus  sum.  [gloria],  1, 
dep.,  boast,  brag,  pride  one^s  self. 


gloriosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  glorio- 
sior,  sup.  gloriosissimus,  [gloria], 
adj.,  glorious,  famous,  renowned; 
to  be  proud  of,  conferring  honor.^ 
honorable;  boastful,  conceited. 

Gnaeus,  -i,  abbreviated  Cn.,  m., 
Gnaeus,  a  Roman  forename. 

Gongylus,  -i,  [ro77iJXos],  m.,  Gon- 
gylns,  name  of  an  Eretrian. 

Gortynius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Gor- 
tyn,  a  city  in  Crete,  Gortynian. 
As  subst.  Gortynius,  -i,  m.,  Gor- 
tynian, inhabitant  of  Gortyn.  See 
map  opp.  p.  93. 

Gracchus,  see  Sempronius. 

gradus,  -iis,  m.,  step,  pace;  gait; 
station,  position,  ground;  stage, 
period,  degree;  pi.,  steps,  stairs. 

GraecS,  [Graecus],  adv.,  in  the 
Greek  language,  in  Greek. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece. 

Graeculus,  -i,  [dim.  of  Graecus,], 
m.,  a  poor  Greek. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Grecian, 
Greek.  As  subst. ,.  Graecus,  -i, 
m.,  a  Greek. 

Graioceli  (or  Grai  Oceli),  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic  tribe  in  the  Graian 
Alps,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mt. 
Cenis.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Grains,  -a,  -um,  adj. ,  of  the  Greeks, 
Grecian.  As  subst..  Grains,  -i, 
m.,  a  Greek. 

grandis,  -e,  &d].,  full-grown,  large, 
great. 

granum,  -i,  n.,  grain,  seed. 

graphium,  -i,  n.,  stylus  for  writing, 
pen,  pencil. 

gratia,  -ae,  [gratus],  f.,  favor,  es- 
teem, regard,  friendship;  recom- 
pense, requital;  kindness,  courtesy, 
influence.  PI.,  gratiae,  -arum, 
thanks.  gratia,  with  preced- 
ing gen. ,  for  the  sake  of.      gra- 


GRATIIS 


61 


HASDBUBAL 


tiam  habere,  to  feel  gratitude. 
gratiaa  agere,  to  express  grati- 
tude, to  thank.  gratiam  re- 
ferre,  to  show  gratitude,  to 
requite. 

gratiis,  [abl.  pi.  of  gratia],  adv., 
out  of  favor,  without  pay,  for 
nothing. 

gratulatio,  -onis,  [gratulor],  f., 
rejoicing,  congratulation.  fit 
gratulatio,  congratulations  are 
offered. 

gratulor,  -ari,  -atus,  [gratus],  1, 
dep.,  offer  congratulations,  con- 
gratulate. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  gratior,  sup. 
gratissimus,  adj.,  pleasing,  dear, 
acceptable ;  thankful,  grateful ; 
strong,  influential.  Neu.t.  as 
subst.,  gratum  facere,  to  do  a 
favor. 

gravis,  -e,  comp.  gravior,  sup. 
gravissimus,  adj.,  heavy,  ponder- 
ous; severe,  difficult;  painful, 
disagreeable,  unpleasant;  strong, 
great;  of  weight,  of  authority. 
proelium  grave,  a  decisive  battle. 

gra vitas,  -atis,  [gravis],  f.,  weight, 
heaviness;  importance,  dignity, 
influence  ;  seriousness,  deliberate- 
ness. 

graviter,  comp.  gravius,  sup.  gra- 
vissime,  [gravis],  adv.,  heavily ; 
severely,  warmly,  bitterly;  with 
dignity;  seriously,  with  great 
displeasure. 

gravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [gravis],  1, 
load,  weigh  down.  Pass,  as  dep., 
feel  displeasure,  hesitate,  be  un- 
willing. 

gruB,  gruis,  m.  and  f.,  crane. 

gubemator,  -oris,  [guberno],  m., 
steersman,  helmsman;  director, 
ruler. 


habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitus,  2, 
have,  hold,  possess,  keep;  treat, 
use;  regard,  think,  consider,  ac- 
count, repute,  reckon,  render. 
censum  habere,  to  take  a  census, 
make  an  enumeration.  dratio- 
nem  habere,  to  deliver  an  address, 
make  a  speech,  senatum  habere, 
to  hold  a  meeting  of  the  senate. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
habeo],  1,  dwell,  abide,  reside; 
inhabit ;  be  housed. 

habitus,  -us,  m.,  condition,  state, 
habit;  dress,  attire. 

Hadrumetum,  -i,  l'A8povfJL^]Tos],  n., 
Hadrumetum,  a  city  in  northern 
Africa,  not  far  from  Carthage. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

Hamilcar,  -aris,  m.,  Hamilcor, 
father  of  Hannibal. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  ra.,  Hannibal,  a 
famous  general  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, who  waged  war  against  the 
Romans  from  218  to  202  b.c. 

Hanno,  -onis,  m.,  Hanno,  a  Car- 
thaginian statesman,  a  contempo- 
rary of  Hannibal.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  party  opposed  to 
Hannibal. 

Harudes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  Germanic 
people  between  the  Danube  and 
the  upper  part  of  the  Rhine  ;  ap- 
parently a  remnant  from  the  Cim- 
bric  migration,  and  originally  from 
Jutland.     See  map.  opp.  p.  114. 

haruspex,  -icis,  [cf.  specie],  m., 
soothsayer,  diviner. 

HaadTL^al,  -alis,  m.,  Hasdrubal, 
a  Carthaginian  name.  In  this 
book  refers  to : 

(1)  Hasdrubal,  brothei-«n-law  of 
Hannibal. 


HASTA 


62 


HISTER 


(2)  Hasdrubal,  brother  of  Han- 
nibal. 

hasta,  -ae,  f . ,  staffs  pole  ;  spear. 

hastne,  -is,  [hasta],  n.,  spear- 
shaft  ;  spear,  javelin. 

haud,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  by  no 
means. 

Hellespoutus,  -i,  I'EWrjairopTos'], 
m.,  the  Hellespont,  the  strait  be- 
tween tlie  Aegean  Sea  and  the 
Propontis,  now  the  Dardanelles. 
See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

Helvetius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Helvetii,  Helvetian,  civitas  Hel- 
vetia, the  State  of  the  Helvetii, 
Helvetian  State,  divided  into  four 
cantons,  the  names  of  two  of 
which,  pagus  Tigurinus,  pagus 
Verbigenus,  are  known.  As 
subst.,  Helvetii,  -drum,  m.,  pi., 
the  Helvetians,  Helvetii.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 

Helvius,  -i,  m.,  Helvius,  gentile 
name  of  C.  Helvius,  Cato's  col- 
league in  his  aedileship. 

hemerodromus,  -i,  [■niJ.epodpd/xos'], 
m.,  courier. 

herbidus,  -a,  -um,  [herba],  adj., 
grassy. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  the 
Roman  name  of  the  Greek 
Heracles,  famed  for  his  strength 
and  mighty  deeds.  He  was  said 
to  have  passed  through  Italy, 
and  is  mentioned  in  the  legends 
connected  with  the  founding  of 
Rome. 

hereditas,  -atis,  [heres],  f.,  heir- 
ship, inheritance  ;  an  inheritance. 

heredium,  -i,  [heres],  n.,  heredi- 
tary estate. 

Herennius,  -i,  m.,  Herennius,  fore- 
name of  Herennius  Pontius. 

heres,  -edis,  m.  and  f.,  heir,  heiress. 


hibernus,  -a,  -um,  [hiems],  adj., 
of  winter.  As  subst.,  hiberna, 
-orum  (sc.  castra),  n.,  pi.,  winter- 
quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  huius,  dem. 
pron.,  used  with  or  without  a 
subst.,  this,  this  .  .  .  here;  the  fol- 
lowing, the  one,  referring  to  that 
which  follows  ;  he,  she,  it.  When 
contrasted  with  ille,  hie  usually 
means  the  latter,  ille,  the  former. 
When  followed  by  ut,  hie  fre- 
quently =  such. 

hie,  [hie],  adv.,  here;  in  this  par- 
ticular, herein;  now,  hereupon, 
then. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atiirus,  [hiems], 
\,  pass  the  winter,  winter. 

Hiempsal,  -alis,  m.,  Hiempsal,  son 
of  Micipsa. 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  winter;  wintry 
storm,  stormy  loeather. 

Hiero,  -onis,  m.,  Hiero,  king  of 
Syracuse. 

hilaritas,  -atis,  [hilaris],  f.,  cheer- 
fulness, merriment,  hilarity. 

Hilotae,  -arum,  [EtXwrat],  m.,pl., 
Helots,  the  serfs  of  the  Spartans. 

hinc,  [hie],  adv.,  from  this  place, 
hence;  on  this  account,  from 
this  ;  henceforth  ;  next,  afterwards. 
hinc  .  .  .  hinc,  on  this  side  .  .  . 
on  that,  on  the  one  side  .  .  .  on 
the  other. 

Hippo,  -onis,  ['l-mribv'],  m..  Hippo, 
a  city  in  northern  Africa  on  the 
coast,  west  of  Carthage. 

Hispani,  -orum,  m.,  Spaniards. 

Hispania,  -ae,  f . ,  Spain. 

Hispaniensis,  -e,  [Hispania],  adj., 
in  Spain,  Spaiiish.  As  subst., 
Hispaniensis,  -is,  ni.,  a  Spaniard. 

Hister,  -tri,  [IcrvposJ,  m.,  the  His- 
ter  or  Ister,  a  name  applied  by  the 


HISTIAEUS 


63 


HUC 


Greeks  to  the  Danube,  and  by  the 
Romans  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
same  river.  See  map,  frontis- 
piece. 

Histiaeus,  -i,  ['loriaios],  m.,  His- 
tiaeus^  tyrant  of  Miletus  in  the 
time  of  Miltiades. 

historia,  -ae,  [iarop^a],  f.,  history ; 
narrative,  account;  pi.,  a  work 
of  history,  history. 

hodie,  [ho=hop,  die],  adv.,  to-day  ; 
now. 

homo,  hominis,  m.  and  f.,  human 
being,  man,  person,  fellow.  Fl., 
homines,  -urn,  m.,  men,  people, 
mankind. 

honestas,  -atis,  [honos],  f.,  honor 
received  from  others,  repute,  repu- 
tation; uprightness,  integrity. 

honeste,  comp.  honestius,  sup. 
honestissime,  [honestus],  adv., 
honorably,  properly,  virtuously. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [honos],  adj.,  regarded 
with  honor;  worthy  of  honor, 
honorable,  upright,  noble. 

honoiifice,  [honorificus],  adv., 
honorably,  with  honor,  with  respect. 

honorificus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  hono- 
rificentior,  sup.  -centissimus,  [ho- 
nos, cf.  facid],  adj.,  conferring 
honor,  full  of  honor,  honorable; 
in  one^s  honor. 

honos,  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor, 
esteem,  respect,  dignity;  public 
office,  office,  post;  mark  of  honor, 
honor. 

h6ra,-ae,  [=  oipa],  f.,  /iowr,  a  twelfth 
part  of  the  day,  from  sunrise  to 
sunset,  or  of  the  night,  from  sun- 
set to  sunrise,  the  Roman  hours 
varying  in  length  with  the  season 
of  the  year  ;  time,  season. 

Horatius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 


gens.      In    this   book    are   men- 
tioned : 

(1)  The  Hordtii,  triplets,  prae- 
nomina  not  given,  who  fought 
with  the  Curiatii. 

(2)  Horatius  Codes,  praenomen 
not  given,  who  defended  the 
bridge  against  the  Etruscans. 

(3)  M.  Horatius  Pulvlllus,  con- 
sul 509  B.C. 

horreo,    horrere,     horrui,    — ,    2, 

tremble  at,  shudder  at,  dread. 
hortatus,  -us,  [hortor],  (the  nom. 

is  not  found),  m.,  encouragement, 

exhortation. 
hortor,  -ari,   atus,    1,  dep.,  urge, 

encourage,  exhort,  incite,  press. 
hospes,  hospitis,  m.,  host;  guest; 

friend  bound  by  ties  of    hospi- 
tality, guest-friend. 
hospitium,  -i,  [hospes],  n.,  reZaiion 

of  guest  and  host,  tie  of  hospitality, 

hospitality,  friendship;    lodging^ 

inn. 
hostia,   -ae,   f.,  animal  sacrificed^ 

victim. 
hostilis,   -e,   [hostis],  adj.,  of  an 

enemy,  hostile. 
hostniter,  [hostilis],  adv.,  like  an 

enemy,  in  a  hostile  manner. 
Hostilius,  -a,  name   of  a   Roman 

gens.    In  this  book  are  mentioned : 

(1)  Tullus  Hostilius,  the  third 
king  of  Rome. 

(2)  G.  Hostilius  Manclnus,  consul 
137  B.C.  who  conducted  the  war 
against  the  Numantines. 

hostis,  -is,  m.,  stranger,  public 
enemy,  foe ;  in  this  book  both  the 
sing,  and  the  pi.,  hostes,  -iura, 
in  most  cases  =  the  enemy.  Cf. 
inimicus. 

hiic,  [hie],  adv.,  hither,  to  this 
place,  on  this ;  to  this,  besides. 


HUMANITAS 


64 


ILLE 


humanitas,  -atis,  [humanus],  f., 
humanity;  kindliness;  elegance; 
refinement^  culture. 

humSuuB,  -a,  -um,  [homo],  adj., 
of  man.,  human;  humane.,  kind. 

humills,  -e,  [hninus],  adj.,  low^ 
lowly;  small,  slight;  common., 
humble;  low<,  base,  mean. 


iaceo,  iacere,  iacui,  — ,  2,  lie,  be 
prostrate  ;  lie  dead ;  be  situ- 
ated; be  despised.  Pres.  part,  as 
subst.,  iacentes,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  the 
fallen. 

iaci5,  iacere,  ieci,  iactu8,-3,  throw, 
hurl,  cast ;  throw  up,  construct. 

iactatid,  -onis,  [iact5J,  f.,  tossing, 
shaking  ;  boasting,  display. 

iacto  (jactd),  -are,  -avi,  -atns, 
[fieq.  of  iacio],  1,  throw,  cast; 
throw  about,  jerk  back  and  forth  ; 
discuss,  agitate. 

iactus,  part,  of  iacio. 

iam  (jam),  adv.,  of  time,  already, 
now;  at  once,  immediately ;  soon, 
presently;  at  length;  actually; 
of  assurance,  in  fact,  indeed. 
non  iam,  no  longer.  iam  pri- 
dem,  long  ago,  long  since. 

laniculum,  -i,  [lanus],  n.,  the 
Janiculum,  a  hill  lying  across  the 
Tiber  from  Rome,  connected  with 
the  city  by  a  wooden  bridge  called 
the  Pons  Sublicius.  It  was  the 
seat  of  a  mythical  citadel  of  Janus. 
See  map  opp.  p.  53. 

iSnua,  -ae,  f.,  door;  entrance. 

I§nus,  -i,  [cf.  ianua],  m.,  Janus,  an 
old  Italian  god  of  beginnings. 

IberuB,  -i,  m.,  the  Iberus,  a  river 
in  Spain.      See  map,  frontispiece. 

ibi,  adv.,  in  that  place,  there;  on 
that  occasion,  thereupon. 


ibidem,  adv.,  in  the  same  place, 
just  there. 

Icclus,  -i,  m.,  a  leader  of  the  Remi. 

ico,  icere,  ici,  ictus,  in  classical 
prose  only  in  the  perf.  system, 
3,  a.,  hit,  strike,  foedus  icere,  to 
make  a  league,  make  a  treaty. 

ictus,  -lis,  [ic6],  m.,  blow,  stroke, 
wound. 

Id. ,  abbreviation  for  Idiis. 

Idem,  eadem,  idem,  gen.  eiusdem, 
[is],  dem.  pron.,  the  same;  often 
with  the  force  of  an  adv.,  also, 
besides,  too. 

identidem,  [idem  et  idem],  adv. 
repeatedly,  again  and  again. 

ideo,  [id  +  eo],  adv.,  for  that  rea- 
son, on  that  account,  therefore. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,  proper, 
suitable,  convenient,  apt. 

Idds,  -uum,  f.,  pi,,  the  Ides,  the 
fifteenth  day  of  March,  May, 
July,  and  October ;  the  thirteenth 
day  of  other  months, 

igitur,  adv.,  then,  therefore. 

ignavia,  -ae,  [ignavus],  f.,  inac- 
tivity, idleness,  sloth. 

ignSvus,  -a,  -nm,  adj.,  inactive, 
slothful,  lazy,  cowardly. 

ignis,  -is,  m.,  fire.  PI.,  ignes, 
watchfires. 

ign5r6,  -are,  -avi,  -atns,  [cf.  ig- 
nosc5],  1,  be  ignorant  of,  not  to 
know,  be  unaware  ;  overlook. 

ignQsco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  -gnotus, 
[in- +  (g)  ndsco,  know],  3,  par- 
don, overlook,  forgive,  excuse. 

ignStus,  [in-  +  (g)  notus],  adj.,  un- 
known, strange ;  unacquainted 
with,  ignorant  of. 

ilic6,  [in  +  loco],  adv,,  on  the  spot, 
there;  straightway,  immediately. 

illatunis,  see  infero. 

ille,   ilia,   illud,   gen,   illius,  dem. 


ILLIC 


65 


IMPERITUS 


pron . ,  that ;  he,  she,  it ;  the  famous, 
the  well-known. 

illic,  [ille],  adv.,  in  that  place, 
there,  yonder. 

illido,  -lidere,  -lisi,  -lisus,  [in  + 
laedo],  3,  dash  against,  crush. 

illuc,  [ille],  adv.,  to  that  place, 
thither,  there  ;  thereto  ;  to  such  a 

■   point. 

illudo,  -ludere,  -lusi,  -lusus,  [in  + 
ludo],  3,  sport  with;  make  fun 
of,  ridicule,  mock  ;  deceive,  baffle. 

illuatris,  -e,  comp.  illustrior,  sup. 
illustrissimus,  did].,  bright ;  clear; 
distinguished,  illustrious,  re- 
nowned; evident,  plain. 

lllustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  + 
lustr5],  1,  light  up,  illuminate; 
make  clear,  illustrate;  render 
famous,  distinguish. 

im^go,  -inis,  [cf.  imitor],  f.,  im- 
itation,   likeness,    image,    repre- 

_  sentation  ;  statue,  bust. 

Ulyricum,  -i,  n.,  Illyricum,  a  region 
along  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Caesar's  prov- 
ince;  now  Istria  and  Dalmatia. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

imber,  -bris,  m.,  rain,  shoioer. 

imitatio,  -onis,  [imitor],  f.,  a  copy- 
ing, imitation. 

immSnsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  immeasu- 
rable, immense. 

immerltus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  undeserv- 
ing, innocent. 

immitto,  -ere,  immisi,  immisaus, 
[in  +  mitto],  3,  send  in,  admit, 
introduce. 

.immo,  adv. ,  no  indeed,  by  no  means, 
nay ;  yes  indeed,  certainly. 

immolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in,  cf. 
mola,  sacred  meal],  1,  sprinkle 
with  sacrificial  meal;  sacrifice, 
immolate. 


immortalis-  -e,  [in-  +  mortalis], 
adj.,  immortal,  imperishable,  eter- 
nal. 

immotus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -I-  motus], 
ad].,  unmoved,  motionless;  stead- 
fast, firm. 

impatiens,  -entis,  [in-  4-  patiens], 
adj.,  intolerant,  impatient. 

impedimentum,  -i,  [impedio],  n., 
hindrance,  interference.  PI.  im- 
pedimenta, -drum,  heavy  baggage, 
baggage.     See  Intro.,  p.  12. 

impedio,  -pedire,  -pedivi,  -peditus, 
[in,  cf.  pes],  4,  hinder,  obstruct, 
interfere  icith,  prevent,  disorder. 

impeditus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  impedio], 
adj.,  encumbered  with  baggage, 
hindered, obstructed,  embarrassed; 
difficult,  hard;  of  places,  hard  to 
reach,  inaccessible. 

impello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[in -I- pell5] ,  3,  strike  against, 
drive  ;  put  to  rout ;  set  in  motion, 
impel,  drive  forward;  urge,  in- 
duce, persuade. 

impendeo,  -pendere,  — ,  — ,  [in  -f 
pendedj,  2,  overhang  ;  be  at  hand, 
be  imminent,  threaten. 

impendium,  -i,  [impendo],  n.. 
money  laid  out,  outlay,  cost. 

impensa,  -ae,  [impendo],  f.,  out- 
lay, cost. 

imperator,  -oris,  [impero],  m., 
commander-in-chief,  commander, 
general;  imperator,  emperor. 

imperatum,  -i,  [impero],  n.,  com- 
mand, order,  imperata  facere, 
to  do  what  has  been  commanded, 
carry  out  orders,  ad  imperatum, 
in  accordance  icith  his  command. 

imperfectus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  perfeo- 
tus],  adj.,  unfinished,  incomplete. 

imperitus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 


IMPERIUM 


(>Q 


IN 


-issimus,  [in-  +  peritus],  adj., 
inexperienced^  unskilled^  unac- 
quainted with.  tam  imperitus 
rerum,  of  so  little  experience. 

imperium,  -i,  [cf.  impero],  n.,  com- 
mand^ order;  control,  govern- 
ment, dominion;  military  author- 
ity ;  the  state,  state.  nova  im- 
peria,  a  revolution. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  com- 
mand, order;  exercise  authority ; 
order  to  furnish,  levy,  draft,  de- 
mand. After  imperd,  ut  is  ordi- 
narily to  be  translated  by  to,  and 
ne  by  not  to. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  -f 
patro,  execute'],  1,  obtain  by  re- 
quest, procure,  get,  accomplish, 
bring  to  pass  ;  gain  one''s  request. 
re  impetrata,  the  request  having 
been  granted,  after  the  request 
had  been  granted. 

impetus,  -Us,  [in,  cf.  peto],  m.,  at- 
tack, assault,  onset,  charge  ;  vehe- 
mence, impulse,  excitement;  fury, 
impetuosity,  force. 

impietas,  -atis,  [impius],  f,,  irrev- 
erence, impiety;  undutifulness. 

implicatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  im- 
plico],  adj.,  entangled,  involved, 
connected  with. 

implico,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus 
or  -itus,  [in  4- plico],  1,  infold, 
envelop;  involve,  implicate,  em- 
barrass, in  morbum  implicitus, 
taken  sick,  fallen  ill. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  -f 
ploro,  cry  ouf],  1,  beseech,  im- 
plore; invoke,  appeal  to.  aux- 
ilium  implorare,  to  beg  for  help. 

impono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[in  +  pono],  3,  put  on,  place  on, 
put;  impose,  dictate  terms  of 
peace;  mount. 


importo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  + 
port5],  1,  bring  in,  import. 

impraesentiarum,  adv.,  for  the 
present,  under  present  circum- 
stances, now. 

imprimis,  [in,  primis],  adv.,  espe- 
cially. 

improbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  dis- 
approve, reject. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  probus,  good], 
adj.,  bad,  shameless. 

improviso,  [imprdvisus],  adv.,  un- 
expectedly, suddenly. 

improvisus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[in- -|- part,  of  provided],  adj., 
unforeseen,  unexpected.  Neut. 
as  subst.  in  de  improviso,  tinex- 
pectedly,  suddenly.  See  n.  to 
p.  152,  1.  6. 

imprudenter,  [impriidens],  adv., 
without  foresight,  ignorantly ,  in- 
considerately. 

imprHdentla,  -ae,  [impriidens],  f., 
want  of  foresight,  imprudence, 
ignorance. 

impugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  -!- 
pugnd],  1,  fight  against,  attack; 
oppose. 

impulsus,  see  impello. 

imptine,  [impiinis,  from  in-  -|- 
poena],  adv.,  without  punishment, 
with  impunity. 

impunitas,  -atis,  [impunis  from 
in-  -f-  poena],  f.,  exemption  from 
punishment,  impunity. 

impiinitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -|-  piini- 
tusj,  adj.,  unpunished,  secure. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. : 

(1)  With  the  ace.  :  of  place,  after 
verbs  implying  motion,  into,  to, 
up  to,  towards,  against;  of 
time,  into,  till,  to,  unto,  for; 
of  purpose,  for,  with  a  view  to ; 


IN- 


67 


INDB 


of  other  relations,  io,  in,  re- 
spiCting,  concerning,  according 
to,  after,  over. 
(2)  With  the  abl. :  of  place,  in, 
within,  on,  upon,  among,  over; 
of  time,  in,  in  the  course  of, 
within,  during,  while;  of  other 
relations,  involved  in,  under  the 
injluence  of,  in  case  of,  in  rela- 
tion to,  respecting. 
In  composition  in  retains  its  form 
before  the  vowels  and  most  of 
the  consonants  ;  is  often  changed 
to  il-  before  1,  ir-  before  r ;  usu- 
ally becomes  im-  before  m,  b,  p. 
in-,  inseparable  prefix,  =  un-,  not, 

as  in  inauditus,  unheard. 
inanis,  -e,  adj.,  empty,  void;  life- 
less; worthless,  vain. 
incedo,    -cedere,    -cessi,    -cessus, 
[in  4-  cedo],  3,  advance,  march, 
icalJc;  approach;  happen. 
incendium,  -i,  [incendo],  n.,  burn- 
ing, fire,  flame. 
incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census,  3,  set 
fire  to,  kindle,  hum ;  rouse,  excite. 
inceptam,  -i,  [incipio],  n.,  begin- 
ning, attempt,  undertaking  ;  %mr- 
pose,  subject. 
incido,    -cidere,    -cidi,  — ,    [in  + 
cad5],  3,  with  in  and  the  3,gc.,  fall 
in  with,  come  upon,  happen  upon, 
meet,  happen  in  the  time  of;  occur, 
happen  ;  of  war,  break  out. 
incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [in  + 

caedo],  3,  cut  into. 
incipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  [in 
+  capio],  3,  begin,  commence, 
undertake  ;  instigate. 
incite,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  -f  cito, 
move  rapidly^,  1,  urge,  urge  on, 
hurry;  of  horses,  urge  on,  spur; 
run  in;  of  men,  rouse,  stir  up, 
excite,  spur  on. 


incltidd,  -cludere,  inclusi,  inclusus, 
[in  -f  claudo],  3,  shut  up,  enclose, 
imprison  ;  include. 

incognituB,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  cogni- 
tus],  adj.,  not  examined,  untried; 
unknown. 

incoho,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  begin, 
commence. 

incola,  -ae,  [incolo],  m.  and  f., 
inhabitant,  resident. 

incolo,  -colere,  -colui,  — ,  [in  -f- 
colo],  3,  in  trans.,  live,  dwell; 
trans.,  inhabit,  dwell  in,  live  in. 

incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  sa/e,  unharmed, 
uninjured,  unhurt. 

incommodum,  -i,  [incommodus], 
n.,  inconvenience,  disadvantage; 
misfortune^  disaster,  injury,  de- 
feat. 

incredibilis,  -e,  [in- -j- credibilis], 
adj.,  beyond  belief,  extraordinary, 
incredible. 

increpito,  -are,  — ,  — ,  [freq.  of 
increpo,  chide^,  1,  reproach,  re- 
buke;  taunt. 

increpo,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  1,  sound, 
resound,  clash;  upbraid,  scold. 

incmnbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubitus, 
[in  -f  cumbo],  3,  lie  upon,  lean; 
press  upon  ;  make  an  effort,  apply 
one''s  self;  incline,  choose. 

incurlosus,  -a,  -um,  [in- -f  curio- 
sus],  adj.,  careless,  negligent. 

incursio,  -onis,  [incurroj,  f.,  run- 
ning against;  onset,  attack,  in- 
cursion. 

incursus,  -us,  [cf.  incurro],  m., 
onrush;  assault,  attack. 

incuBO,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in -|- 
causa],  1,  find  fault  with,  accuse, 
chide,  rebuke. 

inde,  adv.,  from  that  place,  thence; 
from  that  time ;  after  that,  there 
upon;  from  that,  therefore. 


INDEX 


68 


INFINITUS 


index,  -icis,  [cf.  indicd],  m.  and  f,, 
one  who  points  out,  informer; 
index,  mark,  sign,  proof. 

indicium,  -i,  [cf.  indicd],  n.,  no- 
lice,  sign,  indication,  proofs  evi- 
dence, information. 

indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atua,  [index], 
\, point  out,  inform  ;  make  known, 
show,  reveal;  betray,  accuse. 

indicd,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus,  [in  + 
dico],  3,  declare  publicly,  declare, 
proclaim,  announce;  of  a  council, 
convoke,  call^  appoint;  impose, 
inflict. 

indictus,  -a,  -um,  [in- -f  dictus], 
adj.,  unsaid.  indicta  causa, 
without  a  hearing. 

iadidem,  [inde],  adv.,  from  the 
same  place.  indidem  Thebis, 
likewise  from  Thebes. 

indigeo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  [indu,  old 
form  of  in,  +  egeo],  2,  need, 
want;  demand,  require. 

indignatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  in- 
dignor],  adj.,  angered,  indig- 
nant. 

indignitas,  -atis,  [indignus],  f., 
unworthiness,  disgracefulness, 
shamefulness ;  indignity,  ill- 
treatment. 

indignor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [indig- 
nus], 1,  dep.,  deem  unworthy,  be 
indignant  at,  resent. 

indignus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f-  dignus], 
adj.,  undeserving,  unfit,  un- 
worthy; shameful. 

indiligenter,  comp.  -ius,  [indili- 
gens],  adv.,  carelessly,  heedlessly. 

indo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [in  -f 
do],  3,  insert,  put  into;  give, 
confer. 

indoles,  -is,  f.,  inborn  quality, 
character,  disposition. 

induco,    -ducere,   -duxi,   -ductus, 


[in  +  duco],  3,  lead  in,  bring  in, 
introduce ;  lead,  induce,  influ- 
ence;  cover. 

indulged,  -dulgere,  -dulsi,  -dultus, 
2,  be  kind  to,  favor. 

induo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  put  on, 
dress  in  ;  clothe,  cover. 

induBtria,  -ae,  [industrius],  f., 
diligence,  industry,  activity. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  [in  -f 
eo],  irr.,  go  into,  enter;  begin; 
enter  upon,  undertake  ;  with  gra- 
tiam,  acquire,  obtain.  ineuns 
adulescentia,  early  youth,  inita 
aestate,  in  the  beginning  of  sum- 
mer, icdnsilium  inire,  to  form  a 
plan. 

inermis,  -e,  [in-  -f  arma],  adj., 
unarmed,  without  weapons,  de- 
fenceless. 

ineuns,  see  ineo. 

infamis,  -e,  [in--Ffama],  adj.,  oj 
ill  repute,  notorious,  infamous. 

infectus,  -a,  -um,  [in- -|- factus], 
adj.,  7wt  done,  unaccomplished. 

iniero,  -ferre,  intuli,  illatus,  [in  -f 
fero],  irr.,  bring  in,  import ;  throw 
upon,  throw  into  ;  of  injuries,  in- 
flict;  of  hope  and  fear,  inspire, 
infuse  ;  of  an  excuse,  offer,  allege ; 
of  wounds,  make,  give.  bellum 
inferre,  to  make  war.  signa  in- 
ferre,  to  advance. 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  inferior, 
sup.  infimus  or  imus,  adj. ,  below, 
underneath;  comp.,  lower,  in- 
ferior ;  sup.,  lowest,  at  the  bot- 
tom. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsafe,  dis- 
turbed; hostile,  threatening. 

iniimus,  see  inferus. 

Infiiiitus,  -a,  -um,  [in,  cf.  finis], 
adj.,  not  limited,  boundless^  end' 
less. 


INFIEMDS 


69 


INJURIA 


Iniirmus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  infirmior, 
sup.  infirinissinius,  [in-  -f  fir- 
mus],  adj.,  not  strong^  weak, 
feeUe. 

iniitiae,  -arum,  [in-,  cf.  fateor], 
f.,  pi.,  found  only  in  the  ace.  in 
the  phrase  infitias  ire,  to  deny. 

infitior,  -ari,  -atua  sum,  [infitiae], 
1,  deny,  disown. 

"^nflatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  inflo], 
adj.,  blown  up,  inflated;  puffed 
up,  proud. 

Jiflecto,  -flectere,  -flexi,  -flexus, 
[in  -f  flectd],  3,  hend, 

inflexus,  see  inflecto. 

inflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atua,  [in  +  flo], 
1,  blow  into,  inflate;  inspire,  en- 
courage. 

iniluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  -fluxus,  [in 
-I-  fluoj,  3,  flow  into,  flow. 

infodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossns,  [in 
-f  fodid],  3,  bury,  inter. 

informo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in + 
formo],  1,  shape,  mould,  fashion  ; 
organize;  inform,  instruct. 

Infra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace, 
below,  underneath;  inferior  to. 

infrendo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,3,  gnash. 

Infringd,  -ere,  -fregi,  -fractus,  [in 
-j-  frango],  3,  break  offt  break; 
subdue,  overcome. 

in^emisco,  -gemiscere,  — ,  — ,  [in- 
gemo],  3,  inch,,  groan  ;  groan  over. 

ingemo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  3,  groan  over, 
mourn  over,  lament,  beicail. 

ingenium,  -i,  [in,  cf.  gigno],  n., 
innate  quality^  nature;  char- 
acter, disposition  ;  talents,  ability, 
intellect. 

ingSns,  -entia,  [in-,  cf.  gigno],  adj., 
beyond  the  natural  size;  pro- 
digious, vast,  great;  mighty,  re- 
markable, 

ingenuus,  -a,  •um,  [in,  cf.  gigno], 


adj.,  native;  freedom,  noble^ 
ingenuous,  liberal. 

ingratiis,  [in-,  gratils],  adv.,  with- 
out thanks,  unwillingly,  on  com- 
pulsion. 

iugredior,  -gredi,  -gressns,  [in  + 
gradior,  step],  3,  dep.,  advance; 
enter,  go  into  ;  enter  upon,  under' 
take. 

inhaereo,  -ere,  -haesi,  -haesus,  2, 
stick  fast,  cling,  adhere. 

inhio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  gape  at, 
gaze  at,  regard  with  longing. 

inicio  (iniicio),  -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
[in  -f  iacid],  3,  throw  in;  lay  on; 
place  on,  put  on  ;  inspire,  infuse, 
cause  ;  strike  into. 

iniectuB  (injectus),  see  inicio. 

inimlcitia,  -ae,  [inimicus],  f.,  en- 
mity  ;  hostility. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  -f  amicus],  adj.,  un- 
friendly, hostile.  As  subst.,  ini- 
micus, -i,  m.,  enemy,  personal 
enemy  as  distinguished  from  hoa- 
tis,  a  public  enemy. 

inlque,  [iniquus],  adv.,  unequally, 
unfairly,  unjustly. 

iniquitae,  -atis,  [iniquua],  f., 
unevenness;  unfairness,  unrea- 
sonableness, iniquitas  loci,  wn- 
favorableness  of  (the)  position, 
disadvantageous  position. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  aequus],  adj.,  un- 
even, sloping;  unfavorable,  dis- 
advantageous; unfair,  unjust. 

initium,  -i,  [ineo],  n.,  going  in, 
entrance  ;  beginning.  initid,  in 
the  beginning,  at  first. 

initus,  see  ineo. 

iniuria  (injuria),  -ae,  [iniurius,  in- 
-^  ius],  f.,  wrong,  outrage,  injus- 
tice, injury. 


INIUSSUS 


70 


INSTITUO 


iniussus,  -us,  [in- +  iussus],  m., 
only  abl.  in  use,  without  command, 
without  orders. 

iniuste,  [iniustus],  adv.,  unjustly. 

imiascor,  -nasci,  -natus,  [in  -I- 
nascor],  3,  dep.,  be  born  in,  spring 
up  in,  arise  in. 

innitor,  -niti,  -nixus  or  -nisus  sum, 
[in  +  niter],  3,  dep.,  support  one^s 
self  with,  lean  upon. 

innixus,  see  innitor. 

innocens,  -entis,  adj.,  harmless; 
blameless,  innocent. 

innocentia,  -ae,  [innocens],  f., 
hlamelessnesSy  innocence ;  integ- 
rity. 

innoxius,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f  noxius], 
adj.,  harmless;  blameless,  inno- 
cent. 

lnopia,-ae,  [inops],  L,watit,  lack; 
need,  poverty,  scarcity. 

inopinans,  -antis,  [in-  +  opinans], 
adj.,  not  expecting,  taken  by  sur- 
prise, offone''s  guard. 

inopinatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f-  opina- 
tus],  adj.,  unexpected,  suiprising. 

inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  def.,  always 
postpositive,  say. 

inquietus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  quietus], 
adj.,  restless,  unquiet,  disturbed. 

msciens,  -entis,  [in-  -f  sciens,  from 
scio],  adj.,  not  knowing,  unaware. 
insciente  Caesare,  without  Cae- 
sar''s  knowledge. 

inscientia,  -ae,  [insciens],  f.,  want 
of  knowledge,  inexperience,  igno- 
rance. 

inscitia,  -ae,  [inscitus],  f.,  igno- 
rance, inexperience,  unskilful ness. 

Inscribo,  inscribere,  inscripsi,  in- 
scriptus,  [in  -f-  scribo*],  3,  write 
upon,  inscribe. 

inseciitus,  see  insequor. 

insequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  [in 


-f-  sequor],  3,  dep., /oZZoto  up,  pur- 
sue,  follow  in  pursuit. 

insideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus,  [in  -)- 
sede5],  2,  sit  upon;  settle  on, 
occupy ;  be  fixed,  be  inherent  in, 
adhere  to. 

insidlae,  -arum,  [of.  insideo],  f., 
pi.,  ambush,  ambuscade;  artifice, 
device,  trap,  snare.  per  insidias, 
by  stratagem. 

insldior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [insidiae], 
1,  dep.,  lie  in  wait  for ^  watch  for, 
plot  against. 

insigne,  -is,  [insignis],  n.,  mark, 
signal,  indication ;  badge;  honor; 
illustrious  deed. 

insignis,  -e,  [in -f  signum],  adj., 
distinguished  by  a  mark,  con- 
spicuous ;  remarkable,  notewor- 
thy;  noted,  eminent,  prominent. 

insilio,  -silire,  -silui,  — ,  [in  4-  salid, 
leap'],  4,  leap  upon. 

msisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  [in  -f 
sist5],  3,  stand,  stand  upon  ;  press 
on;  follow,  pursue. 

insolens,  -entis,  [in  -f  solens,  part, 
of  soleo],  adj.,  unaccustomed; 
immoderate,  haughty,  insolent. 

msolenter,  comp.  insolentius,  sup. 
insolentissime,  [insolens],  adv., 
unusually;  haughtily,  insolently. 

insolentia,  -ae,  [insolens],  f.,  un- 
usualness ;  arrogance,  insolence, 
extravagance. 

Instans,  -antis,  [part,  of  insto], 
adj.,  present,  immediate;  press- 
ing, urgent. 

instar,  n.,  indecl.,  image;  followed 
by  gen.,  like. 

instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tus,  [in  +  statuo],  3,  of  troops, 
di^aw  up,  arrange,  form;  build, 
construct,  make ;  make  ready,  fur- 
nish; purpose,  resolve;  establish^ 


INSTITUTUM 


71 


INTERMITTO 


institute;    undertake^  commence, 
begin  ;  teach,  instruct. 

Institutum,  -i,  [instituo],  n.,pZan; 
custom,  usage;  institution. 

institutus,  see  instituo. 

insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus,  [in  + 
sto],  1,  be  near  at  hand,  approach ; 
press  on,  press  forward,  menace, 
threaten. 

instruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -structus, 
[in  4-  struo,  build],  3,  build,  con- 
struct, equip,  make  ready,  pro- 
vide;  of  troops,  draio  up,  form; 
fit  out,  equip. 

insuber,  -bris,  adj.,  of  or  belonging 
to  Insubria,  a  country  in  northern 
Italy.    As  siibst.,  an  Insubrian. 

insula,  -ae,  f.,  an  island. 

insum,  -esse,  -fui,  [in  -\-  sum],  irr., 
be  in,  be  upon;  belong  to. 

insusurro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1, 
whisper  to ;  suggest. 

intellego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus, 
[inter  +  legd] ,  3,  understand,  see 
clearly,  perceive,  ascertain. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace  ,  among ;  of 
position  and  relation,  between, 
among,  into  the  midftt  of;  of  time, 
between,  during,  in,  within,  inter 
se,  with  each  other,  among  them- 
selves, with  one  another,  cohor- 
tati  inter  se  ( =  se  inter  se) ,  urg- 
ing one  another  on.  inter  iocum, 
in  joke,  jestingly. 

intercgdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus,  [inter  +  cedd],  3,  go  between, 
be  placed  between ;  lie  between  ; 
of  time,  intervene,  pass;  take 
place,  occur. 

IntercalSrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  for 
insertion,  intercalary.  , 

Intercalo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  in- ! 
sert  in  the  calendar,  intercalate. 

inter cipio,    -ere,    -cepi,    -ceptus, 


[inter  +  capio],  3,  seize  in  pass- 
ing, cut  off;  intercept '  usurp; 
interrupt. 

intercludo,  -cludere,  -clusT,  -clu 
sus,  [inter  +  claudo],  3,  shiit  off, 
cut  off,  block  up,  blockade,  hinder. 

Interdico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus, 
[inter  -j-  dicoj,  3,  interpose  by 
speaking^  forbid,  interdict,  pro- 
hibit. 

interdiu,  [inter  -f-  diu],  adv.,  in  the 
daytime,  by  day. 

interdum,  [inter  -{■  dum],  adv., /or 
a  time,  for  a  season;  sometimes, 
occasionally,  now  and  then. 

Interea,  [inter  -f-  ea],  adv.,  mean- 
while, in  the  meantime. 

intereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [inter -f- 
eo],  irr.,  go  among;  be  lost; 
perish,  die. 

interfector,  -oris,  [interficio],  m., 
slayer,  assassin. 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
[inter  -f  facid],  3,  put  out  of  the 
way,  destroy,  kill. 

intericio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [in- 
ter -f  iacio],  3,  throw  between, 
set  between;  interpose,  intervene. 
Pass,  part.,  interiectus,  lying  be- 
tween, intervening. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
meantime. 

interimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[inter  -f-  emoj,  3,  take  away  ;  kill, 
destroy. 

interior,  -ins,  gen.  oris,  [inter], 
adj.,  comp.,  (sup.  intimus  or 
imus),  inner,  interior,  middle; 
more  hidden,  more  profound; 
more  intimate,  more  confidential. 

interitus,  -us,  [intereo],  m.,  over- 
throw, fall,  destruction. 

Intermitt6,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus, [inter  -{-  mittd],  3,  leave  an 


INTERNECIO 


72 


INVBHO 


interval^  leave  vacant^  leave  off, 
leave,  stop^  breaks  discontinue; 
interrupt,  suspend;  pass.,  of  lire, 
ahate;  of  wind,  he  intermittent. 
qua  fliiinen  intermittit,  where  the 
river  does  not  flow,  nocte  iuter- 
missa,  a  night  intervening. 

internecio,  -onis,  [cf.  internecd, 
destroy'],  f.,  slaughter,  massacre, 
utter  destruction,  annihilation. 

internuntius,  -i,  [inter  +  nuntius], 
m.,  go-hetween,  messenger. 

interpello,  -are,  -avi, -atus,[ inter + 
pello],l,  interrupt;  disturb, hinder. 

interpono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus,  [inter  +  pono],  3,  place  be- 
tween, put  between,  interpose; 
put  forward;  introduce,  insert; 
present;  of  time,  let  pass,  sufer 
to  elapse;  allege,  deduce,  se  in- 
terponere,  to  lend  one'^s  aid. 

interpres,  -pretis,  m.,  interpreter. 

interregnum,-!,  [inter  -f  regnum], 
n.,  an  interval  between  two  reigns, 
interregnum. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [inter 
-j-  rogo],  1,  ask  question,  examine. 

iuterscindo,  -scindere,  -scidi,  -scis- 
sus,  [inter  +  scind5],  3,  cut  down  ; 
cut  through,  divide  by  cutting. 

intersero,  -serere,  — ,  — ,  [inter  -f- 
sero],  2>, place  between,  interpose; 
allege. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  irr.,  he  be- 
tween, lie  between  ;  be  present  at, 
take  part  in.  Impers.,  interest, 
it  concerns,  is  important ;  it  makes 
a  difference,  magni  interesse,  to 
be  of  great  importance. 

intervallum,  -i,  [inter  -\-  vallum] , 
n.,  properly  room  between  two 
palisades;  interval,  space,  dis- 
tance, pari  intervallo,  at  an 
equal  distance. 


intestinus,  -a,  -um,  [intus],  adj 
inward,  internal,  intestine. 

iutexo,  -texere,  -texui,  -textus,  [in 
-I-  texo,  weave],  3,  iceave  in,  inter- 
weave. 

iutrt,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace. 
only,  within  ;  of  time,  during. 

Intro,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [cf.  intra], 
1,  go  into,  enter ;  penetrate,  reach. 

introduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[intrd  -{■  died],  3,  lead  into,  bring 
into. 

introitus,  -iis,  [intro,  cf.  eo],  m., 
going  in,  entering,  entrance. 

intromissus,  see  intromittS. 

intromitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus, [intro  4-  raitto],  3,  send  into, 
send  in,  let  in. 

introrsuB,  [intro -I- versus] ,  adv., 
within,  inside. 

intueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus  sum,  [in  -f 
tueor],  2,  dep.,  look  upon,  look 
closely  at ;  regard,  consider. 

intuleram,  see  infero. 

inturaesco,  -tumescere,  -tumui,  — , 
3,  inch.,  swell  up,  swell,  rise;  be- 
come angry  ;  swell  with  pride. 

intus,  adv.,  within,  on  the  inside. 

iniisitatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[in-  4-  part,  of  usitor,  freq.  of 
utor],  adj.,  unusual,  unfamiliar, 
novel,  strange. 

inutilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  [in-  4-  uti- 
lis],  adj.,  useless,  unserviceable, 
of  no  use;  hurtful,  injurious. 

invado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasus, 
[in  4- vado],  3,  go  into,  enter; 
attack,  invade  ;  seize,  take  posses- 
sion of. 

invalidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -h  vali- 
dus],  adj.,  not  strong,  weak, 
feeble. 

inveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[in  +  veho],    3,   carry   in,   carry 


i 


INVENIO 


73 


ITALICUS 


to;  pass.,  ride  into,  sail  to ;  fall 
upon,  attack;  attack  with  words, 
inveigh  against. 

invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
[in  +  venio],  4,  come  upon,  find, 
meet  with;  discover;  learn,  find 
out;  acquire. 

Invetertsco,  -veterascere,  -vete- 
ravi,  — ,  [in  +  veterasco,  from 
vetus],  3,  grow  old  ;  become  estab- 
lished, become  fixed;  establish 
one''s  self. 

invicem  or  in  vicem,  adv.,  by  turns, 
one  after  the  other. 

invictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -|-  victus], 
adj.,  unconquered;  unconquer- 
able, invincible. 

invideo,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus,  [in 
-f  video],  2,  look  askance  at; 
envy,  be  prejudiced  against. 

invidia,  -ae,  [cf.  invideo],  f.,  envy, 
jealousy ;  ill-will,  odium,  unpopu- 
larity. 

Invioiatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f  vio- 
latus],  adj.,  unhurt,  uninjured, 
inviolate  ;  inviolable. 

invisus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  invideo], 
adj.,  hated,  detested,  hateful. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  invite, 
ask  ;  feast,  entertain  ;  allure,  at- 
tract. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  against  the 
will,  unwilling.  se  invito, 
against  his  will. 

iocus,  -i,  m.,  pi.  ioei  or  ioca, 
-drum,  jest,  joke. 

lones,  -um,  ['Iwj'fs],  m.,  pi.,  in- 
habitants of  Ionia,  lonians. 

Ionia,  -ae,  [Iwvia'],  t.,  Ionia,  the 
west-central  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
bordering  on  the  Aegean  Sea. 
See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

lovls,  lovi,  see  luppiter. 

ipse,    -a,   -um,   gen.    ipsius,    dem. 


pron.,  self;  himself,  herself,  itself, 
themselves;  he,  they  (emphatic)  ; 
very ;  often  best  rendered  freely, 
vei'y,  just,  mere,  in  person,  ipsius 
castra,  his  own  camp.  ipsum 
esse  Dumnorigem,  that  Dumnorix 
was  the  very  man. 

irScundus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[ira,  wrath],  adj.,  irascible,  pas- 
sionate. 

irascor,  irasci,  iratus  smn,  [ira], 
3,  dep.,  be  angi^. 

irfttus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  irascor], 
adj.,  angered,  enraged,  violent, 
furious. 

irretio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  4,  entrap, 
entangle,  catch. 

irrideo,  -ridere,  -risi,  -risus,  [in  -f 
rideo,  laugh'],  2,  laugh  at,  make 
fun  of  ridicule. 

irridiculS,  [in-  +  ridicule],  adv., 
without  wit.  non  irridicule,  hu- 
morously. 

irru6,  -mere,  -rui,  — ,  [in  4-  ruo], 
3,  rush  in,  invade,  make  an  at- 
tack. 

is,  ea,  id,  gen.  eius,  dem.  pron.,  he, 
she,  it;  that,  this,  the,  the  one; 
before  ut,  is  =  talis,  such  ;  after 
et,  and  that  too  ;  after  neque,  and 
that  not;  with  comparatives  abl. 
60  =  the,  all  the  ;  as  eo  magis,  all 
the  more. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  gen.  istius,  dem. 
pron.,  tJiat  of  yours,  that,  this; 
he,  she,  it;  such. 

ita,  [cf.  is],  adv.,  in  this  way,  so, 
thus;  in  the  following  manner,  in 
such  a  way,  accordingly;  of  this 
kind. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy. 

Italicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Italy, 
Italian.  As  snbst. ,  Italici,  -drum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  Italians,   as  distin- 


ITALUS 


74 


lUS 


guished  from  the  Roman  citi- 
zens. 

ItaluB,  -a,  -um,  [Italia],  adj.,  of 
Itahj^  Italian.  As  subst.,  Italus, 
-i,  m.,  an  Italian. 

itaque,  =  et  ita,  and  so. 

itaque,  [ita  +  que],  adv.,  and  thus, 
accordingly,  therefore,  conse- 
quently. 

item,  adv.,  also,  further;  just  so,  in 
like  manner. 

iter,  itineris,  [cf.  eo,  ire],  n.,  jour- 
ney, line  of  march,  march  ;  road, 
route.  magnum  iter,  forced 
march,  from  20  to  25  miles  a 
day. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time. 

iuba  (juba),  -ae,  f.,  mane. 

luba,  -ae,  m.,  Juha,  the  name  of  a 
king  of  Numidia,  who  sided  w^ith 
Pompey  and  was  defeated  by 
Caesar. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  2, 
order,  give  orders,  bid,  command, 
decree,  enact. 

iucundus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  iucun- 
dior,  sup.  iucundissimus,  adj., 
pleasant,  agreeable,  delightful. 

iude:s,  -icis,  [ius,  cf.  dico],  m.  and 
f.,  judge,  juror. 

iudicium  (judicium),  -i,  [iudex], 
n.,  legal  judgment,  decision,  de- 
cree ;  place  of  judgment,  court, 
trial;  opinion,  judgment,  opti- 
mum iudicium  facere,  to  pass  a 
very  favorable  opinion. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [iiidex], 
1,  examine  judicially,  judge; 
judge  of  think,  form  an  opinion 
of,  infer;  proclaim,  declare,  re- 
solve, conclude. 

iugulum,  -i,  (dim.  of  iugum),  n., 
collar  bone  ;  throat,  neck. 

iugum  ( jugum),  -i,  [ilg,  cf.  iungoj, 


n.,  yoke;  of  mountains,  ridge, 
summAt,  chain.  sub  iugum  mit- 
tere,  to  send  under  the  yoke. 
See  N.  to  p.  118,  1.  15. 

lugurtha,  -ae,  m.,  Jugurtha,  king 
of  Numidia,  who  carried  on  war 
with  the  Romans  between  111 
and  106  b.c.  He  was  defeated 
by  Marius. 

lulius,  -a,  name  of  a  celebrated 
Roman  gens.  See  Caesar.  To 
this  gens  belonged  liilia,  -ae,  f., 
Julia,  daughter  of  Caesar,  and 
wife  of  Pompey. 

iiimentum  (jumentum),  -i,  [for 
*iugimentum,  root  iug  in  iungo], 
n.,  yoke-animal,  beast  of  burden, 
draught-animal,  used  of  horses, 
mules,  and  asses. 

iimgo  (jung5),  iungere,  iunxi,  iiinc- 
tus,  3,  join  together,  join,  connect, 
unite. 

iunior,  -ius,  comp,  ;  see  iuvenis. 

lunius,  -a,  name  of  a  prominent 
Roman  gens.     See  Briitus, 

liino,  -onis,  f.,  the  goddess  Juno, 
sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  the 
highest  of  the  gods. 

lura  (Jura),  -ae,  m..  Jura,  a  range 
of  mountains  extending  from  the 
Rhine  to  the  Rhone  (about  170 
miles),  and  forming  the  boundary 
between  the  Helvetians  and  the 
Sequanians.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

iuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [iiis],  1, 
swear,  take  oath  ;  svjear  to  ;  swear 
by,  call  to  witness. 

iuB,  iuris,  n.,  that  which  is  binding, 
right,  justice;  court  of  justice, 
place  of  trial ;  legal  right,  author- 
ity, permission,  law;  abl.,  iure, 
justly.  ius  gentium,  universal 
law,  the  law  of  nations.       iuris 


ros 


75 


LAETITIA 


consultus,  a  lawyer.  iure  belli, 
by  the  laws  of  war.  in  suo  iure, 
in  the  exercise  of  his  own  rights. 

iuB  iurandum,  or  iusiurandum, 
iuris  iurandi,  [ius  +  gerundive  of 
iuro],  n.,  oath. 

iussus,  -us,  only  abl.  sing,  in  use, 
[iubeo],  m.,  order ^  command. 

iiistitia,  -ae,  [cf.  ius],  f.,  justice, 
uprightness. 

iuBtus  (Justus),  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [ius],  adj.,  just^ 
rightful.,  fair;  proper,  suitable, 
due. 

iuyencus,  -i,  [iuvenis],  m.,  young 
bullock. 

iuvenis,  -is,  comp.  iunior,  adj., 
young,  youthful.  As  subst.,  iu- 
venis, -is,  m.,  young  person, 
youth  (between  twenty  and  forty 
years).  iuniores,  -um,  m.,  pi., 
those  eligible  for  military  service, 
the  members  of  each  century  who 
were  under  forty-six  years  of  age. 

luventius,  -i,  m.,  luventius,  family 
name  of  P.  luventius,  defeated  by 
A.ndriscus  in  149  b.c. 

iuvo  (juvo),  -are,  iiivi,  iiitus,  1, 
hel}},  aid,  assist. 

luxta,  adv.  and  prep. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  near,  by  the  side  of. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace,  very  near, 
close  to. 

ivissem,  see  eo. 

K. 

Kal.  =  Kalendae. 

Kalendae,  -arum,  f.,  pi..  Calends, 

the    first    day     of    the    month. 

Kalendae    Apriles,    the  first    of 

April. 

L. 
L. ,  with  proper  names  =  Lucius,  a 

Roman  forename. 


Labed,  -onis,  m.,  Labeo,  surname 
of  Q.  Fabius  Labeo,  consul    183 

B.C. 

Labignus,  -i,  m.,  Titus  {Attius?) 
Labienus,  the  most  prominent  of 
Caesar's  lieutenants  in  the  Gallic 
War.  Labienus  gained  important 
successes  over  the  Treveri  (54-53 
B.C.),  and  the  Parisii  (52  b.c). 
In  the  Civil  War  he  went  over  to 
the  side  of  Pompey,  but  displayed 
small  abilities  as  a  commander, 
and  fell  at  the  battle  of  Munda, 
45  B.C. 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil,  exer- 
tion; hardship,  distress. 

laboriose,  comp.  laboriosius,  sup. 
laboriosissime,  [laboriosus],  adv., 
laboriously. 

labors,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [labor], 
1,  labor,  toil;  make  effort,  strive; 
work  out,  produce  by  toil ;  suffer, 
be  afflicted;  be  hard  pressed. 

Lacedaemon,  -onis,  [AaKedaifxiov'], 
i.,  Lacedaemon,  Sparta,  the  chief 
city  of  Laconia,  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Lacedaemonius,  -a,  -am,  adj., 
of  Lacedaemon,  Lacedaemonian. 
As  subst.,  Lacedaemonii,  -drum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  Lacedaemonians,  in- 
habitants of  Lacedarmon. 

lacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  tear  to 
pieces;  slander,  asperse,  abuse. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  3,  excite, 
provoke,  challenge  ;  annoy,  assaiL 
attack,  urge,  stimulate. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear. 

laorimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [lacrima], 
1,  shed  tears;  lament,  bewail. 

lacus,  -us,  lake,  pond,  pool. 

laetitda,  -ae,  [laetus],  f.,  joy,  exul 
te.tion,  rejoicing. 


LAETTJS 


T6 


LEGATIO 


laetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  cheerful^  joy- 
ful^ glad. 

Laevinus,  see  Valerius. 

lamina,  -ae,  1,  thin  slice;  plate, 
leaf. 

Lamprus,  -i,  [Ad/xirpos],  m.,  Lam- 
prus,  a  teacher  of  music  at  Athens. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  in- 
structor of  Socrates  in  music  and 
dancing. 

Lampsacus,  -i,  [Ad/ti/'a/cos],  f., 
Lampsacus^  a  city  of  Asia  Minor, 
situated  in  Mysia  on  the  Helles- 
pont.    See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

lanio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [lanius],  1, 
tear  in  pieces,  mangle,  lacerate, 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone;  mile-stone. 

laqueus,  -i,  m. ,  noose,  snare,  halter. 

Larentia,  -ae,  f . ,  see  Acca. 

largior,  largiri,  largitus  sum,  [lar- 
gus,  abundant],  4,  dep.,  give  freely, 
impart,  bestow;  bribe. 

largiter,  [largus,  abundant],  adv., 
abundantly,      much.  largiter 

posse,  to  have  great  influence. 

largitio,  -onis,  [largior j,  f.,  giv- 
ing freely,  generosity,  largess; 
bribery. 

lassitiido,  -inis,  [lassus,  weak'],  t, 
faintness,  weariness,  exhaustion. 

latg,  comp.  latius,  sup.  latissime, 
[latus],  adv.,  widely,  broadly, 
extensively.  longe  lateque,  far 
and  wide.  quam  latissime,  as 
far  as  possible. 

iatebra,  -ae,  [lateo],  f.,  usually 
pi.,  hiding-place,  retreat. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  lie  hid,  be 
concealed;  escape  notice. 

laterlcius,  -a,  -um,  [later,  brick], 
adj.,  made  of  bricks,  brickwork. 

Latmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Latium, 
Latin.  As  subst.,  LatinT,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  Latins. 


Latiniis,  -i,  ui.,  Latinus,  mythical 
king  of  Latium. 

latitude,  -inis,  [latus],  f.,  width, 
breadth,  extent. 

ISLtiuB,  see  late. 

Latobrlgi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  tribe 
about  the  headwaters  of  the 
Danube,  bordering  on  the  Tulingi. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

latro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  bark; 
bark  at. 

latro,  -5nis,  m.,  freebooter,  high- 
wayman, robber,  brigand. 

laturus,  see  fero. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  adj.,  broad,  wide;  of  terri- 
tory, extensive. 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side;  of  an  army, 
flank.  latus  apertum,  exposed 
flank,     ab  latere,  on  the  flank. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [laus],  1, 
praise.,  extol. 

laurea,  -ae,  f.,  laurel-tree,  bay; 
laurel  crown. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  glory,  re- 
nown; title  to  praise,  merit,  ex- 
cellency. 

Lavinia,  -ae,  f.,  Ldvinia,  daughter 
of  King  Latinus. 

Lavlnium,  -i,  n.,  Ldvinium,  a  town 
in  Latium.    See  map,  frontispiece. 

lazit^s,  -atis,  1,  width,  spacious- 
ness. * 

lazo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [laxus],  1, 
extend,  open,  expand,  spread  out; 
open,  undo. 

lectica,  -ae,  f.,  litter,  sedan-chair. 

lectulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  lectus],  m., 
small  couch,  bed. 

lector,  -5ris,  [cf.  lego],  m.., reader. 

legatio,  -onis,  f.,  embassy,  legation, 
office  of  ambassador;  generally 
referring  to  persons  (=legati), 
deputation,  embassy,  envoys. 


LEGATUS 


77 


LIBERALITAS 


ISgatua,  -i,  m,,  ambassador,  legale, 
envoy;  oi  the  army,  lieutenant, 
deputy. 

legio,  -5ni8,  [cf.  lego,  collect],  f., 
legion.     See  Intro,  p.  9,  fol. 

legionarlus,  -a,  -urn,  [legio],  adj., 
of  a  legion,  legionary. 

lego,  legere,  legi,  lectus,  3,  bring 
together,  gather,  collect;  choose, 
appoint;  review,  read. 

Lemannus,  -i,  m.,  in  Caesar  always 
with  lacus,  Lake  Geneva. 

Lemnius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Lemnos, 
Lemnian.  As  subst.,  Lemnius, 
-1,  m.,  inhabitant  of  Lemnos, 
Lemnian. 

LSmnus,  -i,  [A^yui/oj],  f.,  Lemnos, 
an  island  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  Aegean  Sea.  See  map  opp. 
p.  75. 

lenitas,  -atis,  [lenis],  f.,  smooth- 
ness, gentleness. 

ISniter,  comp.  lenius,  sup.  -issime, 
[lenis],  adv.,  mildly,  gently, 
slightly. 

lenoeinium,  -i,  n.,  allurement,  en- 
ticement, charm  ;  personal  adorn- 
ment. 

Lentulus,  -I,  m.,  Lentulus,  name 
of  a  distinguished  family  of  the 
Cornelian  gens ;  in  this  book, 
P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Sura,  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspiracy. 

lentus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  lenia],  adj., 
pliant,  flexible,  tough  ;  slow,  slug- 
gish ;  easy,  calm. 

leo,  -onis,  [Xiuv],  m.,  lion. 

Leonidas,  -ae,  [AewWSds],  m., 
Leonidas,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who 
fell  at  Thermopylae  while  defend- 
ing the  pass  against  the  Persians, 
in  480  B.C. 

Iiepidus,   -i,   m.,  Lepidus,   family 


name  of  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  a 
member,  with  Antony  and  Octavi- 
anus,  of  the  second  triumvirate. 

IStalis,  -e,  [letum],  adj.,  deadly, 
fatal. 

LeucI,    -orum,   [Kel.,  = 'bright'], 

m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic  state  between  the 

Mediomatrici  and  the  Lingones  ; 

the    name    of    their    chief    city, 

.  Tullum,  survives  in  Toul. 

Leuctra,  -orum,  [Aey/crpa],  n.,  pi., 
Leuctra,  a  small  town  in  Boeotia, 
the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Lacedaemonians  by  Epaminondas 
in  371  B.C.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Leuctricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Leuc- 
tra, at  Leuctra. 

levis,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  light,  slight;  slight,  trivial; 
fickle,  untrustworthy,  false;  of  a 
report,  baseless^  unfounded;  of 
an  engagement,  unimportant. 
Comp.,  more  capricious;  less 
serious. 

levitaift,  -atis,  [levis],  i.,  lightness; 
fickleness,  instability. 

Ifiz,  legis,  f.,  enactment^  law,  rule; 
condition,  stipulation. 

libSns,  -entis,  [part,  of  libet],  adj., 
willing,  with  good  will,  with  pleas- 
ure, glad. 

libenter,  comp.  libentius,  sup. 
libentissime,  [libens,  glad],  adv., 
willingly,  gladly,  cheerfully. 

liber,  -era,  -erom,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
liberrimus,  adj.,  free,  indepen- 
dent; unimpeded,  unrestricted; 
generous.  As  subst.,  liber,  -eri, 
m. ,  freeman. 

liber,  -bri,  m.,  inner  bark  of  a 
tree  ;  book,  work,  volume. 

liberal! tas,  -atia,  [liberalia],  t., 
geniality,  kindness,  courtesy ; 
generosity,  liberality. 


LIBERALITEK 


78 


LONGUS 


llberaliter,  comp.  liberalius,  sup. 
-issime,  [liberalis],  adv.,  gra- 
ciously^ courteously,  kindly. 

libere,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  liberrime, 
[liber],  adv.,  freely,  without  hin- 
drance; boldly;  openly;  without 
restraint,  Ucentiouslij. 

liberl,  -orum,  [from  liber ;  i.e.  the 
free  part  of  the  family],  m.,  pi., 
children. 

liber 5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [liber],  1, 
set  free,  liberate,  free;  absolve, 
acquit. 

libertaa,  -atis,  [liber],  f.,  freedom, 
liberty  ;  freedom  of  speech. 

libertuB,  -i,  [Uber],  m.,  freedman. 

liceor,  liceri,  licitus  sum,  2,  dep., 
bid,  make  a  bid,  at  an  auction. 

licet,  licere,  licuit  and  licitum  est, 
2,  impers.,  it  is  allowed,  lawful, 
permitted.  licet  mild,  I  am 
allowed,  I  may.  petere  ut 
liceat,  to  ask  permission. 

Licinius,  -i,  m.,  Licinius,  family 
name    of    P.  Licinius    Crassus,. 

COS.   171  B.C. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um,  [lignum],  adj., 
oficood,  icooden. 

Ligus,  -uris,  m.,  Ligurian,  inhabi- 
tant of  Liguria,  a  country  in  the 
western  part  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Lilybaeum,  -i,  n.,  Lilybaeum,  a 
promontory  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Sicily.     See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Lingones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
state  separated  from  the  Sequani 
by  the  Arar.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue;  by  me- 
tonymy, language.  ! 

linter,  -tris,  f.,  boat,  skiff. 

liquefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factus,  i 
[liqueo  +  facidj,  3,  make  liquid,  \ 
melt;  enervate.  j 


lis,  litis,  f.,  strife,  dispute,  quarrel, 
suit  at  law,  process;  subject  of  an 
action,  matter  in  dispute;  dam- 
ages, lis  aestimata  est,  damages 
were  assessed. 

Liscus,  -i,  m.,  chief  magistrate 
(vergobret)  of  the  Aedui,  58  b.c. 

litigator,  -oris,  m.,  party  to  a 
lawsuit,  litigant. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter  of  the  alpha- 
bet ;  writing,  document ;  pi. ,  lit- 
terae,  -arum,  writing;  letter, 
despatch  ;  literature. 

litterarlus,  -a,  -um,  [littera],  adj., 
of  or  belonging  to  reading  and 
icriting.  liidus  litterarius,  an 
elementary  school, 

litus,  -oris,  n.,  seashore,  beach, 
strand. 

locupleto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [locu- 
ples],  1,  make  rich,  enrich. 

locus,  -i,  m.,  place,  ground;  posi- 
tion, situation ;  room ;  social 
position,  rank.  PI.  loci,  -orum, 
m.,  single  places  ;  loca,  -orum,  n., 
places  connected,  region,  place, 
spot,  locality,  region  ;  station, post. 

lociitus,  see  loquor. 

longe,  comp.  longius,  sup.  longis- 
sime,  [longus],  adv.,  a  long  wan 
off,  at  a  distance;  far;  greatly 
by  far.  Comp.,  of  space,  further  ; 
of  time,  further,  longer.  quam 
longissime,  as  far  as  possible. 
See  late. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[longus],  adj.,  far  removed,  re- 
mote, distant;  long-continued, 
prolonged,  lasting. 

longltudo,  -inis,  [\ongvLB],t.,  length. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  longior,  sup. 
longissimus,  adj.,  long,  extended; 
lasting,  prolonged;  distant,  re- 
mote. 


LONGUS 


79 


MACEDONIA 


Longus,  -i,  m.,  Lom/us,  surname 
of  Ti.  Sempronms  Longus,  col- 
league of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  in 
the  consulship,  218  B.C. 

loquor,  loqui,  lociitus  sum,  3,  dep. , 
speak,  talk;  say,  tell. 

Lucanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Lucanian, 
of  Lucania,  a  province  in  south- 
western Ital}"-.  As  subst.,  Luca- 
nus, -I,  m.,  Lucanian,  inhabitant 
of  Lucania. 

Lucius,  -i,  abbreviated  L.,  m., 
Lucius,  a  Roman  forename. 

Lucretia,  -ae,  f.,  Lucretia,  wife 
of  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  and  a 
type  of  the  Roman  matron  of  the 
olden  time. 

Lucretius,  -i,  m.,  Lucretius,  the 
father  of  Lucretia. 

luctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
wrestle,  struggle,  strive,  contend. 

luctus,  -U8,  [cf.  lugeo],  m.,  sorrow, 
mourning,  grief. 

lucus,  -i,  m.,  sacred  grove;  wood, 
grove. 

Indus,  -i,  m.,  game,  play;  public 
game;  sport,  jest. 

lugeo,  -ere,  luxi,  luctus,  2,  grieve, 
lament;  deplore. 

lugubris,  -e,  [cf.  lugeo],  adj.,  of 
mourning,  mourning;  doleful, 
mournful. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.,  light;  light  of  the 
eye,  eye;  glory,  ornament. 

luna,  -ae,  f.,  the  moon. 

Inpa,  -ae,  f.,  she-ioolf.     ■ 

lupus,  -i,  m.,  icolf 

luscinia,  -ae,  f.,  nightingale. 

Lusitania,  -ae,  f.,  Lusitdnia,  a  dis- 
trict in  Spain  corresponding  very 
nearly  to  modern  Portugal.  See 
map,  frontispiece. 

Lusitanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Lusitania.      As  subst.,    m.,  pi., 


people  of  Lusitania,  Lusitani- 
ans. 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [liistrum], 
1,  light  up,  illuminate;  review, 
inspect,  survey,  examine;  purify. 

Lutatius,  -i,  m.,  Lutdtius,  name  of 
a  Roman  gens.  In  this  book  re- 
fers to  : 

(1)  C.  Lutdtius  Catulus,  consul 
in  241  B.C.  He  brought  the 
first  Punic  war  to  an  end  by  his 
naval  victory  near  the  Aegates 
Islands. 

(2)  Q.  Lutdtius  Catulus,  who 
aided  Marius  in  defeating  the 
Cimbri  at  Vercellae  in  101  b.c. 

liix,     lucis,     f.,     light,     daylight. 

prima  liice,  at  daybreak. 
Iu2i,  see  luged. 
Itixuria,  -ae,    [luxus,   excess^,   f., 

high     living,     luxury;    extrava- 
gance. 
IdsuridsS,  comp.  luxuriosius,  sup. 

liixuriosissime,       [  liixuriosus  ] , 

adv.,  luxuriously,  voluptuously. 
luxuriosuB,    -a,     um,     [luxuria], 

adj.,    luxuriant;   excessive;   luxr- 

urious,  voluptuous. 
luzus,  -us,  m.,  excess,  indulgence, 

luxury;  splendor. 
Lysis,  -idis,   [AO<ris],  m.,  Lysis,  a 

Pythagorean     philosopher     from 

Tarentum,   a  teacher  of  Epami- 

nondas. 

M. 
M.,  with  proper  names  =  Marcus, 

a  Roman  forename. 
M',  with  proper  names  =  Manias,  a 

Roman  forename. 
M  as  a  designation  of  number  = 

1000. 
Macedonia,  -ae,  f.,  Macedonia,  a 

country  north  of   Greece.      See 

map  opp.  p.  76. 


MACEDOlSnCUS 


80 


MANCINUS 


Macedonicus,  -a,  -um,  [Mace- 
donia], adj.,  of  or  belonging  to 
Macedonia^  Macedonian. 

m^chinatio,  -5nis,  [macliinor,  con- 
trivel^  f.,  contrivance^  machine. 

mact5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [mactus], 
1,  magnify^  glorify;  offer  sacri- 
fice; kill. 

maculd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [macula, 
spot}^  1,  spot,  stain;  dishonor, 
defile. 

MaecSn&s,  -atis,  m.,  Maecenas, 
family  name  of  C.  Cilnius  Mae- 
cenas, an  intimate  friend  and 
trusted  counsellor  of  Augustus. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,/M;Z  of  sad- 
ness, sad,  gloomy,  dejected. 

magis,  sup.  maxime,  [of.  magnus], 
adv.  in  comp.  degree,  more, 
rather.  eo  magis,  all  the  more. 
Sup.  maxime,  very  greatly,  ex- 
ceedingly, chiefly,  especially. 
quam  maxime,  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, anus  omnium  maxime, 
most  of  all. 

magister,  -tri,  [of.  magnus],  m., 
master,  chief;  teacher,  guardian. 
magister  equitum,  master  of  the 
horse. 

magistratus,  -iis,  [magister],  m., 
office  of  master,  civil  office,  magis- 
tracy ;  magistrate,  public  officer. 

Magnesia,  -ae,  [Mayprjcrla],  f., 
Magnesia,  a  city  on  the  river 
Meander  in  Caria,  in  southwestern 
Asia  Minor.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  mag- 
nificentior,  sup.  magnificentis- 
simus,  [magnus,  cf.  facid],  adj., 
great,  noble,  distinguished ;  splen- 
did, magnificent. 

magnificentisBimS,  [magnificus] , 
adv.,  sup.,  most  grandly,  most 
splendidly. 


magnitudo,  -inis,  [magnus],  f., 
greatness;  size,  bulk;  great  num- 
ber. 

magnopere,  [for  magno  opere,  abl. 
of  magnum -I- opus],  adv.,  very 
much,  greatly,  specially,  deeply; 
earnestly,  urgently. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  maior  (ma- 
jor), sup.  maximus,  adj.,  great, 
large,  powerful;  noble,  great; 
mighty,  loud;  important, loeighty ; 
comp.,  more;  sup.,  greatest,  very 
great,  largest,  very  large.  As 
subst.,  maiores,  -um,  m.,  pi., 
forefathers,  ancestors.  mai5res 
natu,  lit.,  those  older  by  birth, 
the  old  men,  elders.  Magnus,  -i, 
m.,  the  Great,  surname  of  Cn. 
Pompeius. 

Mago  or  Mtg5n,  -onis,  [Mi7wv], 
j  m.,  Mago,  a  brother  of  Hannibal. 
!  maiestas,  -atis,  [maior] ,  f . ,  great- 
\  ness,  dignity;  authority,  sover- 
I  eign  poioer.  crimen  maiestatis, 
i  charge  of  high  treason. 
'  maior,  -ius,  see  magnus. 

male,  [mains],  comp.  peius,  sup. 
pessime,  adv.,  badly,  wickedly; 
imperfectly,  barely,  scarcely,  with 
difficulty;  unsuccessfully,  unfort- 
unately. 

maleficium,  -i,  [maleficus],  n., 
mischief  outrage,  harm. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  — ,  [magis  + 
volo],  irr.,  prefer,  choose  rather, 
had  rather. 

malum,  -i,  [malus],  n.,  evil,  mis- 
chief, misfortune,  calamity ; 
wrong-doing,  evil  deed. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  peior,  sup. 
pessimus,  adj.,  bad,  loicked;  un- 
favorable, unfortunate. 

Mancinus,  -i,  m.,  3/awcinws,  sur- 
name of  C.  Hostilius  Mancinus 


MANDATUM 


81 


MARGABITA 


mandatum,  -i,  [part,  of  mando], 
11.,  commission^  order,  command, 
injunctio  n ,  instructio  n. 

inandd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [manus 
+  do],  1,  commit,  entrust,  com- 
mission; order,  command,  direct. 

inane5,  manere,  mansi,  mansus, 
2,  remain,  tarry ;  abide,  pass  the 
night;  last,  endure,  continue; 
wait  for. 

Mamlius,  -i,  m.,  3Idmlius,  family 
name  ot  Jif,  Mdnilius,  consul  in 
149  B.C. 

manipuluB,  -i,  [manus  +  plk  in 
pleo,  because  the  first  standard 
of  a  maniple  was  a  handful  of 
hay  raised  on  a  pole],  m.,  com- 
pany of  soldiers,  maniple,  one- 
third  of  a  cohort. 

Manlius,  -i,  m.,  Mdnlius,  name  of 
a  Roman  gens.  In  this  book 
refers  to  : 

(1)  T.  Mdnlius  Torqudtus,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
against  the  Gauls  in  361  b.c. 

(2)  Cn.  Mdnlius  Volso,  consul 
in  189  B.C.  ;  he  was  victor  over 
the  Galatians,  the  allies  of 
Antiochus. 

mano,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  flow, 
run,  trickle;  give  forth;  extend, 
he  diffused,  spread. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  [mansuetus, 
tame'],  f.,  tameness,  mildness,  gen- 
tleness, compassion. 

Mantinga,  -ae,  [Maj/rfma],  f., 
Mantinea,  a  city  of  Arcadia,  near 
which  Epaminondas  defeated  the 
Lacedaemonians  in  362  b.c.  See 
map  opp.  p.  76. 

manumitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[manus  +  mittd],  3,  release, 
emancipate,  set  free. 

manuB,  -us,  f.,  hand;  work,  skill; 


/Oicfc,  strength;  band,  troops. 
ad  manum,  near,  close.  ad 
manum  scriba,  private  secretary. 
maniis  dedere,  to  yield. 

Marathon,  -onis,  ace.  Marathona, 
lMapa6d)v],  f.,  Marathon,  sl  town 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Attica,  the 
scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  Per- 
sians by  the  Athenians  in  490  b.c. 
See  map.  opp.  p.  75. 

Marathonius,  -a,  -um,  adj. ,  of  Mar- 
athon, at  Marathon,  Marathonian. 

Marcellus,  -i,  [dim.  of  Marcus], 
m.,  Marcellus,  family  name.  In 
this  book  refers  to : 

(1)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  the 
'Sword  of  Rome,'  who  capt- 
ured Syracuse  in  212  b.c. 

(2)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  con- 
sul in  183  B.C. 

MSrcius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.   In  this  book  are  mentioned  : 

(1)  Ancus  Mdrcius,  fourth  king 
of  Rome. 

(2)  C.  Mdrcius  Conoldnus.  See 
p.  37. 

(3)  L.  Mdrcius  Censorinus,  con- 
sul in  149  B.C. 

Marcomani,  -orum,  [Ger.  =  *  Men 
of  the  Border,'  'Frontier-guard*], 
m.  pL,  Germanic  people  the  loca- 
tion of  which  is  doubtful.  Cf. 
Mommsen,  History  of  Borne,  ed. 
of  1895,  vol.  v.,  p.  31,  N. 

Marcus,  -i,  abbreviated  M.,  m., 
Marcus,  a  Roman  forename. 

Mardonius,  -i,  [Ma/)3<Jwoj],  m., 
Mardonius,  a  Persian  general 
under  Xerxes ;  he  was  defeated  at 
Plataea  in  479  b.c.  by  Pausanias. 

mare,  maris,  n.,  the  sea.  Mare 
Superum,  the  upper  sea,  the  Adri- 
atic. 

margarita,  -ae,  1,  pearU 


MARITIMUS 


82 


MEMMIUS 


maritimus,  -a,  -um,  [nuuvjj,  adj., 

of  the  sea,  by  the  sea,  near,  bor- 
dering on,  the  sea,'  maritime, 
sea. 

maritUB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  marriage, 
nuptial.  As  subst.,  maritus,  -i, 
m.,  marned  man,  husband. 

Maxius,  -i,  in..  Gains  Marius^  one 
of  the  greatest  Roman  generals ; 
born  157  b.c,  near  Arpinum,  died 
86  B.C.  ;  famous  for  his  victories 
over  Jugurtha  and  the  Cimbri  and 
Teutones  ;  seven  times  consul,  re- 
maining to  the  end  the  bitter  foe 
of  the  aristocratic  party  and  the 
most  formidable  opponent  of  Sulla. 

marmoreus,  -a,  -um,  [marmor], 
adj.,  of  marble,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  in.,  Mars,  the  Roman 
god  of  war ;  by  metonymy,  icar, 
battle,  dubio  Marts,  in  an  inde- 
cisive contest. 

Marsi,  -orum,  m.,  the  Marsi,  a 
people  living  in  a  district  just  east 
of  Latium. 

Martius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Mars,  to 
Mars,  martial ;  of  the  month  of 
March,  of  March. 

massa,  -ae,  f.,  himp,  mass. 

matara,  -ae,  [Kel.,  =  '  missile  '],  f., 
javelin,  spear. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother.  matres 
familiae,  matrons. 

matricida,  -ae,  [mater,  cf.  caedo], 
m.,  murderer  of  a  mother,  matri- 
cide. 

matrim5niuni,  -i,  [mater],  n.,  mar- 
riage, in  matrimonium  dare,  to 
give  in  marriage.  in  matrimo- 
nium ducere,  to  marry. 

Matrona,  -ae,  f.,  Marne,  which 
rises  near  the  head- waters  of  the 
Meuse  (Mosa)  and  flows  to  the 
northwest,  joining  the  Seine  (Se- 


quana)  four  miles  above  Paris, 
after  a  course  of  more  than  two 
hundred  miles.  See  map  opp 
p.  114. 

matr5na,  -ae,  [rn.B.iex'],!.,  a  married 
woman,  wife,  matron. 

maturS,  conip.  maturius,  sup.  ma- 
tiirrime,  [maturus],  adv.,  early. 
quam  maturrime,  as  early  as 
possible. 

mature,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [matu- 
rus], 1,  make  haste,  hasten. 

matunis,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
matiirrimus,  adj.,  ripe;  early. 

maxime,  [maximus],  see  magis. 

maximus,  see  magnus. 

Maximus,  see  Fabius. 

Medicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Media. 

medicus,  -i,  m.,  doctor,  physician, 
surgeon. 

mediocriter,  comp.,  mediocrius 
[mediocris],  adv.,  moderately,  in 
a  slight  degree,  non  mediocriter, 
in  no  moderate  degree. 

meditor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
reflect,  consider,  meditate;  plan, 
devise  ;  practise. 

medium,  -i,  [medius],  n.,  middle, 
centre,  intervening  space.  in 
medium  proferre,  to  produce,  offer., 
bring  out. 

medius, -a,  -um,  adj.,  inthemiddle, 
in  the  midst,  middle,  mid-;  mod- 
erate, medius  utriusque,  half- 
way  between  both.  media  nox, 
midnight.  de  media  nocte,  just 
after  midnight. 

Medus,  -i,  [M^Sos],  m.,  inhabitant 
of  Media,  Mede. 

melior,  adj.,  see  bonus. 

melius,  adv.,  see  bene. 

membrum,  -i,  n.,  member  (of  the 
body),  part,  limb. 

Memmius,  -i,  m.,  Memmius^  gen- 


MEMORABLLIS 


83 


MICYTHUS 


tile  name  of  C.  Memmius  Gemel- 
lus^ an  opponent  of  Julius  Caesar. 
He  secured  the  consulship,  how- 
ever, by  Caesar's  aid,  in  54  b.c. 

memorabilis,  -e,  [memoro],  adj., 
worth  telling^  metnorable  ;  re- 
markable. 

memoria,  -ae,  [memor,  mindful']^ 
1,  memory^  recollection^  remem- 
brance ;  account^  narration. 
memoria  tenere,  to  recollect. 
nostra  memoria,  in  our  own 
day.  memoria  proditum,  re- 
ported,  handed  down  by  tradi- 
tion. 

Menapii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Belgic 
people  between  the  Mosa  (Meuse) 
and  the  Scaldis  (^Schelde).  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

Meneclides,  -is,  [MeveKXcfSr/sj,  m., 
Meneclides,  a  Theban  orator,  an 
opponent  of  Epaminondas. 

Menenius,  -i,  m.,  Menenius,  family 
name  of  Menenius  Agrippa. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind.,  intellect; 
feeling^  attitude  of  mind  ;  judg- 
ment,  intelligence  ;  purpose^  in- 
tent., meaning  ;  plan. 

mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table ;  course  at 
dinner. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

mentio,  -onis,  f.,  a  calling  to  mind, 
mentioyi. 

mentior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  4,  dep., 
invent.,  lie,  assert  falsely. 

mercator,  -oris,  [mercor,  trade']., 
m.,  trader.,  merchant. 

mercennarius,  -a,  -um  [merces], 
adj.,  serving  for  pay,  hired,  mer- 
cenary. As  subst.,  mercennarius, 
-i,  m.,  hireling. 

merces,  -edis,  [cf.  mereo,  earn], 
i.,pay,  hire,  wages,  reward. 

mereo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  and  mereor, 


-eri,  -itus  sum,  2,  dep.,  deserve, 
be  entitled  to,  be  worthy  of,  merit; 
earn,  acquire,  gain,  obtain;  ren- 
der service. 

mergd,  -ere,  -si,  -sum,  3,  dip, 
plunge  in,  swallow  up;  sink, 
overwhelm. 

meridies,  -ei,  [meri-die,  loc.,  =  '  in 
the  clear  day'],  m.,  mid-day; 
south. 

merito,  [meritum],  sidy.,  justly. 

meritum,  -i,  [mereo],  n.,  merit, 
service;  worth,  value. 

meritus,  see  mereor. 

mers,  mercis,  f.,  goods,  wares,  mer- 
chandise. 

Messala,  -ae,  m.,  Messdla,  family 
name  of  3Iarcus  Valerius  Mes- 
sdla, consul  01  B.C. 

Messena,  -ae,  or  Messene,  -es, 
\Meaa-ijv7}],  t.,  Messena,  a  city  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus.   See  map  opp.  p.  74. 

metallmn,  -i,  [/x^roXXoi'J,  n.,  metal; 
mine. 

MetelluB,  see  Caecilius. 

metior,  metiri,  mensus  sum,  4, 
dep.,  measure,  measure  out,  dis- 
tribute. 

Metius,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Metius,  an 
envoy  of  Caesar  to  Ariovistus. 

MettiuB,  -i,  m.,  Mettius,  forename 
of  Mettius  Fufetius,  leader  of  the 
Albans  in  the  time  of  Tullus  Hos- 
tilius. 

metus,  -lis,  m.,fear,  dread;  terror. 

mi,  voc.  of  meus. 

Micipsa,  -ae,  m.,  Micipsa,  a  king 
of  Numidia,  died  in  118  b.c,  leav- 
ing the  kingdom  to  his  sons,  Ad- 
herbal  and  Hiempsal. 

MicythuB,  -1,  [WKveos],  m.,  Micy- 
thus,  a  Theban  youth,  a  contem 
porary  of  Epaminondas. 


MIGRO 


84 


MISER 


inigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  depart, 
remove. 

rnihi,  see  ego. 

mUes,  -itis,  m.,  soldier,  foot-sol- 
dier; coll.  by  metonymy,  soldiery, 
soldiers. 

Milesius,  -a,  um,  [Miletus],  adj., 
Milesian,  of  Miletus,  an  Ionian 
city  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  near  Ephesus. 

Miletus,  -i,  f.,  Miletus,  an  Ionian 
city  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  near  Ephesus.  See  map 
opp.  p.  93. 

xniliariuin,  -i,  [mille],  n.,  mile- 
stone. 

miliens,  [mille],  num.  adv.,  a  thou- 
sand times.  miliens  sestertium, 
see  N.  to  p.  55,  1.  6. 

mQitaris,  -e,  [miles],  adj.,  of  a 
soldier,  soldierly;  of  war,  war, 
military,  warlike.  res  militaris, 
art  of  war;  military  opera- 
tions. 

militia,  -ae,  [miles],  f.,  military 
service,  warfare,  war.  Loc,  mili- 
tiae,  in  the  field,  in  war ;  often 
contrasted  with  domi,  at  home,  in 
peace. 

xnilitd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [miles],  1, 
he  a  soldier,  perform  military  ser- 
vice, make  war. 

mUle,  indecl.  in  sing.,  pi.  milia  or 
millia,  num.  adj.,  a  thousand. 
Used  as  subst.  with  gen.,  usually 
in  the  plural.  As  subst.,  n.,  (sc. 
passuum),  mile, 

Miltiades,  -is,  [MtXTtdSi/s],  m., 
Miltiades.    See  p.  75. 

milvuB,  -i,  m.,  kite,  a  bird  of  prey. 

mimus,  -i,  m.,  comic  actor,  mimic ; 
farce. 

Minerva,  -ae,  [cf.  mens],  f.,  Mi- 
nerva, a  Roman  goddess  corre- 


sponding in  some  respects  to  the 
Greek  Athena,  and  afterwards 
identified  with  her.  She  was  the 
patroness  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences, and  goddess  of  scientific 
warfare. 

minime,  see  parum. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  see  parvus. 

minister,  -tra,  -trum,  Sidj.,  subordi- 
nate, ministering.  As  subst.,  min- 
ister, -tri,  m.,  attendant,  waiter, 
servant,  helper. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [freq.  of 
minor],  1,  dep.,  threaten,  menace. 

minor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep.,  juf 
forth;  threaten,  menace. 

minor,  -us,  see  parvus. 

Minucius,   -a,   Gentile  name    of : 

(1)  M.  Minucius  Bufus,  master 
of  horse  under  Fabius  Maximus. 

(2)  Q.  Minucius   Thermus,  con- 
sul in  193  B.C. 

minuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  lessen, 
diminish,  reduce ;  of  the  tide,  e&& , 
of  controversies,  settle,  put  an 
end  to. 

.  minus,  see  parum. 

'  mirabilis,  -e,  [miror],  adj.,  won- 
derful, extraordinai-y,  amazing. 
mirificus,    -a,    -um,     [mirus,    cf. 
facio],   adj.,   wonderful,  marvel- 
lous, strange. 
miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [mirus],  1, 

I      dep.,  wonder,  marvel;  wonder  at; 

i      admire,  esteem. 

!  minis,   -a,    -um,   adj.,    wonderful, 

'  amazing,  extraordinai^.  mirum 
in  modum,  in  a  surprising  man* 
ner. 
misceo,  miscere,  miscui,  mixtus, 
2,  mix,  mingle,  blend;  throw  into 
confusion,  disturb. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
miserrimus,    adj.,  wretched,    un^ 


MISERICORDIA 


85 


MOLO 


fortunate,  pitiable;  poor.  As 
subst.,  miseri,  -orum,  ra.,  pi.,  the 
wretched. 

misericordia,  -ae,  [misericors],  f., 
pity,  compassion,  mercy.  uti 
misericordia,  to  exercise  compas- 
sion. 

miseror,  -an,  -atus  sum,  [miser], 
1,  dep.,  lament,  deplore. 

missio,  -onis,  [mitto],  f.,  sending; 
release,  liberation  ;  discharge  from 
service,  dismissal. 

missus,  -a,  -urn,  see  mitto. 

Mitbridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithriddtes, 
the  name  of  several  kings  of 
Pontus ;  in  this  book  refers  to 
Mitbridates  VI.,  sumamed  the 
Great. 

Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Mithridates,  with  Mithridates, 
Mithridatic. 

mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  8, 
cause  to  go,  send,  send  off,  de- 
spatch; dismiss;  of  weapons, 
hurl,  throw;  shoot. 

Mitylenae,  -arum,  1,  pi.,  Mity- 
lene,  chief  city  of  the  island  of 
Lesbos,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  Aegean  Sea.  See  map  opp. 
p.  75. 

mobilitas,  -tatis,  [mobilis],  1, 
quickness  of  movement,  speed; 
fickleness,  changeableness. 

moderatio,  -onis,  [moderor],  f., 
controlling,  guidance;  modera- 
tion, self-control. 

modestia,  -ae,  [modestus],  f.,  mod- 
eration ;  discretion,  sobriety ; 
shame,  modesty;  honor,  dignity. 

modestus,  -a,  -um,  [modus],  adj., 
moderate,  modest,  temperate,  sober » 
discreet. 

modicus,  -a,  -um,  [modus],  adj., 
in    proper    measure,    moderate, 


modest,  temperate ;  middling, 
mean,  mediocre. 

modius,  -i,  [modus],  m.,  corn- 
measure,  peck,  modius,  contain- 
ing sixteen  sexidru,  about  two 
gallons. 

modo,  [modus],  adv.,  only,  merely ; 
of  time,  just  now,  but  now.  modo 
.  .  .  modo,  now  .  .  .  now.  non 
modo  .  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only  . . . 
but  also,  dum  modo,  provided 
only,  if  only. 

modus,  -i,  m.,  measure,  amount; 
limit,  end;  manner,  fashion, 
style.  ad  hunc  modum,  after 
this  manner,  in  this  way.  quem 
ad  modum,  in  lohat  way,  how  ;  in 
whatever  way,  just  as. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.,  ]p\.,  defensive  walls, 
ramparts,  city  loalls;  by  meton- 
ymy, walled  town. 

moleste,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[molestus,  troublesome'],  adv., 
with  trouble  or  annoyance,  ferre 
moleste,  to  be  annoyed,  be  vexed. 

molestia,  -ae,  [molestus],  1, 
trouble,  uneasiness,  annoyance. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  [moles],  adj., 
troublesome,  irksome,  annoying, 
disagreeable. 

mdlimentimi,  -i,  [cf.  molior,  from 
moles],  great  effort,  great  exer- 
tion. 

molitus,  see  molo. 

molior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  [m51es],  4, 
dep.,  make  an  exertion,  struggle, 
toil;  build,  construct;  under- 
take. 

mollis,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [mollig],  4, 
make  soft,  soften  ;  tame,  restrain, 
render  milder,  civilize. 

Mol6.  -onis,  m.,  Molo,  surname  of 
ApoUonius  Molo.      See   Apollo- 


MOLO 


86 


MULT  US 


molo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  3,  grind. 
molita  cibaria,  meaZ,  coarse  flour. 

Molossi,  -orum,  [Mo\o<r<roL],  m.,  pi., 
the  Molossiajis,  a  people  of  Epi- 
rus,  northwest  of  Greece.  See 
map  opp.  p.  75. 

momentum,  -i,  [moveo],  n.,  wiooe- 
ment^  motion;  brief  space  of  time, 
moment;  cause,  circumstance. 

mone5,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  remind, 
admonish;  advise,  warn,  teach; 
predict,  foretell. 

mons,  mentis,  m.,  mountain, 
mountain-range,  elevation,  height. 
summus  mons,  top  of  the  height. 
radices  mentis, /oo^  of  the  moun- 
tain or  height.  sub  monte,  at 
the  foot  of  the  height. 

monstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  point 
out,  indicate,  show. 

monimientum,  -i,  [cf.  meneo],  n., 
memorial,  monument;  memonal 
offering. 

mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay,  procrastina- 
tion ;  obstruction,  cause  of  delay. 

moratus,  -a,  -um,  see  moror. 

morbus,  -i,  [cf.  morior,  mors],  m., 
disease,  sickness. 

Morini,  -orum,  [Kel.,  from  mori, 
=  Lat.  mare  ;  *  Dwellers  by  the 
Sea'],  m.,  pi.,  a  powerful  Belgic 
people,  on  the  sea-coast  north  of 
the  Lys  River  and  opposite  Kent. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

morior,  mori  and  moriri,  mortuus 
sum,  fut.  part,  moriturus,  [cf. 
mors],  3,  dep.,  die. 

moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [mora],  1, 
dep,,  delay,  tarry,  linger;  delay, 
hinder. 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 

morsus,  -us,  [mordeo],  m.,  biting, 
bite ;  pain. 

mortifer,  -fera,  -ferum,  [mors,  cf. 


fero],  adj.,  death-bringing,  fatal, 
deadly. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  mo- 
rior], adj.,  dead. 

mos,  mdris,  m.,  usage,  habit,  cus- 
tom, manner;  capnce,  humor; 
pL,  customs,  manners,  conduct; 
character.  morem  gerere,  see 
gero. 

moveo,  movere,  movi,  motus,  2, 
move,  stir,  set  in  motion;  re- 
move ;  affect,  stir,  influence,  ca- 
stra  movere,  to  break  camp. 

moz,  adv.,  soon,  presently;  thera- 
upon,  next. 

Mucius,  -i,  m.,  Mucins,  family 
name  of  Q.  Mucius  Scaevola. 

mulier,  -ieris,  f.,  woman,  female; 
icife. 

multimodis,  [multis,  modis],  adv., 
in  many  ways,  variously. 

multiplex,  -icis,  [multus,  cf. 
plico],  adj.,  icith  many  folds, 
manifold,  repeated,  many;  many 
times  as  great ;  of  many  parts. 

multittido,  -inis,  [multus],  f., 
large  number,  multitude,  throng ; 
the  common  people. 

mult5,  [multus],  adv.,  by  much, 
much,  a  great  deal,  far. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [multa, 
fine'],  1,  punish,  sentence  to  pay, 
fine. 

multimi,  [multus],  adv.,  greatly, 
much.  multum  posse  or  va- 
lere,  to  have  great  power,  influ- 
ence. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  comp.  plus, 
sup.  pliirimus,  much;  pi.  many. 
As  subst.,  ni.,  pi.,  multi,  -orum, 
many  people  ;  pliires,  -ium,  more, 
quite  a  number,  several;  neut., 
sing.,  multum,  much ;  plus,  more ; 
plurimum,   very  much;    gen.   of 


MUMMIUS 


8T 


NATURA 


value,  plurimi,  of  vei-y  great 
worth;  neut.,  pi.,  multa,  many 
things,  many  considerations. 
multo  die,  late  in  the  day,  when 
the  day  was  far  spent. 

Mummius,  -i,  m.,  Mummius,  fam- 
ily name  of  L.  Mummius  Achdi- 
cus,  who  took  and  sacked  Corinth 
in  146  B.C. 

municipium,  -i,  [municeps],  n., 
free  town,  town. 

munimentum,  -i,  [munio],  n.,  for- 
tification, defence. 

miinio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [moenia], 
4,  defend  hij  a  wall,  fortify,  pro- 
tect; guard,  secure;  of  roads, 
make,  build. 

munitio,  -5nis,  [munio],  f.,  a  forti- 
fying, building  of  fortifications  ; 
works  of  fortijication,  fortification, 
intrenchment,  defences;  defence, 
protection. 

munitus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  miinio],  adj., 
fortified,  protected,  secure. 

miinuB,  -eris,  n.,  duty,  service,  func- 
tion; present,  gift. 

miiraena,  -ae,  f.,  muraena,  a  kind 
of  sea-iish. 

miirus,  -i,  m. ,  loall ;  rampart,  line 
of  works. 

mils,  muris,  m.  and  f.,  mouse. 

miisculus,  -i,  [mus],  m.,  a  little 
mouse. 

musicus,  -a,  -um,  \^fjLov<ncbs'],  adj., 
of  music.  As  subst.,  musica, 
-orum,  n.,  pi.,  music. 

miiBica,  -ae,  and  musice,  -es, 
\_(xov<TLK-fj'],  f.,  the  art  of  music, 
music,  often  including  poetry, 
according  to  the  Greek  concep- 
tion. 

Mutina,  -ae,  f.,  Mutina,  an  im- 
portant city  in   Cisalpine   Gaul, 


the  modern  Modena,  where  An- 
tony was  defeated  by  Octavianus 
in  43  B.C.     See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Mutingnsis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Mutina,  at 
Mutina. 

miito,  -are,  -avi,  -atas,  [freq.  of 
moveo],  I,  «iowe,  remove;  change^ 
alter,  exchange. 

Myiis,  -untis,  [MuoOs],  f.,  Myus,  a 
city  of  Ionia,  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  river 
Meander.    See  map  opp.  page  93. 

N. 

NabiB,  -idis,  m.,  Ndbis,  a  king  of 
Sparta. 

nactus,  -a,  -um,  see  nanciscor. 

nam,  conj. ,  introducing  an  explana- 
tion or  reason,  for;  as  an  enclitic 
with  interrogative  words,  hardly 
translatable  as  .a  separate  word, 
quibusnam. 

Nammeius  (Nammeiius),  -i,  m.,  a 
Helvetian  sent  as  envoy  to  Caesar. 

namque,  [nam  +  que],  conj.,  for, 
and  in  fact,  inasmuch  as. 

nanciscor,  nancisci,  nactus  or 
nauctus  sum,  3,  dep. ,  get,  obtain, 
receive;  meet  with,  find,  incur, 
catch,  contract. 

n&rro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  make 
known,  say,  tell;  recount,  de- 
scribe. 

n^BCor,  nasci,  natns  sum,  3,  dep., 
be  born,  be  produced;  arise,  grow; 
begin. 

Nasica,  see  Scipio. 

Nasua,  -ae,  m. ,  a  chieftain  of  the 
Suebi. 

nSsus,  -1,  m.,  nose;  sense  of  smell. 

natio,  -onia,  [cf.  natus],  f.,  birth; 
race,  kind  ;  nation,  people. 

n&tura,  -ae,  [natus,  from  nascor], 
f.,    nature,    character;     natural 


NATUS 


88 


NEGO 


features,    situation;     nature    of 

things,  Nature. 
natus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  nascor], 

adj.,   born,   arisen.      As    subst., 

natus,  -i,  m.,  son. 
natus,  -us,  [cf.  nascor],  m.,  used 

only  in  abl.  sing. ,  birth,      maiores 

natu,  see  magnus. 
nauiragium,  -i,  [navis,  cf.  frango], 

n.,  shipwreck;  ruin,  loss. 
nauta,  -ae,  [for  navita  from  navis], 

m.,  sailor. 
nauticus,  -a,  -um,  [mpriK6s],  adj., 

of  ships,  nautical,  naval.      nau- 

tica  castra,  naval  camp. 
navalis,  -e,  [navis],  adj.,  of  ships, 

nautical,  naval. 
navicula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  navis],  f., 

small  vessel,  boat,  skiff. 
navigium,  -i,  [navis,  cf.  ago],  n., 

vessel,  ship,  bark,  boat. 
navis,  -is,  f.,  ship.        navis  longa, 

ship  of  war.        navis  oner  aria, 

ship  of  burden,  transport.      navis 

triremis,  ship  with  three  banks  of 

oars,  trireme. 
navo,  -are, -avi, -atus,  [(g)  navus, 

busy],  1,  do  with  zeal.        operam 

navare,  to  act  vigorously,  do  one's 

best. 
Naxua,  -i,  [Nci^oj],  f.,  Naxos,  an 

island  in  the  central  part  of  the 

Aegean  Sea,   the  largest  of  the 

Cyclades.     See  map  opp.  p.  76. 
ne,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  not.  ne  .  .  . 
quidem,  not  even  ;  the  word  em- 
phasized stands  between  ne  and 
quidem. 

(2)  As  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest, 
not  to;  after  words  of  fearing, 
that;  after  words  of  beseeching, 
ordering,  commanding,  not  to. 
ne  quis,  that  no  one.        ne  qua 


spes,  that  no  hope,  deterrere  ne, 
to  frighten  from. 

-ne,  enclitic  interrogative  particle, 
whether.  -ne  .  .  .  an,  or  -ne 
.  .  .  -ne,  whether  .  .  .  or. 

nee,  conj.,  see  neque. 

necessario  [necessariusj,  adv.,  of 
necessity^  unavoidably. 

necessarius,  -a,  um,  [necesse], 
adj.,  unavoidable,  needful,  neces- 
sary;  urgent,  pressing  ;  connected 
by  natural  ties,  related.  mors 
necessaria,  a  natural  death.  As 
subst.,  necessarius,  -I,  m.,  kins- 
man, relation. 

necesse,  adj.,  only  in  nom.  and 
ace.  sing,  n.,  necessary. 

necessitas,  -atis,  [necesse],  f., 
unavoidableness,  necessity,  ur- 
gency;  fate,  destinr  ;  connection, 
relationship. 

necessitudo,  -inis,  [necesse],  f., 
necessity;  close  connection,  rela- 
tionship, friendship,  intimacy. 
sortis  necessitudo,  close  official 
connection. 

necne,  [nee  +  -ne],  conj.,  or  not. 
utrum  .  .  .  necne,  irihether  or  not. 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  put  to 
death,  kill,  destroy. 

nefas,  [ne  +  fas],  indecl.,  n.,  some- 
thing contrary  to  divine  law,  sin, 
crime. 

neglegens,  -entis,  [part,  of  negle- 
go],  adj.,  heedless,  negligent, 
careless. 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus,  [nee 
+  lego],  3,  disregard,  leave  out  of 
consideration,  be  indifferent  to; 
neglect ;  overlook,  leave  unno- 
ticed  ;  despise. 

nego,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  \,  deny,  sag 
not,  say  no,  often  =  dicit  non ; 
refuse. 


NEGOTIUM 


89 


NITEN8 


negotium,  -i,  [nec+6tium],  n.,  busi- 
ness, enterprise;  effort,  trouble, 
difficulty.  neque  .  .  .  quicquam 
negoti,  and  not  .  .  .  any  trouble. 
negdtium  dare,  to  direct,  com- 
mand. 

Nemetes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  Germanic 
IDeople  west  of  the  Rhine,  east  of 
the  Mediomatrici ;  chief  city,  No- 
viomagus,  now  Speier  (Spires). 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

nemo,  -inis,  [ne  +  homo],  pi.  and 
gen.  and  abl.  sing,  not  in  use, 
being  replaced  by  forms  from 
nuUus,  m.  and  f .,  no  man,  no  one, 
nobody. 

Neocles,  -is  or  -i,  [Neo/cX^s],  m., 
Neocles,  father  of  Themistocles. 

nepos,  -p5tis,  m.,  grandson,  descend- 
ant. 

neptis,  -is,  [cf.  nepos],  f.,  grand- 
daughter. 

Neptunus,  -i,  m.,  Neptune.,  a  god 
of  the  Romans  corresponding  to 
the  Greek  Poseidon.  He  was  god 
of  the  sea  and  of  all  great  waters. 

neque  or  nee  [ne,  =  ne,  +  que], 
adv.,  and  not.,  nor.,  and  .  .  .  not, 
hut .  .  .  not,  not  yet.  neque  .  .  . 
neque  or  nee,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 

nS  .  .  .  quidem,  see  ne. 

nequiquam,  [ne  -h  quiquam],  adv., 
in  vain,  to  no  purpose. 

Nero,  -5nis,  m.,  Nero,  surname  of 
Ti.  Claudius  Nero,  emperor  from 
14-37  A.D.,  and  of  C  Claudius 
Nero.,  who  defeated  Hasdrubal  at 
Sena,  in  207  b.c. 

Nervius,  -i,  m.,  a  Nervian.  PI. 
Nervii,  -orum,  the  Nervii,  a  war- 
like people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  south 
of  the  Scaldis  (Schelde),  defeated 
by  Caesar  in  57  b.c.  at  the  Sam- 
bre  with  great  slaughter;   chief 


city  Bagacum,  now  Bavay.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

nervus,  -i,  ra.,  sineio,  muscle  \  pi., 
power,  force. 

nSscio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  — ,  [ne  + 
scio],  4,  not  know,  he  ignorant. 
With  quis  or  quid  forms  a  com- 
pound pron.  or  adj.  pron.,  I  know 
not  who,  some  one;  I  know  not 
what,  something,  some. 

neu,  see  neve. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  neutrius, 
[ne  -I-  uter],  adj.,  neither  the  one 
nor  the  other,  neither.  As  subst., 
neutri,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  neither 
side,  neither  force. 

neve  or  neu,  [ne  +  ve],  adv.  and 
conj.,  a7id  not,  nor,  and  that .  .  . 
not,  and  lest.  neu  .  .  .  -que, 
and  not  .  .  .  hut. 

nex,  necis,  f.,  death,  tiolent  death, 
murder.  vitae  necisque  po- 
testas,  power  over  life  and  death, 
absolute  power. 

niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  black, 
dark,  dusky;  gloomy,  ill-omened. 

nihil  or  nil,  [ne  -I-  hilum,  trifle], 
indecl.,  n.,  nothing;  ace.  often 
with  adverbial  force,  not  at  all,  by 
no  means. 

nihildiun,  [nihil  +  dmn],  indecl., 
n.,  nothing  as  yet. 

nihilum,  -i,  [ne,  =  ne,  +  hilum], 
n.,  nothing.  nihilo,  abl.  of  de- 
gree of  difference,  lit.  by  nothing; 
not  at  all,  in  no  way.  nihilo 
minus,  none  the  less. 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  [nimis],  adj.,  be- 
yond measure,  excessive,  too  great. 

nisi,  [ne  -I-  si],  conj.,  if  not,  unless, 
except. 

nitens,  -entis,  [part,  of  niteo],  adj., 
shining,  brilliant ;  illustrious, 
conspicuous. 


NITEO 


90 


NOVIODUNUM 


niteo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  shine,  glitter; 
flourish,  look  beautiful;  be  con- 
spicuous. 

nitor,  niti,  nixus  or  nisus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  pi'ess  upon,  lean,  support 
one^sself;  strive,  labor,  endeavor; 
rely  on,  depend  on. 

no,  jiare,  navi,  — ,  1,  swim,  float. 

nobilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  [cf.  nosed],  adj.,  noted,  re- 
nowned; of  high  rank,  noble.  As 
subst.,  nobiles,  -um,  in.,  pi., 
nobles,  men  of  rank ;  nobilissimus, 
-I,  ni.,  man  of  highest  rank;  pi., 
men  of  highest  rank.  nobilis- 
simi  cuiusque,  of  all  those  of 
highest  rank. 

nobilitas,  -tatis,  [nobilis],  f., 
celebrity,  fame;  nobility,  rank; 
often  collective  (=  nobiles),  no- 
bility, nobles,  men  of  rank. 

nobis,  see  ego. 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  fut.  part., 
nociturus,  2,  do  harm,  injure,  hurt. 

nootu,  [old  abl.  of  noctus  =  nox], 
adv.,  by  night,  at  night. 

noctua,  -ae,  [nox],  f.,  night-owl, 
owl. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  [nox],  adj.,  of 
night,  by  night,  nocturnal. 

Nola,  -ae,  f.,  Nola,  a  town  in  the 
central  part  of  Campania,  tw^enty- 
one  miles  from  Capua  ;  it  played 
a  prominent  part  in  the  second 
Punic  and  Social  Wars.  See  map, 
frontispiece. 

ndlo,  nolle,  nolui, — ,  [ne,  +  volo], 
irr.,  n.,  wish  .  .  .  not,  not  wish, 
be  unwilling.  noH,  nolite,  with 
infin.,  do  not. 

nomen,  nominis,  [cf.  nosco],  n., 
means  of  knowing,  name,  appella- 
tion, title;  the  ge^itile  name; 
fame,  reputation,  renown.         suo 


nomine,  on  his  own  account. 
nomen  Romanum,  the  Boman  na- 
tion. 

nominatim,  [nomino],  adv.,  by 
name,  especially,  particularly. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [no- 
men], 1,  call  by  name,  designate, 
call,  name;  mention. 

non,  adv.,  not,  no.  non  niillus 
or  ndnniillus,  some,  several,  non 
numquam,  sometimes. 

nonagesimus,  -a,  -um,  [nona- 
ginta],  adj.,  the  ninetieth. 

nonagintt,  iudecl.  num.  adj., 
ninety. 

nondum,  [non-f-dum],  2i^\.,notyet. 

non  niillus,  -a,  -um,  see  non. 

non  numquam,  see  non. 

nonus,  -a,  -um,  [for  *novenus, 
from  novem],  num.  ord.  adj., 
ninth. 

Noreia  (Noreiia),  -ae,  f.,  chief  city 
of  the  Norici,  where  the  Romans 
were  defeated  by  the  Cimbri  113 
B.C. ;  now  Neumarkt.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 

Noricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Norici,  Norican.  As  subst., 
Norica,  -ae,  f.,  Norican  woman. 

nos,  see  ego. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  [nos],  pron. 
adj.,  our,  our  own.  As  subst., 
nostri,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  our  men, 
our  side. 

nota,  -ae,  [cf.  nosco],  f.,  means  of 
recognition,  mark;  brand. 

noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nota],  1, 
mark;  indicate,  denote;  single 
out,  designate;  mention,  tell; 
censure,  reprimand. 

novem,  or  IX,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
nine. 

Noviodunum,  -i.  rKel..  =  'New 
town'],  n.,city  of  the  SuesViones, 


!NOVUS 


91 


NUNTIUS 


on  the  Axona  (Aisne),  later 
called  Augusta  Suessionum  ;  now 
Soissons.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  novissimus, 
adj.,  new,  fresh,  strange.  Sup., 
last,  at  the  rear.  As  subst., 
novissimi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  those 
at  the  rear,  the  rear.  novis- 
simum  agmen,  rear  of  the  line 
of  march,  the  rear. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night.  prima 
noete,  at  nightfall.  multa 
nocte,  late  at  night,  when  the 
night  was  far  spent. 

nubilis,  -e,  [of.  nubo],  adj.,  mar- 
riageable. 

nubo,  nubere,  nupsi,  nuptus,  8, 
veil  one's  self  for  marriage,  be 
married ;  marry,  wed. 

nudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nudus],  1, 
strip,  make  bare;  expose,  leave 
unprotected. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unclothed, 
nude,  stripped;  destitute,  barren; 
unprotected;  mere,  pure,  sole. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nullius,  [ne 
+  uUus],  adj.,  not  any,  none,  no. 
As  subst.,  nullus,  -lus,  ni ,  n<> 
one,  nobody. 

aum,  inter,  adv.,  usually  introduc- 
ing a  question  expecting  a  nega- 
tive answer,  then,  now;  .  .  .  not 
so  .  .  .  is  it  ?  in  ind.  questions, 
whether,  if.  num  etiam,  etc., 
could  he  also  ?  he  could  not  also 
.  .  .  could  he  f 

Numa,  -ae,  m.,  Numa,  a  Sabine 
name,  forename  of  Numa  Pom- 
pilius,  the  second  king  of  Rome. 

Numantia,  -ae,  f.,  Numantia,  a 
city  in  Spain,  captured  and  de- 
stroyed by  P.  Scipio  Africanus 
in  133  B.C.  See  map,  frontis- 
piece. 


Numantinus,  -a,  -um,  [Numantia], 
adj.,  o/or  belonging  to  Numantia. 
As  subst.,  Numantinus,  -i,  m.,  an 
inhabitant  of  Numantia,  a  Nu- 
mantine. 

numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nu- 
merus],  1,  count,  number,  reckon; 
count  out,  pay  down. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number,  quan- 
tity ;  position,  rank. 

Numidae,  -arum,  \^vofxds, wanderer, 
pi.  I'o/xdSes,],  m.,  pi.,  inhabitants 
of  Numidia,  Numidians,  a  people 
living  in  Northern  Africa,  in  the 
region  now  called  Algeria,  famous 
as  archers,  and  employed  by  the 
Romans  as  light-armed  troops, 
as  were  also  the  archers  of  Crete 
and  slingers  from  the  Balearic 
Islands. 

Numidia,  -ae,  f.,  Numidia,  a  coun- 
try in  Northern  Africa ;  modern 
Algeria.     See  map,  frontispiece. 

Numitor,  -oris,  m.,  Numitor,  a 
king  of  Alba  Longa,  who  was 
driven  out  by  his  younger  brother 
Amulius,  but  restored  by  Rom- 
ulus and  Remus. 

nummuB.  -i,  m.,  piece  of  money, 
coin;  the  Roman  unit  of  coin- 
age, sestertius,  sesterce;  see  ses- 
tertius. 

numquam,  [ne,  =  ne,  -I-  umquam], 
adv.,  never,  not  at  any  time. 

nunc,  adv.,  now,  at  present. 

nuncupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nomen, 
capio],  1,  call  by  name,  call, 
name. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nuntius], 
1,  announce,  report;  give  orders. 
nuntiatur,  icord  is  brought,  it  is 
reported.  qua  re  nuntiata,  on 
hearing  this. 

nuntius,   -a,  -um,   adj.,   that    an- 


NUPER 


92 


OBSISTO 


nounces,  making  knoicn^  inform- 
ing. As  subst.,  niintiua,  -i,  m., 
messenger;  message,  news,  tid- 
ings. 

nuper,  sup.  nuperrime,  adv.,  lately, 
recently. 

nuptum,  supine  of  nubo. 

nusquam,  [ne  +  usquam] ,  adv., 
nowhere,  in  no  place  ;  in  nothing  ; 
for  no  puipose. 

nut 5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
nuo],  1,  nod;  waver,  give  way; 
doubt,  hesitate. 

nutrio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  4,  suckle, 
?iourish,  bring  up,  rear. 

QutuB,  -us,  [nuo,  nod],  ni.,  nod,  nod- 
ding ;  bidding,  command. 

nympha,  -ae,  f.,  nymph. 


O. 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of, 
for,  ob  earn  causam,  for  that 
reason.  ob  earn  rem,  on  that 
account,  therefore.  quam  ob 
rem,  loherefore,  for  what  reason. 

obaeratus,  -a,  -um,  corap.  -ior, 
[ob  4-  aes],  adj.,  in  debt.  As 
subst.,  obaeratus,  -i,  m.,  debtor. 

obduco,  -diicere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[ob  +  diico],  3,  draw  before, 
bring  over;  overspread,  envelop; 
of  a  trench,  prolong,  extend. 

obductus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ob- 
duco], adj.,  overspread,  cloudy, 
gloomy. 

obeo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [ob  +  eo], 
irr. ,  go  to  meet ;  engage  in  ;  per- 
form, discharge ;  fall,  perish,  die. 
diem  obiit  supremum  or  diem 
obiit,  met  his  last  day,  died. 

obicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ob+ 
iacio],  8,  throw  before,  throio, 
cast;    offer,  give  up,  put  in  the 


hands  of;  set  against,  oppose,  put 
in  the  way  ;  object,  taunt,  upbraid 
with. 

obituB,  -us,  [ob,  cf.  eo],  m.,  ap- 
proach ;  going  down  ;  destruction, 
death. 

oblatus,  part,  of  ofltero. 

obligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob-J- 
ligo],  1,  bind  up;  bind,  oblige, 
make  liable. 

oblivio,  onis,  [cf.  obliviscor],  f., 
f org etf Illness,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -livisci,  -litus,  3,  dep., 
forget ;  with  gen.  of  thing  forgot- 
ten, disregard. 

obnoxiuB,  -a,  -um,  [ob-|-noxius], 
adj.,  liable,  addicted,  guilty;  ex- 
posed; submissive,  obedient. 

oboedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [ob-f 
audio],  4,  give  ear,  listen;  obey, 
be  subject. 

obruo,  -raere,  -rui,  -rutum,  [ob  + 
ru6],  3,  overwhelm,  hide,  bury; 
overcome,  overpower ;  destroy ; 
overload,  surfeit. 

obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob-}- 
sacro,  from  sacer],  1,  beseech  in 
the  name  of  all  that  is  sacred, 
implore,  beg. 

observo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob-|- 
servo],  1,  watch,  observe;  keep 
track  of;  heed,  comply  with. 

obseB,  -idis,  [cf.  obsideo],  m.  and 
i.,  hostage;  security,  pledge.  Cf. 
N.  to  p.  119, 1.  20. 

obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[ob-fsedeo],  2,  sit,  stay ;  besiege, 
blockade,  render  impassable. 

obsidio,  -onis,  [obsideo],  f.,  siege, 
blockade. 

obsigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob  + 
signo],  1,  seal  up,  seal. 

obsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus, 
[ob+sisto],   3,   take  one's  placi 


OBSOLETUS 


OCCURRO 


before,  stand  in  the  way;  resist, 
withstand,  oppose. 

obaoletus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ob- 
solesco],  ad].,  old,  worn  out; 
common,  ordinary,  poor,  worth- 
less. 

obsonium,  -i,  [6\l/cl}viov'\,  n.,  relish, 
side-dish. 

obstrictus,  -a,  -um,  see  obstringo. 

obstringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictus,  [ob  + strings,  tie],  3, 
bind,  lay  under  obligation. 

obstruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  obstruc- 
tus,  [ob+stru6],4,  build  against, 
barricade,  stop  up. 

obtestor,  -ari,  -atus,  [ob+ tester], 
1,  dep.,  call  as  witness,  appeal  to  ; 
implore,  adjure. 

obteatatio,  -onis,  [obtestor,  call 
as  witness'],  i.,  solemn  charge; 
entreaty,  supplication. 

obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[ob  +  teneo],  2,  holdfast,  retain, 
keep,  hold ;  get  possession  of,  ob- 
tain ;    possess,  occupy,  inhabit. 

obtingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  — ,  [ob+ 
tang5],  3,  fall  to  the  lot  of,  be- 
fall, occur  ;  be  assigned. 

obtrectatio,  -onis,  [obtrecto],  f., 
belittling,  detraction,  disparage- 
ment. 

obtrectator,  -oris,  [obtrecto],  m., 
detractor,  traducer,  disparager. 

obtuli,  see  offero. 

obvenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
[ob+veni5],  4,  fall  in  with,  meet; 
go  to  meet;  fall  to  the  lot  of, 
fall  to. 

obviam,  [ob+viam],  adv.,  in  the 
way,  toward,  against,  to  meet. 
obviam  ire,  to  go  to  meet.  ob- 
viam fieri,  to  meet. 

obvius,  -a,  -um,  [ob-Fvia],  adj., 
in  the  way,  so  as  to  meet;  against, 


to  meet,  meeting.  obvium  fieri, 
to  meet.  obvium  esse,  to  be  in 
the  way,  to  meet. 

obvolvo,  -ere,  -volvi,  -volutus, 
[ob  +  volvo],  3,  wrap  around,  en- 
velop, cover  over. 

occaaid,  -onis,  [cf.  occido],  f.,  op- 
portunity. Jit  time,  occasion. 

occaaua,  -us,  [cf.  occidd],  m.,  go- 
ing down,  setting,  solis  occasus, 
sunset ;  the  west. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [ob 
-fcaedo],  3,  strike  down,  kill, 
slay. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casus,  [ob 
-fcadd],  3,  fall  down,  fall; 
perish. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
occuld,  cover],  1,  hide,  conceal; 
keep  secret. 

occultuB,  -a,  -um,  corap.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  occul5,  cover], 
adj.,  hidden,  secret,  concealed. 
As  subst.,  ex  occulto,  from  am- 
bush, in  ambush.  se  in  occultum 
abdere,  to  go  into  hiding.  in 
occulto,  in  hiding,  in  concealment, 
in  secret. 

occumbo,  -ere,  occubui,  occubi- 
tus,  [ob+cumb5],  8,  fall  in 
death,  die. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob,  cf. 
capio],  1,  seize  upon,  seize,  take 
possession  of;  Jill,  occupy;  fall 
upon,  attack;  of  the  attention, 
engage,  occupy.  occupari  in, 
with  abl.,  to  be  engaged  in,  busy 
with. 

occurrS,  -currere,  -curii,  rarely 
-cucurri,  -cursiirus,  [ob-}-curr6], 
8,  run  to  meet,  meet;  meet  with, 
fall  in  tcith,  Jind,  encounter; 
match,  offset;  resist,  oppose; 
come  into  mind,  occur. 


OCEANUS 


94 


OMNIS 


Oceanus,  -i,  ['fi/ceaj'6s],  in.,  Ocean, 
the  sea,  looked  upon  by  Caesar  as 
one  body  of  water,  including  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  the  English  Chan- 
nel, and  the  North  Sea. 

Ocelum,  -i,  [Kel.,=:'Main  Pass'?], 
n.,  a  city  of  the  Graioceli  in  the 
Alps,  now  Usseau,  west  of  Turin. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Octavianus,  -i,  m.,  Octdvidnus, 
Octavian,  C.  Octdviiis,  who,  after 
his  adoption  by  Julius  Caesar,  was 
called  C.  lulius  Caesar  Octdvid- 
nus, in  accordance  with  the  Ro- 
man usage.  The  title  Augustus 
was  added  in  27  b.c.     See  p.  67. 

Octavius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man plebeian  gens,  made  patri- 
cian by  Julius  Caesar.  In  this 
book  are  mentioned  : 

(1)  C.   Octdvius,  see  Octdvidnus 
above. 

(2)  Octdvia,  sister  of  Octavianus 
and  wife  of  Mark  Antony. 

octavus,  -a,  -um,  [octo],  num. 
ord.  adj.,  eighth. 

octingenti,  -ae,  -a,  orDCCC,  [octo 
4-centum],  num.  adj.,  eight  hun- 
dred. 

octo,  or  VIII,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
eight. 

octodecim,  or  XVIII,  [oct5  + de- 
cern], indecl.  num.  adj.,  eighteen. 

octoginta,  or  LXXX,  [octo],  in- 
decl. num.  adj.,  eighty. 

oculus,  -1,  m.,  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  osiirus,  def.,  pf.  trans- 
lated as  if  present,  hate. 

odium,  -T,  [odi],  n.,  hatred. 

Oedipus,  -odis  or  -i,  [Ot5/7roys],  m., 
Oedipus,  son  of  Laius,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  Jocasta.  He  was  ex- 
posed for  death  as  a  child,  but 
was  saved,  and  grew  up  in  igno- 


rance of  his  parentage.  He  slev/ 
his  father  unwittingly  and  mar- 
ried his  own  mother. 

offendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus, 
[ob-ffendd],  3,  hit,  dash  against; 
come  upon,  light  upon,  find; 
offend,  be  offensive. 

offensio,  -onis,  [offendo],  f.,  stum- 
bling;  disfavor,  dislike  ;  hurting, 
icounding;  accident,  misfortune. 

offensus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  offend5], 
adj.,  offended,  displeased,  vexed. 

offero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatus,  [ob 
+  fero],  irr.,  bring  before,  present, 
offer ;  cause,  inflict;  bestow. 

officidsus,  -a,  -um,  [officium],  adj., 
courteous,  obliging;  obedient, 
well-trained. 

officium,  -i,  [opus,  cf.  facio],  n., 
service,  kindness,  favor;  duty; 
discharge  of  duty,  allegiance; 
employment,  office. 

olim,  [cf.  ollus,  old  form  of  ille], 
adv.,  at  that  time,  formerly,  long 
since;  noio  and  then;  sometime, 
hereafter. 

Olympiodorus,  -i,  ['OXuMTtoSwpos], 
m.,  Olympiodorus,  a  teacher  of 
Epaminondas. 

omitto,  -ere,  omisi,  omissus,  [ob 
-f  mitto],  3,  let  go,  let  loose ;  lay 
aside;  neglect,  give  up;  pass 
over,  say  nothing  of;  lose  sight  <f. 

omiuno,  [omnis],  adv.,  altogether, 
in  general ;  after  negatives,  at  all ; 
with  numerals,  in  all,  altogether, 
only.  nihil  omnino,  nothing  at 
all. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  every,  all.  Gallia 
omnis,  Gaul  as  a  whole,  Gaul  in 
the  broad  sense.  As  subst.,  pi., 
omnes,  -ium,  m.,  all  men,  all. 
omnia,  -ium,  n.,  all  things,  every- 
thing. 


ONERARIUS 


95 


ORACULUM 


onerarius,  -a,  -um,  [onus],  adj., 
of  burden.  navis  oneraria,  ship 
of  burden^  transport. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden,  weight ; 
cargo. 

opera,  -ae,  [opus],  i., service,  work, 
labor;  aid^  assistance,  attention; 
means,  agency.  operam  dare, 
to  take  pains,  give  attention. 
operam  navare,  to  act  vigorously. 

operio,  operire,  operui,  opertus, 
4,  cover,  cover  over. 

opifex,  -ficis,  [opus,  cf.  facio],  m. 
and  f.,  workman,  artisan. 

opinio,  -5nis,  [opinor,  think"],  t., 
idea,  belief,  notion;  good  opinion, 
reputation;  expectation.  opinio 
timdris,  impression  of  fear. 
praeter  opinionem,  contrary  to 
expectation.  alicui  in  opinio- 
nem venire,  to  occur  to  any  one. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  2,  im- 
pers.,  it  is  necessary,  it  is  needful ; 
it  behooves;  ought;  be  proper. 
Often  best  translated  by  ought 
and  must. 

oppidanus,  -a,  -um,  [oppidum], 
adj.,  of  the  toim.  As  subst.,  op- 
pidani,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  towns- 
people, inhabitants  of  the  town. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.,  fortified  town,  city ; 
fortified  enclosure,  refuge.  Cf. 
N.  to  p.  158,  1.  18. 

oppleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  [ob + 
pleo],  2,  fill  completely,  fill ;  cover. 

oppono,  -ere,  opposui,  oppositus, 
[ob  +  pono],  3,  set  against,  place 
opposite,  oppose  ;  bring  forward, 
adduce. 
opportunus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  op- 
portunior,  sup.  opportunissimus, 
adj.,  fit,  adapted;  convenient,  sea- 
sonable. 
oppositus,  see  oppono. 


opprimo,  -ere,  oppressi,  oppressus, 
[ob -f- premo] ,  3,  press  against, 
press  down;  overthrow,  over- 
whelm, defeat  utterly,  crush,  de- 
stroy;  weigh  down,  burden;  fall 
upon,  surprise. 

opprobrium,  -i,  [ob  +  probrum] , 
n.,  reproach,  scandal,  disgrace; 
taunt,  abuse. 

oppugnatio,  -onis,  [oppugno],  f., 
storming  of  a  city,  assault,  attack^ 
besieging. 

oppugnator,  -oris,  [oppugno],  m., 
assaulter,  assailant,  besieger. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob  -f 
pugno],  1,  attack,  assault;  of  a 
city  or  camp,  storm,  besiege. 

ops,  opis,  nom.  and  dat.  sing,  not 
in  use,  f.,  aid,  help;  influence; 
might,  power,  forces;  means, 
riches,  wealth.  PL,  opes,  -um, 
help;  resources,  means,  wealth; 
influence;  strength. 

optimas,  -atis,  [optimus],  adj.,  of 
the  best,  aristocratic.  As  subst., 
m.,  an  adherent  of  the  nobility, 
aristocrat. 

optime,  see  bene. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

opti5,  -onis,  f.,  choice,  free  choice; 
privilege,  option. 

opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  choose, 
select;  wish,  desire. 

opus,  n.,  used  only  in  nom.  and 
ace,  necessity,  need.  opus  est, 
there  is  need,  it  is  necessary. 

opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  labor;  that 
produced  by  labor,  structure^ 
works,  line  of  works,  fortifica- 
tion.   Cf.  quantus. 

draculum,  -i,  [oro],  n.,  divine  an^ 
nouncement,  oracle  ;  prophecy ; 
oracle,  the  place  where  oracular 
responses  were  given. 


ORATIO 


96 


OVUM 


or§tid,  -5iiis,  [oro],  f.,  speech,  lan- 
guage; harangue,  discourse,  ora- 
tion, address,  plea ;  power  of 
oratory,  eloquence. 

orator,  -oris,  [oro],  m.,  speaker, 
orator,  ambassador. 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  ring,  circle,  orbit. 
orbis  terrae  or  terrarum,  the 
whole  earth. 

ordino,  -are,  -avi,  -atua,  [ordo], 
1,  set  in  order,  arrange,  adjust; 
nan'ate,  record. 

ordior,  -iri,  orsus  sum,  [cf.  ordo], 
4,  dep.,  begin,  commence,  under- 
take ;  describe,  tell  in  detail. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.,  row,  series,  order; 
company,  class,  rank;  regular 
succession. 

Orestgs,  -is  or  -ae,  I'Op^a-rrjs'],  m., 
Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra.  Because  he  slew 
his  mother,  who  had  murdered 
Agamemnon,  he  was  pursued  by 
the  Furies. 

Orgetorix,  -igis,  m.,  [Kel.,=*The 
King  who  slays,'  'All-slaughter- 
ing King'],  a  Helvetian  lord  who 
formed  a  plot  to  seize  the  supreme 
power,  but  was  apprehended  and 
died,  or  committed  suicide,  before 
judgment  was  pronounced. 

oxiSns,  -entis,  [part,  of  orior],  adj., 
rising.  orientem  solem,  the  ris- 
ing sun  =  the  east. 

origo,  -inis,  [orior],  f.,  beginning, 
commencement,  origin;  race, 
family,  stock.  PL,  Origines, 
-um,  the  title  of  Gate's  history. 

orior,  -iri,  ortus  sum,  fut.  part, 
oriturus,  4,  pres.  oritur,  imp.  subj. 
usually  oreretur,  dep.,  arise;  be 
descended,  be  born;  originate, 
begin,  spring  from  ;  start  from. 

ornameutum,   -i,    [omo],   n.,   ap- 


paratus, equipment;  decoration, 
ornament,  distinction. 

omatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  omatior, 
sup.  ornatissimus,  [part,  of  6rn5], 
zd]., fitted  out,  equipped ;  adorned, 
embellished;  distinguished,  illus- 
trious. 

omo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  fit  out, 
furnish,  provide,  equip;  adorn, 
decorate;  embellish,  set  forth. 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [os],  \,  speak; 
treat,  argue,  plead;  entreat,  be- 
seech. 

ortus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  orior], 
adj.,  sprung,  descended,  born. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth,  face,  features ; 
mouth  of  a  river. 

OB,  ossis,  n.,  bone. 

osculor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [osculum, 
kiss'],  1,  dep.,  kiss. 

Osismi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  small  state 
in  the  extreme  northwest  corner 
of  Gaul.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

ostend5,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus, 
[obs,  old  form  of  ob+tendo],  3, 
stretch  out,  show,  display;  pro- 
duce, furnish;  point  out,  set 
forth,  declare  ;  disclose,  manifest, 
make  known. 

Ostia,  -ae,  f .,  Ostia,  the  seaport  of 
Rome  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber  ; 
according  to  the  tradition  it  was 
founded  by  Ancus  Marcius.  See 
map.  opp.  p.  30. 

ostium,  -i,  [cf.  6s],  n.,  door; 
mouth,  entrance.  More  com- 
monly plural,  ostia,  to  indicate 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

otiosus,  -a,  -um,  [otium],  adj.,  at 
leisure,  unoccupied,  idle;  quiet, 
peaceful,  in  retirement. 

otium,  -i,  n.,  leisure,  vacant  time: 
idleness ;  peace,  quiet. 

ovum,  -i,  n.,  egg. 


97 


PAROS 


P. 

P.,  with  proper  names =Publiiis,  a 
Roman  forename. 

pabulttio,  -onis,  [of.  pabulor],  f., 
foraging,  getting  fodder. 

pabulum,  -i,  n. ,  food^  fodder,  past- 
urage. 

pSco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pax],  1, 
pacify,  subdue. 

pactum,  -1,  [paciscor],  n.,  agree- 
ment, contract,  bargain. 

Padus,  -i,  m,,  the  Po,  a  large  river 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  See  map.  opp. 
p.  30. 

Paelignl,  -orum,  m.,  the  Paeligni, 
a  people  of  central  Italy. 

paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 

paeniteo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  make 
sorry,  cause  to  repent.  Impers. 
paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  it  repents, 
makes  sorry,  it  grieves. 

pagus,  -i,  m. ,  district,  canton,  gen- 
erally referring  to  the  inhabitants 
rather  than  to  the  country. 

palaestra,  -ae,  [TraXa^o-rpa],  f., 
wrestling-school,  place  of  exercise, 
gymnasium. 

palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 

Palatium,  -i,  [Pales,  an  ancient 
divinity  of  shepherds],  n.,  the 
Palatine  hill,  on  which  was  the 
residence  of  Augustus  ;  hence  pi., 
palatia,  -orum,  palace.  See  map 
opp.  p.  53. 

palus,  -i,m., stake, prop,  woodenpost. 

palus,  -iidis,  f . ,  swamp,  marsh,  bog. 

Pamphylius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Pam- 
phylian,  of  Pamphylia,  a  province 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  between  Lycia  and  Cilicia, 

pando,  panders,  pandi,  passus,  3, 
spread  out.  passis  manibus, 
with  hands  outstretched. 


panis,  -is,  [cf.  pabulum],  m.,  bread, 
loaf. 

Papirius,  -1,  m.,  Papirius,  family 
name  of  L.  Papirius  Cursor. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal,  like,  similar; 
well-matched;  Jit,  proper,  right. 
par  atque,  same  as.  par  proe- 
lium,  an  indecisive  battle.  As 
subst.,  par,  paris,  m.  and  f., 
eqiial ;  mate,  companion. 

paratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  paro],  adj., 
ready,  prepared;  equipped,  pro- 
vided. 

parco,  pareere,  peperci  and  parsi, 
parsus,  3,  act  sparingly,  be  spar- 
ing ;  treat  with  forbearance  ;  re- 
frain from,  spare. 

parous,  -a,  -um,  comp.  parcior, 
sup.  parcissimus,  [cf.  parc5], 
adj.,  sparing,  frugal,  temperate. 

parens,  -entis,  [part,  of  pario],  m. 
and  f . ,  parent ;  father,  mother. 

pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itas,  2,  appear,  be 
visible;  be  obedient,  obey;  sub- 
mit to,  be  subject  to. 

pario,  -ere,  peperi,  partus,  fut. 
part.,  pariturus,  3,  bring  forth, 
produce,  give  birth  to,  lay ;  effect, 
accomplish  ;  acquire,  obtain. 

pariter,  [par],  adv.,  equally,  alike; 
as  well,  together. 

Parius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Parian,  of 
Paros,  relating  to  Paros.  As 
subst.,  Parius,  -i,  m.,  a  Parian, 
inhabitant  of  Paros. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  prepare, 
make  ready,  make  ready  for, 
intend,  resolve;  obtain,  secure, 
purchase. 

Paros,  -i,  [Hdpos],  f.,  Paro8,  one  of 
the  Cyclades,  in  the  Aegean  Sea ;  it 
was  famous  for  its  beautiful  white 
marble.    See  map  opp.  p.  76. 


PARRICIDIUM 


98 


P AUG us 


parricidium,  -i,  [pater,  caedo] ,  n., 
murder  of  a  father^  parricide; 
treason. 

pars,  partis,  f., part, portion,  share, 
number  ;  region,  district,  division  ; 
side,  direction;  party,  faction; 
character,  role;  pi.,  coll.,  party. 
pars  maior,  the  majority.  una 
ex  parte,  on  one  side.  in  omnes 
partes,  in  evei^  direction. 

Parthi,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  Parthians, 
a  Scythian  people  dwelling  south- 
east of  the  Caspian  Sea,  famous 
as  brave  warriors  and  skilful 
archers. 

partim,  [old  ace.  of  pars],  adv., 
partly,  in  part. 

parum,  comp.  minus,  sup.  minimi, 
adv.,  too  little,  not  enough.  As 
subst.,  too  little,  not  enough. 
Comp.,  less.  Sup.,  least,  very 
little  ;  not  at  all,  by  no  means. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  [dim.  of  par- 
vus], adj.,  very  small,  very  young ; 
slight,  trifling.  As  subst.,  par- 
vulus,  -i,  m.,  small  child,  infant. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  minor,  sup. 
minimus,  adj.,  small,  trifling,  in- 
significant;  small,  short;  short, 
brief;  of  price  or  value,  small, 
low.  parvi,  gen.  of  value,  of 
little  worth,  of  small  account. 
Comp.,  smaller,  less.  As  subst., 
minus,  n.,  less;  minimum,  n.,the 
least.  minus  dubitationis,  less 
hesitation. 

pasco,  pascere,  pavi,  pastus,  3, 
cause  to  eat,  feed  ;  in  pass,  reflex- 
ive with  dep.  force,  graze,  browse, 
-feed. 

passuB,  -us,  m.,  step,  pace;  as  a 
measure  of  length,  joace  (reckoned 
as  a  double  step,  from  the  place 
where  either  foot  is  raised  to  the 


place  where  the  same  foot  rests 
on  ground  again),  =  4  feet,  lOi 
inches  by  English  measurement. 
mille  passiLs,  thousand  paces, 
mile.     See  n.  to  p.  115,  1.  23. 

passus,  see  pando. 

pastor,  -oris,  [pasco],  m.,  herds- 
man, shepherd. 

patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus, 
[pate5  +  facid],  o,  lay  open,  open, 
disclose,  bring  to  light. 

patens,  -entis,  comp.  patentior, 
[part,  of  pateo],  adj.,  opeii,  ac- 
cessible. 

pateo,  pater e,  patui,  — ,2,  be  open, 
lie  open,  stand  open;  extend;  be 
accessible. 

pater,  -tris,  m. ,  father.  PI. ,  patres, 
-um,  fathers,  forefathers.  patres 
or  patres  conscripti,  senators. 

patemus,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj.,  of 
a  father,  father'' s,  paternal. 

patiens,  -entis,  [part,  of  patior], 
adj.,  bearing,  enduring,  patient. 

patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  3,  dep., 
suffer,  bear,  support,  endure;  al- 
low, permit. 

patria,  -ae,  [cf.  pater],  f.,/a«Aer- 
land,  native  land. 

patrius,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj.,  of  a 
father,  fatherly ;  ancestral,  of 
(their)  forefathers. 

patrlmonium,  -i,  [pater],  n.,  in- 
heritance from  a  father,  inheri- 
tance, patrimony. 

patrocinium,  -i,  n.,  protection, 
patronage. 

patronus,  -i,  [pater],  m.,  pro- 
tector, defender,  patron,  advo- 
cate. 

patruelis,  -e,  [patruus],  adj.,  of  a 
father's  brother,  of  a  cousin.  As 
subst. ,  patruelis,  -is,  ra.,  a  cousin. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 


PAULATIM 


PER 


-issimus,  ad j . ,  little  ;  pi. ,  few.  As 
subst.,  pauci,  -orum,  m. ,  pi. , /eio, 
only  afew;  pauca,  -5riun,  n.,  pi., 
a  few  words. 

paulatim,  [paulum],  adv.,  little  by 
little,  by  degrees;  gradually;  one 
by  one. 

paulisper,  [paulum  +  per],  adv., 
for  a  short  time.,  a  little  while. 

paulo,  [properly  abl.  of  degree  of 
difference,  from  paulus],  adv.,  by 
a  little.,  just  a  little,  somewhat. 

paululum,  [paulus],  adv.,  a  very 
little. 

paulum,  [paulus],  adv.,  a  little, 
somewhat. 

Paulus,  see  Aemilius. 

pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor,  not 
wealthy,  in  moderate  circum- 
stances;  scanty,  small.  As 
subst.,  m.,  poor  man. 

paupertas,  -atis,  [pauper],  f., 
poverty,  small  means,  moderate 
circumstances. 

Pausanias,  -ae,  [Uavffavlds'],  m., 
Pausanias,  the  victor  at  Plataea. 

pavo,  -onis,  m.,  peacock. 

pax,  pacis,  f . ,  peace,  treaty,  agree- 
ment ;  harmony,  quiet. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  do 
wrong. 

pecunia,  -ae,  [of.  peeus],  i.,  prop- 
erty, wealth,  money. 

pedes,  -itis,  [pes],  m..,  foot-travel- 
ler ;  foot-soldier  ;  sing. ,  coll. ,  foot- 
soldiers,  infantry.  PI.,  pedites, 
-um,  infantry. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  [pes],  adj., 
on  foot,  pedestrian,  of  the  infan- 
try;  on  land,  by  land,  land. 
exercitus  pedester,  land-force, 
infantry.  pedestres  c5piae,  in- 
fantry. 

Pedius,    -1,    m.,   Quintus    Pedius, , 


grandson  of  Julia,  oldest  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  under  whom  he 
served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Gallic 
and  Civil  Wars  ;  he  was  named  in 
Caesar's  will  an  heir  to  a  small 
portion  of  the  estate,  and  was 
consul  with  Octavius  in  43  b.c, 
but  died  before  completing  his 
term  of  ofi&ce. 

peior,  see  malus. 

peius,  see  male. 

peUexit,  see  pellicid. 

pellicio,  -licere,  -lexi,  -lectus,  8, 
allure,  entice,  decoy,  coax. 

pellis,  -is,  f . ,  skin,  hide. 

pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  3, 
beat,  strike;  drive  out,  drive 
away;  defeat,  rout. 

Pelopidas,  -ae,  [IleXoTr^Sas],  m., 
Pelopidas. 

Peloponnesus,  -i,  [UeXowopvrjaoi'}, 
f.,  the  Peloponnesus,  southern 
Greece,  now  called  the  Morea. 

Penates,  -ium,  [cf.  pascor],  m., 
pi.,  Penates,  household  gods, 
whose  images  were  kept  in  the 
principal  living-room  of  the^house, 
near  the  hearth ;  by  metonymy, 
home,  hearth. 

pendo,  pendere,  pependi,  pensus,  3, 
suspend  ;  weigh  out ;  pay,  pay  out. 

penes,  prep,  with  ace,  vrith,  at  the 
house  of;  in  the  possession  of,  in 
the  power  of. 

penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  enter ^ 
penetrate. 

penna,  -ae,  f . ,  feather,  plume. 

pepercerat,  see  pared. 

peperit,  see  parid. 

per,  prep,  with  ace,  through;  of 
space,  through,  across,  along, 
over,  among;  of  time,  through, 
during,  in  the  course  of;  of 
agency,     means,     and    manner, 


PERAGO 


100 


PERICULOSUS 


through,  by,  by  the  hands  of,  by 
means  of,  under  pretence  of;  of 
cause,  by  reason  of;  in  oaths,  in 
the  name  of  by. 

In  composition,  per  adds  the 
force  of  through,  thoroughly,  per- 
fectly, completely,  vei-y  much, 
very. 

perago,  -agere,  -egi,  -actus,  [per 
4- ago],  3,  thrust  through;  agi- 
tate; go  through  with,  finish; 
carry  out,  execute ;  set  forth,  re- 
late, describe,  detail. 

peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [per  + 
3gr6J,  1,  wander  through^  pass 
through. 

percontatio,  -onis,  [percontor],  f., 
questioning  inquiry. 

percontor  or  perciinctor.  -ari, 
-atus  sum,  [per  +  contus.  pole'], 
1,  dep.,  a.,  lit.  search  tcith  a  pole; 
ask,  inquire,  question,  investigate. 

percussor,  -5ris,  [percutio],  m., 
stnker,  murderer,  assassin. 

percutio,  -cutere,  percussi,  percus- 
sus,  [per  +  quatio],  3,  strike 
through,  pierce ;  strike,  knock  at; 
shock,  astound;  kill,  slay;  ruin. 

perdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [per  + 
do],  3,  make  way  with,  destroy, 
ruin,  lose. 

perduco,  -ducere,  perduxi,  per- 
ductus,  [per  +  duco],  3,  lead 
through,  lead,  conduct,  bring; 
persuade,  induce;  bring  over, 
win  over;  prolong ;  pursue;  ex- 
tend, construct,  make. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  [per  -{-  ager], 
s>d].,  from  foreign  parts,  foreign. 
As  subst.,  peregrinus,  -i,  m., 
stranger,  foreigner. 

perennls,  -e,  [per  +  annus],  adj., 
lasting  through  the  year;  peren- 
nial ;  continual,  perpetual. 


pereo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  [per  + 
e5],  irr.,  pass  away ;  perish,  dis- 
appear; be  lost. 

perfacilis,  -e,  [per  +  facilis],  adj., 
very  easy,  not  at  all  difficult. 

perfectus,  see  perficio. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [per 
+  fero],  irr.,  lit.  carry  through; 
carry,  convey,  bring,  report;  en- 
dure, suffer,  bear,  submit  to  ;  coin- 
plete;  retain  to  the  end. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [per 
+  facid],  3,  finish,  complete,  per- 
form,  accomplish,  carry  out; 
cause,  effect. 

perfidia,  -ae,  [perfidus],  f.,  faith- 
lessness, treachery. 

perfringo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -frao- 
tus,  [per  4-  frango],  3,  break 
through. 

perfruor,  -frui,  fructus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  enjoy  fully,  be  delighted. 

perfuga,  -ae,  [cf.  perfugio],  m., 
deserter. 

perfugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  [per  + 
fugi5],  Z,  flee  for  refuge,  desert. 

perfungor,  -fungi,  -functus  sum, 
[per  -I-  fungor],  3,  dep.,  fulfil, 
perform;  go  through,  undergo^ 
endure. 

Pergamgnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Per- 
gamum,  a  city  in  Mysia.  Per- 
gamenus,  -i,  m.,  a  citizen  of 
Pergamum.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

pergo,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectus, 
[per  +  reg6],  3,  go  on,  proceed, 
hasten,  continue,  inarch. 

periclitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [pericu- 
lum],  1,  dep..  try,  prove,  test;  be 
in  danger,  incur  danger. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  pericu- 
losior,  sup.  periculosissimus, 
[periculum],  adj.,  dangerous, 
perilous. 


PERICULUM 


101 


PERSPICIO 


peiiculmn,  -i,  n.,  trial;  nsk,  dan- 
ger, peril. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  peiitior, 
sup.  peritissimus,  adj.,  experi- 
enced, practised,  skilled^  expert, 
acquainted  with. 

perlatus,  see  perfero. 

permaneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  -man- 
surus,  [per  +  maneo],  2,  con- 
tinue, stay,  remain. 

permitto,  -ere,  permisi,  permissus, 
[per  +  mitto],  3,  let' pass;  cast, 
hurl;  hand  over,  entrust,  sur- 
render; permit,  allow. 

permdtuB,  see  permoveo. 

permoved,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus, 
[per  +  moved],  2,  deeply  move, 
greatly  disturb,  alarm  ;  infiuence, 
induce. 

permutatio,  -onis,  [permuto],  f., 
change,  exchange. 

permuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [per  + 
muto],  1,  change  throughout; 
interchange,  exchange. 

pemicies,  -ei,  f.,  destruction,  death, 
ruin,  overthrow;  pest,  curse. 

pemiciosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  perni- 
ciosior,  sup.  pernici5sissimus, 
[pemicies],  adj.,  destructive,  ru- 
inous, pernicious,  dangerous. 

peroro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [per  + 
oro],  1,  speak  from  the  beginning, 
plead  ;  end,  close,  finish. 

perpauci,  -ae,  -a,  [per+  paucus], 
adj.,  very  few.  As  subst.,  per- 
pauci, -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  very  few. 

Perpenna,  -ae,  m.,  Perpenna,  fam- 
ily name  of  M.  Perpenna,  censor 
in  86  B.C. 

perpetior,  -peti,  -pessus  sum,  [per 
+  patior],  3,  dep.,  hear  stead- 
fastly, abide,  endure. 

perpetuo,  [perpetuus],  adv.,  con- 
tinually, uninterruptedly,  forever. 


psrpetuus,  -a,  -nm,  [per,  cf.,  peto], 
adj.,  continuous,  unbroken,  entire, 
perpetual.  As  subst.,  in  perpe- 
tuum,  forever,  ever  after. 

pemimpo,  -ere,  -rupi,  -ruptus, 
[per  +  rumpo],  3,  break  through, 
force  a  way  through,  get  across ; 
overcome. 

Fersae,  see  Perses. 

persaepe,  [per  +  saepe],  adv.,  vei'y 
often. 

persequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
[per  +  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow 
perseveringly,  follow  up,  pursue  ; 
assail,  attack  ;  overtake  ;  execute, 
accomplish;  set  forth,  relate,  re- 
count. 

FersSs,  -ae,  dat.  i,  lUipirrjs'],  m., 
a  Persian;  in  pi.,  by  metonymy, 
the  land  of  the  Persians.  As 
adj.,  cum  rege  Perse,  with  the 
king  of  the  Persians. 

Ferseus,  -i,  m.,  Perseus,  the  last 
king  of  Macedonia,  conquered  by 
L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  at  Pydna, 
168  B.C. 

persevere,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [per- 
severus],  1,  continue  steadfastly, 
persist,  persevere. 

FeraicuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Persian,  of 
Persia,  with  Persia. 

Ferais,  -idis,  f.,  Persis,  a  country 
in  Asia,  north  of  the  Persian 
Gulf,  now  Farsistan,  Persia. 

persona,  -ae,  [per,  cf.  sono],  f.. 
mask;  part,  character;  person, 
personage,  character. 

persolvo,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solatus, 
[per-{-  solvo],  S,pay  infull,pai!. 
poenas  persolvere,  to  pay  the 
penalty. 

perspectus,  see  perspiciS. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -speo- 
txis,  [per  -{-  specid,  look^,  8,  see, 


PERSTJADEO 


102 


PHILOSOPHUS 


look;  inspect,  survey;  perceive, 
observe,  ascertain. 

persuadeo,  -suadere,  -suasi,  -saa- 
sus,  [per  +  sn&ded,  persuade],  2, 
convince,  persuade,  prevail  upon, 
induce.  mihi  persuadetur,  / 
am  convinced. 

pertaedet,  -ere,  pertaesum  est, 
[per  +  taedet],  2,  impers.,  it 
wearies,  it  disgusts. 

perterreo,  -terrere,  — ,  -territus, 
[per  +  terreo],  2,  frighten  thor- 
oughly, terrify. 

pertimesco,  -timescere,  -timui,  — , 
[per  +  timesco],  3,  inch.,  be 
alarmed,  fear  greatly. 

pertinacia,  -ae,  [pertinax],  f., 
perseverance,  stubbornness^  ob- 
stinacy. 

pertinaciter,  [pertinax],adv.,|)er- 
sistently,  obstinately,  stubbornly. 

pertinax,  -acis,  [per  +  tenax], 
adj.,  persevering,  obstinate,  per- 
tinacious. 

pertineo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  [per  + 
teneo],  2,  stretch  out,  extend; 
reach;  pertain  to,  concern,  be- 
long to,  have  to  do  with;  apply, 
suit. 

perturbatus,  -a,  -tun,  [part,  of 
perturbo],  adj.,  disturbed,  agi- 
tated, unsettled. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [per  + 
turb5,  disturb],  1,  disturb  greatly, 
disorder,  confuse,  throw  into  con- 
fusion, embarrass. 

pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
[per  +  venio],  4,  reach,  come 
(to)  ;  arrive  (at)  ;  penetrate,  at- 
tain. 

perverts,  -vertere,  -verti,  perver- 
sus,  [per  +  verto],  3,  overthrow, 
throw  down;  destroy,  ruin,  cor- 
rupt. 


pervulgatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  ol 
pervulgo],  adj.,  very  common^ 
widely  known. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot;  as  a  measure 
of  length,  =  .9708  of  the  English 
foot,  or  296  millimetres.  pe- 
dem  referre,  to  retreat. 

petitio,  -onis,  [peto],  f.,  thrust, 
attack ;  application,  candidacy ; 
petition. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  3,  strive 
for,  seek ;  go  to ;  get,  secure ;  at- 
tack; demand,  beg,  ask,  request. 
petere  ut  liceat,  to  ask  permission. 

petulantia,  -ae,  f.,  impudence, 
freakishness,  pertness,  wanton' 
ness. 

phalanx,  -angis,  Greek  ace.  sing, 
(p.  149,  1.  19),  phalanga,  l<p<i- 
X07?],  f.,  compact  host,  mass, 
phalanx. 

Phalereus,  -1,  [^oXt^/jcvj],  m.,  of 
Phalerum,  a  surname  of  Deme- 
trius, ruler  of  Athens  in  317  b.c. 

Phalericus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Pha- 
lerum, one  of  the  seaports  of 
Athens. 

Phamaces,  -is,  m.,  Pharnaces, 
son  of  Mithridates  the  Great, 
king  of  Pontus. 

Pharsalicus.  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Phar- 
salus.  at  Pharsalus. 

Phidippus,  -i,  [^e^SiTTTTos],  m., 
Phidippus,  a  famous  Athenian 
courier  of  the  time  of  Miltiades. 

PhilippUS,       -i,        [<pi\nnros'],       TO.., 

Philip,  referring  in  this  book  to 
Philip  v.,  king  of  Macedon  from 
220  to  179  B.C.  He  was  defeated 
at  Cynoscephalae  in  197  b.c. 

philosophia,  -ae,  f . ,  philosophy. 

philosophus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  philo^ 
sophical.  As  subst. ,  philosophu8, 
-i,  m. ,  philosopher. 


PICENS 


103 


PLECTO 


Picens,  -entis,  [Picenum],  adj.,  of 
or  belonging  to  Picenum.  As 
subst.,  Picentes,  -ium,  m.,  the 
inhabitants  of  Picenum^  the 
Picenes.     See  map  opp.  p.  80. 

pietaa,  -atis,  [plus],  f.,  dutiful 
conduct,  devotion, piety  ;  affection, 
love,  loyalty. 

pilleus,  -1,  m.,  and  pillemn,  -i,  n., 
close-fitting  cap  ;  skull-cap. 

pnum,  -i,  u.,  javelin,  pike. 

pHus,  -1,  [pilum],  m.,  usually 
joined  with  primus,  maniple  of 
the  triarii^  a  division  in  the  array 
containing  the  most  experienced 
soldiers.  primi  pili  centurio, 
first  centurion  of  the  first  man- 
iple of  the  triarii,  the  first  cen- 
turion of  the  legion  in  rank. 

pingo,  -ere,  pinxi,  pictus,  3,  paint, 
represent,  portray. 

Piraeus,  -i,  [Iletpaieuj],  m.,  the 
Peiraeus,  the  principal  seaport  of 
Athens.     See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

pirata,  -ae,  f.,  sea-robber,  corsair, 
pirate. 

piscina,  -ae,  [piscis],  f.,  fish-pond. 

piscis,  -is,  m.,fish. 

Pisistratus,  -i,  [Ueia-larpaTos'],  m., 
Pisistratus,  tyrant  of  Athens  dur- 
ing three  periods  between  560  and 
527  B.C.  Though  he  usurped  the 
chief  power,  he  was  a  wise  and 
moderate  ruler,  and  did  much  to 
increase  the  power  and  prosperity 
of  the  city. 

Piso,  -onis,  m.,  name  of  four  per- 
sons mentioned  in  the  Gallic 
War: 

(1)  Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso 
Caesoninus,  consul  112  b.c.  ; 
killed  107  b.c.  when  serving  as 
lieutenant  in  Gaul  with  the  con- 
sul Lucius  Cassius  Long'mus. 


(2)  Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso 
Caesoninus,  consul  with  Aulus 
Gabinius,  58  b.c,  and  father- 
in-law  of  Caesar. 

(3)  Marcus  Pupius  Piso  Calpur- 
nidnus,  consul  with  M.  Vale- 
rius Messdla,  61  b.c. 

pistrinuni,  -i,  n.,  [pistor],  corn- 
mill,  mill. 

Placentia,  -ae,  f.,  Placentia,  a  city 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul  on  the  Po,  the 
modern  Piacenza.  See  map  opp. 
p.  30. 

placed,  placere,  placui,  placitus, 
2,  please,  be  agreeable,  be  welcome 
to.  Used  impersonally,  placet, 
it  is  agreed,  it  seems  good,  it  is 
settled;  it  is  resolved,  it  is  de- 
cided,       ei  placuit,  he  resolved. 

pltco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  pla- 
ced], 1,  quiet,  soothe,  allay,  ap- 
pease; reconcile,  conciliate,  pro- 
pitiate. 

plaga,  -ae,  f.,  stroke,  blow,  thrust; 
calamity,  disaster. 

plaga,  -ae,  f.,  hunting-net,  snare. 

Plancus,  -i,  m.,  Plancus,  family 
name  of  L.  Plotius  Plancus,  pro- 
scribed and  killed  by  the  second 
Triumvirate  in  43  b.c. 

pltnities,  -ae,  [planus],  f.,  level 
ground,  plain. 

Flataeae,  -arum,  [nXarotot],  f.,  pi., 
Plataea,  a  city  in  the  southern 
part  of  Boeotia,  the  scene  of  the 
defeat  of  the  Persians  under  Mar- 
donius  in  479  b.c.  See  map  opp. 
p.  75. 

PlataeSnses,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  the  Fla- 
taeans,  inhabitants  of  Plataea. 

plSbs,  plebis,  and  plSbSs,  -ei  or  -i, 
f.,  common  people,  commons,  pie.' 
beians,  populace. 

plecto,   -ere,   — ,  — ,  fcf-  plaga]. 


PLENUS 


104 


P0MPTINU8 


3,  used  only  in  the  passive,  be 
punished,  suffer  punishment;  be 
blamed,  incur  censure. 

plenus,  -a,  -mn,  comp.  plenior, 
sup.  plenissimus,  [cf.  pleo],  adj., 
full,  filled  ;  plentiful. 

plerumque,  [n.  ace.  of  plemsqne], 
adv.,  commonly,  generally,  usu- 
ally, for  the  most  part. 

pl§rusque,  -aque,  -umque,  [plerus, 
vei-y  many'],  adj.,  very  many, 
most.  As  subst.,  plerique,  -orum- 
que,  m.,  pi.,  the  most,  the  greater 
part,  the  majority,  most;  very 
many,  a  good  many. 

Plinius,  -1,  m. ,  Flinius,  Pliny,  gen- 
tile name  of  C.  Plinius  Secundus, 
born  23  a.d.,  author  of  the  famous 
Historia  Ndturdlis.  He  lost  his 
life  in  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius, 
in  79  A.D. ,  by  which  Pompeii  was 
destroyed. 

Plotius,  -i,  m.,  see  Plancus. 

plumbeus,  -a,  -um,  [plambnin], 
adj.,  of  leadt  leaden;  stupid, 
stolid. 

plumbum,  -i,  n.,  lead. 

plurimum,  [plurimus],  used  as 
sup.  of  multum,  adv.,  very  much, 
most,  especially. 

plus,  [neut.  sing,  of  plus,  pluris, 
adj.],  used  as  comp.  of  multum, 
adv.,  more.  plus  valere,  to 
have  more  power.  pluris,  gen. 
of  price,  of  more  value,  dearer, 
higher. 

plus,  plures,  plurimus,  see  multus. 

Poecile,  -es,  IUoikIXt],  sc.  a-rod'}, 
f.,  the  Poecile,  gallery  of  paint- 
ings, a  building  at  Athens  adorned 
with  works  of  art  by  the  cele- 
brated painter  Polygnotus. 

poena,  -ae,  [cf.  iroivifi],  f.,  compen- 
sation, fine,  punishment,  penalty. 


poenas  dare,  or  persolvere,  to  pai§ 
the  penalty. 

Poenl,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  CarthO' 
ginians,  so  named  from  their 
Phoenician  origin. 

Poenicus  or  Piinicus,  -a,  -um, 
adj.,  Punic,  Carthaginian, 

poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet. 

polliceor,  -liceri,  -licitus,  [por,= 
pro, -t- liceor] ,  2,  dep.,  promise, 
offer.  liberaliter  pollicitus,  icith 
generous  promises. 

pollicitus,  see  polliceor. 

Pollio,  -5nis,  m.,  Pollio,  surname 
of  Vedius  Pollio,  a  friend  of 
Augustus,  punished  by  Augustus 
for  his  inhumanity  to  a  slave. 

Polybius,  -i,  [IloXujStos],  m.,  Polyb- 
ius,  a  native  of  Megalopolis  in 
Arcadia,  celebrated  for  his  history 
of  Rome.  In  169  B.C.  he  was  sent 
to  Rome  as  a  hostage,  and  became 
intimate  with  Scipio  Airicanus  the 
younger. 

Polymnis,  -i  or  -idis,  lUoXvfivis'], 
m.,  Polymnis,  father  of  Epami- 
nondas. 

pompa,  -ae,  f.,  public  procession; 
parade,  display. 

Pompeianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  oj 
Pompey,  Pompeian. 

Pompeius,  -i,  m.,  Pompeius,  Pom- 
pey, a  Roman  gentile  name.  In 
this  book  refers  to : 

(1)  Pompeius,  consul  in  141  b.c. 

(2)  Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus,  Vom- 
pey  the  Great. 

Pompilius,  -1,  m.,  Pompilius,  gen- 
tile name  of  Numa  Pompilius. 
See  Numa. 

Pomponius,  -i,  m.,  Pompdnius, 
gentile  name  of  T.  Pompdnius 
Atticus. 

Pomptinus,  -a,  -um,  adj..  Pomp- 


PONDUS 


105 


POSSUM 


tine.  Pomptinae  paludes,  the 
Pomptine  Marshes,  a  marshy 
tract  of  country  on  the  coast  of 
Latium,  about  fifty  miles  south- 
.  east  of  Rome. 

ponduB,  -eris,  [cf.  pendd],  n.,  a 
weight,  burden;  importance. 

pond,  -ere,  posui,  positus,  3,  put 
down,  place,  fix,  deposit;  depict, 
represent;  lay  aside,  give  up; 
spend,  employ;  set  up,  build; 
put,  count,  reckon,  regard.  Pass., 
often  be  situated;  be  dependent, 
depend  on.  castra  ponere, 
to  pitch  camp.  rudimentum 
ponere,  to  learn,  to  take  first 
steps  in. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

ponticulua,  -i,  [dim.  of  pons],  m., 
little  bridge. 

Ponticus,  -a,  -um,  of  Pontus,  to 
Pontus,  Pontic. 

Pontius,  -i,  m.,  Pontius,  family 
name  of  C.  Pontius,  leader  of  the 
Samnites. 

Pontus,  -i,  m.,  Pontus,  a  country 
in  northeastern  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  the  Euxine  Sea.  See  map  opp. 
p.  93. 

poposoerunt,  see  posco. 

populatio,  -onis,  [populor],  f.,  a 
laying  waste,  ravaging,  plunder- 
ing. 

populi  scitum,  see  populus,  sci- 
tum. 

populor,  -ari,  -atus,  1,  dep.,  lay 
waste,  devastate. 

populus,  -i,  m.,  people  as  a  political 
whole,  nation;  sing,  coll.,  the 
people,  the  citizens. 

Poroius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.     See  Cato. 

porrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus, 
[  por=  pro  +  reg5  J,     3,     spread 


out,  stretch  out,  extend;  offer, 
present ;  prolong,  extend.  por- 
recta  loca  aperta  pertinebant, 
the  open  places  lay  extended,  i.e., 
reached. 

Porsena,  -ae,  m.,  Porsena  or  Por- 
senna,  king  of  Clusium,  and  head 
of  the  Etruscan  league  in  the  time 
of  Tarquin  the  Proud. 

porta,  -ae,  f.,  city  gate,  gate  of  a 
camp,  gate,  entrance,  passage. 

portends,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentus, 
[por  =  pro  +  tendo],  S,  point  out, 
indicate  ;  predict,  presage,  foretell. 

porticus,  -lis,  [porta],  f.,  covered 
walk  betioeen  columns,  colonnade, 
portico. 

ports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  bear, 
carry,  convey,  bring. 

portorium,  -i,  [cf.  porta],  n.,  tax, 
toll,  duty,  tariff. 

portus,  -iis,  [cf.  porta],  m.,  har- 
bor, haven,  port. 

posco,  -ere,  poposci,  — ,  3,  inch., 
ask  urgently,  demand,  beg;  re- 
quire, need. 

Posidonius,  -i,  m.,  Posidonius,  a 
distinguished  Stoic  philosopher 
of  Apameia  in  Syria,  a  contem- 
porary of  Cicero  and  Pompey. 

positus,  -a,  -urn,  see  pono. 

possessio,  -onis,  [cf.  possido],  f., 
possession. 

possideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[  por  =  pro  +  sedeo  ],  2,  hold, 
occupy,  possess. 

posBido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[por  =  pro  -f-  sid5],  3,  take  pos- 
session of,  occupy,  seize. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  — ,  [potis, 
able,  +  sum],  irr.,  be  able  ;  pres.  = 
/  can,  impf.  and  pf.  =  I  could. 
multum,  plurimum  posse,  to  have 
greatyVery  great  power  or  influence. 


POST 


106 


PRAEACUTUS 


post,  adv.,  afterwards^  later ^  after ; 
often  with  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence, anno  post,  a  year  later, 
the  following  year.  paucis  post 
diebus,  a  few  days  later. 

post,  prep,  with  ace.  only  : 

(1)  Of    place,     behind.        post 
tergum,  in  the  rear. 

(2)  Of  time,  after.        post  me- 
diam  noctem,  after  midnight. 

postea  [post  ea],  adv.,  afterwards. 
postea  quam,  with  the  force  of  a 
conjunction,  after  that,  after. 

posterius,  [comp.  of  posterus], 
adv. ,  later ^  at  a  later  time. 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  posterior, 
sup.  postremus  or  postumus, 
[post],  adj.,  coming  after,  subse- 
quent, later;  next,  following. 
As  subst.,  posteri,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
descendants,  posterity.  Comp. 
posterior,  -ius,  later.,  inferior. 
Sup.  postremus,  -a,  -um,  last; 
lowest.  ad  postremum,  finally, 
at  last. 

posthac,  [post  +  hac],  adv.,  after 
this,  hereafter,  in  future. 

posticus,  -a,  -um,  [post],  adj.,  in 
the  rear,  behind,  posterior.  As 
subst.,  posticum,  -i,  n.,  back 
door. 

postquam,  [post  +  quam],  conj., 
after  that,  after,  as  soon  as; 
when  ;  since,  inasmuch  as.  post 
and  quam  are  often  separated  by 
intervening  words. 

postremo,  [abl.  of  postremus], 
adv.,  at  last,  finally,  last  of 
all. 

postremus,  see  posterus. 

postridie,  [posteri  die],  adv.,  on 
the  day  after,  next  day  pos- 
tridie eius  diei,  the  next  day,  the 
following  day. 


postulatum,  -i,  [postulo],  n.,  de- 
mand, request,  claim. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  claim, 
demand,  ask,  request;  of  things, 
require,  make  necessai'y,  demand. 

Postumius,  -i,  m.,  Postumius, 
name  of  a  Roman  gens.  In  this 
book  refers  to : 

(1)  Spurius  Postumius  Alblnus, 
consul  in  321  b.c. 

(2)  A.  Postumius  Albinus,  con- 
sul in  242  B.C. 

pHDtens,  -entis,  comp.  potentior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  possum], 
ad]., powerful,  strong ;  influential. 
As  subst.,  potentior,  -oris,  m., 
one  more  powerful;  pL,  the  more 
powerful. 

potentatus,  -us,  [potens],  m., 
power,  headship,  supremacy. 

potentia,  -ae,  [potens],  f.,  might, 
force,  power;  rule,  sway,  emi- 
nence. 

potestas,  -atis,  [potis],  f.,  ability, 
power,  capacity ;  self-control ; 
sway,  dominion,  rule;  power, 
office,  magistracy  ;  opportunity. 

potior,  potiri,  potitus,  [potis, 
able'],  4,  dep.,  obtain  possession 
of,  become  master  of,  acquire, 
obtain,  followed  by  the  abl.  or  by 
the  gen. ;  old  form  of  gerundive, 
potiundi,  potiundorum. 

potissimum,  [sup.  of  potis],  adv., 
chiefly,  principally,  especially, 
above  all. 

potius,  [comp.  of  potis],  adv., 
rather,  preferably,  more.  po- 
tius quam,  rather  than. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  comparison 
with,  on  account  of. 

praeacutus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  prae- 
acu5],  adj..  sharpened  at  the  end, 
sharpened,  pointed. 


PflAEBEO 


107 


PRAENESTB 


praebed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [prae  + 
habeo],  2,  hold  out.,  proffer .,  offer., 
grant.,  supply  ;  furnish.,  provide  ; 
yield.,  surrender;  show,  exhibit^ 
represent;  excite.,  cause,  arouse. 

praecaveo,  -cavere,  -cavi,  -cautus, 
[prae  +  caved j,  2,  take  precau- 
tions. 

praecedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
surus,  [prae  +  cedo],  3,  go  he- 
fore;  surpass. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  [prae  +  cap  in 
caput],  adj.,  headlong,  with  great 
speed,  head  over  heels  ;  steep,  pre- 
cipitous. 

praeceptor,  -5ris,  [praecipio],  m., 
teacher,  instructor,  preceptor. 

praeceptum,  -i,  [praecipid],  n., 
maxim,  rule,  order,  direction, 
command. 

praecido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus, 
[prae  +  caedo],  3,  cut  off  in  front ; 
cut  off,  cut  short;  finish,  end,  de- 
stroy. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[prae  +  capio],  3,  take  before- 
hand, anticipate;  give  rules,  ad- 
monish, inform,  direct;  bid, 
order;  direct,  instruct. 

praecipito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  \jptB.e- 
ce-ps],l, throw  headlong, cast  down. 

praecipue  [praecipuus],  adv.,  es- 
pecially, specially,  particularly. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um,  [prae,  of. 
capio],  adj.,  taken  before  others, 
particular,  especial ;  distin- 
guished, excellent. 

praeclare,  [praeclarus],  adv.,  very 
clearly;  excellently,  gloriously. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.,  property  taken  in 
war;  booty,  spoil,  plunder,  prey. 

praedicatio,  -onis,  [praedico],  f., 
public  proclamation,  praising, 
praise  ;  assertion^  statement. 


praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae 
4-  died],  1,  make  known  by 
proclamation,  announce,  prO' 
claim,  declare;  praise,  commend; 
boast. 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus, 
[prae  +  dico],  3,  say  beforehand, 
warn,  admonish. 

praedo,  -onis,  [praeda],  m.,  one 
that  makes  booty,  plunderer,  rob- 
ber, maritimus  praedo,  or 
praedo  [sc.  maritimus],  ^i'ra^e. 

praedor,  -ari,  -atus,  [praeda],  1, 
dep.,  obtain  booty,  pillage^  plun- 
der. 

praefectus,  -T,  [praeficiS],  ra., 
overseer,  commander,  prefect. 

praefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  in*., 
bear  before ;  offer,  present ;  pre- 
fer, rate  higher;  display,  reveal, 
ae  praeferre,  to  show  one''s  selj 
superior  to. 

praeferoz,  -ocis,  [prae  +  ferox], 
adj.,  very  violent,  impetuous.,  in- 
solent, full  of  confidence. 

praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[prae  -f  facio],  3,  place  over, 
place  in  command  of,  appoint  to 
command. 

praefinid,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [prae 
-f  finio],  4,  determine  before- 
hand, ordain,  prescribe. 

praefor,  -faii,  -fatus  sum,  [prae 
+  for],  1,  dep.,  say  before,  pre- 
mise, preface  ;  utter  a  preliminary 
prayer. 

praemitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[prae  +  mitto],  3,  send  forward, 
send  on  before,  send  in  advance. 

praemium,  -i,  [prae  +  emo],  n., 
advantage,  favor,  reward,  recom- 
pense ;  prize,  plunder,  booty. 

Praeneste,  -is,  n.  Praeneste,  an 
ancient    city    of     Latium,    situ- 


PRAEOPTO 


108 


PRAETTJLI 


ated  about  twenty  miles  south- 
east of  Rome.  See  map,  frontis- 
piece. 

praeopto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae 
4-  opto,  choose^,  1,  choose  rather, 
prefer. 

praepono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[prae  +  pono],  3,  place  in  front; 
put  before,  set  over,  appoint,  place 
in  command  of;  prefer. 

praesaepe,  -is,  [prae  +  saepes],  n., 
an  enclosure,  stable,  stall. 

praescxibo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptus,  [prae+scribo],  S,  write 
before,  give  directions,  direct,  pre- 
scribe. 

praescnptum,  -i,  [part,  of  prae- 
scribo],  n.,  direction,  order,  in- 
structions. 

praesens,  -entis,  [part,  of  prae- 
sum],  adj.,  at  hand,  present,  in 
person;  immediate,  instant;  fa- 
voring, propitious.  in  prae- 
senti  or  in  praesentia,  [sc.  tem- 
pera], for  the  present. 

praesentia,  -ae,  [praesens],  f.,  a 
being  at  hand,  presence.  For  in 
praesentia  see  praesens. 

praesertim,  adv.,  especially,  prin- 
cipally, chiefly. 

praesidium,  -i,  [praeses],  n.,  de- 
fence, protection,  help  ;  garrison, 
post,  station  ;  fortress. 

praestans,  -antis,  comp.  prae- 
stantior,  sup.  praestantissimus, 
[prae,  sto],  adj.,  preeminent,  ex- 
cellent, distinguished. 

praestiti,  see  praesto. 

praest5,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus,  1, 
stand  out,  stand  before,  be  su- 
perior, eoccel;  fulfil,  discharge, 
perform,  execute;  show,  exhibit, 
manifest,  assure;  answer  for, 
voucJi  for,        Impers.,  praestat, 


U  is  preferable,  U  is  better, 
officiom  praestare,  to  do  one^s 
duty. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  irr,,  be  be- 
fore; have  command  of,  rule, 
have  charge  of,  govern. 

praeter,  [prae],  adv.  and  prep, 
with  ace,  j^asi,  by,  beyond;  above, 
more  than ;  against,  contrary  to  ; 
except,  besides.  In  composition, 
past,  beyond. 

praetere§l,  [praeter -f  ea],  adv.,  in 
addition,  further,  besides,  more- 
over. 

praetereo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus, 
[praeter  +  eo],  irr.,  go  by,  pass 
by;  omit,  disregard,  leave  un- 
noticed; surpass. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -mn,  [part,  of 
praetereo],  adj.,  gone  by,  past, 
departed. 

praetennitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus, [praeter  4- mitto],  3,  let 
pass,  let  go;  pass  over,  pass 
without  notice,  overlook. 

praetor,  -5ris,  [for  praeitor,  prae, 
cf.  eo],  m.,  leader,  chief;  gen- 
eral, commander;  praetor,  a  mag- 
istrate at  Rome,  next  to  the  con- 
sul in  rank,  charged  with  the 
administration  of  justice.  At  first 
there  was  but  one  praetor,  but  at 
an  early  period  two  were  chosen, 
then  six.  Under  Sulla  there  were 
eight,  and  the  number  finally 
reached  sixteen. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  [praetor], 
adj.,  of  the  commander,  prae- 
torian, praetoria  cohors,  gen- 
eraVs  cohort,  the  generaVs  body- 
guard. As  subst.,  praetorius,  -i, 
m.,  one  who  has  been  praetor, 
ex-praetor. 

praetuli,  see  praefero. 


PRAETUBA 


109 


PRO 


praetura,  -ae,  [prae,  cf.  eo],  f., 
office  of  praetor,  praetorship. 

praevenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventas, 
[prae  -j-  venio] ,  4,  come  before, 
get  start  of,  outstrip,  anticipate. 

pr§.tum,  -i,  n.,  meadow. 

pravus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  crooked, 
perverse,  irregular,  improper^ 
wrong. 

precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
ask,  beg,  supplicate,  beseech;  call 
upon,  invoke. 

prehendd,  see  prendo. 

premOf  premere,  pressi,  pressus, 
3,  press;  press  hard;  oppress, 
harass,  burden;  overwhelm ;  urge, 
drive  ;  pass. ,  be  hard  pressed.,  be 
weighed  down,  be  oppressed,  be  in 
need,  be  in  danger. 

prgndo  (for  prehendo),  -ere,  -di, 
-sus.  3j  lay  hold  of,  grasp,  seize ; 
check,  arrest;  comprehend. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  money  value; 
esteem ;  recompense,  reward. 

prez,  precis,  f . ,  generally  pi. ;  nom. 
and  gen.  sing,  not  in  use,  prayer, 
entreaty,  supplication;  curse,  im- 
precation. 

pridem,  see  iam. 

pridig,  adv.,  the  day  before,  the  pre- 
vious day.  pridie  eius  diei,  the 
day  before  that  day,  on  the  pre- 
vious day. 

primipllus,  -i,  [primus +pilus],  m., 
=  primus  pilus,  first  centurion ; 
see  pilus. 

primo,  [primus],  adv.,  at  first,  at 
the  beginning,  first, 

primum,  [ace.  of  primus],  adv., 
first,  before  everything  else,  in  the 
first  place,  for  the  first  time. 
quam  primum,  as  soon  asposaible. 
cum  primum,  as  soon  aa. 

primus,  see  prior. 


princepa,  -ipis,    [primus  +  cap  in 

capio],  adj.,  first,  chief,  at  the 
front.  As  subst.,  m.,  head  man. 
leader,  chief,  prince,  emperor. 

priucipatus,  -iis,  [princeps],  m., 
beginning  ;  first  place:  supremacy, 
leadership  ;  chief  command. 

prior,  -us,  gen.  pridris,  adj.  incomp. 
degree,  sup.  primus,  [cf.  pro], 
former,  previous,  first.  As  subst., 
priSres,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  those  in  ad- 
vance, primus,  first,  the  first. 
primus  quisque,  the  first  possible, 
very  first.  As  subst.,  primi, 
-drum,  m.,  pi.,  the  foremost  men, 
the  first;  chief,  noble.  prima, 
-orum,  n.,  pi.,  in  the  phrase  in 
primis,  especially. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [forpriustinus], 
adj.,  former,  previous,  original. 
As  subst. ,  pristinum,  -i,  n. ,  former 
condition. 

prius,  adv.,  comp.,  before,  sooner, 
previously;  rather. 

priusquam  [prius -|- quam] ,  conj., 
before,  sooner  than.  prius  and 
quam  are  often  separated  by  in- 
tervening V70rds. 

privatim  [privatus],  adv.,  pri- 
vately, in  a  private  capacity;  in- 
dividually, as  individuals,  opposed 
in  meaning  to  publico. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  privo], 
adj.,  apart,  peculiar,  personal, 
private.  As  subst.,  privatus,  -i, 
m.,  man  in  private  life,  private 
citizen. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  bereave, 
deprive,  rob. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.  only,  in  front 
of,  before ;  for,  in  behalf  of;  in- 
stead of,  for,  as;  on  account  of, 
in  return  for;  in  proportion  <o, 
considering,  according  to. 


PBOAVUS 


110 


PJROFUGUS 


proavTis,     -i,     [pro  +  avus],    m., 

great-fjrandfather. 

probabilis,  -e,  [probo],  adj.,  worthy 
of  approval^  pleasing^  agreeable^ 
good  ;  credible^  probable. 

probatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  probo], 
adj.,  approved^  pleasing^  agree- 
able. 

probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [probus], 
1,  approve^  think  highly  of;  show 
to  be  worthy,  display  ;  prove,  show, 
demonstrate. 

Proca,  -ae,  m.,  Proca,  or  Silvius 
Proca,  name  of  one  of  the  fabu- 
lous kings  of  Alba,  the  father  of 
Numitor  and  Amulius. 

procedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  — ,  [pro 
+  cedoJ,  3,  go  before,  go  for- 
ward, march  on;  advance,  make 
progress. 

Frocillus,  see  Valerius. 

proclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro 
+  clamd],  1,  call,  cry  out. 

procreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  -f 
creo],  1,  bring  forth,  produce, 
procreate. 

procul,  adv.,  in  the  distance,  far, 
afar  off;  of  time,  long  before. 

procumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cu- 
bitus, [pro  -f  cumbd,  for  cubo, 
lie  down'],  3,  fall  prostrate;  sink 
down  ;  be  beaten  down  ;  lie  down  ; 
lean  forward. 

procuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  -f 
euro],  1,  take  care  of,  attend  to, 
look  after ;  avert,  expiate  by  sac- 
rifice. 

procurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  -cursus,  [pro  +  curro],  3, 
run  forward,  hasten  forward, 
rush  forward. 

prodeo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus, 
[pr5d-,  for  pro,  -f  eo],  irr.,  come 
out,  come  forth,  advance. 


prodesse,  see  pr5sum. 

prodigium,  -i,  n.,  prophetic  sign, 
omen,  portent;  monster,  prodigy. 

proditio,  -onis,  [cf.  pr6d5],  f.,  be- 
trayal, treason,  treachery. 

proditor,  -oris,  [cf.  prodo],  m.,  be- 
trayer, traitor. 

prodo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [pro  -f 
do],  3,  put  forth,  exhibit;  reveal, 
disclose;  relate,  hand  down, 
transmit:  surrender^  give  up, 
abandon. 

produco,  -ducere,  -dtixi,  -ductus, 
[pro  4-  duco],  3,  lead  forth,  bring 
out;  lengthen,  prolong,  extend. 

proelior,  -ari,  -atus,  [proelium],  1, 
dep.,  fight. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle,  combat,  en- 
gagement. 

profectio,  -onis,  [cf.  proficiscor], 
f.,  departure,  setting  out. 

profecto,  [pro  -f  facto] ,  adv. ,  act- 
ually, indeed,  really,  certainly. 

profectus,  see  proficiscor. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [pro 
-f  fero],  irr.,  carry  out,  produce, 
put  forth,  put  off;  make  known, 
mention;  present. 

proficiscor,  -ficisci,  -fectus  sum, 
3,  dep.,  set  out,  depart,  proceed, 
march. 

profiteer,  -fiteri,  -fessus  sum, 
[pro -r  fateor],  2,  dep.,  declare 
publicly,  profess.  nomen  profi- 
teri,  to  avow  one's  self  a  candi- 
date. 

profligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  strike 
to  the  ground,  overthrow,  over- 
come, rout;  ruin,  destroy. 

profugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  3,  flee, 
run  away,  escape  ;  take  refuge. 

profugus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  profugio], 
adj. ,  fugitive,  in  flight.  As  subst. , 
profugus,  -i,  m.,  fugitive,  exile. 


PKOFUNDO 


111 


PROPIOR 


profundo,  -ere,  -fudi,  -fusus,  [pro 
4-  fundo],  3,  pour  out ;  squander^ 
shed;  bring  forth,  utter.  se 
profundere,  to  rush  forth,  rush 
out. 

prognatus,  -a,  -um,  [pro+(g)na- 
tus,  from  (g)nascor],  adj., 
sprung,  descended. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
[pro  +  gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  forth, 
go  071 ;  advance,  make  progress, 
proceed. 

progressus,  see  progredior. 

progressus,  -us,  [cf.  progredior], 
m.,  going  forward,  advance, 
progress. 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [pro  -1- 
habeo],  2,  hold  back,  check;  hin- 
der, prevent;  forbid^  prohibit; 
cut  off,  shut  off. 

proicio  (projicio),  -icere,  -ieci, 
-iectus,  [pro  +  iacio],  3,  throw 
forward,  throw,  fling,  cast;  of 
arms,  throw  down;  abandon, 
lose  ;  expel,  banish,  se  prdicere, 
to  cast  one'^s  self  down,  leap 
down  ;  to  prostrate  one^s  self. 

proinde,  [pro  +  inde],  adv.,  hence, 
therefore,  accordingly;  Jn  like 
manlier,  equally. 

promineo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  standout, 
project,  extend;  lean  out. 

promissum,  -i,  [part.  n.  of  pro- 
mitto] ,  n. ,  a  promise.  promisso 
stare,  to  keep  a  promise. 

promitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  [pro 
4-mitt5],  3,  let  go,  put  forth; 
foretell,  promise. 

promoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus, 
[pro  +  moved],  2,  move  forward, 
push  forward. 

promptus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
prdmo],  adj.,  set  forth,  manifest, 
at  hand,  ready^  quick,  prompt. 


promunturimn,  -i,  \\.,  promontory, 
headland. 

pronepos,  -5tis,  [pro  +  nepos],  m,, 
great-grandson. 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1, 
announce,  declare. 

propago,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  set 
forward,  extend,  enlarge;  gener- 
ate, propagate  ;  prolong,  preserve. 

propatulus,  -a,  -um,  [pro  -}-  patu- 
lus],  adj.,  open,  uncovered.  As 
subst.,  propatulum,  -i,  n.,  open 
place,  court. 

prope,  comp.  propius,  sup.  proxi- 
mo, adv.,  near,  nearly,  almost, 
followed  by  the  ace,  near  ;  comp.. 
propius,  neaj-er.  proxime,  near- 
est, next,  very  near;  last,  most 
recently. 

propello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[pro+pello],  3,  drive  away,  put 
to  flight,  rout,  defeat. 

propere,  [properus],  adv.,  hastily^ 
in  haste,  quickly,  speedily. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro- 
perus, quick],  1,  hurry,  make 
haste,  hasten. 

propinquitas,  -atis,  [propinquus], 
f.,  nearness,  vicinity;  relation- 
ship. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.,  -ior, 
[prope],  adj.,  nea?',  neighboring. 
As  subst.,  propinquus,  -i,  m.,  rela- 
tive; pi.,  propinqui,  -orum,  m., 
relatives,  kinsfolk;  propinquae, 
-arum,  f.,  female  relatives. 

propior,  -us,  gen.  propioris,  adj.  in 
comp.  degree,  sup.  proximus,  [cf. 
prope],  positive  wanting,  nearer. 
proximus,  -a,  -um,  nearest,  next, 
last,  of  space  or  time.  proxima 
nocte,  on  the  following  night.  As 
subst. ,  proximum,  -i,  n.,  neighbor- 
hood, vicinity.       in  proximo,  ex 


PROPIUS 


112 


PROVINCIA 


proximo,  near  by,  close  at  hand. 
proximi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  by- 
standers. 

propiuB,  see  prope. 

propono,  -p5nere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[pro  4-  pono],  3,  set  forth,  put 
forward,  present;  declare^  ex- 
plain; propose,  offer,  intend; 
raise,  display  ;  resolve,  determine. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  near, 
next  to,  on  account  of,  in  conse- 
quence of. 

propterea,  [  propter  +  ea  ] ,  adv. , 
for  this  reason,  therefore.  prop- 
terea quod,  because;  see  n.  to  p. 
114,  1.  6. 

propugnacnliun,  -i,  [pr5pugn6], 
n.,  bulwark,  rampart,  defence. 

propugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  + 
pugn5],  1,  come  forth  to  fight; 
fight  on  the  defensive. 

propiilso,  -are,  — ,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
propello],  1,  drive  off,  drive  hack; 
ward  off,  repel. 

proscribo,  -scribere,  proscripsi, 
proscriptus,  [pro  +  scribo] ,  3, 
make  public;  publish,  announce; 
offer  for  sale;  outlaw,  proscribe. 

proscriptio,  -onis,  [proscribo], 
f.,  notice  of  sale;  proscription, 
confiscation. 

prosequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [pro 
+  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow  after; 
follow  up,  pursue. 

prosilid,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  4,  leap  for- 
ward, spring  forth;  rush,  make 
haste. 

prospers,  [prosperus],  adv.,  ac- 
cording to  hope,  favorably,  pro- 
pitiously. 

prosperus,  -a,  -um,  [pro  +  spes], 
adj.,  according  to  hope  ;  favorable, 
fortunate,  prosperous  ;  propitious, 
of  good  omen. 


prospectus,  -us,  [cf.  prospicio], 
m.,  view,  sight,  in  prospectu,  in 
sight,  visible. 

prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  pro- 
spectus, [pr5  -f-  specie],  3,  look 
forward,  look  out,  look;  watch, 
be  on  the  watch ;  look  out  for, 
take  care  of,  provide  for. 

prosterno,  -sternere,  prostravi, 
pr5stratus,  [pro  +  sterno],  3, 
strew  before;  cast  down,  over- 
throw ;  ruin,  destroy. 

pro  sum,  prodesse,  pr5fui,  [pro  + 
sum],  irr.,  be  useful,  do  good; 
benefit,  profit. 

protinus,  adv.,  right  on,  onward; 
continuously ;  immediately,  at 
once. 

protraho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[pro  +  traho],  3,  draw  forward, 
produce;  bring  to  light,  disclose; 
lengthen,  protract,  prolong. 

protulit,  see  profero. 

proturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro 
+  turbo,  disturb'\,  1,  drive  away, 
repulse. 

proveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[pro  +  veho],  3,  carry  forward; 
pass. ,  be  carried  ;  ride,  drive,  sail. 
aetate  provectus,  advanced  in 
years. 

provided,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus, 
[pro  4-  video],  2,  foresee, perceive 
in  advance  ;  provide  for,  look  out 
for,  prepare. 

provincia,  -ae,  f.,  office,  charge; 
province,  subject  territory,  govern- 
ment of  a  territory  outside  of 
Italy  by  a  magistrate  of  Rome ; 
also  the  territory  itself.  In  Cae- 
sar often  the  province,  the  part  of 
Transalpine  Gaul  subdued  by  the 
Romans  before  b.c.  58,  lying  be- 
tween the  Mediterranean  Sea  and 


PROVOCATIO 


113 


PURQO 


the  upper  part  of  the  Rhone,  the 
Cayennes  Mountains,  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  Garonne  River. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

provocatio,  -onis,  [provoco],  f., 
appeal^  challenge. 

provoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  + 
voc5],  1,  call  forth.,  call  out., 
summon ;  make  an  appeal.,  appeal ; 
stimulate,  stir  up;  challenge. 

provolo,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  [pro  -\-  volo, 
fly^i  'i^tflyforwardj  dash  forth. 

proxime,  see  prope. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  see  propior. 

prudens,  -entis,  comp.  priiden- 
tior,  sup.  priidentissimus,  [for 
providens,  part,  of  pro  video], 
adj.,  foreseeing,  knowing;  skil- 
ful, experienced,  prudent,  clever, 
intelligent. 

prudentia,  -ae,  [prudens],  t,  fore- 
sight;  acquaintance,  knowledge, 
skill ;  good  sense. 

Prusias,  or  Prusia,  -ae,  m.,  Pru- 
sias,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  with 
whom  Hannibal  took  refuge. 

PseudophilippuB,  -i,  m.,  the  false 
Philip,  Pseudo-Philip,  i.e.  Andris- 
cus,  who  pretended  to  be  Philip, 
son  of  Perseus,  king  of  Mace- 
donia. 

psittacus,  -i,  m.,  parrot. 

Ptolemaeus,  -i,  Ptolemaeus,  Ptol- 
emy, the  name  of  several  kings  of 
Egypt. 

public e  [publicus],  adv.,  in  the 
name  of  the  state,  as  a  state, 
publicly,  opposed  in  meaning  to 
privatim. 

publics,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [publi- 
cus], 1,  open  to  the  public,  make 
public,  confiscate  ;  publish. 

Publicola,  -ae,  m.,  Publicola.  See 
Valerius. 


pilblicuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  ptlbes], 
adj.,  of  the  people,  of  the  state, 
public,  common.  As  subst.,  publi- 
cum, -i,  n.,  public  place;  posses- 
sions of  the  state,  public  treasury. 
res  piiblica,  the  state,  public  busi- 
ness, public  interest. 

Publius,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  forename. 

pudor,  -oris,  [cf.  pude6],m.,  shame, 
sense  of  shame. 

puer,  pueri,  m.,  child,  boy  ;  slave. 

puenliB,  -e,  [puer],  adj.,  boyish, 
youthful;  childish,  trivial,  silly. 

pueritia,  -ae,  [puer],  f.,  boyhood, 
childhood,  youth. 

pueruluB,  -i,  [dim.  of  puer],  m., 
little  boy,  little  slave. 

pugio,  -onis,  m.,  short  dagger, 
poniard. 

pugna,  -ae,  i..,  fight,  combat,  battle; 
dispute,  quarrel. 

pugn5,  -are,  -avi,  -atua,  [pugna], 
1,  fight,  contend;  oppose,  resist, 
struggle  with.  pugnatum  est, 
the  battle  raged. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  comp. 
pulchiior,  sup.  pulcherrimus, 
adj.,  beautiful,  fair,  handsome; 
excellent,  noble,  illustrious. 

pullulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pullus], 
1,  sprout,  shoot,  come  forth. 

pulsus,  see  pell5. 

Pulvillus,  -i,  m.,  Pulvlllus.  See 
Horatiua. 

Punicus,  -a,  -nin,*adj.,  Punic, 
Carthaginian. 

ptinio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [poeooa],  4, 
punish,  correct,  chastise. 

pupillus,  -i,  m.,  orphan,  ward. 

puppis,  -is,  f .,  hinder  part  of  a  ship, 
stern;  ship. 

pHrgS,  -ftre,  -avi,  -Stus,  [for  *  pii- 
rigO;  purus,  cf.  ago],  1,  make 
clean;  free  from  btame,  excum^ 


PUTO 


114 


QTJAM 


clear.  sui  piirgandi  causa,  in 
order  to  excuse  themselves. 

puts,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  think, 
consider,  believe,  judge. 

Pydna,  -ae,  [JlySva],  f.,  Pydna,  a 
city  of  Macedonia,  in  Pieria  on 
the  Thermaic  Gulf,  the  scene  of 
the  defeat  of  Perseus,  king  of 
Macedonia,  by  the  Romans  in 
168  B.C.    See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [nvprjvaTos^, 
adj.,  of  Pyrene;  Fyrenaean. 
Pyrenaei  montes,  the  Pyrenees 
Mountains,  between  Spain  and 
France.  Pyrenaeus  saltua,  the 
Pyrenees. 

Pyrrhus,  -i,  m.,  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus ;  one  of  the  greatest  gen- 
erals of  antiquity.  In  280  b.c.  he 
was  called  to  the  aid  of  the  Tar- 
entines,  who  had  become  involved 
in  a  war  with  the  Romans.  After 
two  victories  he  was  defeated  at 
Beneventum  and  compelled  to 
leave  Italy.  He  was  killed  in 
272  B.C.,  while  storming  Argos. 

Pythagorgus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Pytha- 
gorean, of  Pythagoras.  As 
subst.,  Pythagoreus,  -i,  m., 
Pythagorean,  follower  of  Pifthag- 
oras,  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
born  in  Samos  about  650  b.c. 
His  philosophy  was  especially 
popular  in  Magna  Graecia  in 
southern  It^y. 

Pythia,  -ae,  [Jlveia],  f.,  the  Pythia, 
the  priestess  who  gave  the  re- 
sponses of  the  oracle  in  the  temple 
of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 


Q. ,  with  proper  names  =  Qumtus, 
a  Roman  forename. 


qu5,  [abl.  fern,  of  qui,  originally  sc. 
via  or  parte],  adv.,  lohere. 

quacumque,  [qua  -}-  cumque], 
adv.,  wherever,  wheresoever. 

quadragesimus,  -a,  -um,  [quadra- 
ginta],  adj.,  fortieth. 

quadraginta,  [quattuor],  indecl. 
num.  ad}.,  forty. 

quadriennium,  -i,  [quattuor  + 
annus],  m.,  a  period  of  four 
years. 

quadringenteaimus,  -a,  -um, 
[quadringenti],  adj.,  the  four 
hundredth. 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  CCCC, 
[quattuor  +  centum],  adj.,  four 
hundred. 

quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus, 
3,  seek,  look  for;  desire,  require  ; 
inquire,  ask. 

quaestor,  -oris,  [  =  quaesitor,  from 
quaero],  m.,  quaestor,  the  name 
of  a  Roman  magistrate  whose 
duties  varied  at  different  periods. 
At  first  there  were  but  two  quaes- 
tors each  year,  but  the  number 
was  increased  from  time  to  time 
until  it  reached  forty  under  Cae- 
sar's administration.  At  that 
time  the  quaestors  were  engaged 
in  the  care  of  public  moneys  and 
of  military  stores,  partly  at  Rome 
and  partly  in  the  provinces.  They 
were  chosen  in  the  Comitia  Tri- 
huta,  and  were  assigned  to  their 
provinces  by  lot. 

quaestura,  -ae,  [quaestor],  f., 
office  of  quaestor,  quaestorship. 

qualis.  -e,  adj.,  inter.,  of  what  kind? 
what  kind  of  a?  rel.,  of  such  a 
kind,  such  as,  as. 

quam,  [qui],  adv.  and  conj.,  how 
much,  how;  in  what  manner; 
with  superlatives  (with  or  with- 


QUAM   DIU 


115 


QUIDAM 


out  possum),  as  possible ;  after 
comparatives  and  comparative  ex- 
pressions, thauy  as;  with  expres- 
sions of  time,  after.  tarn  .  .  . 
quam,  so  .  .  .  as.  quam  diu, 
as  long  as.  quam  primum,  as 
soon  as  possible. 

quam  diu,  see  quam. 

quamquam,  [quam  +  quam],conj., 
though^  although;  and  yet,  how- 
ever. 

quamvis,  [quam  +  vis,  from  volo], 
conj.,  as  much  as  you  will,  how- 
ever much,  although. 

quanto,  [quantus],  adv.,  by  how 
much,  how  much. 

quantum,  [quantus],  adv.,  rel.,  so 
much  as,  to  as  great  an  extent; 
inter.,  how  much?  how  far? 

quanto  opere,  see  quantus. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  rel.,  as  great 
as,  as ;  inter.,  how  great  ?  how 
much  ?  tantum  .  .  .  quantum, 
so  much,  so  far  .  .  .  as.  As 
subst.,  with  gen.  of  the  whole, 
quantum  boni,  how  much  advan- 
tage, quanto  opere,  how  much, 
how  deeply,  quantus  .  .  .  tantus, 
as  much  .  ,  .  as,  as  great ...  as. 

qua  re,  see  res. 

quartanus,  -a,  -um,  [quartus], 
adj.,  of  the  fourth,  occurring  on 
the  fourth  day.  As  subst.,  quar- 
tana,  -ae,  f.,  [sc.  febris],  quartan 
ague. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  [quattuor],  num. 
adj.,  fourth. 

quasi,  [qua  +  si],  adv.  and  conj., 
as  if,  just  as  if,  as  though  ;  about, 
nearly,  as  it  were. 

quater,  [cf.  quattuor],  num.  adv., 
four  times. 

quattuor,  or  IV,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
four. 


quattuordecim,  or  Xmi,  [quat- 
tuor +  decem],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
fourteen. 

-que,  conj.,  and,  but,  always  ap- 
pended to  another  word,  which 
in  construction  belongs  after  it. 

quem  ad  modxun,  see  modus. 

queror,  queri,  questus,  3,  dep,, 
complain,  lament;  complain  of, 
make  complaint  of, 

questus,  see  queror. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  inter, 
adj.  pron.,  which  f  what  f  what 
kind  of  a? 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  rel. 
and  inter,  pron. : 

(1)  As  rel.  pron.,  who,  which; 
at  the  beginning  of  a  clause 
often  best  rendered  by  a  per- 
sonal or  demonstrative  pron., 
with  or  without  and;  when 
with  the  subj.  expressing  cause, 
since  he  (or  they^,  because  he 
(or  they) ;  with  the  subj.  ex- 
pressing characteristic  result, 
often  rendered  as  he,  so  that 
he  {it,  they),  that  he  (it,  they), 
etc.        idem  qui,  the  same  as. 

(2)  As  inter,  adj.  pron.,  what  f 
what  kind  of? 

qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  indef.  pron., 
any,  any  one,  or  anything,  used 
both  as  subst.  and  as  adj.  si  qui, 
if  any  one. 

quia,  conj.,  because,  since. 

quicquam,  see  quisquam. 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  indef.  pron.,  whoever, 
whatever,  whichever, 

quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam,  indef. 
pron.,  a  certain  one,  a  certain 
thing.  As  adj.,  quidam,  quae- 
dam, quoddam,  a  certain,  a; 
some,  certain. 


QUIDEM 


116 


QUO 


qnidem,  adv.,  indeed,  at  least,  ne 
.  .  .  qnidem,  not  even ;  the  word 
emphasized  is  always  placed  be- 
tween ne  and  qnidem. 

quiStus,  -a,  -nm,  [part,  of  qniesco], 
adj.,  at  rest,  inactive  ;  quiet,  peace- 
ful. 

quHibet,  qnaelibet,  quodlibet  and 
quidlibet,  indef.  pron.,  any  one, 
whom  you  will. 

quin,  [old  abl.  qni  + -ne],  conj., 
why  not?  that  not,  but  that,  vnth- 
ouU;  after  words  expressing  doubt 
or  suspicion,  that ;  after  deterreo, 
retineo,  etc.,  trans,  by  from  with 
a  participle.  quin  etiam  and 
qnin  et,  nay  even,  moreover. 

Quinctilius,  -i,  m,,  Quinctilius, 
gentile  name  of  P.  Quinctilius 
Varus,  a  general  of  Augustus 
who  suffered  a  disastrous  defeat 
at  the  hands   of   the   Germans, 

9  B.C. 

Quinctius,  see  Flamininus. 
quindecim,   or   XV,    [qninqne  + 

decem],  iudecl.  num.  ad].,  ff teen. 
quingentesimus,   -a   -nm,    [qnin- 

genti],  adj.,  the  Jive  hundredth. 
quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  orD,  [qninque  + 

centum],  num.  adj..  Jive  hundred. 
quini,  -ae,  -a,  [qninqne],  distrib. 

num.  adj..  Jive  each.  Jive  at  a  time, 
quinquagem,   -ae,   -a,    [qninqna- 

ginta] ,  distrib.  num.,  Jifty  each. 
qmnquagesHnuB,  -a,  -nm,  [qnin- 

qnaginta],  adj.,  thejiftieth. 
qninquagintS,    or   L,    [qninque], 

indecl.  num.  adj.,  fifty. 
qumque,  or  V,  indecl.  num.  adj.. 

Jive. 
qumquennitun,     -I,      [qninqne  + 

annus],  n.,  a  period  of  Jive  years. 
quInquiinB,   [qninqne],  adv.,  Jive 

times,  for  the  fifth  time. 


quintum,  [qnintns],  adv.,  for  the 
Jifth  time. 

quintuB,  -a,  -nm,  [qninqne],  num. 
ad].,  fifth. 

QuIntUB,  -i,  m.,  a  Eoman  fore- 
name. 

quis,  — ,  quid,  inter,  pron. ,  who  ? 
what  f  Neut.  quid,  with  gen.  of 
the  whole,  quid  consili,  what 
plan  ?  Neut.  quid,  as  adverbial 
ace.  ( =  cur) ,  why  f  quid  sec- 
tamini,  why  do  ye  pursue  f 

quia,  — ,  quid,  indef.  pron.,  often 
after  si,  nisi,  ne,  and  nnm,  any 
one,  anything.  As  adj.,  qui, 
quae  or  qua,  quod,  any.  si 
qnis,  if  any  one.  ne  qnis,  thaC 
not  any  one  =  that  no  one.  Neut. 
quid,  with  partitive  gen.,  any; 
as  si  quid  consili,  if  any  plan. 

quisnam,  — ,  qnidnam,  inter,  pron., 
who,  pray  ?  what,  pray  f  As 
adj.,  qninam,  qnaenam,  qnod- 
nam,  of  what  kind,  pray  ? 

quisquam,  — ,  qnicquam,  indef. 
pron.,  any  one,  anything.  As 
adj.,  any. 

quisque,  — ,  qnidqne,  indef.  pron., 
each  one,  each  thing.  As  adj., 
quisque,  qnaeqne,  qnodqne,  each. 

quisqnis,  qnaequae,  qnicqnid, 
indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever,  tohat- 
ever. 

qmvis,  qnaevis,  qnidvis,  [qm  + 
vis,  from  volo],  indef.  pron., 
any  one,  anything  you  please.  As 
adj.,  qnivis,  qnaevis,  qnodvis, 
any  whatever. 

quo,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  quo,  [dat.  or  abl.  of  qui], 
adv.,  inter.,  whither  9  to  what 
place?  rel.,  whither,  where^ 
when;  by  what,  by  as  much  as; 
by  reason  of  which,  wher^ore; 


QFOAD 


117 


KECEN8 


to  what  extent,  how  far  f  in- 
definite, after  si  and  ne,  to  any 
place,  at  any  point,  anywhere. 

(2)  quo,  [abl.  of  qui],  final  con j., 
used  especially  with  compara- 
tives and  followed  by  subj.,  in 
order  that,  that,  that  thereby. 
quo  minus,  that  not,  often  best 
translated  hy  from  with  a  par- 
ticiple. 
quoad,  [qu6  +  ad],adv  and  con  j., 

as  far  as  ;  till,  until ;  as  long  as, 

while. 
quod,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  with  respect  to  which, 
in  what,  as  to  what.  quod  si, 
hut  if,  and  yet  if. 

(2)  As  conj.,  that,  in  that;  be- 
cause, inasmuch  as,  supposing 
that,  as  to  or  in  regard  to  the 
fact  that,  so  far  as.  propterea 
quod,  because;  see  n.  to  p.  114, 
1.6. 

quo  minus,  see  quo. 

quondam,  adv.,  at  some  time,  at 
one  time  ;  once,  formerly  ;  of  the 
future,  some  day,  hereafter. 

quoniam,  [quom,  old  form  of  cum, 
+  iam],  conj.,  since,  as,  because, 
whereas. 

quoque,  conj.,  following  the  em- 
phatic word  of  a  clause,  also, 
too. 

quorsimi  and  quSrsus,  [quo,  ver- 
sus], adv.,  to  what  place  f 
whither  ?  for  what  purpose  f  for 
what  f 

quotamuB,  [quot  +  abl.  pi.  of  an- 
nus], adv.,  yearly,  every  year. 

quotiSns,  [quot],  adv.,  as  often  ar.  ; 
how  often. 

quotdSnscumque,  [quot],  adv., 
inter.,  how  often  ?  how  many 
times  f  rel.,  as  often  as. 


R. 

radix,  -icis,  f.,  root;  of  an  eleva- 
tion, foot,  base ;  origin,  radices 
collis,  the  foot  of  the  hill,  radices 
montis,  the  base  of  the  height,  the 
foot  of  the  mountain. 

raeda,  -ae,  [Kel.],  f.,  wagon  with 
four  wheels. 

ramus,  -i,  ra.,  branch,  bough. 

rapina,  -ae,  [cf.  rapio,  seize'],  f., 
pillage,  pillaging,  plundering. 

rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptus,  3, 
seize  and  carry  off,  snatch,  drag; 
hasten,  hinry  ;  destroy,  pillage. 

raptor,  -oris,  [rapto,  rapio],  m., 
robber,  plunderer,  ravisher. 

rSrS,  [rarus],  adv.,  seldom,  rarely, 
now  and  then. 

rSrus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  rarior,  sup. 
rarissimus,  adj.,  thin;  rare,  in- 
frequent, few ;  scanty,  scattered. 

ratio,  -onis,  [reor,  reckon],  f.,  reck- 
oning, calculation,  account ;  plan, 
theory,  method,  system,  science; 
reason,  ground;  regard,  consider- 
ation. 

ratis,  -is,  f.,  raft. 

Rauraci,  (Raurici), -5rum,  m.,pl., 
a  people  along  the  Rhine,  north  of 
the  Helvetii.   See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

re-,  red-,  an  inseparable  particle, 
used  only  in  composition,  again, 
back. 

rebello,  -are,  -avi,  -atns,  [re-4- 
bello],  1,  loage  war  again;  revolt, 
rebel,  renew  the  combat. 

recSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
[re-  +  cedo],  3,  go  back,  retire, 
withdraw,  retreat ;  desist. 

recSna,  -entis,  adj. ,  fresh ;  recent, 
late.  As  subst.,  recentes,  -ium, 
m.,  pi.,  those  who  were  fresh,  the 
unwearied. 


RECEPTUS 


118 


REGNO 


receptus,  see  recipio. 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  [re- 
+  capioj,  3,  take  back,  get  back, 
recover,  win  ;  receive,  admit.  se 
recipere,  to  retreat;  to  recover 
onePs  self.  recipere  in  dediti- 
onem,  to  admit  to  a  surrender, 
receive  into  submission. 

recognoBCO,  -ere,  -gn5vi,  -gnitus, 
3.  know  again,  recognize;  eoc- 
amine,  inspect. 

reconcilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re- 
H-  concilio],  1,  regain;  reunite, 
reconcile;  win  over  again,  win 
back,  conciliate. 

recuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-,  cf. 
causa],  1,  refuse,  make  refusal, 
decline;  raise  objections. 

reddo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [red-  + 
do],  3,  give  back,  restore,  return  ; 
represent,  imitate;  pay  back; 
make,  render;  surrender;  give 
up ;  hand  over,  deliver. 

redemptua,  see  redimo. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [red-  +  eo], 
irr.,  go  back,  return,  come  in, 
arise,  be  received;  slope  back. 

redigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [red- 
-I-  ago],  3,  drive  back,  force  back, 
bring  back  ;  bring,  reduce,  force  ; 
render,  make. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[red-  +  emo],  3,  buy  back,  pur- 
chase; ransom;  purchase,  pro- 
cure ;  of  revenues,  farm. 

redintegro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [red- 
+  integro,  make  whole],  1,  com- 
mence again,  renew  ;  revive. 

reditio,  -onis,  [cf.  redeo],  f.,  a 
going  back,  returning. 

reditus,  -us,  [cf.  redeo],  m.,  going 
back,  return;  income,  revenue. 

RedonSs,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
people  in  Britanny   {Bretagne)  \ 


the  name  survives  in  Bennes. 
See  :iiap  opp.  p.  114. 

rediico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[re-  -t-duc5],  3,  lead  back,  escort 
back,  accompany ;  bring  off;  bring 
back,  restore;  reduce. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  -latus,  [re- 
+  fero],  irr.,  bear  back,  bring; 
bring,  carry,  convey  to  a  person 

•  or  place  ;  raise,  bear  off,  recover ; 
return,  pay  back,  requite  ;  ascribe, 
refer,  attnbute ;  relate,  repeat, 
recount,  tell,  say.  se  referre, 
go  back,  return.  pedem  referre, 
to  retreat.  gratiam  referre,  to 
make  return,  requite. 

reficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [re- 
+  facio],  3,  make  again,  recon- 
struct, repair,  refit;  recruit, 
reenforce. 

refluo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  [re-  +  fluo],  3, 
flow  back,  flow  away. 

refoveo,  -fovere,  -fovi,  -fotus,  [re- 
-f-foveo],  2,  warm  again;  re- 
fresh, restore,  revive. 

refractUB,  see  refringo. 

refrlngo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -fractus, 
[re- -I- frango],  3,  break;  break 
down. 

regalis,  -e,  [rex],  adj.,  of  a  king, 
royal,  regal. 

regia,  -ae,  [regius],  f. ,  royal  palace, 
castle. 

regina,  -ae,  [rex],  f.,  queen. 

regio,  -onis,  [cf.  rego,  keep 
straight],  f.,  direction,  line; 
boundary  line;  quarter,  region, 
country. 

regius,  -a,  -um,  [rex],  adj.,  of  a 
king,  king''s,  kingly,  royal;  mag> 
nificent.  As  subst. ,  regii,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  king''s  troops;  the 
satraps. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [regnum], 


REGNTIM 


119 


RENUO 


1,  have  royal  power^  rule,  be  king  ; 
be  lord,  be  supreme. 

regnum,  -i,  [cf.  rex],  n.,  kingly 
government,  royalty;  dominion, 
sovereignty,  sway;  absolute  au- 
thority; territory  subject  to  a 
king  or  chieftain,  kingdom. 

regredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
[re-  +  gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  back, 
return;  retreat. 

Regulus,  -i,  m.,  Begulus,  family 
name  of  M.  Atilius  Begulus. 

reicio  (rejici5),  -icere,  -ieci,  -iec- 
tus,  [re-  -I-  iacio],  3,  throw  back, 
hurl  back;  of  ships,  cast  back, 
carry  back;  drive  back,  repulse; 
throw  away ;  refuse^  reject  scorn- 
fully. 

reiectus,  see  reicio. 

relanguescd,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  [re-  + 
languesco],  3,  become  enfeebled, 
become  enervated. 

rel&tus,  see  refero. 

relSgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
legd,  depute'],  1,  banish,  remove. 

relictus,  see  relinquo. 

religio,  -onis,  [re-,  cf.  lego],  f., 
sense  of  right,  moral  obligation, 
duty ;  religious  scruple;  fear  of 
the  gods;  religion,  worship;  re- 
ligious liability. 

religo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
ligo],  1,  bind,  bind  fast;  chain. 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -lictus, 
[re-  +  linquo,  quit],  3,  leave, 
leave  behind;  desert,  abandon; 
of  a  siege  or  attack,  leave  off,  give 
up;  bequeath. 

reliquiae,  -arum,  [cf.  relinquo],  f., 
pL,  what  is  left,  remnant,  rest. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  relinquo], 
adj.,  remaining,  left,  the  rest. 
As  subst.,  reliqui,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
the  rest.        reliquum,  -i,  n.,  re- 


mainder, rest.  reliqui,  gen. 
sing,  neut.,  in  nihil  reliqui,  noth- 
ing left. 

remaned,  -ere,  remansi,  — ,  [re-  + 
mane5],  2,  stay  behind,  remain; 
endure,  last;  continue  to  be. 

RSmi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
people,  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Axona  {Aisne)  ;  chief  city, 
Durocortorum,  now  Bheims.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

reminlscor,  -minisci,  — ,  [re-  -\- 
MEN  in  mens],  3,  dep.,  remember, 
recollect;  followed  by  the  gen. 

remittd,  -ere,  remisi,  remissus, 
[re-  +  mitto] ,  3,  let  go  back,  send 
back,  cause  to  return;  throw 
back;  yield,  give  up;  relax,  di- 
minish; remit,  grant  exemption 
from;  of  a  tax,  remit.  calces 
remittere,  to  kick. 

remotus,  -a,  -um,  comp,  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [removed],  adj.,  far  off, 
remote. 

removed,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus, 
[re-  +  moved],  2,  move  back,  re- 
move, drive  away;  dismiss;  de- 
prive. 

remuneror,  -an,  -atus,  [re-  4-  mu- 
nus],  1,  dep.,  recompense,  repay. 

RemuB,  -i,  m. ,  Bemus,  twin  brother 
of  Romulus. 

RemuB,  -i,  m. ,  one  of  the  Bemi. 

remus,  -i,  m.,  oar. 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re- + 
novo],  1,  renew,  restore,  repeat; 
revive. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
nuntio],  1,  bring  back  word,  an- 
nounce, report. 

renu5,  -nuere,  -nui,  — ,  [re-  -f- 
nuo],  3,  nod  backward,  refuse 
by  a  motion  of  the  head  ;  deny, 
refuse. 


REOB 


120 


RESISTO 


reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  2,  dep., 
reckon^  believe^  thinks  suppose. 

reparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
paro],  1,  prepare  again,  renew, 
revive. 

repello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[re-  +  pello] ,  3,  drive  hack,  re- 
pulse;  reject,  refuse. 

repente,  [repens],  adv.,  suddenly, 
unexpectedly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  [repens],  adj., 
sudden,  hasty,  unexpected. 

reperio,  reperire,  repperi  or  re- 
peri,  repertus,  4,  find  again, 
meet  with  ;  discover,  find,  find  to 
he;  learn. 

repeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitus, 
[re-  -h  peto],  3,  seek  again,  again 
try  to  obtain;  demand;  exact. 
poenas  repetere,  to  exact  punish- 
ment, repetundae  (sc.  pecu- 
niae), extortion. 

repetundus,  part,  of  repeto. 

repleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus,  [re- 
-f  pled],  2,  fill  again,  refill,  fill 
up;  complete. 

rSpo,  repere,  repsi,  reptus,  3, 
creep,  crawl. 

repono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus,  [re- 
-f  pono],  3,  put  hack,  replace, 
restore;  renew;  lay  up,  reckon; 
class. 

repraeaento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re- 
+  praesento,  from  praesens],  1, 
do  at  once,  do  forthwith. 

reprehendd,  -ere,  reprehend!,  rep- 
rehensus,  [re-  +  prehendo],  3, 
hold  fast,  seize,  catch;  blame, 
criticise,  find  fault  with,  reprove ; 
prosecute,  condemn. 

reprimo,  -ere,  repress!,  repressus, 
[re-  +  premo],  3,  press  back,  keep 
back;  check,  limit,  confine,  re- 
press. 


repudio,  -are,   -avi,  -atus,  1,  put 

away,  divorce;  cast  off,  reject, 
scorn,  repudiate. 

repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -I- 
pugno],  1,  fight  back,  oppose,  re- 
sist, defend  one^s  self  against. 

repulsa,  -ae,  [repello],  f.,  rejec- 
tion, refusal,  repulse;  defeat  at 
the  polls. 

repulsuB,  see  repello. 

reputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -{- 
puto],  1,  count  over,  reckon,  cal- 
culate ;  meditate,  reflect,  reflect  on. 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  object,  matter; 
affair,  event ;  circumstance,  con- 
dition, property,  possessions ;  ob- 
ject, project,  business;  state, 
commonwealth.  res  militaris, 
warfare,  military  science.  res 
novae,  a  revolution.  res  pii- 
blica,  commonioealth,  republic, 
the  state,  public  business,  public 
interest.  qua  re,  wherefore,  and 
for  this  reason,  re  vera,  indeed, 
in  truth. 

rescinds ,  -ere,  rescidi,  rescissus, 
[re-  -}-  scindo],  3,  cut  off,  cut 
loose,  cut  down,  break  up,  de- 
stroy;  renew,  expose;  annul,  re- 
peal. 

rescisco,  -sciscere,  -scivi  or  -scii, 
-scitus,  [re-  +  scisco],  3,  learn, 
find  out. 

rescribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  -scrip- 
tus,  [re-  -f  scribo],  3,  write 
again  ;  enroll  anew,  transfer  from 
one  branch  of  the  service  to 
another. 

reserve,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -f- 
servo],  1,  keep  back,  reverse,  keep. 

resisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  3,  stand 
back,  remain;  remain  standing, 
halt,  stop,  stand  still;  resist,  op- 
pose, withstand. 


RESOLVO 


121 


KISUS 


resolvo,  -ere,  -solvi,  -soliitus,  [re- 
+  solvo],  3,  untie^  unbind^  loose ; 
relax,  enervate;  dissolve,  melt. 

respicio,  -ere,  respexi,  respectus, 
[re-  +  specio],  3,  look  back,  look 
back  upon,  gaze  at,  contemplate; 
consider,  respect. 

respondeo,  -ere,  respond!,  respon- 
sus,  [re-  +  sponde5],  2,  answer, 
reply;  correspond,  agree. 

responsum,  -i,  [respondeo],  n., 
answer,  reply,  response;  response 
of  oracle. 

rga  publica,  see  res. 

respuo,  -spuere,  -spui,  — ,  [re--f- 
spu5,  spit'] ,  3,  spit  out,  reject. 

restinguo,  -stinguere,  restinxi, 
restinctus,  [re-  +  stingu5],  3, 
put  out,  quench,  extinguish; 
assuage,  allay;  destroy. 

restituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  [re-  + 
statu5],  8,  set  up  again,  replace, 
rebuild;  restore,  renew,  revive; 
remedy;  reinstate;  save. 

retards,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -f 
tardo],  1,  keep  back,  delay ^  im- 
pede, retard;  repress,  check. 

retineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[re-  -f-  teneo],  2,  hold  back,  keep, 
detain,  retain,  restrain  ;  preserve, 
maintain. 

retraho,  -ere,  retraxi,  retractus, 
[re-  -t-  traho],  3,  draw  back,  call 
back,  drag  back;  remove,  divert, 
turn. 

reus,  -i,  m.,  defendant,  accused, 
prisoner. 

revello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus, 
[re-  -h  vello,  puW],  3,  pull  back; 
tear  away. 

reverentia,  -ae,  f.,  respect,  regard. 

reverts,  -ere,  reverti,  [re-  + 
vert5],  3,  only  in  tenses  from  pf. 
stem,  and  reverter,  -verti,  -ver- 


sus, 3,  dep.,  return,  come  back, 
go  back;  revert,  recur. 

revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -f 
voco],  1,  call  again,  call  back, 
recall ;  call  off. 

rex,  regis,  [cf.  rego,  rw/e],  m., 
king,  monarch,  ruler,  chieftain. 

Rhea,  -ae,  1,  Bhea,  forename  of  Bhea 
Silvia,  daughter  of  Numitor,  and 
mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

RhenuB,  -i,  [Kel.,  from  root  mean- 
ing 'flow'],  m.,  the  Bhine,  the 
principal  river  of  Northern  Eu- 
rope, having  a  course  of  about  850 
miles ;  twice  bridged  by  Caesar. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

rhStor,  -oris,  [pT^rup],  m.,  teacher 
of  oratory,  rhetorician,  orator. 

RhodanuB,  -i,  m.,  the  Bhone,  which 
rises  in  the  Alps  near  the  sources 
of  the  Rhine,  and  passing  through 
Lake  Geneva,  follows  at  first  a 
southwesterly  direction,  then 
flows  south,  reaching  the  Mediter- 
ranean after  a  course  of  about 
600  miles.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

RhodiuB,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  Bhodian,of 
Bhodes.  As  subst.,  Rhodius,  -i, 
m.,  Bhodian,  inhabitant  of 
Bhodes.    . 

RhoduB,  -1,  f.,  Bhodes,  an  impor- 
tant island  lying  south  of  the 
western  part  of  Asia  Minor.  It 
was  famous  for  its  schools  of 
rhetoric,  and  for  its  prominence 
in  naval  affairs.  See  map  opp. 
p.  93. 

rided,  ridere,  risi,  risus,  2,  laugh, 
smile ;  laugh  at,  laugh  over,  mock, 
deride. 

ripa,  -ae,  f . ,  bank  of  a  river,  mar- 
gin ;  shore  of  the  sea. 

riBUB,  -lis,  [rideo],  ni.,  laughing, 
laughter;  object  of  laughter. 


ROBUR 


122 


SACERDOS 


robur,  -oris,  n.,  hard  wood,  oak; 
hardness^  strength,  vigor;  best 
part,  flower. 

robustus,  -a,  -um,  [rdbur],  adj., 
of  oak  wood,  oaken;  strong, 
hardy,  robust. 

rogatus,  -us,  [rogo],  only  found  in 
the  abl.  sing.,  m.,  request,  en- 
treaty. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  ask,  ques- 
tion; beg,  request,  solicit. 

Roiaa,  -ae,  f,,  Borne. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  [Roma],  adj., 
Boman.  As  subst. ,  Romanus, -i, 
m.,  a  Boman;  usually  pi.,  the 
Bomans,  Bomans. 

Romulus,  -i,  m.,  Bomulus,  the 
mythical  founder  and  first  king 
of  Rome.  Romulus  Silvius,  a 
mythical  king  of  Alba  Longa. 

Roscius,  -i,  m.,  Boscius,  gentile 
name  of  Sextius  Boscius  of 
Ameria,  defended  by  Cicero 
against  a  charge  of  murder. 

rostrum,  -i,  [rodo],  n.,  beak,  bill ; 
ship''s  beak;  pi.,  the  Bostra, 
speaker^s  platform  in  the  Forum. 

rota,  -ae,  f.,  wheel. 

ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  red. 
Rubrum  Mare,  the  Bed  Sea,  a 
name  applied  to  the  Arabian  and 
Persian  gulfs. 

Rubied,  -onis,  m.,  the  Bubicon,  a 
small  river  in  northeastern  Italy, 
which  formed  the  boundary  be- 
tween Italy  and  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

rubuB,  -i,  m.,  bramble-bush. 

Rufus,  see  Minucius  Sulpicius. 

ruina,  -ae,  [ruo],  f.,  rnshing  down, 
falling;  ruin,  catastrophe,  de- 
struction; fallen  building,  ruin. 

rumor,  -oris,  m.,  rumor,  report. 

rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptus,  3, 


break,  tear,  rend;  violate,  de- 
stroy. 

ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutus,  3,  fall  icith 
violence,  go  to  ruin  ;  cause  to  fall, 
overthrow;  hasten,  hurry,  i^ush. 

riipes,  -is,  [cf.  rump5],  f.,  cliff, 
steep  rock. 

riirsus  or  rursum,  [  =  revorsus  or 
revorsum],  adv.,  turned  back; 
back;  on  the  contrary,  again, 
anew,  once  more. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country;  lands, 
fields,  land,  estate. 

Ruteni,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
people,  west  of  the  C^vennes ; 
part  of  them  were  within  the 
limits  of  '  the  Province,'  and  were 
hence  called  Ruteni  provinciales. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

RutHius,  -i,  m.,  Butllius,  family 
name  of  P.  Butilius  Lupus,  con- 
sul in  90  B.C. 


S. 


Sabinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Sabines,  Sabine.  As  subst.,  Sa- 
bini,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Sabines, 
dwelling  in  central  Italy  north  of 
Latium. 

Sabinus,  see  Titurius. 

Sabis,  -is,  m.,  the  Sambre,  a  river 
in  the  central  part  of  Belgic  Gaul 
which  flows  northeast  into  the 
Mosa  {Meuse).  See  map  opp.  p. 
114. 

sacellum,  -i,  [sacrum],  n.,  little 
sanctuary,  shrine,  chapel. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  dedicated, 
consecrated,  sacred,  devoted;  for- 
feited, accursed.  Used  as  subst., 
see  sacrum. 

sacerdds,  -otis,  [sacer],  m.  and 
f . ,  pnest,  priestess. 


SACRARIUM 


123 


SANTONES 


sacrarium,  -i,  [sacrum],  n.,  shrine, 
sanctuary,  chapel. 

sacriiico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sacer, 
cf.  facid],  1,  offer  sacrifice,  sacri- 
fice. 

sacrum,  -i,  [sacer],  n.,  something 
sacred,  holy  thing  ;  sacred  vessel ; 
pi.,  divine  worship,  religious 
rites. 

saepe,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
adv.,  often,  frequently.  Comp., 
too  often.  saepe  numero,  often- 
times, repeatedly. 

saepes,  -is,  f.,  hedge. 

saepio,  -ire,  saepsi,  saeptus, 
[saepes],  4,  surround  with  a 
hedge,  hedge  in,  enclose ;  fortify, 
guard,  protect. 

saevio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [saevus], 
4,  he  fierce,  rage,  rave;  show 
cruelty. 

saevus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  raging,  mad, 

,  fierce,  savage;  violent,  cruel, 
harsh. 

Sagittarius,  -i,  [sagitta] ,  m.,  archer, 
bowman. 

sagulum,  -i,  n.,  small  military 
cloak  ;  travelling-cloak. 

Saguntinus,  -a, -um,  [Saguntum], 
adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  Sagun- 
tum. As  subst.,  Saguntinus,  -i, 
m.,  an  inhabitant  of  Saguntum,  a 
Saguntine. 

Saguntus,  -i,  f.,  or  Saguntum, 
-i,  n.,  Saguntum,  a  town  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Spain,  near  the 
coast,  the  capture  of  which  by 
Hannibal  led  to  the  second  Punic 
War.    See  map,  frontispiece. 

sal,  salis,  n.,  salt  water,  the  sea; 
shrewdness,  wit;  good  taste,  ele- 
gance. 

Salaminius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Salamis,  at  Salamis. 


Salamis,  -inis,  ace.  Salamina, 
[SaXa/xfs],  f.,  Salamis,  an  island 
in  the  Saronic  Gulf,  not  far  from 
Athens,  the  scene  of  the  defeat 
of  the  Persian  fleet  in  480  b.c. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Salernitanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Salernum,  a  town  in  Campania, 
the  modern  Salerno. 

salto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
salio],  1,  dance. 

saltus,  -lis,  m.,  forest,  woodland, 
forest-pasture  ;  glen,  glade  ;  moun- 
tain pass. 

salum,  -i,  n.,  only  found  in  ace. 
and  abl.  sing. ,  deep  sea,  sea. 

salus,  -utis,  [cf.  salvus,  weW],  f., 
health,  welfare,  safety. 

saliitatio,  -onis,  [saliitd],  f.,  greet- 
ing, salutation;  ceremonial  visit. 

salutator,  -oris,  [saliito],  m., 
saluter. 

saltitd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [salus], 
1,  greet,  wish  health,  salute,  hail; 
call  upon,  visit. 

salvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  in  good 
health,  well,  sound,  safe. 

Samnites,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  Sam- 
nites,  inhabitants  of  Samnium,  a 
mountainous  district  in  central 
Italy,  east  and  southeast  of 
Latium.    See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

sancio,  sancire,  sanxi,  sanctus, 
4,  render  sacred,  bind,  confirm, 
ratify. 

sanguis,  -inis,  m.,  blood,  blood- 
shed; race,  stock,  family. 

sanitas,  -tatis,  [sanus],  f.,  sound- 
ness of  mind,  good  sense. 

SantonSs,  -um,  or  Santoni,  -drum, 
m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic  people  on  the 
seacoast  north  of  the  Garonne  ; 
the  name  survives  in  Saintes  and 
Saintonge.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 


SAPIENS 


124 


SCIPIO 


sapiens,  -entis,  coinp.  sapientior, 
sup.  sapientissimus,  adj.,  wise, 
knowing,  sensible,  discreet.  As 
subst.,  m.,  discreet  person,  man 
of  sense,  sage. 

sapienter,  [sapiens],  adv.,  sensi- 
bly, wisely,  discreetly. 

sarcinae,  -arum,  [sar  in  sarcio],  f., 
pi.,  baggage,  packs,  the  load  that 
each  soldier  carried  on  his  back. 

Sardinia,  -ae,  1,  Sardinia,  a  large 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  west 
of  the  southern  part  of  Italy. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Sardiniensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Sardinia, 
Sardinian.  As  subst.,  Sardini- 
ensis, -is,  m.,  inhabitant  of  Sar- 
dinia, Sardinian. 

Sardis  or  Sardes,  -ium,  [SapSets], 
f.,  pi.,  Sardis  or  Sardes,  the 
capital  of  Lydia  in  western  Asia 
Minor.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

sarmentum,  -i,  n.,  twig,  fagot; 
pi. ,  brushwood,  fagots. 

satelles,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  attendant, 
follower,  courtier. 

satis,  adj.,  n.,  indecl.,  enough, 
sufficient,  satisfactory.  As  subst., 
enough,  sufficiency.  As  adv., 
enough,  sufficiently,  quite,  wholly, 
tolerably,  somewhat;  often  used 
as  adj.  with  a  gen.  of  the  whole, 
as  satis  causae,  sufficient  reason. 
Comp.  satius,  better,  preferable. 

satis  facio  (satisfaci5) ,  facere, 
feci,  factus,  irr.,  satisfy,  give 
satisfaction;  make  restitution; 
appease,  placate;  make  apology, 
apologize. 

•atisfactio,  -onis,  [cf.  satisfacio], 
f.,  apology,  excuse. 

BatrapSs,  -is,  or  satrapa,  -ae, 
[o-rapdTTTjj],  m.,  governor  of  a 
province,  satrap. 


Saturnius,  -a,  -um,  [£aturnus], 
adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  Sdturnus, 
Saturnian. 

Satumus,  -i,  m.,  [sero],  Sdturnus, 
the  most  ancient  king  of  Latium  ; 
afterwards  worshipped  as  god  of 
agriculture. 

saucius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wounded, 
hurt;  ill,  sick. 

sazum,  -i,  n.,  stone,  rock. 

Scaevola,  -ae,  m.,  Scaevola.  See 
Mucins. 

scapha,  -ae,  [<r/cc£07;],  f.,  light  boat, 
skiff. 

scelestus,  -a,  -um,  [scelus],  adj., 
impious,  wicked,  infamous.  As 
subst.,  m.  and  f.,  infamous  per- 
son, wretch,  scoundrel. 

scelus,  -eris,  n.,  wicked  deed,  crime, 
sin,  wickedness. 

schola,  -ae,  f.,  intermission  of 
work,  leisure  for  learning,  de- 
bate, lecture;  place  of  learning, 
school. 

scientia,  -ae,  [sciens],  f.,  knoio- 
ledge,  skill,  science. 

scQicet,  [scire  licet],  adv.,  you 
may  know,  of  course,  forsooth, 
evidently. 

scio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  4,  know,  know 
how;  understand,  perceive. 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  [scipio,  staff'], 
Scipio,  the  name  of  a  very  dis- 
tinguished family  of  the  Corne- 
lian gens.  In  this  book  are 
mentioned  : 

(1)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  consul 
in  218  B.C.,  defeated  by  Hanni- 
bal at  the  Ticinus  and  at  the 
Trebia ;  he  was  killed  in  battle 
with  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain 
in  212  B.C. 

(2)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africd- 
nus,  son  of  the  preceding ;  he 


SCITUM 


125 


SEIUNGO 


ended  the  second  Punic  War 
by  defeating  Hannibal  at  Zama, 
202  B.C. 

(3)  L.  Cornelius  Scipio  Asidti- 
CU8,  who  defeated  Antiochus 
in  190  B.C.,  and  from  this  cam- 
paign derived  his  surname, 
Asidticus. 

(4)  Cn.  Cornelius  Scipio,  consul 
in  222  B.C. 

(6)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Aemilid- 
nus  Africdnus  Minor,  who  de- 
stroyed Carthage  in  146  b.c. 
(6)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Ndsica, 
consul  in  111  b.c. 

BCitum,  -i,  [seised],  n.,  ordinance, 
decree.  populi  scitum,  a  decree 
of  the  people. 

scriba,  -ae,  [cf.  scribo],  m.,  scribe, 
clerk,  secretary. 

scribo,  scribere,  scripsi,  scriptus, 
o,  scratch,  engrave;  write,  write 
down;  describe  in  letter,  commu- 
nicate. 

scrinium,  -i,  n.,  case,  chest,  box. 

scriptor,  -oris,  [scribo],  m.,  one 
who  writes,  scribe,  copyist,  clerk ; 
author,  narrator. 

Scultenna,  -ae,  f.,  the  Scultenna, 
a  river  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  not 
far  from  Mutina.  See  map  opp. 
p.  30. 

scutum,  -i,  n.,  oblong  shield,  buck- 
ler;  defence,  protection.  See 
Intro.,  p.  16. 

Sc3rthes,  -ae,  [SkiJ^t;?],  m.,  a  Scy- 
thian, inhabitant  of  Scythia,  a 
large  country  lying  northeast  of 
the  Caspian  Sea. 

86,  aese,  see  sui. 

ae-  or  sed-,  [abl.  of  sui],  prep,  used 
mostly  in  composition,  apart, 
away  from. 

aecedo,    -cedere,    -cessi, 


[se  -f  cedo],  o,  go  apart,  sepa- 
rate, retire;  rebel,  revolt,  secede. 

secrets,  [secretus],  adv.,  secretly, 
privately. 

sectio,  -onis,  [seco],  f.,  booty. 

sector,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [freq.  of 
saquor],  1,  dep.,  follow  eagerly, 
run  after,  pursue;  seek  the  society 
of;  search  for. 

secundum,  [sequor],  prep,  with 
ace.  only,  along,  next  to,  by  the 
side  of,  according  to,  besides. 

secuudus,  -a,  -um,  couip.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [sequor],  adj.,  second, 
next;  secondary,  inferior;  pro- 
pitious, fortunate,  favorable. 

sed,  conj.,  but;  yet,  but  yet. 

sedecim,  or  XVI,  [sex  -f-  decern], 
indecl.  num.  adj.,  sixteen. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessus,  2,  sit,  re- 
main sitting  ;  preside,  hold  court, 
be  encamped;  be  established. 

sedes,  -is,  [cf.  seded,  sif],  f.,  seat, 
chair,  throne;  habitation,  abode, 
settlement. 

seditio,  -onis,  [Sed  +  eo],  f.,  going 
aside,  dissension,  civil  discord, 
rebellion;  strife,  quarrel. 

seditiosus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus, 
[seditid],  Sidj.,  seditious,  mutinous. 

Sedusii,  -orum,  m.,  pi,,  a  German 
tribe,  the  location  of  which  is  un- 
certain. 

aegrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [se  -f- 
grego,  from  grex],  1,  separate 
from  the  flock;  part,  remove, 
separate. 

Segusitvi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
state,  tributary  to  the  Aedui,  in 
the  region  west  of  the  junction  of 
the  Rhone  and  Sa6ne  (^Arar). 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

aSiiuigo,  -ere,  seiiinxi,  seiiinctus, 
[se  H-  iung5J,  3,  separate,  divide. 


SELLA 


126 


SEPTUAGESEMUS 


sella,  -ae,  [sedeo],  f.,  seat,  chair. 
semel,  num.  adv.,  once,   once  for 

all.        semel  atque  iterum,  time 

and  again. 
sementis,   -is,    [semen,   seed],   f., 

sowing;  of  grain,  seeding. 
semet,  see  sui. 
semiauimis,  [semi-+anima],  adj., 

half-alive,  half-dead. 
semper,  adv.,  always,  continually, 

forever. 
Sempronlus,  -a,   the  name   of  a 

Roman  gens.     In  this  book  are 

mentioned : 

(1)  Ti.  Sempronius  Longus,  con- 
sul in  218  B.C.  ;  together  with 
Scipio  he  was  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal at  the  river  Trebia. 

(2)  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus, 
consul  in  213  b.c,  slain  in  battle 
with  the  Carthaginians. 

Sena,  -ae,  f.,  Sena,  a  town  in  Um- 
bria  in  northeastern  Italy,  near 
which  Hasdrubal  was  defeated 
and  killed  in  207  b.c.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

senator,  -oris,  [cf.  senex],  m., 
member  of  the  Roman  Senate, 
senator;  applied  by  Caesar  to 
members  of  Gallic  state-councils, 
councillor,  senator. 

senatorius,  -a,  -um,  [senator], 
adj.,  of  a  senator,  senatorial. 

senatuB,  -us,  [senex],  m.,  council 
of  elders,  senate.  senatus  con- 
sultum,  decree  of  the  senate. 

Seneca,  -ae,  f.,  Seneca,  family 
name  of  L.  Annaeus  Seneca,  a 
celebrated  Stoic  philosopher  and 
writer,  tutor  of  the  Emperor 
Nero. 

senex,  senis,  comp.  senior,  adj., 
old,  aged,  advanced  in  years.  As 
subst.,  m.,  old  man.    Comp.  as 


subst.,  senior,  -oris,  m.,  elder , 
elderly  man. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  [sex],  distr.  num. 
adj.,  six  each. 

senior,  -oris,  comp.  of  senex. 

Senones,  -um,  [Kel.,  from  senos 
=  senex?],  m.,  pi.,  a  strong  Gallic 
state  south  of  the  Matrona 
{Marne)  ;  chief  city  Agedincum, 
now  Sens.     See  map  opp.  p.  1 14. 

sententia,  -ae,  [cf.  sentio],  f.,  way 
of  thinking,  opinion,  judgment, 
will,  desire;  thought,  puipose; 
purport;  sentence,  saying,  senti- 
ment, vote.  sententiam  dicere, 
to  express  an  opinion. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,  4,  dis- 
cern by  sense,  perceive,  feel ;  hear, 
see,  perceive  ;  think,  he  of  opinion, 
believe  ;  knoio  ;  agree  in  opinion. 

sentis,  -is,  m.,  thorn,  brier. 

separatim,  [separatus],  adv.,  sepa- 
rately, apart. 

sepelio,  -ire,  sepelivi,  sepultus,  4, 
bury,  inter;  ruin,  overwhelm, 
destroy. 

septem,  or  VII,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
seven. 

septentrio,  -onis,  [septem  -f  trio, 
plough-ox],  m.,  generally  pi., 
septentri5nes,  -um,  lit.,  the  seven 
plough-oxen,  the  seven  stars  form- 
ing the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear,  hence  the  North. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  [septem] ,  num. 
adj.,  the  seventh. 

septingentesimus,  -a,  -um,  [sep- 
tingenti],  adj.,  the  seven  hun- 
dredth. 

septingenti,  -ae,  -a,  [septem + 
centum],  num.  adj.,  seven  hun- 
dred. 

septuagesimus,  -a,  -um,  [septua- 
ginta],  num.  adj.,  seventieth. 


SEPTUAGINTA 


127 


SEXTILIS 


aeptuaginta,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
seventy. 

sepulcrum,  -i,  [cf.  sepeli6J,n.,  6m- 
rial-place,  grave,  tomb,  sepulchre. 

sepiiltura,  -ae,  [sepelio],  f.,  burial, 
funeral,  obsequies. 

Sequana,  -ae,  f.,  the  Seine,  the 
principal  river  of  northern  France. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Sequani,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
state  west  of  the  Jura  ;  chief  city 
Vesontio,  now  Besanqon.  In 
their  strifes  with  the  Aedui  they 
secured  the  aid  of  Ariovistus, 
who  made  them  subject  to  him- 
self. Cf.  N.  to  p.  121,  1.  2.  See 
map  opp.  p.  114. 

Sequauus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Sequa- 
nian,  of  the  Sequani.  As  subst., 
Sequanus,  i,  m.,  a  Sequanian. 

sequor,  -i,  secutus  sum,  3,  dep., 
follow,  attend;  come  after,  come 
next;  pursue;  folloic,  comply 
with,  adopt,  conform  to. 

Ser.,  with  proper  names  =  Servius, 
a  Koman  forename. 

Sergius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Eoman 
gens.   In  this  book  are  m  entioned : 
(\)  M.     Sergius    Catilina,     the 
great-grandfather   of   the   con- 
spirator (2).     See  p.  62. 
(2)   L.    Sergius    Catilina.      See 
Catilina.  [seriously. 

serio,    [serins],   adv.,   in  earnest^ 

sermo,  -onis,  m.,  speech,  talk,  con- 
versation ;  utterance,  remark; 
discussion;  language,  speech. 

serpens,  -entis,  [part,  of  serpo, 
crawly,  m.,  serpent,  snake. 

Servilius,  -a,  gentile  name  of  Cn. 
Servilius  Geminus,  consul  in.  217 
B.C.,  killed  at  Cannae. 

BervHis,  -e,  [servus],  adj.,  servile, 
of  slaves. 


servio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [servus], 
4,  be  a  servant,  be  enslaved, 
serve ;  be  devoted,  labor  for,  aim 
at ,  comply  with,  conform. 

servitus,  -tutis,  [servus],  f.,  sla- 
very, bondage,  subjection. 

Servius,  -i,  m.,  Servius.  See  "ul- 
lius. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  save, 
preserve  ;  keep,  maintain,  retain , 
save  up;  keep  watch  of,  watch, 
keep  watch. 

servulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  servus],  m., 
young  slave,  slave. 

servus,  -i,  [cf.  servo,  save;  slaves 
were  generally  captives  whose 
lives  had  been  spared],  m.,  slave, 
servant. 

sescentesimus,  -a,  -um,  [sex,  cf. 
centum],  adj.,  the  six  hundredth. 

sese,  ace.  and  abl.  of  sui. 

sestertius,  -a,  -um,  [=  semis, 
tertius],  adj.,  two  and  a  half.  As 
subst.,  sestertius,  -i,  m.,  (sc.  num- 
mus),  a  sesterce,  a  small  silver  coin, 
originally  2^  asses,  =  4^^  cents. 

setius,  adv.  in  comp.  degree,  less. 
nihilo  setius,  none  the  less,  never- 
theless. 

seu,  see  sive. 

severe,  comp.  severius,  sup.  seve- 
rissime,  [severus],  adv.,  gravely, 
seriously,  severely. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  serious, 
sober,  grave,  stern;  gloomy. 

sex,  or  VI,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  six. 

sexagesimus,  -a,  -um,  [sexa- 
ginta],  adj.,  the  sixtieth. 

sexaginta,  or  LX,  indecl.  num. 
adj.,  sixty. 

sexcentl,  -ae,  -a,  [sex  +  centum], 
num.  adj.,  six  hundred. 

Sextnis,  -e,  [sextus],  adj.,  of  the 
sixth  month,  counting  from  March. 


SEXTIUS 


128 


SITUS 


The  month  was  afterwards  called 
Augustus,  in  honor  of  the  emperor. 

SextiuB,  see  Baculus. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  [sex],  adj.,  sixth. 

Bi,  conj.,  if,  since,  when,  whether; 
would  that,  quod  si,  but  if,  now 
if 

sibi,  see  sui. 

sic,  adv.,  so,  in  this  way,  thus. 
nt  .  .  .  sic,  as  ...  so.  sic  .  .  . 
ut,  so  .  .  .  that ;  just  as. 

sicco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [siccus], 
1,  make  dry,  dry ;  exhaust. 

siccus,  -a,,  -um,  adj.,  dry.  As 
suhst.,  siccum,  -i,  n.,  dry  land, 
a  dry  place. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Sicilian. 
As  subst.,  Siculi,  -drum,  m.,  pi., 
the  Sicilians. 

sicut  or  sicuti,  [sic  4-  uti],  adv., 
just  as,  as. 

signifer,  -feri,  [signum,  cf.  feroj, 
m.,  standard-bearer,  ensign. 

significatio,  -onis,  [significo],  f., 
sign,  signal,  intimation;  de- 
meanor, significationem  facere, 
to  give  notice,  convey  information. 

signified,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [signum, 
+  FAC  m  facio],  1,  show  by  signs, 
show,  intimate,  indicate,  give  in- 
timation; mean,  signify. 

signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [signum], 
1,  set  a  mark  on,  mark,  desig- 
nate; mark  with  a  seal,  seal, 
adorn  ;  point  out,  indicate. 

signum,  -i,  n.,  mark,  sign;  mili- 
tary standard,  ensigns;  signal; 
seal  of  a  letter;  statue,  figure. 
See  p.  17. 

Sngnus,  -i,  [2etXi7«5s],  m.,  Sllenus, 
a  Greek  historian,  who  wrote  of 
the  wars  of  Hannibal. 

■ilva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest,  woodland. 


silvestris,  -e,  [silva],  adj.,  coth 
ered  with  woods,  wooded,  woody. 

Silvia,  -ae,  f.,  Silvia.     See  Rhea. 

Silvius,  -i,  m.,  Silvius,  mythical 
king  of  Alba  Longa.  See  under 
Romulus,  Proca. 

similis,  -e,  adj.,  like,  resembling, 
similar. 

similiter,  [similis],  adv.,  in  like 
manner,  similarly. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at 
once,  together;  as  soon  as. 
simul  .  .  .  simul,  both  .  .  .  and, 
partly  .  .  .  partly.  simul  atque 
(ac),  as  soon  as. 

simul^tid,  -onis,  [cf.  simuld],  f., 
pretence,  shamming,  deceit. 

simul  atque,  see  simuL 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [similis], 
1,  make  like,  imitate,  copy; 
represent,  pretend,  feign,  simu- 
late. 

simultas,  -atis,  [simul],  f.,  hostile 
encounter  ;  rivalry,  grudge, 
hatred. 

sm,  [si+ne],  conj.,  if  however, 
but  if. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.  only,  without. 

singul^ris,  -e,  [singuli],  adj.,  one 
by  one,  one  at  a  time,  single,  soli- 
tary ;  remarkable,  unparalleled. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  one  to  each, 
one  by  one,  one  apiece;  separate, 
single  ;  individual. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left,  on 
the  left;  in  the  language  of  the 
Roman  augurs,  favorable,  auspi- 
cious;  of  the  Greek  augurs,  per- 
verse, unlucky. 

sinistra,  -ae,  [sc.  manus],  f.,  left 
hand,     sub  sinistra,  on  the  left. 

situs,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sino],  adj., 
placed,  set,  lying,  situated;  laid 
out;  dependent. 


SIVB 


129 


SPECULOR 


aive  or  seu,  [si  +  ve],  conj.,  or  if. 
sive  (seu)  .  .  .  sive  (seu),  if 
.  .  .  or  if,  whether  .  .  .  or, 
either  .  .  .  or,  it  might  be  .  .  . 
or. 

sobiius,  -a,  -um,  [so  =  se  +  ebrius, 
drunk'],  adj.,  sober;  moderate, 
temperate ;  sensible,  pleasant. 

socer,  -eri,  m. ,  father-in-laio. 

socialis,  -e,  [socius],  adj.,  of  com- 
panionship, of  allies,  allied,  con- 
federate. 

societas,  -atis,  [socius],  f.,  fellow- 
ship, association,  society  ;  alliance, 
confederacy. 

socius,  -i,  m.,  comrade,  fellow, 
ally,  confederate;  in  Caesar  al- 
ways pi.,  allies. 

sol,  solis,  m.,the sun.  ad orientem 
solem,  towards  the  east.  ad  occi- 
dentem  s51em,  towards  the  west. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  2,  semi- 
dep.,  use,  be  wont,  be  accustomed. 

solitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sole5], 
adj.,  wonted,  accustomed,  usual, 
habitual. 

solium,  -i,  n.,  seat,  throne;  rule. 

soUers,  -ertis,  [sollus,  whole,  + 
ars],  adj.,  skilful,  clever,  adroit. 

sollicito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sol- 
Hcitus],  1,  disturb,  stir,  move, 
shake;  disturb;  rouse,  excite, 
urge;  tamper  with,  tempt. 

solum,  -i,  n.,  loioest  part,  ground. 
agri  solum,  the  bare  ground. 

solum,  [ace.  of  solus],  adv.,  only. 
non  solum  .  .  .  sad  etiam,  not 
only  .  .  .  but  also. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius,  adj., 
alone,  only,  single,  sole;  solitary, 
forsaken. 

solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutus,  [se  + 
luo],  3,  loosen,  unbind;  untie, 
le$  down;  unseal,  open;  release; 


divide  ;  pay.  navem  solvere,  to 
set  sail. 

somnuB,  -1,  m.,  sleep;  inactivity, 
idleness. 

sonus,  -i,  m.,  noise,  sound. 

soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister.  soror  ex 
matre,  half-sister  on  the  mother'' s 
side. 

sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot,  fate,  destiny, 
decision  by  lot. 

sortior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  [sors],  4, 
dep.,  cast  lots ;  assign  by  lot,  ob- 
tain by  lot. 

Sosilus,  -i,  [Sc6(rt\os],  m.,  Sosilus, 
a  Greek  historian. 

Sp.,  with  proper  names  =  Spurius, 
a  Roman  forename. 

Sparta,  -ae,  [STrdpr?;],  f.,  Sparta, 
Lacedaemon,  the  capital  of  Laco- 
nia,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  Peloponnesus.  See  map  opp. 
p.  75. 

spams,  -i,  m.,  a  small  spear,  with 
a  barbed  head  ;  hunting-spear. 

spatium,  -£,  n.,  space,  room,  ex- 
tent, distance ;  race-course,  track; 
space  of  time;  interval,  time, 
period,  duration,  a  tant5  spatio, 
aZ  so  great  a  distance,  so  far 
off. 

species,  gen.  wanting,  ace.  -em, 
abl.  -e,  f.,  sight,  look,  appear- 
ance; semblance,  pretence,  seem- 
ing,      ad  speciem,  for  show. 

spect5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
specio],  1,  look  at,  behold,  watch, 
observe,  see;  look  to,  aim  at; 
tend,  incline,  be  directed;  face, 
lie  ;  judge. 

speculator,  -toris,  [speculor],  m., 
spy,  scout. 

speculor,  -ari,  -atus,  [cf.  specula, 
watch-tower},  I,  dep.,  spjf  outfre' 
connoitre. 


SPECULUM 


130 


STRUG 


speculum,  -i,  n.,  reflector^  looking- 
glass^  mirror. 

spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  spes], 
1,  hope^  expect. 

spes,  spei,  1,  hope^  expectation. 
in  spem  venire,  to  entertain  the 
hope,  begin  to  have  hopes. 

spiritus,  -us,  [cf.  spiro,  breathe^, 
m.,  breath,  air;  pi.,  haughtiness, 
pride. 

splendor,  -oris,  m.,  brightness, 
splendor;  magnificence,  excel- 
lence. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [spolium], 

1,  strip,  bare  ;  rob,  pillage,  plunder. 
spolium,  -i,  n.,  skin,   hide;  arms 

stripped  from  an  enemy,    booty, 
spoil. 
spondeo,   -ere,  spopondi,  sponsus, 

2,  promise  sacredly,  give  assur- 
ance, vow;  agree,  promise. 

sponte,  abl.,  and  spontis,  gen., 
only  forms  in  use  of  an  obsolete 
nom.  spons,  f.,  of  one'^s  own  ac- 
cord, willingly,  voluntarily,  sua 
sponte,  by  their  own  influence. 

Spurinna,  -ae,  m.,  Vestritius  Spu- 
rinna,  the  name  of  an  augur  who 
warned  Julius  Caesar  to  beware 
the  Ides  of  March. 

Spurius,  -i,  m. ,  Spurius,  a  Roman 
forename. 

statim,  [cf.  sto],  adv.,  steadily, 
forthwith,  straightway,  immedi- 
ately, instantly. 

static,  -onis,  [cf.  sto],  1,  outpost, 
picket,  guard.  in  statione,  on 
guard. 

statua,  -ae,  [cf.  sisto],  f.,  image, 
statue. 

statuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  cause  to 
stand,  set  up  ;  erect,  make,  build ; 
determine,  resolve ;  judge,  think  ; 
determine  on,  appoint. 


statura,  -ae,  [cf.  sto],  f. ,  height, 
size,  stature. 

status,  -ds,  [sto],  m.,  station,  po- 
sition, place;  posture,  attitude; 
condition,  rank. 

sterous,  -oris,  n.,  dung,  ordure, 
manure. 

sterilis,  -e,  adj.,  barren,  unproduc- 
tive, sterile. 

Stesagoras, -ae,  [^T-qaaybpas'],  ra., 
Stesagoras,  brother  of  Miltiades. 

stipendiaiius,  -a,  -um,  [stipen- 
dium],  adj.,  tributary,  subject  to 
payment  of  tribute. 

Btipendium,  -i,  n.,  paying  of  tax, 
impost,  tribute;  income,  salary, 
pay;  military  service,  campaign. 
stipendium  merere,  stipendia 
facere,  to  serve  in  the  army. 

stipes,  -itis,  m. ,  post,  stake. 

stirps,  stirpis,  f.,  stock,  trunk; 
offspring,  progeny,  son;  race, 
family;  origin,  beginning. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  status,  1,  stand, 
be  upright,  be  erect;  stand  firm, 
abide,  remain. 

stolidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  slow,  dull, 
stupid. 

strages,  -is,  f.,  overthrow,  destruc- 
tion, ruin,  defeat,  massacre; 
wreck. 

strangulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1, 
choke,  suffocate,  strangle. 

strenue,  [strenuus],  adv.,  vigor- 
ously, actively. 

strenuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  brisk, 
nimble,  quick,  active,  vigorous. 

strepitus,  -iis,  m.,  confused  noise^ 
din,  clash,  crash,  applause. 

strictus,  see  stringo. 

stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictus,  3, 
draw  tight;  graze;  strip  off;  of 
a  sword,  drato. 

struo,  struere,  striixi,  striictus,  3, 


STUDEO 


131 


SUBTBAHO 


place  together,  heap  up,  arrange  ; 
make,  construct,  build. 

studeo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  be  eager 
for,  strive  for,  give  attention  to, 
pay  heed  to  ;  eagerly  desire,  strive. 
novis  rebus  or  imperils  studere, 
to  desire  a  revolution. 

Btudiose,  [studiosus],  adv., 
eagerly,  zealously. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um,  [studium],  adj., 
eager,  zealous,  anxious,  interested 
in,  studious;  attached,  devoted. 

studium,  -i,  [studeo],  n.,  applica- 
tion, zeal,  desire,  eagerness,  en- 
deavor; study ,  pursuit ;  good-will, 
affection,  kindness. 

stulte,  [stultus],  adv.,  foolishly. 

stultitia,  -ae,  [stultus],  f.,  folly, 
foolishness,  simplicity. 

sutdeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasus,  2,  ad- 
vise, exhort,  urge,  persuade. 

suavitas,  -atis,  [sua vis],  f.,  sweet- 
ness, pleasantness. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 
under  : 

(1)  With  ace,  after  verbs  of 
motion,  under,  below,  towards, 
up  to ;  until;  after. 

(2)  With  abl.,  under,  beneath, 
at  the  foot  of;  during;  sub- 
ject to. 

In  composition,  under,  beneath; 
somewhat,  a  little  ;  secretly. 

Bubdiico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  [sub 
+  duco],  3,  lead  up  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  position,  di'aw  away, 
lead  away,  carry  off,  draw  off, 
transfer ;  steal,  hide;  haul  up. 

8ube5,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  [sub 
-f-  eo],  irr.,  go  under;  come  up, 
go  up  (to),  from  a  lower  position, 
ascend,  approach ;  encounter ; 
submit  to,  yield  to.  umeris 
subire,  carry  on  the  shoulders. 


subicio  (subjicid),  -icere,  -ieci,  -iec- 
tus,  [sub  4-  iacio],  3,  throio  from 
beneath;  expose;  make  subject. 

subigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [sub 
-h  ago],  3,  d7'ive  up,  bring  up; 
cultivate,  work  ;  cojiquer,  subdue, 
subjugate;  force,  compel. 

subito,  [subitus],  adv.,  suddenly, 
on  a  sudden,  at  once. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sudden,  un- 
expected, surprising. 

sublatus,  part,  of  toUo. 

sublevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sub  -f 
levo],  1,  lift  from  beneath,  lift 
up,  support;  lighten,  alleviate; 
relieve,  sustain,  support,  assist, 
encourage. 

subrideo,  -ridere,  -risi,  — ,  [sub  + 
rideo],  2,  smile. 

subruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutus,  [sub 
-I-  ruo,  fall] ,  3,  undermine. 

subsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [sub 
-f-sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow  close 
upton,  follow  after,  follow  up. 

subsidium,  -i,  [cf.  subsldo],  n.,  re- 
serve, reserve  force,  auxiliaries; 
support,  relief,  reenforcement, 
help,  aid,  resource,  remedy,  mit- 
tere  subsidio,  to  send  help. 

Bubsilio,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  4,  leap  up. 

Bubsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  [sub  + 
sisto,  set],  3,  halt,  make  a  stand; 
remain;  stand  firm,  oppose. 

subsum,  -esse,  — ,  [sub  -f  sum], 
irr. ,  be  under,  be  behind  ;  be  near, 
be  at  hand;  lie  at  the  bottom,  be 
concealed,  be  in  reserve. 

subtex6,-ere,  -ui,  — ,  [sub+texo], 
3,  weave  under,  sexo  on,  compose; 
work  in,  add. 

subtraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 
tus,  [sub  +  trahd],  3,  can'y  off, 
draw  off  underneath;  withdraio, 
take  away. 


SUBVBHO 


132 


SUMMITTO 


subveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[sub  4-  veho] ,  o,  carry  up,  bring  up. 

subvenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  [sub 
+  venio],  3,  come  to  help,  assist^ 
relieve. 

succedo,  -ere,  success!,  successus, 
[sub  +  ced5],  3,  go  below,,  come 
under,  enter;  follow,  succeed  to 
another's  place,  take  the  place  of, 
relieve,  succeed;  approach,  draw 
near,  advance ;  be  successful. 

succendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -cen- 
sus, [sub,  of.  candeo],  3,  set  on 
fire,  set  fire  to. 

successus,  -us,  [of.  succed5],  m., 
advance ;  good  result,  success. 

succumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  — , 
[sub  +  cumbo],  3,  fall  down,  lie 
down;  submit,  succumb. 

Sueba,  -ae,  [Suebus,  cf.  Suebi], 
f.,  Swabian  woman. 

Suebi,  -orum,  [Ger.,  =  'Nomads'], 
m..,  pi.,  the  Swabians,  a  powerful 
German  people  of  uncertain  loca- 
tion. Cf.  Mommsen,  Hist,  of 
Borne,  ed.  of  1895,  vol.  v.,  p.  31,  n. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Suessidnes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  Bel- 
gic  state  north  of  the  Matrona 
(Marne)  ;  the  name  survives  in 
Soissons.    See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

suffectus,  part,  of  suffici5. 

suiilcio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [sub 
-f  facio],  3,  piit  under,  dip,  dye; 
choose  as  substitute  ;  be  sufficient, 
avail,  suffice. 

suffigo,  -figere,  — ,  fixus,  [sub  + 
figoj,  3,  fasten  beneath,  attach, 
affix,     cruci  suffigere,  to  crucify. 

suffodio,  -ere,  -fodi,  -fossus,  [sub 
4-  fodio],  3,  dig  under,  under- 
mine ;  stab  underneath. 

Buffr^gttor,  -oris,  [suffragor],  m., 
favorer,  supporter. 


Buf£r§gium,     -i,     [suffragor],     n., 

voting-tablet,  ballot,  vote;  deci- 
sion, judgment,  opinion;  pi.,  the 
polls,    suffragium  ferre,  to  vote. 

sui  (gen.),  dat.  sibi,  ace.  and  abl. 
se,  strengthened  form,  semet, 
reflex,  pron.,  sing,  and  pi.,  him- 
self, herself,  itself,  themselves, 
him,  her. 

Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Lucius  Cornelius 
Sulla,  born  138  b.c.  ;  consul  88 
B.C.,  dictator  81-79  b.c;  leader 
of  the  aristocratic  party  in  the 
first  of  the  Civil  Wars,  and  deadly 
enemy  of  Marius  ;  died  78  b.c. 

Sullanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Sulla, 
by  Sulla.  As  subst.,  SuUani, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  adherents  of  Sulla. 

Sulpicius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.     See  Blitho,  Galba,  Rufus. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  fut.  part,  futiirus, 
fut.  inf.  fore  or  futiirus  esse,  imp. 
subj.  sometimes  forem,  irr.,  be, 
exist,  live;  be  true,  be  the  case, 
be  so ;  with  gen.,  belong  to,  be  the 
part  of,  be  the  duty  of;  with  dat., 
be  for,  serve  for  ;  with  abl.,  have, 
possess. 

summa,  -ae,  [summus,  sc.  res],  f., 
top, summit;  total, whole  amount, 
whole;  sum  of  money;  chief 
place,  chief  command,  supremacy  ; 
chief  point,  sum.  summae  irope- 
ri  praeesse,  to  hold  the  chiej 
command. 

aumministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[sub  +  ministro,  serve'],  1,  supply, 
provide,  furnish. 

Buinmitt5,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
3,  let  down,  lower;  furnish, 
supply;  send  secretly;  send  as 
reenforcement,  send  as  support; 
reduce,  moderate;  of  hair,  let 
grow. 


SUMMOVEO 


183 


SUPPLICIUM 


Bummoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus, 
[sub  +  moved],  2,  drive  back, 
remove. 

summus,  see  superus. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  [sub 
-}-  emo],  3,  take,  take  in  hand; 
eat,  drink,  consume ;  take,  choose, 
select;  take  to  one^s  self,  take  on, 
assume;  claim;  buy,  purchase; 
take  up,  enter  upon,  begin.  de 
aliqud  supplicium  sumere,  to  in- 
flict punishment  on  any  one. 

sumptuarius,  -a,  -um,  [sumptus], 
adj.,  of  expense,  relating  to  expense, 
sumptuary. 

Bumptus,  -us,  [sumo],  m.,  outlay, 
expense,  cost,  charge. 

supellez,  supellectilis,  f.,  domes- 
tic utensils,  household  stuff,  fur- 
niture. 

super,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. : 

(1)  With  ace.,  over,  above,  upon, 
upwards. 

(2)  With  abl.,  over,  upon,  beyond, 
in  addition  to ;  during,  at. 

superbe,  [superbus],  adv.,  haugh- 
tily, proudly,  superciliously. 

Buperbla,  -ae,  [superbus],  f.,  lofti- 
ness, haughtiness,  arrogance, 
pride. 

superbid,  -ire,  — ,  — ,  [superbus], 
4,  to  be  haughty,  take  pride. 

SuperbuB,  -i,  in.,  Superbus,  sur- 
name of  Tarquinius  Superbus, 
seventh  king  of  Rome. 

superior,  -ius,  comp.  of  superus. 

Bupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [superus], 
1,  go  over,  rise  above,  overtop; 
pass  over;  sail  by,  pass  round; 
exceed;  be  left  over;  overcome, 
subdue,  defeat,  surpass,  excel. 

supersedeo,  -sedere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[super  +  sedeo,  sii],  2,  refrain 
from. 


Buperstes,   -itis,    [super,  cf.  sto], 

adj.,  standing  by, present ;  surviv- 
ing,  alive. 

Bupersum,  -esse,  -fui,  [super  -f- 
sum],  irr.,  remain,  be  left;  sur- 
vive. 

Buperus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  superior, 
sup.  summus  or  supremus,  [su- 
per], adj.,  above,  on  high,  mare 
superum,  see  mare.  As  subst., 
superi,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  the  gods 
above,  gods  of  heaven.  Comp,, 
higher,  upper,  superior;  of  time, 
former,  earlier;  as  superiore 
nocte,  the  previous  night.  As 
subst.,  superior,  -oris,  m.,  a  su- 
perior. Sup.,  highest;  greatest, 
very  great ;  most  important,  chief; 
all  together,  all ;  often  denoting  a 
part,  as  summus  mons,  the  top  of 
.the  height.  As  subst.,  summum, 
-1,  n, ,  top,  end.  ab  summo,  from 
the  top. 

Bupervenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
[super  +  venio],  4,  come  in  ad- 
dition; come  up,  arrive;  come 
upon,  light  upon. 

supervivo,  -vivere,  -vixi,  — , 
[super -f- vivo] ,  3,  outlive,  sur- 
vive. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitus, 
[sub  -t-  peto],  3,  be  at  hand;  hold 
out. 

Bupplez,  -icis,  [sub  +  plico],  adj., 
kneeling  in  entreaty,  begging, 
suppliant.  As  subst.,  m.,  a  sup- 
pliant. 

supplicatio,  -onis,  [cf.  supplied], 
f.,  thanksgiving. 

suppliciter,  [supplex],  adv.,  after 
the  manner  of  a  suppliant, 
humbly. 

Bupplicium,  -i,  [supplex],  n., 
kneeling,  bowing  down  ;  entreaty. 


SUPPORTO 


134 


TABERNACUX.UM 


petition^  supplication;  as  the 
criminal  knelt  to  receive  the 
death-penalty,  execution;  pun- 
ishment of  death. 

supporto,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  [snb  + 
ports],  1,  carry  upy  bring  up, 
convey. 

supra,  adv.  and  prep. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  on  the  top,  above; 
before,  formerly  ;  beyond,  more. 

(2)  As  prep,   with    ace,  above, 
over;  beyond,  more  than. 

BuprSmus,  see  superus. 

Burgo,  surgere,  surrexi  or  sub- 
rexi,  — ,  [sub  +  rego],  3,  rise, 
get  up,  stand  up  ;  arise,  grow. 

Buscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[subs  +  capio],  3,  take,  catch; 
receive,  admit;  undertake,  take 
up;  take  upon  one''s  self,  assume, 
enter  upon,  begin,  incur,  succeed 
to ;  acknowledge,  recognize,  bel- 
lum  suscipere,  to  commence  war. 

suspectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sus- 
picio],  adj.,  subject  to  suspicion, 
mistrusted,  suspected. 

Buspicid,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
[sub  +  specio],  3,  look  upwards, 
look  up  at;  admire,  regard, 
esteem,  honor. 

Buspicio, -onis,  [cf.  verb  suspicor], 
f.,  mistrust,  distrust,  suspicion. 

BUBpicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [cf. 
suspicio],  1,  dep.,  mistrust,  sus- 
pect; suppose,  believe. 

BUBtento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq. 
of  sustineo],  1,  sustain,  endure, 
bear,  hold  out. 

BUBtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[sub  +  teneo],  2,  hold  up,  keep 
up,  support ;  lift,  carry ;  hold  in 
check,  check,  restrain;  support, 
maintain  ;  hold  out,  bear,  endure  ; 
hold  out  against,  withstand. 


BUBtuli,  see  tolld. 

Butor,  -oris,  m.,  shoemaker,  cob- 
bler. 

BUUB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  sui],  adj.  pron., 
his,  her,  its,  their,  with  or  with- 
out 0W71 ;  characteristic,  peculiar  ; 
just,  due,  appropriate  ;  favorable, 
advantageous ;  with  dementia, 
his  usual,  his  well-known  showing 
of  mercy.  As  subst.,  sui,  m.,  pL, 
his,  their  fnends,  people,  party^ 
side,  subjects;  suum,  -i,  n.,  their 
standing;  sua,  n.,  pi,,  his,  her, 
their  property,  possessions.  se 
suaque,  themselves  and  their  pos- 
sessions. 

Syphaz,  -acis,  m.,  Syphdx,  a 
prince  of  Numidia,  who  at  first 
sided  with  the  Romans  in  the 
second  Punic  War,  but  subse- 
quently allied  himself  with  the 
Carthaginians. 

SyracuBae,  -arum,  f.,  Syracuse,  the 
wealthiest  and  largest  city  of 
Sicily,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  island.  See  map, 
frontispiece. 

Syria,  -ae,  [Svp/a],  f.,  Syria,  a 
country  in  Asia,  lying  between 
the  Euphrates  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.     See  map  opp.  p.  93. 

SyriacuB,  -a,  -um,  [Syria],  adj., 
of  or  belonging  to  Syria,  Syrian. 

T. 

T. ,  with  proper  names  =  Titus,  a 
Roman  forename. 

tabella,  -ae,  [dim.  of  tabula],  f., 
small  board,  little  picture ;  ballot; 
letter,  epistle. 

tabellariuB,  -i,  [tabella],  m.,  letter- 
carrier,  messenger. 

tabemtculum,  -i,  [cf.  tabema, 
hut},  n.,  tent,  hut. 


TABULA 


135 


TARQUINIUS 


tabula,  -ae,  f.,  hoard,  xoriting- 
tahlet;  list.  picta  tabula,  a 
painted  tablet,  painting,  picture. 

taceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  be  silent, 
remain  silent;  say  nothing  of, 
pass  over  in  silence. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  taceo], 
adj.,  silent. 

taedium,  -i,  [taedet],  n.,  weari- 
ness, loathing,  disgust. 

Taenarus,  or  Taenarum,  -i,  [Tai- 
vapos  or  Tabapov],  n.,  Taenarum, 
a  city  and  promontory  of  Laconia 
on  the  southern  shore  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  near  a  deep  cavern  ; 
it  was  a  fabled  entrance  to  the 
Lower  World.    See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

talentum,  -i,  n. ,  half  of  a  hundred- 
weight, talent;  talent,  a  sum  of 
money  equal  to  about  $1132  in 
gold. 

t^B,  -e,  adj. ,  such,  of  such  a  kind  ; 
the  following,  such  as  this,  talis 
.  .  .  qualis,  of  such  a  kind  .  .  .  as. 

tain,  adv.,  in  such  a  degree,  as 
much,  so,  so  much. 

tamen,  adv.,  notwithstanding,  nev- 
ertheless, yet,  however,  still. 

tametsi  [tamen  +  etsi],  conj.,  al- 
though, though. 

tamquam,  [tarn  +  quam],  conj., 
so  as,  like  as,  as  if;  just  as  if. 

Tanaquil,  -ilis,  f.,  Tanaquil. 

tandem,  [tam],  adv.,  at  length, 
finally  ;  in  questions,  pray,  now. 

tanto,  see  tantus. 

tantopere,  [=  tanto  opere],  adv., 
so  earnestly,  with  so  great  effort. 

tantulus,  -a,  -um,  [dim.  of  tantus], 
adj.,  so  very  small,  so  slight,  so 
trifling. 

tantum,  [tantus],  adv.,  so  much, 
so  greatly;  only  so  much,  only, 
merely.      tantum  quod,  only  just. 


tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great,  so 
large,  such,  so  extensive,  so  im- 
portant, tantus  .  .  .  quantus, 
so  great,  so  much,  only  so  much 
.  .  .  as.  As  subst.,  tantum,  -i, 
n.,  so  much;  in  gen.  of  price, 
tanti,  of  so  much  value,  worth  so 
much;  of  so  great  account,  so 
great;  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence, tanto,  by  so  much,  so  much. 
Cf.  quantus. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tardus], 
1,  check,  delay,  impede,  hinder. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  tardior,  sup. 
tardissimus,  adj.,  slow,  sluggish, 
tardy;  irresolute;  late. 

Tarentinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Ta- 
rentum,  Tarentine.  As  subst., 
Tarentini,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  inhabi- 
tants of  Tarentum,  Tarentines. 

Tarentum,  -i,  n.,  Tarentum,  a 
celebrated  and  powerful  city  of 
southern  Italy,  situated  in  Cala- 
bria, on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

tarditas,  -atis,  [tardus],  f.,  slow- 
7iess,  tardiness. 

Tarpeia,  -ae,  f.,  Tarpeia,  name  of 
a  Roman  maiden  who  opened  the 
Roman  citadel  to  the  Sabines. 

Tarpeius,  -a,  -um,  [Tarpeia],  adj., 
of  TaipeAa,  Tarpeian ;  mons 
Tarpeius,  the  Tarpeian  Bock  or 
Hill  (=  mons  Capitolinus) . 

Tarquinius,  -i,  m.,  Tarquinius, 
Tarquin,  the  name  of  a  family  in 
the  early  history  of  Rome.  In 
this  book  are  mentioned : 

(1)  Tarquinius  Prlscus,  the  fifth 
king  of  Rome. 

(2)  Tarquinius     Superbus,    the 
seventh  king  of  Rome. 

(3)  L.    Tarquinius     CoUdtinus, 
husband  of  Lucretia. 


TABQUmil 


136 


TERREO 


Tarqxiiuii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Tar- 
quinii,  a  town  in  southern  Etru- 
ria,  about  forty-five  miles  north- 
west of  Rome. 

Taurus,  -i,  [TaOpos],  m.,  Taurus, 
a  range  of  mountains  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Asia  Minor.  See 
map  opp.  p.  93. 

tectum,  -1,  [tego],  n.,  covered 
structure,  building,  shelter,  house, 
abode;  covering,  roof. 

tegimentuxn,  -i,  [cf.  tego],  n.,  cov- 
ering. 

tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectus,  3,  cover, 
cover  over;  hide,  conceal;  keep 
secret;  defend,  guard. 

tSlum,  -1,  n.,  dart,  spear. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um,  [teniere],adj., 
rash,  heedless,  reckless. 

temere,  adv. ,  blindly,  rashly  ;  with- 
out good  reason. 

temerltas,  -tatis,  [cf.  temere],  f., 
rashness,  hastiness. 

temperantia,  -ae,  [temperans, 
temperate'],  f.,  moderation,  self- 
control. 

tempers,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf. 
tempus],  1,  control  one^s  self, 
refrain,  forbear. 

tempestas,  -atis,  [tempus],  f., 
portion  of  time,  point  of  time, 
time,  season  ;  storm,  tempest;  dis- 
turbance, calamity. 

templum,  -i,  n.,  open  place  for 
observation,  consecrated  place, 
sacred  enclosure  ;  temple,  shrine. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq. 
ot  tends],  1,  handle;  try,  at- 
tempt ;  make  an  attack  on,  attack, 
assail;  try  to  win  over;  tempt, 
tamper  with. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  period  of  time; 
time, period  ;  opportunity,  season  ; 
occasion,  circumstances.      in  re- 


liquum  tempus,  for  the  future, 
for  all  time  t<>  come.  omni  tem- 
pore, always.  temporis  causa, 
having  regard  to  circumstances, 
insincerely. 

tendo,  tender e,  tetendi,  tentus  or 
tensus,  3,  stretch,  spread  out;  of 
a  suare,  lay ;  offer,  present;  go, 
march  ;  strive  ;  extend,  reach. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  darkness, 
gloom;  gloomy  place;  lurking- 
places. 

teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  hold,  grasp, 
hold  fast;  hold  in,  keep  in,  re- 
strain, hem  in;  bind;  take  in, 
understand  ;  keep  ;  possess  ; 
guard,  watch,  defend  ;  of  a  course, 
keep,  hold,  maintain.  ventus 
adversum  tenet,  the  wind  blows 
the  wrong  way.  se  tenere,  to 
keep  one'^s  self,  to  remain.  me- 
moria  tenere,  to  remember. 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
tenerrimus,  adj.,  tender,  young. 

tentd  or  tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[intens.  of  tendd],  1,  handle, 
touch,  try,  essay ;  try  to  win  over. 

tenuis,  -e,  [cf.  tendo],  adj.,  drawn 
out,  meagre,  slim;  slight,  insig- 
nificant, trifling. 

ter,  num.  adv.,  three  times,  thrice. 

Terentius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.     See  Varro. 

tergum,  -i,  n.,  back,  a  tergo,  post 
tergum,  in  the  rear,  on  the  rear. 
terga  vertere,  to  flee. 

terminus,  -i,  m.,  boundary,  limit, 
end. 

terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth;  land,  ground, 
soil;  territory,  district,  region- 
terra,  on  land,  by  land. 

terrenus,  -a,  -um,  [terra],  adj., 
of  earth,  earthy. 

terred,    -ere,     -ui,     territus,      2, 


TERRESTRIS 


137 


TICINUS 


frighten^  alarm^  terrify ;  deter  by 
fear. 

terreatris,  -tre,  [terra],  adj.,  of 
the  earth,  on  land,  land. 

terribilis,  -e,  Iterreb],  ad].,  fright- 
ful, dreadful,  terrible. 

territo,  -are,  — ,  — ,  [freq.  of  ter- 
reo],  1,  frighten  greatly,  terrify. 

territorium,  -i,  [terra],  n.,  terri- 
tory. 

terror,  -oris,  [terreo],  m.,  great 
fear,  affright,  panic,  fear;  object 
of  fear,  cause  of  fear. 

tertlo,  [tertius],  adv.,  /or  the  third 
time. 

tertius,  -a,  -tun,  [cf.  tres],  adj., 
third. 

test  amentum,  -i,  [cf.  testor],  n., 
will,  testament. 

testimonium,  -i,  [cf.  testis],  n., 
witness,  proof,  evidence,  testi- 
mony;  testimonial. 

testis,  -is,  m.  and  f . ,  witness. 

testor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [testis],  1, 
dep,,  cause  to  testify,  call  as  wit- 
ness, invoke  ;  show,  prove,  demon- 
strate ;  bear  witness  ;  make  a  will. 

testudo,  -inis,  [cf.  tesid^,  potsherd], 
t.,  tortoise,  tortoise-shell ;  tortoise- 
shed,  a  movable  shed,  of  which 
there  w^ere  many  varieties,  de- 
signed to  afford  protection  to 
soldiers  at  work  near  the  foot  of 
the  enemy's  wall;  tortoise-cover, 
testudo,  a  covering  formed  by  the 
soldiers'  shields  held  above  their 
heads  and  overlapping  so  as  to 
ward  off  weapons  thrown  down 
upon  them  from  above.  See 
Intro.,  p.  24. 

teatula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  testa],  f., 
small  potsherd,  voting  -  tablet. 
testularum  suflEragiis  or  testula, 
by  ballot  by  potsherds,  by  ostracism. 


Teutobodus,-  i,  m.,    Teutohodus, 

chief  of  the  Teutones. 

TeutonSs,  -um,  or  TeutonI,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  Teutones,  a  Germanic 
people  who,  in  company  with  the 
Cimbri,  invaded  Italy,  and  were 
annihilated  by  Marius  at  Aquae 
Sextiae  in  101  b.c.  See  Cimbri, 
and  X.  to  p.  140,  1.  13. 

Thebae,  -arum,  [Qrj^aC],  f.,  pi., 
Thebes,  the  chief  city  of  Boeotia. 
See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

ThSbanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Thebes, 
Theban.  As  subst.,  Thebanus, 
-1,  m.,  inhabitant  of  Thebes, 
Theban. 

ThemistoclSs,  -is  or  -i,  ace.  -em  or 
-en,  [Ge/iKTTOKX^s],  m.,  Themis- 
tocles,  a  famous  statesman  and 
general  of  Athens. 

Thermopylae,  -arum,  [Gep/iOTri)- 
Xai],  f.,  pi.,  Thermopylae,  a  pass 
through  Mt.  Oeta  on  the  southern 
frontier  of  'J'hessaly,  famous  on 
account  of  its  defence  by  Leonidas 
in  480  B.C.     See  map  opp.  p.  76. 

Thraez,  Thraecis,  adj.,  Thracian. 
As  siibst.,  m.,  a  Thracian. 

ThucS^dides,  -is,  [QovKvdldrjs],  m., 
Thucydides,  a  celebrated  historian 
of  Athens,  who  lived  from  455  to 
about  400  B.C.  He  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  Peloponnesian  War. 

Ti.,  with  proper  names  =  Tiberius, 
a  Roman  forename. 

Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber,  the 
principal  river  of  central  Italy, 
on  which  Rome  is  situated.  See 
map  opp.  p.  30. 

tibia,  -ae,  f.,  shin-bone;  by  meton- 
ymy, frequently  in  pi.,  pipe,  flute. 

tiblcen,  -inis,  [tibia,  cf.  canere], 
m.,  piper,  flute-player. 

Ticinus,  -i,  m. ,  the  Tlc'inus,  a  river 


TIGURINUS 


138 


TRADO 


in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  flowing  into 
the  Po,  the  scene  of  the  first 
victory  of  Hannibal  in  Italy.  See 
map  opp.  p.  30. 

Tigurinus,  -a,-iim,  adj.,  of  the  Ti- 
gur  canton.  As  subst.,  Tigurini, 
-oruin,  m.,  pi.,  the  Tigurini^ 
one  of  the  four  divisions  of  the 
Helvetii. 

timeo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  2,  fear,  he 
afraid  of;  have  fear,  he  afraid, 
he  apprehensive. 

timidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  timeo],  adj.,  fear- 
ful, afraid,  cowardly,  timid. 

timor,  -oris,  [cf.  timed],  m.,  fear, 
dread,  apprehension,  alarm,  ti- 
midity.    See  N.  to  p.  139,  1.  7. 

Tituxius,  -1,  m.,  Qnlntus  Titnrius 
Sahimis.  a  lieutenant  of  Caesar, 
who  rendered  efficient  service  in 
the  campaigns  of  b.c.  57  and  56 ; 
placed  with  Cotta  in  command  of 
a  legion  and  a  half  among  the 
Eburones  in  54,  he  was  drawn 
into  ambush  by  Ambiorix,  and 
caused  the  destruction  of  the  force. 

tituluB,  -i,  m.,  superscription,  in- 
scription, title;  title  of  honor, 
glory,  name. 

toga,  -ae,  f.,  toga,  gown. 

tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  hear, 
support,  endure,  sustain,  main- 
tain ;  hold  out. 

tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  3,  lift, 
take  up,  raise;  encourage,  puff 
up,  elate;  rear;  extol;  remove, 
make  way  with,  aholish;  kill, 
destroy. 

TolosatSs,  -lain,  [Tolosa],  m.,  pi., 
the  inhabitants  of  Tolosa,  chief 
city  of  the  Volcae  Tectosages. 
See  map  opp.  p,  114. 

tonitruB,  -tia,  m.,  pi.,  tonitrus,  m.. 


and  tonitrua,  n.,  thunder,  thun- 
der-peal. 

tono,  -are,  -ui,  — ,  1,  to  make  a  loud 
noise,  resound,  thunder. 

tonsor,  -oris,  [tondeo,  cZip],  m., 
shearer,  clipper,  hair-cutter,  har- 
her. 

Toranius,  -i,  m.,  T.  Toranius,  who 
betrayed  his  father  to  the  second 
triumvirate  in  43  b.c. 

tormentum,  -i,  [cf.  torqueo,  twist], 
n.,  windlass;  as  a  military  term, 
pi.,  torsion-hurlers,  engines  of 
war,  artillery,  general  term  for 
machines  used  to  hurl  stones, 
darts,  and  other  missiles,  the  mo- 
tive force  of  which  was  derived 
from  the  twisting  of  tensile  ma- 
terials ;  torsion-missiles,  missiles 
thrown  by  the  torsion-hurlers ; 
instrument  of  torture,  rack;  tor- 
ture, torment,  suffering. 

Torquatus,  see  Manlius. 

torqueo,  -ere,  torsi,  tortus,  2,  turn, 
twist;  hurl;  torture,  torment. 

torquis,  -is,  m.,  necklace,  collar. 

tot,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  so  many. 

totidem  [tot],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
just  as  many,  just  so  many. 

totus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  tdtius,  adj., 
the  whole,  all,  all  the,  entire  ;  with 
adverbial  force,  wholly,  entirely. 

trabs,  trabis,  1,  beam,  timber. 

tracts,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [traho],  1, 
draw  forcibly,  pull;  handle,  man- 
age; treat. 

tractus,  -iis,  [cf.  traho],  m.,  drag- 
ging, drawing  out;  track,  course; 
stretch,  extent. 

trado,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [trans 
-f-  do],  3,  give  up,  hand  over,  de- 
liver, surrender,  consign,  entrust; 
surrender,  betray;  hand  down, 
transmit,  report. 


TEADUCO 


139 


TREVEKI 


trSduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[trans  +  duc5],  3,  lead  across, 
carry  over,  transport,  transfer; 
expose,  dishonor. 

tragula,  -ae,  f.,  lance,  javelin,  per- 
haps having  a  barbed  point. 

traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractus,  3,  draw, 
drag;  draw  along,  drag  along; 
attract,  allure,  influence;  lead, 
cari'p ;  derive;  detain. 

traicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus, 
[trans  +  iacid],  3,  throw  across, 
lead  aci'oss,  transfer;  penetrate, 
transfix ;  go  over,  pass  over. 

trano,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  [trans  +  no, 
swim],  1,  swim  across,  swim  over. 

trans,  prep,  witli  ace.  only,  across, 
over;  on  the  further  side  of,  be- 
yond. 

transeo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -itus, 
[trans +  e6],  irr.,  go  over,  go 
across,  pass  over,  cross  over  ;  pass 
by,  march  through;  be  changed 
from. 

transfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus, 
[trans  +  fero],  irr.,  bear  across, 
transport  ;  transfer  ;  ascribe, 
charge;  copy;  put  off,  delay, 
translate. 

transfigo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus, 
[trans  +  fig5,  fix},  3,  pierce 
through,  transfix. 

transfuga,  -ae,  m.,  [trans,  cf. 
fugi5J,  one  who  flees  to  the  enemy, 
a  deserter. 

trSnsgredior,  -gredi,  -gressus, 
[trans  +  gradior,  icalk,  go'],  3, 
dep. ,  go  over,  pass  over,  go  across, 
cross. 

trSnaigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus, 
[trans  +  ago],  3,  d^nve  through, 
stab,  transfix  ;  finish,  settle  ;  per- 
form;  bring  to  an  end^  end; pass, 


trSnsilio,  -ire,  -silui,  — ,  [trans  -|- 

salid],  4,  leap  across,  jump  over. 

transitus,  -us,  [trans,  cf.  e5],  m., 
going  over,  passing  over,  passage. 

translatus,  see  transfero. 

transmaiinus,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
marinusj,  adj.,  beyond  sea,  trans- 
marine. 

transmitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -naissus, 
[trans  +  mitto],  3,  send  across, 
carry  over,  let  pass;  go  across, 
traverse;  entrust,  commit. 

transports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[trans  -f-  porto],  1,  cai-ry  over, 
take  across,  remove,  transport. 

transtuli,  see  transfero. 

transversus,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
versus],  adj.,  turned  across,  lying 
across,  crosswise,  oblique;  out  of 
the  way. 

Trasumenus,  -i,  m.,  Trasumenus, 
a  lake  in  Etruria,  the  scene  of  the 
defeat  of  Flaminius  by  Hannibal. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

Trebia,  -ae,  f.,  the  Trebia,  a  river 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  flowing  into  the 
Po.     See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

trecentesimus,  -a,  -um,  [trecentij, 
adj.,  three  hundredth. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  [tres  +  centum], 
num.  adj.,  three  hundred. 

tredecim,  [tres  -f-  decem],  indecl. 
num.,  adj.,  thirteen. 

trepidatio,  -onis,  [trepido],  f., 
confuted  hurry,  alarm,  confusion, 
consternation,  trepidation. 

trepido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  hurry 
with  alarm,  be  in  confusion; 
tremble,  waver. 

trgs,  tria,  gen.  trium,  or  m,  num. 
adj.,  three. 

TrSveri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  powerful 
Belgic  people  near  the  Rhine, 
north  of  the  Mediomatrici  j  chief 


TBIBOCBS 


140 


TBOAS 


town  Augusta  Treveromm,  now 
Trier.     See  map  opp.  p.  1 14. 

Triboces,  -um,  or  Triboci,  -orum, 
[Kel.,  =  'the  very  Sweet'],  m., 
pi.,  a  German  people  between  the 
Rhine  and  the  Vosges  Mountains. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

tribunal,  -alls,  [tribunus],  n., 
raised  platform  for  seats  of  mag- 
istrates, judgment-seat^  tribunal. 

tribunus,  -i,  [tribus],  m.,  head  of 
a  tribe,  tribune.  tribunus  mili- 
taris,  tribune  of  the  soldiers,  six 
to  a  legion.  See  p.  13.  tribunus 
plebis,  tribune  of  the  people. 
Tribunes  were  first  appointed  in 
494  B.C.,  after  the  first  secession 
to  the  Sacred  Mount.  At  first 
there  were  but  two ;  afterwards 
the  number  was  increased  to  five, 
and  finally  to  ten.  They  were 
originally  appointed  to  afford  pro- 
tection to  the  common  people  ;  and 
that  they  might  be  able  to  afford 
such  protection,  their  persons 
were  declared  sacred  and  invio- 
lable. 'I'hey  gradually  acquired 
the  right  of  vetoing  any  act 
which  a  magistrate  might  under- 
take during  his  term  of  office. 
They  convoked  the  assembly  of 
the  tribes  (comitia  tributa),  and 
usually  presided  over  it. 

tribuS,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  [tribus], 
3,  assign,  ascribe,  concede ;  grant, 
pay,  render,  bestow;  ascribe,  at- 
tribute; yield;  of  time,  spend,  de- 
vote, suae  magnopere  virtuti 
tribuere,  to  presume  upon  his 
valor. 

tributum,  -i,  [tribus],  n.,  stated 
payment,  contribution,  tribute. 

trlcgaimuB,  -a,  -um,  [triginta], 
adj.,  thirtieth. 


triduum,  -i,  [tres  -f  dies],  n.,  space 
of  three  days,  three  days. 

triennlum,  -i,  [tres  +  annus],  n., 
space  of  three  years,  three  years. 

trigeminus,  -a,  -um,  [tres  +  gemi- 
nus],  adj.,  born  three  at  a  birth. 
As  subst.,  trigemini,  -drum,  m., 
pi.,  tnplcts. 

triginta,  or  XXX,  indech  num. 
adj.,  thirty. 

trim,  -ae,  -a,  [tres],  distrib.  num. 
adj.,  three  each,  three  by  three; 
threefold,  triple. 

triplex, -icis,  [tres,  cf.  plico, /oZcZ] , 
adj.,  threefold,  triple. 

tripiiB,  -odis,  [rpLirovs'],  m.,  three- 
footed  seat,  tripod. 

triremia,  -e,  [ter  +  remus],  adj., 
having  three  banks  of  oars.  As 
subst.,  triremis,  -is,  m.,  vessel 
having  three  banks  of  oars,  tri- 
reme. 

tristis,  -e,  adj.,  sad,  sorrowful,  de- 
jected; gloomy,  sullen;  grave, 
austere. 

tristitia,  -ae,  [tristis],  f.,  sadness, 
dejectvm. 

triumphs,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tri- 
umphus],  1,  march  in  triumphal 
procession,  celebrate  a  triumph, 
triumph.  triumphare  de  aliquo, 
to  celebrate  a  triumph  in  conse- 
quence of  a  victory  over  any  one. 

triumphus,  -i,  m.,  triumphal  pro- 
cession, celebration  of  a  victory 
by  a  triumphal  entry  into  Rome. 

triumvir,  -viri,  [tres  +  vir],  m., 
triumvir,  one  of  three  associates 
in  office,  especially  one  of  three 
dictators  to  reorganize  the  state. 

Troas,  -ados,  [T/syds],  adj.,  Tro- 
jan. As  subst.,  f.,  the  country 
around  Troy,  Troad.  See  map 
opp.  p.  93. 


TKOEZEN 


141 


TUTO 


TroezSn,  -enis,  ace.  Troezena, 
[Tpo£f7>],  L,  T7'oeze7i,  a  very 
ancient  city  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Argolis.  See  map  opp.  p.  75. 

Troia,  -ae,  f.,  Troy,  a  city  of 
Phrygia. 

Troianus,  -a,  -um,  [Troia],  adj., 
of  Troy,  Trojan.  As  subst., 
Troianus,  -i,  a  "Trojan. 

tropaeum,  -i,  n.,  memorial  of  vic- 
tory, trophy;  victory. 

Troucillus,  -i,  see  Valerius. 

trucido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [trux 
+  caedo],  1,  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  butcher;  destroy,  ruin. 

tmx,  trucis,  adj.,  wild,  rough, 
harsh,  savage,  fierce. 

tii,  tui,  pi.  vos,  vestrum,  pers. 
pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet. 

tueor,  -eri,  tiitus  sum,  2,  dep.,  look 
at,  gaze  at,  consider  ;  defend,  pro- 
tect. 

tuli,  see  fero. 

Tulingi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  German 
tribe  north  of  the  Helvetii,  across 
the  Rhine.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Tullia,  -ae,  f.,  Tullia,  the  daughter 
of  Servius  Tullius. 

Tullius,  -i,  m.,  Tullius,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  In  this  book  are 
mentioned : 

(1)  Servius    Tullius,  the    sixth 
king  of  Rome. 

(2)  M.     Tullius     Cicero.      See 
Cicero. 

TuUus,  -i,  m.,  Tullus,  forename  of 
Tullus  Hostllius,  third  king  of 
Rome. 

turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  in 
those  times;  thereupon;  in  that 
case;  besides,  moreover.  cum 
.  .  .  tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not 
only  .  -  •  but  also. 


tumultus,  -tia,  m.,  disturbance,  conr 
fusion,  disorder,  uproar;  upris- 
ing, rebellion;  national  peril. 

tumulus,  -i,  m.,  mound,  hillock. 

tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time ;  ao 
cordingly,  consequently. 

turba,  -ae,  f.,  tumult,  uproar,  dis- 
turbance, commotion ;  crowd, 
throng. 

turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [turba], 
1,  make  an  uproar,  be  in  con- 
fusion; throw  into  confusion,  dis- 
turb, agitate. 

turbulentus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  tur- 
bulentior,  sup.  turbulentissimus, 
[turba],  ad].,  full  of  commotion, 
disturbed  ;  stormy,  confused, 
troubled. 

Turoni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  people  on 
the  Liger  (Loire),  west  of  the 
Bituriges;  the  name  survives  in 
Tours  and  Touraine.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 

turpis,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  ugly,  foul  ;  disgraceful, 
shameful,  base,  dishonorable. 

turpitudS,  -inis,  [turpis],  f.,  base- 
ness, disgrace,  dishonor. 

turris,  -is,  f.,  tower  ;  often  =  turris 
ambulatoria,  movable  tower,  built 
on  wheels  so  that  it  could  be 
moved  up  to  the  wall  of-  a  be- 
sieged city.  See  Introddction, 
p.  23. 

TuBcia,  -ae,  f.,  Etruria,  the  Etrus- 
can territory. 

Tusculum,  -i,  n.,  Tusculum,  an 
ancient  town  of  Latium,  the  mod- 
ern Frascati,  about  fifteen  miles 
southeast  of  Rome  on  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Alban  Mountains. 
See  map,  frontispiece. 

tuto,  [tutus],  adv.,  safely,  without 
danger. 


TUTOK 


142 


UNIVERSUS 


tutor,  -oris,  [tueor],^  m.,  watcher, 
protector;  guardian.,  tutor. 

tutor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [tueor] ,  dep. , 
watch,  guard,  protect,  defend. 

tutus,  -a,  -urn,  comp.  tutior,  sup. 
tutissimus,  [part,  of  tueor],  adj., 
guarded,  safe,  secure.  As  subst., 
tutum,  -i,  n.,  place  of  safety, 
safety,  security. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  [tu],  poss.  pron., 
adj.,  thy,  thine;  your,  yours. 

tyrannis,  -idis,  [Tvpawis'},  f.,  rule 
of  a  tyrant,  tyranny,  despotic  rule. 

tyrannus,  -i,  m.,  monarch,  absolute 
ruler;  despot,  tyrant. 


uber,  -eris,  n.,  teat,  dug,  udder, 
breast. 

ubi,  adv.  and  conj.,  in  which  place, 
lohere;  where  f    As  conj.,  when. 

ubique,  [ubi  +  -que],  adv.,  in  any 
place,  everywhere.  ubi  primum, 
as  soon  as. 

ulciscor,  -i,  ultus  sum,  3,  dep., 
avenge  one^s  self  on,  punish;  take 
vengeance  for,  avenge. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  ullius,  adj., 
any.  As  subst.,  ullus,  -ius,  m., 
any  one,  anybody.  ullum,  -ius, 
n.,  anything. 

ulterior,  -ius,  [ultra],  adj.  in  comp. 
degree,  sup.  ultimus,  farther,  be- 
yond, more  remote  or  distant. 
Sup.,  farthest,  most  distant  or 
remote;  last;  utmost,  greatest. 
Neu.,  ulterius,  as  adv.,  beyond, 
farther;  to  a  greater  degree, 
more. 

ultimus,  see  ulterior. 

ultra,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  on  the 
farther  side  of,  beyond,  besides. 

ultro,  adv.,  to  the  farther  side;  be- 


sides, moreover,  also;  of  one''s 
own  accord,  voluntarily.  ultro 
.  .  .  citroque,  to  and  fro,  back 
and  forth. 

ultus,  see  ulciscor. 

Umbria,  -ae,  f.,  Umbria,  a  district 
LQ  east  central  Italy.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

umerus,  -i,  m,,  upper  arm,  shoul- 
der. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 

una,  [unus],  adv.,  into  one  place; 
in  the  same  place  ;  at  one  arid  the 
same  time,  at  the  same  time ;  to- 
gether, in  company.  una  cum, 
along  with,  together  with. 

unde,  adv.,  from  which  place, 
whence;  where;  from  whom, 
from  which;  where  ?  on  which 
side  ? 

iindecim,  or  XI,  [unus  +  decem], 
indecl.  num.  adj.,  eleven. 

imdecimus,  -a,  -um,  [undecim], 
num.  ord.  adj.,  eleventh. 

lindequinquaginta,  [unus  +  de  + 
quinquaginta] ,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
forty-nine. 

undetrioesimus,  -a,  -um,  [unus, 
de,  cf.  triginta],  adj.,  the  twenty- 
ninth. 

iindeviceBiinus,  -a,  -um,  [unus, 
de,  cf.  viginti],  adj.,  the  nine- 
teenth. 

undeviginti,  or  XVIIII,  [unus + 
de  +  viginti],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
nineteen. 

undique,  [unde  -f  que],  adv.,  from 
all  sides,  from  all  parts,  on  all 
sides,  everywhere. 

unguis,  -is,  m.,  nail. 

universus,  -a,  -um,  [unus  +  versus, 
from  verto],  adj.,  all  together,  all, 
the  whole  of,  entire;  general. 
As  subst.,  universi,  -orum,   m., 


UNUS 


143 


UTPOTB 


pi.,    all    the    men    together,    the 
whole  body,  all  together  ;  all  men. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  unius,  num. 
adj.,  one;  one  alone,  only  one, 
only,  sole;  alone;  one  and  the 
same.  PI.,  uni,  alone,  only. 
uno  tempore,  at  one  and  the  same 
time.  ad  unum  omnes,  all  to  a 
man.  Sequani  uni,  the  Sequani 
only. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  [urbs],  adj.,  of 
the  city,  in  the  city,  in  Borne. 
As  subst.,  urbani,  -drum,  m.,  pi., 
the  citizens. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  a  walled  town,  city ; 
often  the  city.  Home. 

urgeo,  urgere,  ursi,  — ,  2,  press, 
push;  press  hard.  Pass.,  be  hard 
pressed. 

urinator,  -oris,  m.,  diver. 

usque,  adv. ,  all  the  way,  as  far  as  ; 
continuously.  usque  ad,  all  the 
way  to,  as  far  as  ;  of  time,  up  to, 
until.  iisque  eo,  even  so  far  as 
this,  even  to  this  degree. 

usurps,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [usus  + 
rapio],  1,  seize  for  use,  seize  upon, 
make  use  of,  enjoy. 

usus,  see  utor. 

usus,  -us,  [utor] ,  m. ,  use,  practice, 
employment ;  experience,  training, 
skill;  custom,  practice;  inter- 
course, association,  familiarity; 
control;  need,  necessity;  profit, 
advantage.  usu  venire,  to  hap- 
pen, to  occur. 

ut,  uti,  adv.  and  conj.  : 

(1)  As  adv.,  as,  just  as;  as  for 
instance,  seeing  that,  as  if,  on 
the  supposition  that;  of  man- 
ner, how,  in  what  way,  in  what 
manner ;  of  place,  where.  ut 
primum,  as  soon  as.  ut  .  .  . 
ita,  as  .  .  .  so,  while  .  .  .  still. 


(2)  As  conj.,  temporal,  with  in- 
die, when,  as  soon  as;  with 
subj.,  of  result,  that,  so  that; 
of  purpose,  in  order  that,  that; 
of  concession,  though,  although. 

utcumque,  adv.,  in  what  way  so- 
ever, in  one  way  or  another, 
somehow. 

uter,  -tris,  m. ,  bag  of  hide,  leather 
bottle,  skin. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  gen.  utrius, 
pron.  adj.,  often  used  as  subst., 
which  of  two,  whichever,  which. 

uterque,  -traque,  -trumque,  gen. 
utriusque,  [uter  +  que],  adj., 
each,  both.  As  subst.,  uterque, 
utriusque,  m.,  both,  each.  PI., 
utrique,  both  sides,  both  forces, 
both  peoples. 

uti,  see  ut. 

Utica,  -ae,  f.,  Utica,  a  town  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  about  twenty- 
seven  miles  northwest  of  Car- 
thage ;  it  was  founded  by  Tyrians. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

utilis,  -e,  comp.-  utilior,  sup.  util- 
issimus,  [utor],  adj.,  useful, 
serviceable,  helpful ;  profitable, 
expedient. 

utilitas,  -atis,  [utilis],  f.,  use,  use- 
fulness, expediency,  advantage. 

utique,  adv.,  in  any  case,  at  any 
rate,  certainly;  especially. 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  3,  dep.,  used 
with  abl.,  make  use  of,  employ, 
adopt,  have,  enjoy  ;  observe,  main- 
tain; exercise,  display,  show; 
consume,  take;  experience,  un- 
dergo ;  practise  ;  enjoy  the  friend- 
ship of,  associate  with.  With  two 
abls.,  use  as,  employ  as,  find  to  be. 

utpote,  [ut  +  pote],  adv.,  as  is 
possible,  as  is  natural,  of  course, 
seeing  that,  since. 


UTRIMQtJB 


144 


VARIUS 


utrimque,  [uterque],  adv.,  from 
both  sides,  on  both  sides. 

utrum,  [uter],  conj.,  not  translated 
in  direct  questions ;  in  indirect 
questions,  whether,  utrum  .  .  . 
an,  whether  .  .  .  or.  utrum  .  .  . 
necne,  whether  .  .  .  or  not. 

utrobique,  [uter  +  ubi  +  -que],  on 
both  sides,  from  each  side;  on 
both  land  and  sea. 

uva,  -ae,  f . ,  grape  ;  collect. ,  grapes. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  loife,  spouse,  con- 
sort,     iixorem  ducere,  to  marry. 


V. 

vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  1,  be  empty, 
be  void,  be  vacant,  be  without;  be 
free  from  labor,  have  leisure ;  be 
unoccupied,  lie  waste. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  vacuissimus, 
[vaco],  adj.,  empty,  clear,  free, 
vacant,  unoccupied,  vacuus  ab, 
destitute  of. 

vadum,  -i,  n.,  shoal,  shallow;  ford. 

vagitus,  -us,  [vagio],  m.,  crying, 
squalling. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus,  1,  dep.,  wander, 
wander  about,  roam  about,  rove. 

valens,  -entis,  comp.  valentior, 
sup.  valentissimus,  [part,  of 
valeo],  adj.,  strong,  powerful; 
well. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  fut.  part,  valitu- 
rus,  2,  be  strong,  have  strength, 
be  able  ;  be  well ;  have  power,  have 
influence  or  weighty  prevail;  avail, 
extend;  as  greeting,  imp.,  vale, 
farewell. 

Valerius,  «i,  m.,  name  of  a  famous 
Roman  gens.  It  refers  in  this 
book  to : 

(1)  P.  Valerius  Publicola,  consul 
in  609  B.C. 


(2)  M.  Valerius  Corvlnus,  who 
served  with,  distinction  againat 
the  Gauls  in  349  b.c. 

(3)  P.  Valerius  Laevinus,  who, 
as  consul  in  280  b.c. ,  had  charge 
of  the  war  against  Pyrrhus. 

(4)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  Cato's 
colleague  in  his  consulship  (199 
B.C.)  and  censorship  (184  b.c). 

(5)  Gains  Valerius  Flaccus,  a 
governor  in  Gaul  (called  im- 
perdtor  by  Cicero,  ProQulnctio, 
7,  28).     See  n.  to  p.  146, 1.  23. 

(6)  Gains  Valerius  Gaburus,  a 
Gaul  who  received  the  Roman 
franchise,  83  b.c 

(7)  Gains  Valerius  Procillus,  son 
of  (6)  ;  sent  by  Caesar  as  envoy 
to  Ariovistus. 

(8)  Gains  Valerius  Troucillus,  a 
prominent  Gaul  of  '  the  Prov- 
ince,' employed  by  Caesar  as 
interpreter  in  an  important  in- 
terview. 

(9)  Gains  Valerius  Catullus,  the 
celebrated  Roman  poet,  born 
in  Verona  in  87  b.c.  ;  died  in 
54. 

valetiido,  -inis,  [valeo],  f.,  hdbU, 
state  of  health,  health;  good 
health;  bad  health. 

vallum,  -i,  n.,  line  of  palisades, 
intrenchment ;  wall,  rampart,  for- 
tification. 

valvae,  -arum,  f.,  jpl.,  folding-doors, 
door. 

Vangiones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  a  German 
tribe  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Rhine,  north  of  the  Nemetes. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

vanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  containing 
nothing,  empty ^  void;  ostenta- 
tious, vain  ;  false,  untrustworthy. 

vaiius,  -a,  -um,   adj.,  variegated^ 


VABRO 


145 


VENT  US 


parti-colored^  mottled^  diverse ; 
different.,  various^  diverse,  change- 
ful;  inconstant,  fickle. 

Varro,  -onis,  m.,  Varro^  surname 
of  O.  Terentius  Varro,  consul  in 
216  B.C.  ;  he  was  defeated  by- 
Hannibal  at  Cannae. 

Vania,  -i,  m.,  Varus.  See  Quinc- 
tilius. 

vas,  vasis,  n.,  vessel,  dish,  utensil; 
pi.,  vasa,  -drum,  equipments, 
baggage. 

vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atua,  [vastus], 
1,  make  empty,  deprive  of  occu- 
pants, lay  loaste,  devastate. 

vaticinatio,  -onis,  [vaticinor,  pre- 
dict], f.,  inspired  foretelling,  pre- 
diction. 

-ve,  enclitic  conj.,  or. 

vectlgal,  -alls,  [cf.  veho],  n.,  tax, 
tribute;  revenue;  income,  rents. 
See  N.  to  p.  125,  1.  8. 

vectigalis,  -e,  [vectigal],  dA].^ pay- 
ing tribute,  tributary. 

vegetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  enlivened, 
lively,  vigorous,  brisk;  bright. 

vehementer,  [vehemens],  adv., 
eagerly,  ardently,  earnestly,  ve- 
hemently;  vigorously,  violently; 
exceedingly,  very  much. 

veho,  vehere,  vexi,  rectus,  3,  bear, 
carry,  convey,  draw. 

Velena,  -entis,  adj.,  of  Veil,  a 
town  of  the  Etruscans,  about 
twelve  miles  north  of  Rome.  As 
subst.,  m.,  pi.,  the  inhtibitants  of 
Veil.     See  map,  frontispiece. 

Veientanus,  -a,  -um,  [Veil],  adj., 
o/or  belonging  to  Veii.  As  subst. , 
Veientanus,  -i,  m.,  an  inhabitant 
of  Veil. 

vel,  [old  imp.  of  volo],  conj.,  or 
if  you  will,  or  even,  or.  vel 
.  .  .  vel,  either  ,  ,  ,  or. 


vel,  [conj.  vel],  adv.,  or  even,  even., 
certainly,  indeed. 

Veliocasaes,  -ium,  dat.  Veliocas- 
sis,  [Kel.,  'Excelling  in  Prob- 
ity' ?],  m.,  pi.,  a  small  state  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Sequana 
(Seine)  ;  chief  town,  Rotomagus, 
to-day  Bouen.  See  map  opp.  p. 
114. 

velocitas,  -atis,  [vel5x],  1,  swift- 
ness, Jieetaess,  rapidity. 

velox,  -ocis,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  adj.,  swift,  active,  quick. 

velum,  -i,  [cf.  veho],  n.,  means  of 
propelling,  sail.  vela  veutis 
dare,  to  make  sail,  sail  away. 

velut  or  veluti,  adv.,  even  as,  just 
as ;  just  as  if,  as  if.  velut  si, 
just  as  if. 

venatio,  -onis,  [venor],  f.,  hunt- 
ing; hunting  spectacle. 

vendo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [venum, 
sale,  +  do],  3,  sell. 

Venelli,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  a  Gallic 
state  on  the  north  coast,  west  of 
the  Lexovii.  See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

venenatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ve- 
neno],  adj.,  poisoned,  poisonous, 
venomous. 

venenum,  -i,  n.,  drug ;  poison. 

Veneti,  ~6rum,  m.,  pi.,  a  seafaring 
Gallic  people,  on  the  west  coast ; 
almost  exterminated  by  Caesar. 
See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

veneratio,  -onis,  [veneror],  f.,  pro- 
foundest  respect,  reverence,  ven- 
eration; cause  of  respect. 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  indulgence,  kindness, 
favor,  forbearance,  pardon  ;  per- 
mission. 

venio,  venire,  veni,  ventus,  4, 
come,  go. 

venter,  -tris,  m.,  belly,  stomach. 

ventus,  'i,  m.,  wind* 


VENUSIA 


146 


TESTIS 


Venusia,  -ae,  f.,  Venusia,  a  town 
of  Apulia  ou  the  border  of  Luca- 
nia,  the  birthplace  of  Horace. 
See  map  opp.  p.  30. 

venustus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  venustior, 
sup.  venustissimus,  adj.,  chaiin- 
ing,  agreeable,  beautiful;  grace- 
ful, 

verbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [verber], 
1,  beat,  strike,  knock. 

Verbigenus,  -i,  m.,  a  canton  of  the 
Helvetii,  apparently  east  of  the 
Tigurini. 

verbum,  -i,  n.,  word,  saying. 
verba  dare,  to  deceive,  to  trick,  to 
outwit.       verba  facere,  to  speak. 

v§re,  comp.  -ins,  sup.  verissime, 
[verus],  adv.,  truly  ;  rightly, 
properly. 

verScundia,  -ae,  [cf.  vereor],  f., 
modesty,  shame;  respect. 

vereor,  -eri,  veritus  sum,  2,  dep,, 
reverence,  respect,  stand  in  awe; 
fear ;  dread,  be  apprehensive. 

Verginia,  -ae,  f.,  Virginia,  daugh- 
ter of  the  centurion  Virginius. 

Verginius,  -i,  m.,  Virginius. 

vergo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  3,  incline,  lie, 
slope  ;  he  situated. 

vergobretus,  -i,  [Kel.,  =  *  He  that 
renders  judgment,'  'Judge'],  m., 
vergobret,  title  of  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  the  Aedui. 

vSritas,  -atis,  [verus],  f.,  truth, 
truthfulness. 

vSro,  [virus],  adv.  and  conj.,  in 
truth,  truly,  indeed,  however, 

V6r6na,  -ae,  f.,  Verona,  a  city  of 
Gallia  Cisalpina.  See  map  opp. 
p.  30. 

verruca,  -ae,  f . ,  wart. 

versiculuB,  -i,  [dim.  of  versus],  m., 
little  verse,  verse. 

verso,   -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 


vertoj,  1,  turn  often;  vex,  agi- 
tate; think  over,  meditate;  pass., 
be,  be  situated,  be  busied ;  occupy 
one''s  self,  conduct  one''s  self. 

versor,  -ari,  -atus,  [verso],  1,  dep., 
lit.,  tur7i  one''s  self  about,  move 
about  in  any  place ;  dwell,  live^ 
be;  be  occupied,  engaged,  em- 
ploy ed^  busy.  in  bello  versari, 
to  engage  in  war. 

versus,  -us,  [verto],  m.,  line,  row, 
verse. 

verto,  -ere,  verti,  versus,  3,  turn, 
direct,  change;  pass.,  be  turned, 
turn  about,  return.  anno  ver- 
tente,  with  the  returning  year,  in 
a  whole  year.  terga  vertere, 
to  turn  and  flee,  to  flee. 

Verucloetius,  -i,  m.,  a  Helvetian 
sent  with  Nammeius  as  envoy  to 
Caesar. 

verum,  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  cer^ 
tainly;  but. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  ve- 
rissimus,  adj.,  true,  real,  actual, 
genuine;  right,  proper,  fitting, 
reasonable.  re  vera,  see  res. 
As  subst.,  verum,  -i,  n.,  the  truth. 

vescor,  -i,  — ,  3,  dep.,  feed  upon^ 
eat;  enjoy,  use. 

Vesontio,  -onis,  m.,  chief  city  of 
the  Sequani,  on  the  Dubis  (Doubs) 
river;  now  Besanqon.  See  map 
opp.  p.  114. 

vesper,  -eri  and  -eris,  m.,  evening. 

Vestalis,  -e,  [Vesta],  adj.,  of 
Vesta,  Vestal. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [vos],  poss. 
pron.,  your,  yours. 

vgstigium,  -i,  n.,  bottom  of  foot, 
sole;  foot;  footstep,  footprint; 
spot;  trace,  mark,  vestige. 

vestis,  -is,  f . ,  covering  for  the  body, 
clothes,  clothing  ;  robe. 


VESTITUS 


147 


VINDICO 


veatitus,  -us,  [vestio],  m.,  cloth- 
ing^ apparel. 

veteranus,  -a,  -um,  [vetus],  adj., 
oZd,  veteran.  As  subst. ,  veterani, 
-drum,  m.,  pi.,  veteran  soldiers^ 
veterans. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  1,  not  suffer, 
not  permit,  oppose,  forbid,  pro- 
hibit. 

Vettongs,  -um,  m.  pi.,  Vettones,  a 
people  of  Lusitania,  the  modern 
Portugal.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

Veturia,  -ae,  f.,  Veturia,  the 
mother  of  Coriolanus. 

Veturius,  -i,  m.,  Vetiirius,  family 
name  of  T.  Veturius  Calvinus. 

vetus,  -eris,  sup.  veterrimus,  adj., 
old,  former,  ancient,  long-stand- 
ing. 

vetustus,  -a,  -um,  [vetus],  adj., 
aged,  old,  ancient. 

vexillum,  -i,  [cf.  velum],  n.,  flagt 
used  as  an  ensign  for  soldiers  sent 
out  as  a  detachment  separate  from 
the  regular  organization  of  the 
legion  ;  raised  by  the  order  of  the 
general  as  a  signal. 

vezo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
veh5],  1,  harass,  assail;  lay 
waste,  overrun. 

via,  -ae,  1,  way,  highway,  road; 
passage;  march,  journey. 

vicariuB,  -a,  -um,  [vicis,  change"], 
adj.,  supplying  a  place,  substi- 
tuted, delegated.  As  subst.,  vi- 
carius,  -i,  m.,  substitute,  dele- 
gate. 

vicSsimuB,  -a,  -um,  [viginti],  adj., 
twentieth. 

vicigns,  [cf.  viginti],  adv.,  twenty 
times. 

victor,  -oris,  [vinco],  m. ,  conqueror, 
vanquisher,  victor.  As  adj.,  vic- 
torious, triumphant. 


victoria,  -ae,  [victor],  f.,  victory, 
success. 

victus,  see  vinco. 

victus,  -lis,  [vivo],  m.,  living,  mode 
of  life  ;  food,  provisions. 

vicus,  -i,  m. ,  row  of  houses,  street, 
quarter;  village;  hamlet. 

video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  2,  see, 
perceive,  observe ;  understand ; 
go  to  see,  visit.  Pass,  as  dep., 
videor,  videri,  visus  sum,  be  seen, 
seem,  appear;  seem  proper,  seem 
good,  seem  best. 

vigilantia,  -ae,  [cf.  vigil],  f.,  wake- 
fulness, vigilance. 

vigilia,  -ae,  [vigil,  watchman^^  i., 
a  keeping  awake,  sleeplessness, 
wakefulness;  watch,  one  of  the 
four  divisions,  each  of  three  Ro- 
man hours,  into  which  the  night 
was  divided. 

viginti,  or  XX,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
twenty. 

villa,  -ae,  [dim.  of  vicus],  f.,  coun- 
try-house, farm,  villa. 

vimen,  -inis,  n.,  pliant  twig,  osier, 
withe. 

vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  4, 
bind,  bind  fast;  fetter,  confine, 
restrain. 

vinclum,  see  vinculum. 

vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victus,  3,  con- 
quer, overcome,  defeat,  subdue; 
exceed,  surpass ;  carry  one'' s point, 
have  one''s  own  way. 

vinculum  or  vinclum,  -i,  [vincio], 
n.,  means  of  binding,  bond,  band, 
cord,  fastening, fetter,  rope,  chain; 
^\.,  fetters,  bonds,  prison. 

vindez,  -icis,  m.,  defender,  pro- 
tector. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vindex], 
1,  assert  claim  to,  demand  for- 
mally,   claim;    avenge,   punish. 


VINEA 


148 


VOCONTU 


in  libertatem  viudicare,  to  claim 
for  liberty,  set  free,  free. 

^onea,  -ae,  f.,  vineyard;  arhor-shed, 
vinea,  a  movable  shed  with  a 
sloping  roof,  smaller  than  the 
tortoise-shed  (see  testudo),  used 
as  a  shelter  for  soldiers  working 
the  artillery  or  attempting  to  un- 
dermine a  wall ;  the  sides  were 
probably  in  some  cases  left  open  ; 
in  other  cases  the  sides  were  en- 
closed and  the  ends  left  open,  so 
that  a  number  of  vineae,  placed 
end  to  end  in  a  row,  would  afford 
an  avenue  of  approach  to  the 
enemy's  wall.  The  dimensions 
are  given  by  Vegetius  as  16  feet 
long,  8  feet  wide,  and  7  feet  high. 
The  outside  was  covered  with 
rawhides  or  other  material  to 
protect  against  fire.  See  Intro.  , 
p.  23. 

vinum,  -i,  n.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [of.  vis], 
1,  treat  with  violence,  injure; 
dishonor,  outrage,  violate. 

vlr,  viri,  m.,  male  person^  man; 
husband. 

virga,  -ae,  f.,  twig,  sprout;  switch, 
scourge. 

Virgo,  -inis,  t.,maid,  maiden,  vir- 
gin ;  young  woman,  girl. 

VlriathuB,  -i,  m.,  Viriathus,  a 
leader  of  the  Lusitanians,  who 
made  war  against  the  Romans. 
He  was  slain  by  his  own  followers. 

VirldomaruB, -i,  m.,  Viridomarus, 
a  king  of  the  Gauls,  conquered 
and  slain  by  Marcellus. 

viritim,  [vir],  adv.,  man  by  man, 
singly,  individually. 

Vlromandui,  -omm,  [Kel.,=  ♦  Cli- 
ents, or  Descendants,  of  Viro- 
mandus'],  m.,  pi.,  a  Belgic  state 


about  the  headwaters  of  the 
Samara  (Somme)  and  the  Scaldis 
{Schelde).     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

virtus,  -litis,  [vir],  f.,  manliness; 
courage,  bravery,  valor,  prowess, 
vigor,  energy;  effort;  worth, 
goodness.  H..  manly  qualities, 
virtues. 

VIS,  ace.  vim,  abl.  vi,  pi.  vires, 
-ium,  f.,  strength;  force,  violence; 
influence;  quantity,  number.  PI., 
physical  poicers,  strength. 

^sus,  see  video. 

visus,  -us,  [video],  m.,  look;  ap- 
pearance, vision. 

vita,  -ae,  [of.  vivo],  f.,  life;  way 
of  life;  existence,  being. 

vitis,  -is,  f.,  vine,  grape-vine. 

vitium,  -i,  n.,  fault,  defect,  blemish, 
vice;  unfavorable  sign;  offence, 
crime. 

vlto,  -are,  -avi,  -atns,  1,  shun,  seek 
to  escape,  avoid. 

vivo,  vivere,  vixi,  victus,  3,  live, 
be  alive,  have  life  ;  pass  the  time, 
live;  dwell. 

vivus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  vivo],  adj., 
alive,  living,  having  life;  of  a 
river,  running;  lively,  vigorous, 
vivacious. 

viae,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  hardly, 
scarcely,  barely. 

Voccio,  -dnis,  m.,  a  king  of  the 
Norici. 

vociferor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [vox, 
cf.  fero],  1,  dep.,  cry  out,  ex- 
claim, shout,  vociferate. 

voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  vox], 
1,  call,  summon,  invoke;  call  by 
name,  name;  call  for,  demand; 
call  together,  bid,  invite;  call, 
put,  set,  place.  in  crimen  vo- 
care,  to  accuse. 

Vocontli,  -orom,  m.,  pl.,  a  Qallic 


VINEA 


149 


ZAMA 


state  in  '  the  Province,'  east  of  the 
Rhone.     See  map  opp.  p.  114. 

volito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
volo],  l^  fly  to  and  fro,  flit  about, 
move,  fly,  hasten. 

void,  veUe,  volui,  — ,  irr.,  will, 
wish,  be  minded,  determine;  be 
willing,  consent;  mean,  intend. 

VoIbcus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Volsci,  Volscian.  As  subst., 
Volsci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Vol- 
scians,  an  ancient  people  of 
Central  Italy,  southeast  of  Rome, 
included  in  Latium  in  its  widest 
extent,  with  whom  the  Romans 
waged  many  wars  in  the  early 
days  of  their  history.  See  map 
opp.  p.  30. 

Volso,  see.  Manilas. 

volucer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj.,  flying, 
winged.  As  subst.,  f.,  (sc.  avis), 
flying  creature,  bird. 

volumen,  -inis,  [of.  volv5],  n., 
coil,  whirl,  fold;  roll  of  writing, 
book,  volume. 

Volumnia,  -ae,  f.,  Volumnia,  the 
wife  of  Coriolanus. 

voluntarius,  -a,  -um,  [voluntas], 
adj.,  willing,  of  free  will,  volun- 
tary. As  subst. ,  voluntarii,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  volunteers. 

voluntas,  -atis,  [volo],  f.,  will, 
wish,  inclination,  desire;  good- 
will, affection;  consent.  eius 
voluntate,  with  his  consent. 

voluptas,  -atis,  [volo],  L, pleasure^ 
enjoyment,  delight;  desire,  pas- 
sion. 

v5s,  see  tu. 

votum,  -1,  [voveo],  n.,  promise  to 
a  god,  solemn  pledge,  vow;  icish, 
longing,  prayer. 

Toveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votus,  2,  vow, 


promise  solemnly,  dedicate,  C07i- 
secrate. 

vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice;  utterance,  cry, 
sound;  word,  saying.  PL,  voces, 
words,  language,  speeches,  state- 
ments, sayings. 

vulgo,  [vulgus],  adv.,  generally, 
commonly,  everywhere. 

vulgus,  -i,  n.,  common  people,  mass, 
multitude,  crowd. 

vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vulnus], 
1,  wound,  hurt. 

vulnus,  -eris,  u.,  wound,  blow, 
misfortune,  calamity,  defeat,  dis- 
aster. 

viilpes,  -is,  i.,fox. 

vultus,  -us,  m.,  expression  of  coun- 
tenance, looks,  visage,  feature; 
face. 

X. 

Xanthippus,  -i,  ra.,  Xanthippus, 
a  general  of  the  Lacedaemonians, 
who,  as  leader  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, defeated  Regulus. 

Xenophon,  -ontis,  m.,  Xenophon, 
an  Athenian  who  conducted  the 
Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  in 
400  B.C.  He  is  celebrated  also  as 
a  writer. 

Xerxes,  -is  or  -i,  [S^p^r/s],  m., 
Xerxes,  king  of  the  Persians  from 
485  to  465  B.C.,  son  of  Darius 
Hystaspis.  He  undertook  a  great 
expedition  against  Greece,  but  was 
defeated  at  Salamis  in  480  b.c. 


Zama,  -ae,  f.,  Zama,  a  town  in 
Numidia,  southwest  of  Carthage, 
the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  Hanni- 
bal by  Scipio  Af  ricanus. 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


able,  be,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
about,  circiter. 

absent,  be,  absum,  -esse,  afui. 
abundance,  facultas,  -atis,  /. 
accustomed,  become,  consuesco, 

-ere,  -suevi,  -suetus. 
admit,  recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus. 
adopt  {of  a  plan),  titor,  uti,  usus 

sum. 
advance,    signa   ferS,   ferre,    tulT, 

latus;   advance    to    the    attack, 

signa  infero. 
advise,  moneo,  -ere,  monui,  moui- 

tus. 
Aeduan,  Aeduus,  -i,  m. 
Aemilius,  Aemilius,  Aemfli,  m. 
affair,  res,  rei,  /. 

afraid,  be,  vereor,  -eri,  veritussum. 
after  {conj.),  postquam  ;   after  the 

following      manner,      ad     hunc 

modum. 
afterwards,  postea. 
again,  iterum. 

against,  contra,  in,  preps,  with  ace. 
agreed,   be,   convenio,   -Ire,  -  veni, 

-ventus  ;  it  is  agreed,  convenit. 
aid,  subsidium,  subsfdi,  n. 
all,  omnis,  -e. 

Allobroges,  Allobroges,  -um,  m.  pi. 
allow,    patior,    pati,    passus    sum ; 

be  allowed,  licet,  -ere,  licuit,  with 

dat. 
ally,  socius,  soci,  m. 


almost,  fere,  paene. 

already,  iam. 

also,  etiam. 

although,  quamquam,  cum. 

always,  semper. 

among,  apud,  prep,  icith  ace. 

and,  et ;  and  not,  neque,  nee  ;  and 

so,  itaque. 
annihilate,    ad    internecionem   re- 

digo,  -igere,  -egl,  -actus. 
announce,  nuntio,  1 ;  enuntiS. 
annoy,    moleste    fero,    ferre,    tuli, 

latus. 
another,  alius,  -a,  -um. 
answer,  responsum,  -i,  n. 
any,  quis,  quid. 
apologize,   satis   facio,  -ere,   feci, 

factus. 
appoint  (of  a  time  or  day),  dico, 

-ere,  dixi,  dictus;  constituo,  -ere, 

-stitul,  -stitutus. 
approach,      accedo,     -ere,     -cessT, 

-cessus  ;  appropinquo,  1 . 
Aquitani,  Aquitiini,  -orum,  m.  pL 
Aquitania,  Aquitania,  -ae,/. 
Arar,  Arar,  Araris,  m. 
arbor- shed,  vTnea,  -ae, /. 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  -i,  m. 
armed  man,  armatus,  -T,  m. 
arms,  arma,  -orum,  n.  pi. 
army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 
arrival,  adventus,  -Qs,  m. 
arrive,  pervenio,  -ire,  -veni, -ventus. 
arrogance,  arrogantia,  -ae,  /. ;  spi- 

ritus,  -us,  m.  (in  plural). 


160 


AS 


151 


BROAD 


as  (adv.),  quern  ad  modura  ;  as  fol- 
lows, ita ;  as  long  as,  dum  ;  as 
soon  as,  cum  primum  ;  as  (to 
your  saying),  quod. 

as  (prep.),  pro,  with  ahl. 

ascent,  ascensus,  -us,  m. 

ask,  ask  for,  rogo,  1  ;  peto,  -ere, 
-I VI,  -Itus. 

assume,  sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sump- 
tus. 

at  all,  omnino  ;  at  once,  statim. 

Atrebates,  Atrebates,  -um,  m.  pi, 

attack  (ver6) ,  oppugno,  1  ;  adorior, 
-iri,  -ortus  sum ;  aggredior,  -i, 
-gressus  sum ;  sigiia  infero,  -ferre, 
-tuli,  illatus. 

attack  (nonn),  impetus,  -us,  m. 

attempt,  conatus,  -us,  m. 

auxiliary  troops,  alarii,  -orum,  m. 
pi. 

avenge,  ulciscor,  -I,  ultus  sum. 

avoid,  vTto,  1. 

a-wait,  exspect5,  1. 

Axona,  Axona,  -ae,  /. 

B. 

back  (of  an  enemy),  (hostem)  aver- 
sum. 

baggage,  heavy  baggage,  impedi- 
menta, -orum,  n.  pi. 

bank  (of  a  river),  ripa,  -ae,  /, 

barbarian,  barbarus,  -T,  m. 

barbarous,  barbarus,  -a,  -um. 

battering  ram,  aries,  arietis,  m. 

battle,  proelium,  proeli,  n.  ;  pugna, 
-ae,  /. 

be,  sum,  esse,  fui. 

be  from,  be  distant,  absum,  -esse, 
afui. 

bear,  perfer5,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus  ; 
patior,  -T,  passus  sum. 

because,  quod,  quia,  cum. 


become       established,       invete- 

rilsco,    1 . 
before  (prep.),  ante,  with  ace. 
before    (conj.),    antequam,    prius- 

qiiam. 
beg,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus ;  iraploro, 

1. 
begin,  coepi,  coepisse,  coeptus. 
Belgians,  Belgae,  -arum,  m.  pi. 
Bellovaci,  Bellovaci,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
besiege,  oppugno,  1. 
Bibracte,  Bibracte,  -is,  n. 
bid,  liceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum. 
bind  together,  colligo,  1. 
bitterly,  graviter. 
boast,  glorior,  -ari,  -atus  sum, 
boat,  navis,  -is,  /. 
body-guard,  praetoria  cohors,  co- 

hortis,  /. 
Boii,  Boil,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
boldness,  audacia,  -ae,  /. 
both  .  .   .  and,  et  .  .  .  et. 
boundary,  finis,  -is,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  -e. 
bravely,  audacter,  fortiter. 
bravery,  fortitude,  -inis,  /. 
break  (of  a   camp),   moved,    -ere, 

movT,  motus. 
break  down,    refringo,    -fringere, 

-fregi,  -fractus  ;  break  off,  dirimo, 

-ere,       -emi,      -emptus ;      break 

through,  perfringo. 
breathless,  exanimatus,  -a,  -um. 
bribery,  largiti5,  -onis,  /. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
briefly,  pauca  (respondere). 
bring,  ferO,  ferre,  tuli,  latus  ;  tra- 
duce,   -ducere,     -dGxi,    -ductus ; 

imports,  1  ;  bring  back,  rediico  ; 

bring  up,  supports,  1  ;   bring  up 

(a  river),  subvehd,  -vehere,  -vexi, 

-vectus. 
broad,  Ifitus,  -a,  -um. 


BROTHER 


152 


CONTROL 


brother,  frater,  fratris,  m. 

build,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus  ;  {of 

a  camp)  J  rnunio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Itus. 
bum,  combu.ro,  exuro,  -urere,  -ussi, 

-ustus;  burn  to  death,  Igni  cre- 

m5,  1. 
business,  negotiuiii,  negoti,  n. 
but,  sed. 
buy    up,     redimo,     -imere,    -emi, 

-emptus. 
t)y  (.of  a  personal  agent)  ^  a,  ab, 

prep,  with  abl. 

C. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 

call,  nomino,   1 ;    appello,   1 ;   call 

together,  convoco,  1. 
camp,  castra,  -orum,  n.  pi. ;  camp 

servant,  calo,  -onis,  m. 
can,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
canton,  pagus,  -I,  m. 
capitulation,  deditio,  -onis,  /. 
captive,  captivus,  -I,  m. 
capture,  capio,  -ere,   c6pl,  captus ; 

{of  a  town),  expugno,  1. 
carry    off,    abduc5,    -ere,    -duxi, 

-ductus. 
carry    on    {of  war)^    gero,    -ere, 

gessi,  gestus. 
case,  causa,  -ae,  /. 
Cassius,  Cassius,  CassI,  m. 
cast    down,    prdicio,    -ere,    -led, 

-iectus. 
Casticus,  Casticus,  -I,  m. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  m. 
Celts,  Celtae,  -arum,  m.  pi. 
centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  m. 
cessation,  without,  continenter. 
change,  miito,  commuto,  1. 
check,  coerceO,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus. 
chief  man,  princeps,  principia.  m. 
children,  llberl,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
choose,   eligO,  -ere,  -Iggi,  -iectus. 


Cimberius,  Cimberius,  Cimb^rl,  m. 

Cimbri,  Cimbri,  -5rum,  m.  pi. 

city-gate,  porta,  -ae,  /. 

climb,  climb  up,  ascendo,  -ere, 
-scendi,  -scensus. 

collect,  cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactus. 

come,  venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus ; 
come  up,  come  up  to,  subeo, 
-Ire,  -Ivi,  -itus ;  come  {to  one's 
senses),  revertor,  -vertl,  -versus 
sum ;  come  about  that,  come  to 
pass  that,  sum,  esse,  ful,  ut ;  fI5, 
fieri,  factus  sum,  ut. 

command,impero,l;  praesum,-esse, 
-ful ;  be  in  command,  praesum . 

commander,  imperator,  -oris,  m. 

commit  suicide,  sibi  mortem  con- 
sciscere  (consclsco,  -ere,  -scivl, 
-scltus) . 

complain,  queror,  -i,  questus  sum 

conceal,  celo,  1. 

concern,  cura,  ae,  /. 

concerning,   de,  pj-ep.  vrith  abl. 

condemn,  condemno,  1. 

confer,  have  a  conference,  collo- 
quor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum. 

conference,  colloquium,  -16qui,  n. 

conquer,  vinco,  -ere,  vicl,  victus. 

consent,  voluntas,  -atis,  /. 

consider,  habeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus. 

Considius,  Considius,  Considi,  m. 

conspire,  coniuro,  1. 

construct,  constitud,  -ere,  -stitui, 
-stitutus. 

consul,  consul,  -ulis,  m. 

contend,  contend©,  -ere,  -tendl, 
-tentus. 

continuously,  continenter. 

contracted,   angustus,  -a,  -urn. 

control  {noun),  imperium,  im- 
parl, n. 

control  {verb),  fingo,  fingere,  finxi, 
fictus. 


CONVENIENTLY 


153 


DURING 


conveniently,  commode. 

country,  fines,  -ium,  ?n.  pL 

courage,  virtus,  -utis,  /. 

covet,  adamo,  1. 

crisis,  angustum,  -i,  n. 

crops,  friiggs,  -um,  /.  pi. 

cross,  cross  over,  transeO,  -ire, 
-ivi,  -itus. 

cruelly,  crudeliter. 

cruelty,  crudelitas,  -atis,  /. 

crush,  opprimo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sus. 

custom,  consuetudo,  -inis,  /. ;  mos, 
moris,  m. 

cut  down,  interscindo,  -ere,  -scidi, 
-scissus;  cut  off,  intercludo,  -ere, 
-cltisi,  -clusus;  cut  to  pieces, 
concido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus. 

D. 

danger,  perTculum,  -i,  n. 
dangerous,  peiTculosus,  -a,  -um. 
dare,  audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum. 
daughter,  filia,  -ae,  /. 
day,  dies,  -ei,  m.  and/. 
daybreak,  at,  prima  luce, 
death,  mors,  mortis,  /. 
December,  December,  -bris,  -bre. 
decide,  cOnstituo,  -stituere,  -stitui, 

-stitutus. 
decree,  decerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus. 
defeat,  pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus; 

supero,  1  ;  viiicO,  -ere,  vici,  victus. 
defend,  def  endo,  -ere,  -f  endi,  -fensus. 
delay,  dubito,  1. 
deliver,  a  speech,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui, 

-itus ;    deliver    up,    trado,    -ere, 

-didi,  -ditus. 
demand,  postulo,  1. 
depart,  proficiscor,-i,  prof  ectus  sum. 
departure,  profectio,  -onis,  /. 
descended,  prognatus,  -a,  -um. 


deserter,   perfuga,   -ae,  wi. ;   fugi- 

tivus,  -T,  m. 
desire  (nown),  cupiditas,  -atis,/. 
desire  (verb)^  appeto,  -ere,  -petivi, 

-petltus. 
despatch,  litterae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
destroy,   constimo,   -ere,   -siimpsT, 

-stimptus ;  deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus. 
devastate,  vasto,  1. 
direct,    negotium   do,   dare,   dedi, 

datus. 
direction,  pars,  partis,  /. 
disadvantage,  detrimentum,  -i,  n. 
disappoint,  fallo,  -ere,  fefelll,  fal- 

sus;  (in  an  explanation),  deicio, 

-ere,  -ieci,  -iectus. 
disgraceful,  turpis,  -e. 
dismiss,  dimitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus. 
distant,  be,  absum,  -esse,  afui. 
distress,  to  be  in,  laboro,  1. 
distribute  (of  grain),  metior,  -irT, 

mensus  sum. 
disturb,    summoveo,   -ere,    -movi, 

-motus. 
Diviciacus,  Diviciacus,  -I,  m. 
Divico,  Divico,  -onis,  m. 
divide,  divido,  -ere,  divTsT,  divisus. 
divisions,  in  two,  bipartito. 
do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus ;   gero, 

-ere,  gessi,  gestus ;  do  (wrong), 

(initiriam)    infero,    -ferre,    -tuli, 

-latus. 
doubt,  dubito,  1. 
doubtful,  dubius,  -a,  -um. 
draw    up,    instruo,    -ere,    -struxi, 

-structus ;    conficio,    -ere,    -feci, 

-f  ectus. 
dread,  horreo,  -ere,  -ui. 
drive,  compello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus. 
drive   back,  repello ;   reicio,  -ere, 

-iecT,  -iectus. 
Dumnorix,  Dumnorix,  -Tgis,  m. 
during,  per,  prep,  loith  ace. 


DWELLING-PLACE  154 


FLEE 


dwelling-place,  domicilium,  domi- 
clli,  n. 

E. 

each,  quisque,  quidque ;  {individu- 
ally)^ singuli,  -ae,  -a  ;  each  one  {of 
two),  uterque,  utraque,  utrumque. 

eager,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 

eagerly,  audacter. 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  -e. 

eight,  octo. 

eighteen,  octodecim. 

elder,  maior  natu. 

encamp,  castra  pono,  -ere,  posui, 
positus ;     consideo,     -ere,    -sedi, 


end,  finis,  -is,  m.  ;  end  of ,  extremus, 

-a,  -um. 
enemy,  hostis,  -is,  m,  ;  {personal), 

inimlcus,  -i,  m. 
engage  in  battle,   congredior,  -i, 

-gressus  sum. 
enlist,     conscribo,     -ere,    -scrips!, 

-scrlptus. 
enrol,     conscribo,    -ere,     -scripsi, 

-scrlptus. 
ensign,  signum,  -I,  n. ;  insigne,  -is,  n. 
enter,  ingredior,  -I,  -gressus  sum. 
entreaty,  prex,  precis,  /. 
entrenchment,  fossa,  -ae,  /. 
envoy,  legatus,  -I,  m. 
equal,  make,  aequ5,  1. 
escape,  prof  ugio,  -ere,  -f  ugi,  -fugitus. 
establish,  conflrmo,  1. 
even,  etiam. 
every,    omnis ;    every  year,    quo- 

tannls ;   everything,   omnes   res, 

omnia. 
evil  doing,  maleficium,  malefic!,  n. 
exceedingly,  vehementer. 
excel,  praecedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus. 
except,  praeter,  prep,  with  ace. 


exchange,  inter  se  dare  (do,  dare, 

dedl,  datus). 
exhaust,  defatlgo,  1. 
exhausted,     confectus,    -a,    -um; 

defatlgatus,  -a,  -um. 
expectation,  spes,  spel,  /. 
extend  {trans.),  amplifico,  1;  {in- 

trans.),  pertineo,  -ere,  -ul, -tentus. 
extraordinary,  incredibilis,  -e. 

F. 

face  about,  signa  converto,  -ere, 

-verti,  -versus. 
fact,  res,  rei,  /, 
fail,  desum,  -esse,  -fui. 
far,  longe. 

farther,  ulterior,  -ius. 
fate,  fatum,  -I,  n. 
fatherland,  patria,  -a,e,f. 
favor,  gratia,  -ae,  /. 
fear  {nou7i),  timor,  -oris,  w. 
fear    {verb),    vereor,    -eri,    veritus 

sum  ;  timeo,  -ere,  -ui. 
feature,  vultus,  -us,  m. 
feel    {of  pain),  capio,    -ere,    cepi, 

captus. 
few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 
field,  ager,  agrl,  m. 
fifteen,  quindecim. 
fight,   pugno,  1;    fight  it  out,  de- 

certo,  1  ;   fight  on  the  defensive, 

prdpugno,  1. 
find,  reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertus  ; 

find   out,   cogn5sco,   -ere,   -novl, 

-nitus. 
fire.  Ignis,  -is,  m. 
first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 
five,  quinque. 
flank,  latus,  -eris,  n. 
flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fugl,  fugitus  ;  fugam 

peto,   -ere,   -Ivi,   -itus ;    se  fugae 

mandare,     1  ;     fuga    se    recipere 

(recipio,  -ere,  -cepI,  -ceptus). 


FLIGHT 


155 


HAND 


flight,  fuga,  -ae,  /. 

flow,  fluo,  -ere,  fluxi,  fluxus. 

fluently,  to  speak,  multa  scientia 

iitor,  uti,  tisus  sum,  imth  abl. 
foUo'W',  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum  ; 

consequor. 
fond  of  -war,  bellicosus,  -a,  -um. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. ;  at  the  foot  of, 

sub,  prep,  with  abl. 
for,  nam,  enim. 
for  the  sake  of,  causa,  following  a 

gen. 
for,  in  behalf  of,  pro,  prep,  with  abl. 
force  (nou7i),  vis,  —  ,  /. ;  pi.  vires  ; 

forces  (troops),  copiae,  -arum,  /. 

pi. 
force     (verb),    cogo,    -ere,    coegT, 

coactus. 
forced   (of  a  march),  magnus,  -a, 

-um. 
ford,  vadum,  -i,  n. 
forefathers,  maiores,  -um,  m.  pi. 
forget,  obliviscor,  -T,  oblitus  sum. 
form  (of  a  plan),  capio,  -ere,  cep!, 

captus  ;  ineo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  ;    (of 

a   line   of  battle),  instruo,    -ere, 

-struxi,  -structus ;  (of  a  phalanx) , 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
former,  ille,  ilia,  illud. 
fortify,  munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus ;  com- 

munio. 
fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,  /. 
four,  quattuor. 
free,  liber,  -era,  -erum. 
freely,  libere. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 
friendly,  auiicus,  -a,  -um. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  /. 
frighten     thoroughly,     perterreo, 

-ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
from,  a,  sJo, prep,  with  abl.  ;  de,pr€p. 

with  abl.  ;  (with  verb  of  hindering 

or  preventing),  quominus. 


fruitful,  fructuosus,  -a,  -um. 
furnish,  confero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus. 


Gallic,   Gallus,   -a,  -um;   Gallicus, 

-a,  -um. 
Garonne,  Garumna,  -ae,  /. 
garrison,  praesidium,  praesldi,  n. 
gather  together,  cogo,  -ere,  coegi, 

coactus. 
Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,  /.;    a  Gaul,  Gal- 
lus, -i,  TO. 
generally,  plerumque. 
generosity,  liberalitas,  -atis,  /. 
Geneva,  Genava,  -ae,  /. 
German,  Germanus,  -a,  -um. 
get  possession  of,  potior,  -iri,  -itus 

sum. 
give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus ;  affero, 

-ferre,    attuli,    allatus ;    give   up, 

desisto,  -ere,  destiti,  destitus. 
gladly,  libenter. 

go,  eo,  ire,  ivi,  itus ;  go  up,  subeo. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 
gradually,  paulatim. 
grain,    frumentum,    -i,    n.;   grain 

supply,  frQmentum,   commeatus, 

-us,  m. 
grant,  concedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus. 
great,  magnus,  -a,  -um;   summus, 

-a,  -um. 
greatly,  magnopere. 
grief,  dolor,  -oris,  to. 
ground,  solum,  -i,  n. 
groundless,  vanus,  -a,  -um. 
guard,   be  on  one's,   caveo,  -ere, 

cavi,  cautus. 


halt,  constituo,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 

tus. 
hand,  manus,  -us,  /. 


HAPPEN 


156 


INPORM 


happen,     contingO,   -ere,     contigT, 

-tactus ;   accido,  -ere,  -cidT ;  fio, 

fieri,  f actus  sum,  ut. 
harass,  vexo,  1  ;  lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi, 

-itus, 
harm,  maleficium,  maleffci,  n. 
hasten,    contendo,     -ere,      -tendi, 

-tentus, 
haughtiness,   arrogantia,     -ae,  /., 

spiritus,  -us,  m.  (in  plural). 
have,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  ;  have 

a     conference,     in      colloquium 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus. 
hear,  audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
heavy,  gravis,  -e. 
hedge,  saepes,  -is,/. 
height,  iugum,  -i,  n. ;  mons,  mentis, 

m. ;  collis,  -is,  m. 
help,  auxilium,   auxfli,  n. ;    subsi- 

dium,  subsfdi,  n. 
Helvetian,  Helvetius,  Helveti,  m. 
hem  in,  contineo-,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus. 
hesitation,  dubitatio,  -onis,  /. 
hide,  abdo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus. 
high,  alius,  -a,  -um. 
higher,  superior,  -ius. 
hill,  collis,  -is,  m. 
hinder,  impedio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
hindered  {in  movement)^  impedi- 

tus,  -a,  -um. 
his,  eius;  his  own  {and  reflexive), 

suus,  -a,  -um. 
hither,  citerior,  -ius. 
hold,  teneo,  -ere,  -uT,  -tentus  ;  hold 

back,   prohibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus; 

hold  out,  sustineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ten- 
tus ;  hold  possession  of,  occupo, 

1 ;  potior,  -iri,  -Itus  sum. 
home,  domus,  -us,  /. ;  {with  verbs  of 

motion)^  domum. 
honorary,  honOrificus,  -a,  -um. 
hope   {noun),   spes,  spei, /. ;  hope 

of  refuge,  praesidium,  praesfdi,  n. 


hope  {verb),  sperd,  1. 

horse,  equus,  -i,  m. 

horseman,  eques,  -itis,  m. 

hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m.  and/. 

how^  often,  quotiens. 

hundred,  centum. 

hunt  up,    require,    -ere,    -quisivi, 

-quisitus. 
hurl,  iacio,  -ere,  ieci,  iactus ;  mitto, 

-ere,  misi,  missus. 
hurry,  contendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentus. 
husband,  maritus,  -i,  m. 


I,  ego,  mei,  mihi,  m6. 

Iccius,  Iccius,  Icci,  m. 

if,  si  ;  if  not,  nisi. 

ignore,  ignoro,  1. 

impell,  induco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus. 

import,  Tnfero,  -ferre,  intulT,  illatus. 

importance,  of  greatest,  summus, 
-a,  -um. 

important,  to  be,  intersum,  -esse, 
-fui. 

in,  in,  prep,  loith  ace.  or  abl.;  in 
behalf  of ,  ^ro,  prep,  with  ahl.;  in 
order  that,  ut;  {with  a  compara- 
tive), quo  ;  in  this  way,  ita. 

increase,  be  added,  accedo,  -ere, 
-cessi,  -cessus. 

induce,  addtico.  -ere,  -duxT.  -ductus. 

inflict  punishment,  supplicio  affi- 
cio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 

influence  {noun),  auctOritas,  -atis, 
/.  ;  to  have  very  little,  minimum 
possum,  posse,  potui. 

influence  {verb),  adduco,  -ducere, 
-diixi,  -ductus. 

influential,  to  be,  largiter  possum, 
posse,  potui. 

inform,  (aliquem)  certi5rem  facio, 
-ere,  feci,  factus. 


INHABIT 


167 


MAKE 


inhabit,  incolo,   -ere,  -colui,  -cul- 

tus. 
injury,  iniuria,  -Sie,f. 
insult,  contumelia,  -ae,  /. 
intention,  animus,  -i,  m. 
interpreter,  interpres,  -itis,  m. 
into,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 


join,  coniungo,  -ere,  -iiinxT,  -iunctus; 

join     (battle),    coramitto,    -ere, 

-tnisi,  -missus. 
Jura,  lura,  -ae,  m. 


keep,   retineo,   -ere,    -ui,   -tentus ; 

keep    concealed,    celo,    1 ;    keep 

from,  contineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus ; 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
kill,  interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
kindness,  beneficium,  benefici,  n.  ; 

acts  of  kindness,  beneficia. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
know,  scio,  -ire,   -ivi,  -itus  ;  cog- 

nosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitus. 


Labienus,  Labienus,  -i,  m. 
lake,  lacus,  -us,  m. 
lament,  queror,  -i,  questus  sum. 
land,   lands,   agri,  -orum,  m.  pi. ; 

fines,  -ium,  m.  pi. 
language,  lingua,  -ae,  /. 
last,  supremus,  -a,  -um. 
late  in  the  day,  mult5  die;  late  at 

night,  multa  nocte. 
latter,  hie,  haec,  hOc. 
laugh  at,  irrideS,  -ere,  -risi,  -risus. 
lay  waste,   depopulor,   -ari,   -atus 

sum. 
lead,  duco,  -ere,  duxi,  ductus ;  lead 


across,    traduco;    lead    up,   sub- 

duco. 
learn,  disc5,  -ere,  didici. 
leave  (trans.),  deponO,  -ere,  -posui, 

-positus ;    relinquO,    -ere,   -liqui, 

-lictus ;   (intrans.),  excedo,  -ere, 

-cessi,   -cessus ;    (go  out),    exeo, 

-ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
left,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 
legion,  legio,  -onis,/. 
less,  minus. 
letter    (of   the  alphabet),    littera, 

-ae,    /.  ;    (an  epistle),   litterae, 

-arum,  /.  pi. 
levy,  impero,  1. 
liberty,  libertas,  -atis,  /. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
light  armed,  expeditus,  -a,  -um. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  aciei,  /. 
Lingones,  Lingones,  -um,  m.  pi. 
Liscus,  Liscus,  -i,  m. 
list,  tabula,  -ae,  /. 
location  (natural),  nattira  loci, 
longer,  diutius. 
look  after,  alicui  esse  curae  ;  look 

at,    intueor,    -eri,    -tuitus    sum  ; 

look  into,  perspicio,  -ere,  -spexi, 

-spectus. 
lose,  amitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus. 
lot,  fortuna,  -ae,  /. 
Lucius,  Lucius,  Luci,  m.,  expressed 

by  the  abbreviation  L. 
lucky,  fortunatus,  -a,  -um. 


M. 

magistrate,  magistratus,  -us,  m. 

maintain,  alo,  -ere,  alui,  altus  or 
alitus. 

make,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus ; 
creo,  1 ;  make  (a  trench) ,  per- 
diico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus ;  make 
it    possible,    efficio,    -ere,    -feci. 


MAKE   REPLY 


158 


OBSERVE 


-fectus,  ut;  make  ready,  cora- 
paro,  1  ;  make  war,  bellum  in- 
fero,  -ere,  intull,  Hiatus. 

make     reply,      responded,      -ere, 
-spondi,  -sponsus. 

man,  vir,  viri,  m. 

many,  multi,  -ae,  -a  ;  many  things, 
multa,  -orum,  n.  pi. 

march  {noun)^  iter,  itineris,  n. 

march  (verb),  iter  facio,  -ere,  feci, 
f  actus. 

Marius,  Marius,  Mari,  m. 

marriage,     matrimonium,      matri- 
moni,  n. 

marry,  in  matrimonium  duco,  -ere, 
duxi,  ductus. 

match,  par,  paris,  m. 

matter,  res,  rei,/. 

mean,  sibi  velle  (volo,  velle,  voluT). 

meanwhile,  interea. 

meet,  occurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus. 

meeting,  concilum,  concili,  n. 

mercy,  dementia,  -ae, /. 

Messala,  Messala,  -ae,  m. 

messenger,  nuntius,  nunti,  m. 

middle,  middle  of,  medius,  -a,  -um. 

mile,  miUe  passus ;  pi.  milia  pas- 
su um. 

military,  mllitaris,  -e  ;  military  af- 
fairs, res  mllitaris. 

mischief,  iniuria,  -ae,  /. 

money,  peciinia,  -ae,  /. 

month,  mensis,  -is,  m. 

moon,  luna,  -ae,  /, 

more,  plus,  plures. 

more  (adv.),  amplius. 

moreover,  praeterea,  autem. 

most  powerful,  to  be,  plurimum 
vale5,  -ere,  valui. 

mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 

mountaineer,  montanus,  -i,  m. 

muster,  conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 

my,  meus,  -a,  -um. 


N. 

name,    nomen,    nominis,    n.  /    by 
name,    nomine ;     {adv.),    nomi- 
natim. 
narrow  road,  narrow   pass,  an- 

gustiae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
Nasua,  Nasua,  -ae,  m. 
nation,  gens,  gentis, /. 
natural  location,  natura  locL 
nature,  natura,  -ae,  /. 
near,  prope. 
nearer,  propius. 
nearest,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 
neglect,  neglego,  -ere,  neglexi,  ne- 

glectus. 
neighbor,  finitimus,  -i,  m. 
Nervii,  Nervii,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
nevertheless,  tamen. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
night,    nox,    noctis,    /.  ;    late    at 

night,  multa  nocte. 
nineteen,  undeviginti. 
no,  niillus,  -a,  -um ;  no  one,  neque 

quisquam,    nemo,     dat.    nemini, 

ace.     neminem ;    ge7i.     and    abl. 

wanting. 
noble,  nobilis,  -e. 
nor,  neque,  nee. 
not,    non;   not   at   all,   nihil;    not 

yet,  nondum. 
nothing,  nihil,  indecl. 
Noviodunum,  Noviodunum,  -i,  n. 
now,  nunc 
number,  numerus,  -i,  m. 


obey,  pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
obligation,     officium,     offici,     n.  / 

under   obligation,   obstrictus,  -a, 

-um. 
observe,    perspicio,    -ere,    -spexi, 

-spectus. 


OBTAIN 


169 


PROMISE 


obtain,  impetio,  1 ;  obtain  posses- 
sion of,  get  control  of,  potior, 
-Iri,  potitus  sum. 

occupy,  occupO,  1. 

off  one's  guard,  inopinans,  -antis. 

offend,  offeiido,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensus. 

old,  vetus,  -eris. 

on,  in,  prep,  with  abl.;  on  account 
of,  propter,  prep,  with  ace.  ;  on 
the  next  day,  postridie,  proximo 
die. 

once,  at,  statim. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -um;  one  (.  .  .  an- 
other), alius,  -a,  -um  .  .  .  (alius). 

only  one,  solus,  -a,  -um  ;  unus,  -a, 
-um. 

oneself,  self,  sui,  sibi,  se ;  suus,  -a, 
-um. 

open,  apertus,  -a,  -um. 

opinion,  sententia,  -ae,  /. 

opportunity,  facultas,  -atis,  /. 

or  (-whether  .  .  .),  an. 

order,  give  orders,  iubeo,  -Ore, 
iussT,  iussus. 

ordinary,  cotidianus,  -a,  -um. 

Orgetorix,  Orgetorix,  -igis,  m. 

other,  alius,  -a,  -um ;  {of  two), 
alter,  -era,  -erum. 

ought,  oportet,  -ere,  oportuit. 

our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

outpost,  praesidium,  praesfdi,  n. 

overcome,  superS,  1. 

overhang,  impendeo,  -ere. 

overlook,  condono,  1. 

0"wn,  ipsius ;  suus,  -a,  -um, 

P. 

pardon,  ignosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -notus. 

part,  pars,  partis,  /. 

pass,  let,  intermitto,  -ere,  -misi, 
-missus ;  pass  {honorary  meas- 
ures), facio,  -ere,  feci,  f actus. 


pay,  persolvo,  -ere,  -solvi,  -solutus ; 
pendo,  -ere,  pependl,  pensus. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  /. 

penalty,  poena,  -ae,  /. 

people,  populus,  -i,  m. 

perceive,  animadverts,  -ere,  -verti, 
-versus. 

permit,  permitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus. 

persuade,  persuadeo,  -ere,  -suasi, 
-suasus. 

phalanx,  phalanx,  -angis,  /. 

pike,  pilum,  -i,  n. 

Piso,  Piso,  -onis,  m. 

place,  colloco,  1;  place  in  com- 
mand of,  praeficio,  -ere,  -feci, 
-fectus. 

plan,  consilium,  consfli,  n. 

plead,  verba  facio,  -ere,  feci,  f actus  ; 
dico,  -ere,  dixT,  dictus. 

please,  placeo,  -ere,  placuT,  placitus. 

pleasure,  voluptas,  -atis,  /. 

plunder,  diripio,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptus. 

plundering,  rapina,  -ae,  /. 

possess,  occupd,  1 ;  potior,  -iri, 
potitus  sum. 

power,  potestas,  -atis,  /.  ;  power, 
have  more,  pliis  possum,  posse, 
potui. 

powerful,  to  be  more,  plus  pos- 
sum, posse,  potui ;  to  be  very, 
plurimum  possum,  posse,  potui. 

pray  (in  the  expression  '^what, 
pray  ?"),  tandem. 

present,  be,  adsum,  -esse,  adfui. 

prevent,  deterreo,  -ere,  -terrui, 
-territus ;  prohibeo,  -ere,  -hibui, 
-hibitus. 

previously,  prius. 

privately,  secreto. 

procure,  procuro,  1. 

promise,  poUiceor,  -eri,  pollicitus 


PROFITABLE 


160 


ROAM  ABOUT 


profitable,  less,  deterior,  -ias. 

property,  fortunae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 

protect,  defendO,  -ere,  -fendi, 
-fensus. 

protection,  praesidium,  praesfdi, 
n.  ;  fides,  fidei,  /. 

province,  provincia,  -ae,  /, 

provisions,  cibaria,  -oruni,  n.  pi. 

proud,  superbus,  -a,  -um. 

Publius,  Publius,  Publi,  m.,  ex- 
pressed by  the  abbreviation  P. 

punish,  animadverts,  -ere,  -verti, 
-versus,  in,  with  ace. 

punishment,  poena,  -ae,  /.  ;  suppli- 
cium,  supplici,  n. 

purchase,  emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus. 

put,  pono,  -ere,  posui,  positus ; 
impono ;  conicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iec- 
tus ;  put  {an  end  to) ,  facio,  -ere, 
feci,  f actus  ;  put  off,  duco,  -ere, 
dtixT,  ductus ;  put  to  flight,  in 
f  ugam  conicio ;  in  f ugam  converto, 
-ere,  -verti,  -versus. 


quickly,  celeriter. 


raft,  ratis,  -is,  /. 

rampart,  agger,  -eris,  m. ;  vallum, 

-1,  n. 
Rauraci,  RauracT,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
reach,  pervenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 

ad,  with  ace. 
ready,  paratus,  -a,  -um. 
rear,  novissimi,  -ae,  -a ;  rear-guard, 

novissimum  agmen,  -inis,  n. 
reason,  for  this,  ob  earn  rem. 
rebuild,  restituo,  -ere,  -stitui,  -sti- 

tutus. 
receive,  accipio,  -ere,  -c6pi,  -ceptus. 
redoubt,  castellum,  -i,  n. 


reduce,  redigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus. 
reinforcements,  auxilia.  -orum,  n. 

pi. 
refrain,  tempers,  1. 
refuse,  reciis5,  1. 
regard,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
region,  locus,  -I,  m.  ;  regio,  -onis,  /. 
reject,  repudio,  1. 
remain,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 

sus  ;  se  tenere  (teneo,  -ere,  tenul, 

tentus). 
Remi,  Remi,  -5rum,  w.  pi. 
remove,  removeo,  -ere,  -raovi,  -m5- 

tus. 
reply,    respondeO,     -6re,     -spondi, 

-sponsus. 
report,  nuntiS,  1,  eniintio,  renuntio. 
reproach,  accuso,  1. 
request,    peto,    -ere,    -ivi,    -itus; 

rogo,  1. 
requital,    make,    gratiam    refero, 

-ferre,  rettuli,  -latus. 
rest,  rest  of,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 
result  is,  fit,  fieri,  factum  est,  ut, 
retainer,  cliens,  -entis,  m. 
retreat,  pedem  refero, -ferre,  rettuli, 

-latus ;  se  referre. 
return  (noun),  reditio,  -onis,  /. 
return  (verb   trans.),  reddo,    -ere, 

-didi,  -ditus  ;  (intrans.),  reverter, 

-i,  -versus  sum. 
revenue,  vectlgal,  -alls,  n. 
revolt,  deficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
revolution,  res  novae,  rerum  nova- 
rum,  /.  pi. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  -i,  m. 
Rhone,  Rhodanus,  -i,  m. 
rich,  dives,  -itis. 
right,  rights,  ius,  ifiris,  n. 
ripe,  matiirus,  -a,  -um. 
river,  fltimen,  -inis,  n. 
road,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
roam  about,  vagor,  -arl,  -atus  sum. 


ROMAN 


161 


STANDARD 


Roman,    ROmanus,   -a,   -um;    Ro- 
mans, ROinani,  -5rum,  w.  pi. 
Rome,  Roma,  -ae,  /. 
rouse,  incitO,  1. 
rule  (noun),  imperium,  imp^ri,  n. 

(usually  in  the  pi.) . 
role  (verb),  impero,  1. 
run,  curro,  -ere,  cucurri,  -cursus ; 

run  away,  profugio,  -ere,  -fugl ; 

run     forward,     procurro,     -ere, 

-currl,  -cursus. 
running,  cursus,  -us,  m. 
rush     (to    a7"ms),    concurrd,    -ere, 

-curri,  -cursus;  mshforth,  prOvolo,  - 

1. 

S. 
sad,  tristis,  -e. 
safety,  salus,  -litis,  /. 
sally,  gruptiO,  -5nis,  /. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem, 
satisfied  (to  be),  satis  habeo,  -€re, 

-ui,  -itus. 
save,   eripi5,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptus; 

conserve,  1. 
say,   dic5,   -ere,   dIxT,   dictus;    in- 

quam,  inquis,  inquit. 
scout,  explorator,  -Oris,  m. 
seal,  obsigno,  1. 
see,    video,   -ere,   vidl,   visus ;   in- 

tellego,   -ere,   -lexi,  -lectus. 
seek,  pet5,  -ere,  -Tvi,  -itus. 
seize,  detraho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus ; 

occup5,  1. 
select,  deligO,  -ere,  -l6gi,  -lectus. 
self,  oneself,  sul,  sibi,  sS ;  suus,  -a, 

-um. 
senate,  senatus,  -us,  m 
send,    mittO,   -ere,    misi,    missus ; 

send     forward,      send      ahead, 

praemitto. 
separate,  divide,  -ere,  -visi,  -visus. 
separately,  separatim. 
Sequani,  Sequani,  -Orum,  m.  pi. 


service,  usus,  -us,  m. 

set  (a  day  or  time),  dico,  -ere,  dixi, 

dictus ;   set  out   for,    proficiscor, 

-i,  -fectus  sum. 
several,  complures,  -a  and  -ia. 
shield,  scutum,  -I,  n. 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
show,  demonstro,  1 ;  ostendo,  -ere, 

-tendi,    -tentus ;    show    (mercy), 

utor,  -1,  usus  sum ;   show  oneself 

superior  to,    se  praeferre    (fero, 

ferre,  tulT,  latus). 
sides,  on  all,  undique. 
siege-works,  '  things  that  are  ser- 
viceable for  a  siege ' ;  see  p.  158, 

1.6. 
sight,  conspectus,  -iis,  w. 
signal,  signum,  -i,  n. 
silent,  to  be,  taceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
since,  cum. 
six,  sex. 

skilled,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 
slave,  servus,  -i,  m. 
slavery,  servitus,  -litis,  /. 
slay,  interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
smoothness,  lenitas,  -atis,  /. 
so,   tam;  so  large,   so  great,  tan- 

tus,    -a,   -um ;    so    that,    ut ;    so 

that  .  .  .  not,  ne. 
soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m. 
soliloquize,   secum  loqui  (loquor, 

loqui,  locutus  sum). 
some,  aliT,  -ae,  -a. 
son,  fllius,  fill,  m. 
soon  as  possible,  aa,  quam  celer- 

rime. 
sovereign  rule,  regnum,  -i,  n. 
Spain,  Hispania,  -ae,  /, 
speak,     dicO,    -ere,    dm,   dictus ; 

verba  faciS,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
speech,  oratio,  -Snis,  /. 
standard,  signum,  -i,  n. ;  insigne, 

-is,  n. 


STANDARD-BEARER 


162 


THROUGH 


standard-bearer,  signifer,  -fen,  ?>i. 

start,  initium  faci5,  -ere,  feci,  f actus. 

state,  civitas,  -atis,  /. 

station,  collbco,  1 ;  dispoiio,  -ere, 
-posuT,  -positus. 

still,  tarn  en. 

stir,  commoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -mdtus. 

stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 

stop,  resisto,  -ere,  -stiti. 

storm,  oppugno,  1. 

stratagem,  insidiae,  -arum,/. j^Z. 

such  (a  barbarian)^  tarn  (bar- 
barus) ;  such  little  chaps,  ho- 
mines tantulae  statiirae ;  {adj.), 
talis,  -e;  is,  ea,  id. 

suffer  (punishment),  supplicio  alBcT 
(afficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus)  ;  he 
suffers  punishment,  poena  eum 
sequitur  (sequor,  -T,  secutussum). 

suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 

Sulla,  Sulla,  -ae,  m. 

summon,  voco,  1  ;  arcess5,  -ere, 
-cessivi,  -cessitus. 

supply  of  grain,  res  frumentaria, 
rel  frumentariae,  /.  ;  frumentum, 
-1,  n. 

supporter,  cliens,  -entis,  m. 

surrender,  se  in  potestatem  permit- 
tere(permitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus) ; 
se  dedere  (dedo,  -ere,  -didl, 
-ditus) . 

surround,  circumvenio,  -ire,  -veni, 
-ventus. 

survive,  supersum,  -esse,  -fui. 

suspicion,  suspicio,  -onis,  /. 

swampland,  palus,  -udis,  /. 


take,  capi5,  -ere,  cepi,  captus  ; 
recipiO  ;  take  from,  detraho,  -ere, 
-traxi,  -tractus;  take  (as  allies), 
ascisc5,  -ere,  -scivi,  -scitus  ;  take 
away,  tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,   subla- | 


tus  ;  eripio,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptus  ; 
take  up,  suscipio  ;  take  arms 
from  one,  armisdespolio,  1  ;  take 
precaution,  praecaveo,  -ere,  -cavl, 
-cautus ;  take  possession  of, 
occupo,  1  ;  potior,  -irT,  potitus 
sum  ;  take  through,  tradiico, 
-ere,  -duxl.  -ductus. 

talk,  loquor,  -i,  locutus  sum. 

teach,  doceo,  -ere,  docui,  doctus. 

tell,  dico,  -ere,  dixT,  dictus  ;  (shoio), 
doceo,  -ere,  docui,  doctus. 

ten,  decem. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 

territory,  fines,  -ium,  m.  pi. 

Teutones,  Teuton!,  -6mm,  m.  pi. 

than,  quam, 

that,  in  order  that,  ut,  quo  (with 
comparative);  ne  (with  verb  of 
fearing)  ;  quin  (loith  verbs  and 
expressicns  of  doubting). 

their,  suus,  -a,  -um  ;  eorum. 

them,  see  they. 

then,  delude,  tum. 

there,  ibi. 

therefore,  qua  re,  quam  ob  rem, 
itaque, 

they,  them,  pi.  of  is,  ea,  id. 

thick,  densus,  -a,  -um. 

thing,  res,  rei,  /. 

think,  puto,  1  ;  arbitror,  -aii,  -atus 
sum. 

third  (adj.).  tertius,  -a, -um. 

third  (noun),  pars  tertia ;  two 
thirds,  duae  partes. 

thirty,  triginta. 

this,  hic,  hacc.  hoc. 

thoroughly,  expressed  by  per-  in 
composition. 

thousand,  mille. 

three,  tres. 

three  quarters,  tres  partes. 

through,  tvcins,  per,  preps,  with  ace. 


THROW 


163 


WHY 


throw,  conieio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus. 

thus,  SIC. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 

Titus,  Titus,  Titi,  m.,  expressed  by 

the  abbreviation  T. 
to  one  another,  inter  se. 
top  of,  sumraus,  -a,  -um. 
touch,  attingo,  -ere,  -tigi,  -tactus. 
tower,  turris,  -is,  /. 
to'wn,  oppidum,  -i,  7i. 
trader,  mercator,  -oris,  m. 
treat,  ago,  -ere,  egi,  actus. 
Treveri,  Treveri,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
trial,  periculum,  -i,  n.  ;  causa,  -ae,/. 
tribune,  tribunus,  -I,  m. 
tributary,  stipendiarius,  -a,  -um. 
tribute,  slipendium,  stipendl,  n. 
triple,  triplex,  -icis. 
troops,  copiae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
trouble,  to,  commoveo,  -ere,  -movT, 

-motus. 
true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 
try,    experior,    -iri,    -pertus    sum  ; 

Conor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  ;  tempto,  1. 
Tulingi,  Tulingi,  -orum,  in.  pi. 
turn  about,  converts,  -ere,  -vcrti, 

-versus  ;  turn  away,  averto. 
two,  duo,  -ae,  -o. 


unconquered,  invictus,  -a,  -um. 
under,  sub,  prep,  with  ace.  or  abl. 
understand,  intellego,  -ere,  -Icxi, 

-Iectus. 
undertake,    suscipio,    -ere,    -cepi, 

-ceptus. 
undertaking,  negotium,  negoti,  n. 
unfavorable,     iniquus,     -a,    -um  ; 

alienus,  -a,  -um. 
unite,  consentio,  -Ire,  -sensi,  -s6nsus. 
unoccupied,  be,  vac5,  1. 
until,  dum. 


unwilling,  invltus,  -a,  -um. 
upon,  in,  prep,  with  abl.  or  ace. 
urge,   hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  ;  c^- 

hortor. 
usage,  consuetudo,  -inis,  /. 
use  (force)  ^  facio,  -ere,  feci,  f actus. 

V. 

valor,  virtus,  -litis,  /. 
Verbigenus,  Verbigenus,  -i,  m. 
Vesontio,  Vesontio,  -onis,  m. 
veteran,  veteranus,  -a,  -um  ;   vet- 
eran soldier,  veteranus,  -i,  m. 
victory,  victoria,  -ae,  /. 
village,  vicus,  -i,  m. 

W. 

wait,  wait  to  see,  exspecto,  1. 

wall,  murus,  -I,  m. 

war,  bellum,  -I,  n. 

warfare,  resmilitaris,  rel  militaris,/. 

■watch,  custos,  -odis,  m.  and  f.  ;  of 

the  night,  vigilia,  -ae,  /. 
weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 
weep,  fleo,  -ere,  flevi,  fletus. 
welfare,  salus,  -utis,  /. 
well-supplied,  copiosus,  -a,  -um. 
well-trained,  exercitatus,  -a,  -um. 
what,  (reL),  quod,  id  (juod  ;  (inter- 

rog.),  quid  ;  vsrhat  kind  of,  qualis, 

-e. 
wheel  about,  signa  converts,  -ere, 

-verti,  -versus. 
when,  cum,  ubi. 

"Wherefore,  qua  re,  quam  ob  rem. 
Tvhether  ...  or,  utruni  .  .  .  an. 
which,  qui,  quae,  quod. 
while,  dum. 
who    (rel.),  qui,  quae,  quod;    (in- 

terrog.)j  quis,  quae,  quid, 
whole,  totus,  -a,  -um ;  omnis,  -e. 
why,  cur,  quam  ob  rem,  qua  re. 


WIDE 


164 


ZEAL 


wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

■widely,  late. 

wife,  uxor,  -oris,  /. ;  mulier,  -eris,  /. 

wild,  ferus,  -a,  -um. 

will,  testamentum,  -i,  n. 

wine,  vinum,  -i,  n. 

winter  quarters,  hiberna,  -5rum, 

n.  pi. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui. 
with,  cum,  prep,  with  abl. 
withdraw    (trans.),    educO,   -ere, 

-duxi,     -ductus;     deducS;      {in- 

trans.),     discedo,      -ere,     -cessi, 

-cessus. 
without,  sine,  pr^.  with  abl. 
withstand,    sustineo,  -ere,  -tinui, 

-tentus. 
-woman,  mulier,  -eris,  /. 


wonder,  miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 
wonderful,  incredibilis,  -e. 
wooded,  silvestris,  -e. 
woods,  silva,  -ae,  /. 
wound  (noun),  vulnus,  -eris,  n. 
wound  (verb),  vulner5,  1. 
wretched,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
w^rong,  wrong-doing,  iniiiria,-ae,/. 

Y. 

yet,  tamen. 

yoke,  iugum,  -i,  n. 

young  man,  adulescens,  -entis,  m. 

your,  vester,  -tra,  -trum. 

Z. 

zeal,  studium,  studl,  n. 


LATIN 


First  Year  Latin:     Preparatory  to  Caesar 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.    i2mo, 
cloth,  288  pages.     Price,  ^i.oo. 

THE  object  of  First  Year  Latin  is  to  prepare  more  directly  for 
the  second  year  work  than  is  ordinarily  done  with  the  usual 
beginning  Latin  book. 

As  the  work  of  the  second  year  is  generally  the  reading  of 
Caesar  with  the  aid  of  the  grammar,  it  is  manifestly  of  advantage 
to  become  familiar  with  these  two  books  as  far  as  is  possible  in 
the  first  year.  The  following  features  of  First  Year  Latin  will 
show  that  a  determined  effort  has  been  made  to  do  this : 

I.  The  Vocabulary  contains  only  words  used  often  in  Caesar. 
II.  The  treatment  of  forms  and  syntax  is  in  the  regular  order  of  the 
Latin  grammars. 

Ill,  Exercises  in  connected  reading,  which  begin  as  soon  as  the 
verb  is  taken  up,  cover  the  First  Book  of  Caesar  in  simplified  and  abbre- 
viated form.  These  exercises  occur  in  every  other  lesson.  At  the  end 
of  the  book,  instead  of  the  ordinary  reading  of  fables  and  stories,  there 
is  presented  the  Second  Book  of  Caesar  simplified  in  part. 

First  Year  Latin  leaves  no  gap  between  the  beginning  book 
and  Caesar.  When  the  pupil  has  finished  it  he  will  have  become 
familiar  with  the  First  Book  of  Caesar  in  outline  and  the  Second 
Book  practically  as  it  stands.  He  will  have  a  vocabulary  of  all 
the  usual  Caesar  words  and  will  have  learned  his  forms  and  syn- 
tax in  such  an  order  that  the  arrangement  of  the  grammar  will 
be  familiar  to  him. 

The  reading  material  from  Caesar  will  be  found  as  attractive  to 
young  pupils  as  that  ordinarily  provided  in  a  first  year  Latin  book. 
The  beginner  is  most  interested  in  what  he  can  read  with  most 
fadlity,  and  the  arrangement  of  vocabulary  and  syntax  in  this 
book  is  such  that  he  will  find  the  selections  well  within  the  scope 
of  his  abilities. 

No  effort  has  been  spared  to  make  the  book  as  attractive  as 
possible.  There  are  numerous  pictures  illustrating  the  reading 
passages,  and  a  double-page  colored  map. 

10 


LATIN 


A  Latin  Grammar 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  Cornell  University,    lamo,  cloth, 
290  pages.    Price,  80  cents. 

IN  this  book  the  essential  facts  of  Latin  grammar  are  presented 
within  the  smallest  compass  consistent  with  scholarly  stand- 
ards. Not  only  the  work  of  the  preparatory  school  is  covered, 
but  also  that  of  the  required  courses  in  college  and  university. 
By  confining  himself  to  the  best  usage  the  author  has  found 
it  possible  to  treat  the  subject  with  entire  adequacy  in  the  com- 
pass of  250  pages,  exclusive  of  indexes.  In  the  German  schools 
books  of  this  scope  are  found  to  meet  fully  the  exacting  demands 
of  the  entire  g^^mnasial  course,  which  is  much  more  extended 
than  that  of  American  academies,  and  in  both  the  French  lyc^es 
and  the  English  schools  the  popular  Latin  grammars  are  of  the 
size  of  Bennett  and  tend  to  grow  smaller  rather  than  larger. 
Besides  its  compact  size,  the  grammar  has  the  merit  of  clear  and 
simple  statement  illustrated  by  brief  and  intelligible  examples. 

Pupils  find  it  easier  to  master  Latin  with  the  help  of  a  book 
which  is  lucid  in  statement,  and  which  omits  the  mass  of  un- 
necessary detail  which  made  the  older  grammars  so  confusing. 
The  fact  that  the  pupil  himself  sees  that  Bennett's  Grammar  can 
be  mastered  as  a  whole,  lends  a  directness  and  focus  to  the  study 
which  is  impossible  of  attainment  with  a  bulky  book. 

That  schools  demand  a  simple  and  concise  grammar  receives 
ample  proof  in  the  wide  success  of  Professor  Bennett's  work. 
To-day  it  is  used  by  more  of  the  Latin  pupils  in  the  United  States 
than  any  other. 

In  a  word,  the  appeal  of  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar  is  universal. 
The  schoolboy  likes  it  because  it  makes  easy  the  finding  of  the 
rules,  whict:  ar?  put  in  language  that  he  can  understand.  Ths 
teacher  welcomes  it  because  it  gives  him  just  the  body  of  syntax 
on  which  he  knows  the  pupil  should  be  drilled.  The  college 
professor  is  glad  to  have  a  book  which  contains  the  grammar 
that  he  may  justly  require  his  students  to  know,  and  oeyond 
which  they  enter  the  realm  of  the  specialist. 

20 


LATIN 


New  Latin  Composition 

By  Professor  CHARLES  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.    i2mo, 
cloth,  ooo  pages.    Price,  ^i.oo. 

THIS  book  is  intended  to  furnish  enough  material  for  all  the 
work  in  Latin  Composition  in  the  secondary  school.  The 
author's  conviction  is  that  the  primary  function  of  Latin  Compo- 
sition in  high  schools  is  to  extend  and  strengthen  the  pupiPs 
knowledge  of  Latin  Grammar.  The  principles  of  syntax  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  systematic  order  of  the  grammars  and  are  illustrated 
by  disconnected  sentences. 

Each  lesson  contains  first  grammatical  principles,  with  refer- 
ences to  the  standard  grammars.  These  are  followed  by  simple 
illustrative  sentences;  a  vocabulary,  and  then  by  well-graded  sen- 
tences to  be  put  into  Latin.  No  effort  has  been  spared  to  make 
the  sentences  as  attractive  as  possible. 

The  book  is  arranged  in  three  parts,  as  follows  :  — 

Part  I  contains  thirty  lessons,  using  the  vocabulary  and  con- 
structions of  Caesar.  The  model  sentences  are  taken  from  Caesar 
and  labelled  with  the  point  which  each  illustrates.  There  are  fif- 
teen exercises  in  connected  composition  scattered  through  the 
lessons.     Two  systematic  general  reviews  are  furnished. 

Part  II  has  the  same  plan,  but  is  based  on  Cicero.  The  model 
sentences  are  taken  from  Cicero. 

Part  III  contains  exercises  in  connected  discourse,  with  foot- 
notes referring  to  the  grammatical  points  illustrated.  There  are 
specimen  examination  papers  and  a  complete  vocabulary. 

Latin  Composition 

By  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT,  of  Cornell  University.     i6mo, 
cloth,  172  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  scope  and  plan  the  Composition  is  the  same  as  the  Latin 
Writer ;  the  grammatical  principles  illustrated  are  identical ; 
and  the  two  books  may  be  used  in  alternate  years  with  the  other. 
The  diff^nce  is  that  the  words  in  the  Latin  Composition  are  taken 
mainly  from  Cicero,  while  those  in  the  Latin  Writer  are  from  Ciesar. 

23 


LATIN 


Cassar^s  Gallic  War 

Books  I-IV.  Indicated  quantities,  Introduction,  Notes,  Vocabulary, 
Illustrations,  and  colored  Maps  and  Plans.  Ekiited  by  Professor 
Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.  i2mo,  cloth,  355  pages. 
Price,  ^i.oo. 

THE  special  feature  of  Bennett's  Caesar  is  the  notes,  which 
are  fuller  than  in  other  editions,  and  which  make  it  their 
province  not  only  to  clear  up  difficulties  but  to  give  a  running 
commentary  on  the  narrative,  and  thus  to  keep  the  setting  of  the 
campaigns  constantly  before  the  pupil.  The  occurrence  of  each 
proper  name  is  made  the  text  for  interesting  comment ;  at  inter- 
vals the  situation  is  summarized  for  the  pupil;  every  eftbrt  is 
made  that  the  narrative  shall  seem  vivid  and  attractive.  The 
drill  on  syntax  by  means  of  grammatical  references  is  very 
thorough. 

Professor  Bennett  is  particularly  happy  in  choosing  for  com- 
ment exactly  those  passages  which  are  stumbling  blocks  to  young 
pupils. 

The  introduction  has  a  sketch  of  Caesar's  life  and  an  illustrated 
description  of  the  art  of  war  in  his  time. 

The  text  is  broken  by  brief  headings  in  English  which  show 
the  trend  of  the  narrative. 

Long  vowels  are  marked  throughout. 

There  are  ten  colored  maps  and  plans,  illustrating  every  cam- 
paign. 

In  the  vocabulary  the  basal  meaning  of  the  word  is  given  first. 

The  price  is  more  reasonable  than  that  of  most  editions  of 
Caesar. 

Classroom  Texts 

PAMPHLETS,  containing  the  text  only,  have  oeen  prepared 
to  accompany  the  following  books  :  Bennett's  Csesar,  Cicero, 
Virgil;  Kelsey's Caesar,  Cicero,  Ovid  ;  Comstock's  Virgil ;  Rolfe's 
Viri  Romae,  Nepos,  and  Junior  Latin  Book.  They  will  be  fur- 
nished free  when  ordered  in  connection  with  these  books. 

24 


LATIN 


Cicero's  Orations 

Indicated  quantities,  full  Introduction,  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Illustrations, 
and  two  colored  Maps.  Edited  by  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT, 
of  Cornell  University.     i2mo,  cloth,  379  pages.     Price,  ^i.oo. 

THIS  edition  contains  seven  orations  —  the  four  against  Cati- 
line, the  Manilian  Law,  Archias,  and  Marcellus. 

As  in  the  Caesar,  the  notes  are  the  special  feature  of  the  book. 
They  give  fully  the  setting  of  each  oration  and  contain  a  com- 
mentary on  all  allusions  to  the  history  of  the  times.  This  has 
been  found  much  more  practical  than  referring  constantly  tO  a 
historical  outline  in  the  Introduction.  The  notes  also  keep  the 
pupil  in  touch  with  the  logic  of  the  argument  and  give  an  ade- 
quate explanation  of  all  points  of  Roman  law  and  custom.  Aided 
by  them,  students  cannot  fail  to  see  the  speeches  as  masterpieces 
of  the  art  of  oratory. 

The  Introduction  has  an  outline  of  Cicero's  life,  and  sections 
on  Cicero  as  a  Man  of  Letters,  Cicero's  Character,  Roman  Public 
Antiquities,  and  the  Roman  Forum. 

There  are  eighteen  illustrations,  including  portraits  of  the 
prominent  men  of  the  time.  There  is  also  a  plan  and  a  repro- 
duction of  the  Forum  as  it  appeared  in  Cicero's  time  (found  only 
in  this  edition),  and  pictures  of  the  Forum  of  to-day. 

There  are  colored  maps  of  Italy  and  Asia  Minor. 

The  long  vowels  are  marked  throughout  the  text. 

The  text  is  broken  by  brief  headings  in  English,  showing  the 
progress  of  the  argument. 

The  price  is  very  low,  when  the  general  excellence  of  the  edi- 
tion is  considered. 

One  Hundred  and  Twenty  Epigrams  of  Martial 

Edited  by  Professor  JOHN  H.  Westcott,  of  Princeton  University. 
l6mo,  paper,  81  pages.     Price,  30  cents. 

THIS  selection  is  intended  for  rapid  reading,  or  even  for  sight- 
reading  with  students  of  sufficient  ability.     The  notes  have 
been  placed  on  the  pages  with  the  text. 

26 


LATIN 


VirgiPs  ^neid;    Books  I-VI 

Edited  by  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT.  With  Introduction, 
Notes,  and  Vocabulary.     i2mo,  cloth,  491  pages.    Price,  ^i.ao. 

AS  in  Bennetf  s  Caesar  and  Cicero  the  important  feature  of  the 
Virgil  is  the  elaborate  notes.  At  short  intervals  headings 
describe  the  incidents  which  are  to  follow.  Every  allusion  to 
mythology  is  fully  explained,  and  the  progress  of  the  story  is  kept 
before  the  pupil.  Professor  Bennett  has  the  gift  of  selecting  for 
comment  the  passages  which  are  likely  to  be  difficult  to  the 
student,  and  of  giving  just  the  right  amount  of  explanation. 

The  Introduction  treats  of  Virgil's  life  and  works,  and  gives  a 
full  explanation  of  the  quantitative  reading  of  Latin  poetry,  to- 
gether with  classified  verses  for  practice. 

The  long  vowels  are  marked  throughout  Book  I. 

There  are  r.ixteen  illustrations,  handsomely  reproduced  from 
ancient  statuary,  and  two  maps  —  the  Wanderings  of  ^Eneas  and 
the  Lake  of  Avernus. 

Selections  from  Viri  Romae 

V^  ith  Notes,  Exercises,  Maps,  and  a  Vocabulary,  by  Professor  JOHN 
C  ROLFE,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  i6mo,  cloth,  312  pages.  Price, 
75  cents. 

THIS  book  will  appeal  to  teachers  who  wish  to  insert  easy 
reading  between  the  beginning  book  and  Caesar.  The  ad- 
vantage in  its  use  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  is  full  of  variety  and 
interest,  and  that,  in  an  attractive  form,  it  gives  the  pupil  a 
sketch  of  Roman  history  from  Romulus  to  Augustus,  together 
with  many  allusions  to  the  customs  of  Roman  life. 

Full  notes  have  been  prepared  for  twenty  of  the  twenty-five 
selections  contained  in  the  book;  while  the  other  five  are  ar- 
ranged for  sight  reading,  with  hints  for  translation  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page. 

In  the  text,  the  quantity  of  the  long  vowels  is  marked.  Exer- 
cises for  translation  of  English  into  Latin,  based  on  the  text,  are 
given. 

M 


LATIN 


Latin  Composition 

By  Bernard  M.  Allen  and  John  L.  Phillips,  of  Phillips  Academy, 
Andover.    161110,  cloth,  240  pages.     Price,  ^i.oo. 

THIS  book  combines  the  best  features  of  manuals  based  on  the 
text  read  with  the  strong  points  of  those  based  on  systematic 
study  of  the  grammar. 

Part  I  is  based  on  the  first  four  books  of  Caesar.  Here  the  most 
common  constructions  are  taken  up  in  the  order  of  the  frequency 
with  which  they  occur  in  Caesar.  This  was  determined  by  a  tabu- 
lation of  all  the  constructions  occurring  in  Caesar.  The  arrange- 
ment makes  it  possible  to  drill  thoroughly  on  constructions  which 
are  really  to  be  of  use.  These  common  constructions  are  taken 
up  four  times  —  once  in  connection  with  Book  I,  once  in  connec- 
tion with  Books  I-II,  and  twice  in  reviews  based  on  Book  IV. 
The  lessons  are  so  arranged  that  one  may  begin  either  with  Book 
I  or  with  Book  II. 

Part  II  consists  of  lessons  based  on  the  four  orations  against 
Catiline.  Here  the  syntax  is  taken  up  in  the  regular  order  of  the 
Latin  grammars.  These  lessons  are  followed  by  exercises  based 
on  Pompey's  Command  and  on  Archias,  in  which  this  same  sys- 
tematic presentation  is  given,  these  exercises  being  for  the  benefit 
of  those  teachers  who  wish  to  make  a  special  study  of  Pompey's 
Command  and  of  Archias.  All  these  exercises  are  followed  by 
additional  lessons  on  Pompey's  Command  and  Archias,  which 
constitute  a  review  and  which  furnish  practice  in  translating  con- 
nected passages. 

Part  III  consists  of  additional  exercises  based  on  the  Defence 
of  Milo  for  those  who  wish  to  continue  Latin  Composition  beyond 
the  Caesar  and  Cicero  years.  These  exercises  furnish  a  review 
of  constructions  and  continue  the  pupils'  practice  in  the  writing  of 
connected  discourse. 

The  points  of  syntax  are  re-stated  in  simple  language  by  the 
authors.  Every  third  lesson  is  a  review,  furnishing  practice  in 
translating  connected  passages. 

27 


LATIN 


Caesar^s  Gallic  War 

Revised  Edition,  with  Indicated  Quantities,  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Illus- 
trations,  and  Maps.  Edited  by  Professor  F.  W.  Kelsey,  University 
of  Michigan.     i2mo,  half  leather,  584  pages.     Price,  $1.25. 

THIS  is  without  question  the  handsomest  and  best  equipped 
edition  of  the  Gallic  War  now  on  the  market.     Among  its 
many  features  may  be  mentioned  :  — 

1.  The  colored  plates  illustrating  the  art  of  war  in  Caesar's 
time,  and  the  colored  maps  of  every  campaign. 

2.  The  text  with  its  large  type  and  marked  quantities. 

3.  The  tables  of  idioms  and  phrases,  and  of  the  English  pro- 
nunciation of  Latin  proper  names. 

4.  The  full  introduction,  describing  Caesar  as  Statesman, 
General,  and  Man  of  Letters,  and  explaining  the  art  of  war  in 
his  time. 

5.  The  notes,  which  aim  less  to  display  erudition  than  to  give 
the  young  pupil  assistance  at  the  difficult  passages.  Book  II  as 
well  as  Book  I  is  annotated  for  beginners. 

6.  The  mechanical  excellence  in  paper,  press-work,  and  bind- 
ing. 

References  are  to  the  latest  editions  of  all  the  standard  gram- 
mars. 

Two  editions  of  the  text  only  have  been  prepared,  one  with 
and  one  without  marked  quantities.  Either  of  these  is  furnished 
free  when  ordered  in  connection  with  the  complete  book. 

First  Latin  Book 

Designed  as  a  Manual  of  Progressive  Exercises  and  Systematic  Drill 
in  the  Elements  of  Latin,  and  Introductory  to  Caesar's  Commentaries 
on  the  Gallic  War.  By  D.  Y.  COMSTOCK,  formerly  of  Phillips  Andover 
Academy,     izmo,  cloth,  320  pages.     Price,  ^i.oo. 

Topical  Outline  of  Latin  Literature 

By  Professor  FRANCIS  W.  Kelsey,  University  of  Michigan.  i2mo, 
paper,  51  pages.     Price,  40  cents. 

28 


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